下面是小编整理的托福阅读冲刺高分先练基础(共含9篇),欢迎大家阅读借鉴,并有积极分享。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“xxxxy”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读冲刺高分先练基础 这3个问题要优先解决
托福阅读提升先打好词汇基础
想要看懂托福阅读考生首先要解决的就是词汇问题。如果你觉得托福阅读文章中有很多生词导致你文章无法理解,或者发现自己必须要一个一个词看才能看懂,那么你在托福词汇方面可能就存在一定的积累不足了,因为这两个都属于词汇问题。特别是生词很多的情况,小编的看法是先努力提升词汇量,托福词汇量不到考试要求的至少60%你看阅读会很吃力,效果也非常差。
而很多同学其实词汇量还是可以的,但问题就出在看文章词汇懂,但是需要挨个字看的。这类问题的原因之一是词汇不够熟悉,需要反应时间,解决办法依旧是回顾背单词。不过单词和阅读可以同步学习。另一个原因是你的“反应堆”意群不够大,这需要在阅读中来训练,扩大自己的反映意群。反映意群的问题其实很好理解,举例来说:
Although her early theatrical career had included stints as anactress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressingemotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visualeffects. 你看那些诸如she was not primarily interested in可能是连起来看的。但在专业名词比较多的段落、或者词汇比较难的段落里你也许就会变成挨个字得看,这就是反映意群不够大所造成的。
托福阅读提升重在提高理解归纳能力
不知道大家有没有在托福阅读中遇到过这类问题,那就是明明每个词都认识,但是看整篇文章却混乱不堪不知所言?整理不出每段的段落大意?无法认识理解句子间和段落间关系?觉得作者怎么说着说着突然插一句别的? 这些其实都属于考生在托福阅读的理解归纳上出现了问题。这个问题的解决方法对于考生来说也是至关重要的。因为只有把握了整体逻辑脉络,我们才能够理解文章做题,并且在之后的输出写作中也更具有逻辑性、更加流畅通顺地表达自己的意思。
要增强托福阅读的理解归纳能力,需要我们对文章进行仔细的精读。每篇文章看完做完题、甚至分析完错题后并不是就此结束了。考生需要查阅所有不认识的单词并且进行总结。先对阅读文章中的每个句子做总结。用中文总结这句说的是什么。然后扩大到整个段落的总结。由细到粗由小到大,由句子到全文的理解。这种方式锻炼下来大家会自然理解整篇文章,理解句子、段落之间的关系。在之后的阅读中也就能够边读边总结理解了。
托福阅读提升还需关注做题技巧
托福阅读中题型众多,而不同题型必然要使用用针对性的不同方法才能高效高质地解题。托福虽是一门考查综合英语能力的考试,但它终究是一门考试,而但凡考试就肯定会有应试技巧。很多同学面对托福阅读虽然以花费更多时间的笨办法来做对题目,但往往在技巧上缺乏那么一点的“捅破窗户纸”,这就导致部分题目解题过程中出现本可避免的失误。而想要练好托福阅读做题技巧,考生需要做好这两步:
1、识别题型:抓住关键词和特色标志。考生只有知道自己面对的是什么题型,才能更有效率地使用对应的解题技巧来见招拆招,托福阅读考试中并不存在所谓的通用解题技巧,如果有那么这个技巧的解题效率一定不是最优的或者实用性值得商榷,及时分辨题型并运用针对性技巧来做题才是最高效率的托福阅读解题思路。
2、掌握方法:先牢记,再多用。光看是肯定没用的,而且非常容易忘记,在平时的练习中注意使用才能真正的掌握。很多写在纸上的技巧看似很有道理,但实际使用下来却并能真正发挥效果,这就需要大家通过实际练习来不断磨合,结合自身的做题思路方式形成最适合自己的技巧,也只有这样你的做题技巧才算掌握到位而不是纸上谈兵缺乏实践的样子货。
.6.29托福阅读考试机经回忆及解析
Passage 1
Topic
生物学
Content Review
一种海底生物的伪装 camouflage,颜色透明以及一些实验证明 skin color 的影响和他们会选 择和自己 color 相似的水域,他们在成年过程中也可以把自己颜色变得跟水域相似。
Passage 2
Topic
生物学
Content Review
睡眠的作用和一些研究
Passage 3
Topic
历史学
Content Review
玛雅文明的衰落:高强度农业造成生态系统崩溃,突发灾难,战争,食物短缺
Passage 4
Topic
艺术学
Content Review
因纽特雕刻艺术
Passage 5
Topic
生物学
Content Review
Animal Locomotion,讲述在水中、空中和陆地的三种动物在运动时的不同特征以及能量消耗的差别。
Passage 6
Topic
生物学
Content Review
植物会感知环境变换决定自己的季节活动。一开始结论是植物通过日长来调整,后来推翻这种说法:事实上植物是根据夜晚长度来决定是否开花的。最后讲到这种作用机制的原理:色素。
Passage 7
Topic
经济学
Content Review
欧洲小国工业化后的经济发展
Passage 8
Topic
生物学
Content Review
过去对于农作物的驯化(里面有玉米的演变图)
Passage 9
Topic
艺术学
Content Review
日本艺术的发展
Passage 10
Topic
生物学
Content Review
爬行动物,里面有蛇的照片
Passage 11
Topic
生物学
Content Review
讲的是真菌和植物的共生关系,这种真菌能够帮助植物抵御昆虫的攻击,同时也能阻挡牲。
Passage 12
Topic
考古学
Content Review
巨石阵的起源
Passage 13
Topic
生物学
Content Review
太平洋某岛的蜥蜴
Passage 14
Topic
建筑学
Content Review
某一种石头建筑的 origins
新托福阅读真题中的重要语法,这就是满分的秘诀
一.最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或 first , most beautiful 等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是概念绝对 , 答案唯一 ,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。
相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题: What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ,给评卷带来困难。
二.同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is ,i.e. ,or 等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表 达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。
三.因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:
(1) 因果连词:because,since,for,as,therefore,so,consequently 等
(2)表示因果的动词:cause ,result in ,originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词: base, basis, result,consequence 等,这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的,尤为出题者所青陈。因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
四.段落句
文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方,往往是文章作者表达中思想,进行总结综述的地方,因此常出(1)主题性问题,(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。
五.特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围,它们是:
(1) 破折号,表示解释。考细节性问题;
(2) 括号,表示解释。考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号,一股同上,有时冒号也表示列举,则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号。表示引用,考细节性问题:
(5) 惊叹号,表示作者感情,考态度性问题。
六.列举和并列句
列举指的是: First,... Second,... Third,.。。等逐条列出。并列句是指:A ,B and C,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:
1. Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。
2 . EXCEPT 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如: All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ??? 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点。我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如 看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。
七.否定及转折句
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT , NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER , BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明: A is not B , as C , but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
八.举例句
句中由 as 或 such as , for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
九.数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点,如 年 10 月第 48 题。
十.比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as... as ...,like ( a fly )等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。
2019.6.16托福阅读考试机经回忆及解析
Passage 1
Topic
动物学
Content Review
turtle 的 basking
Passage 2
Topic
植物学
Content Review
coral 和一种 algae 的共生关系
Passage 3
Topic
昆虫学
Content Review
一种甲虫
Passage 4
Topic
历史学
Content Review
中国瓷器
Passage 5
Topic
环境学
Content Review
人类捕猎和物种灭绝
Passage 6
Topic
历史学
Content Review
1968 学生运动
Passage 7
Topic
生物学
Content Review
达尔文进化论
Passage 8
Topic
生物学
Content Review
恐龙出生后是否由父母照顾
【备考提分】托福听力冲刺高分先打好这4项基础
一、词汇
对于提高托福听力成绩巩固基础首先的要求则是词汇。词汇学习目前已经是一个老生常谈的话题。考生必须要拥有至少5000左右的词汇量才行。
二、听懂单词
托福听力其实就是把一些阅读文章去报给学生听。因为英语对于中国的学习者来说完全就是一门外语了,如果在缺乏一定语言环境的情况下,大家往往是只能看得懂文章,但是完全听不懂的,所以要求考生在备考的时候必须要通过努力去做到听懂单词。
三、记笔记
再次就是记笔记了,在这里不用多说,其实对于那种程度特别好的学生而言是完全可以忽略。但是对于那种基础较差的学生而言,你们一定要让自己去尝试记下一些单词,特别是那些在文章中不断强调出现的关键性名词词组,当学生存在一些实在听不懂题目的时候,往往可以根据自己记下来的名词词组尝试进行推断做题。
四、做考前预测
最后,在托福听力考前最好是去做一下考前预测,那些基础较为薄弱的学生普遍都会有一种投机心理。看看预测的话往往能够去大大的提高大家的自信心,这样大家做题的状态就会变得更好。
托福听力练习:抗嗝化合物减少奶牛甲烷排放
The global population is now nearly seven and a half billion.
And that's just humans.
Because our planet is also home to one-and-a-half-billion cows, another billion sheep, and a billion goats.
Their combined belches account for a full fifth of the world's methane emissions—and methane is about 30 times more potent at trapping heat than CO2.
But those methane emissions might get cut—by feeding the grazers something called 3-nitro oxypropanol.
“I can tell you, they like it.
No rejection at all.”
Maik Kindermann, an organic chemist at DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland.
Liking it, in the cow world, he says basically means they'll still gobble up their food, even with this stuff mixed in.
Kindermann's company developed the additive a few years back.
And it only targets those methane-belching microbes, while leaving the rest of the microbiome untouched.
The result?
A 30 percent decrease in methane emissions.
The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Kindermann says he thinks the compound could be a win-win for the planet—and the animals.
“You know the methane is kind of a waste product.
And this energy, instead of losing it for the animal, it can be reused for the animal in terms of performance, and at the same time we are doing something for greenhouse gas emission and climate change.”
The product's not on the market yet—toxicology tests are ongoing.
But the hope is that it might take some of the heat off of beef.
现在全世界人口数量约是75亿。
但这只是人类的数量。
因为我们的地球也是15亿奶牛、10亿绵羊及10亿山羊的家园。
这些动物反刍所排放的甲烷总量约占世界总量的1/5—而同时甲烷吸收热量的能力约是二氧化碳的30倍。
但在这些食草动物被喂食名为3-nitrooxypropanol的抗嗝化合物后,甲烷的排放量正在减少。
“我可以告诉你,它们真的很喜欢这种化合物。
真的一点也不排斥。”
瑞士DSM营养产品的有机化学家马克·金德曼说道。
他表示奶牛们非常喜欢这种化合物,即使添加到食物中,奶牛们仍会狼吞虎咽。
金德曼的公司在几年前研发出这种添加剂。
这种添加剂会拦截动物体内的微生物生成产生甲烷至关重要的酶。
而3-nitrooxypropanol只针对生成甲烷的微生物,其他微生物则不受影响。
结果如何呢?
甲烷排放减少30%。
这项研究已经在《美国国家科学院院刊》上发表。
金德曼认为这种化合物对地球和人类而言是一种双赢。
“甲烷是一种废物。
动物们可以再利用这种能源,而不是进行浪费,与此同时,我们在为温室气体排放及气候变化尽一份力。”
这款产品正在进行毒性测试,目前还未在市场上流通。
但我们希望的是,能够减少牛肉的一些热量。
1.account for 对…负有责任
例句:Computers account for 5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption.
计算机占去该国商业用电的5%。
2.get cut 减少
例句:If you are going to stand in front then it will get cut.
如果你站在植物前面就会被剪到。
3.at all 根本;简直
例句:I certainly don't remember talking to you at all.
我当然完全不记得和你讲过话。
4.mix in 混合
例句:Add the milk to the flour, and then mix in three eggs.
往面粉里加牛奶,再拌入3个鸡蛋。
2020托福听力练习:科学家扮成北极熊接近麝牛
“So I just don't approach, at least initially, a group of musk oxen.”
Joel Berger, with the Wildlife Conservation Society and Colorado State University.
“What I do is to take into account other factors that might reflect their responses. And so what I need to know is something about the group size, whether or not males are in the group. I need to know something about snow depth, about snow penetration or how hard the snow is. And then I'll approach and try to understand whether they stay, whether they flee, whether they charge.”
Oh, one more important point. When Berger approaches the musk oxen, on Russia's Wrangel Island north of the Arctic Circle, he's dressed up like a polar bear.
“I know the media has a good time when we dress up as animal models. Of course they do. But remember, two Nobel laureates, Conrad Lorentz and Niko Tinbergen, led the way for getting inside the minds of animals...and they've done this through innovative models.”
Polar bears prefer seals for their meals. But the loss of sea ice is forcing them onto the land to hunt for prey that's usually not on their menu. The idea here is to gauge the response of musk oxen to this formerly rare threat.
“It's really tough to get inside the mind of a musk ox and especially to understand from mere anecdotes how they may respond in this emerging dynamic.”
Berger works with Russian researchers on their side of the Bering Strait and with Americans in Alaska.
“We're currently in the process of evaluating more than 100 simulated interactions, some that include our three years of work in Alaska, as well as over on the Russian side...the last time I did something like this was about 15 years ago, to understand how moose and other species would respond to the new threat of wolves in and around the Yellowstone system.”
Back then, Berger and his wife would get into a moose outfit to be able to get close to the ungulates. I wrote about that effort in . You can find it by googling my name and Joel Berger—a man who's work really suits him. (That joke was unbearable.)
“我不会靠近,至少不会从一开始就靠近一群麝牛。”
乔尔·博格在野生动物保护协会和科罗拉多州立大学工作。
“我采取的方法是,把其他可能影响它们反应的因素都考虑进去。我需要知道麝牛群的规模,这群麝牛里是否有雄性麝牛。我还要了解积雪的深度、渗透性及硬度。之后我才会逐渐靠近它们,试图去了解它们是会留在原地,会逃走,还是会发动攻击。”
还有一个重点。博格在位于北极圈以北的俄罗斯弗兰格尔岛靠近麝牛时,他会打扮得像一只北极熊。
“我知道媒体看到我们打扮成动物的样子会很高兴。他们当然会高兴。不过要记住,引领我们去了解动物思想的是两位诺贝尔奖获得者——康拉德·洛伦兹和尼古拉斯·廷伯根,他们采用的就是创新模式。”
北极熊最爱吃海豹。但是海冰的减少迫使它们去陆地上捕食本不在它们捕食范围内的猎物。博格的目的是评估麝牛面对这种罕见威胁时的反应。
“了解麝牛的想法真的非常难,只凭轶事来了解他们会如何应对这种新出现的变化更难。”
博格同俄罗斯研究人员在白令海峡划分的俄罗斯境内一起工作,同美国研究人员在阿拉斯加工作。
“目前我们正在对100余个模拟交互作用进行评估,这其中包括阿拉斯加方面三年的工作成果,以及俄罗斯方面的成果,我上次做这种工作是在前,当时我研究的是驼鹿和其他物种如何应对黄石公园内部和周边狼群的威胁。”
那时,博格和他的妻子会穿上驼鹿装,以接近这一有蹄类哺乳动物。时我曾写过有关那次研究的文章。听众可以用谷歌搜索我和博格的名字找到这篇文章,博格的工作真的很适合他。(这个玩笑很无聊)
重点讲解:
1. take into account 考虑到;把…计算在内;
例句:He will take into account my request.
他会考虑我的要求。
2. dress up 装扮;打扮;
例句:He often dresses up as a superman.
他经常把自己装扮成超人。
3. hunt for (人)打猎,猎杀;(动物)猎食;
例句:Davy liked to hunt for bears best of all.
大卫最喜欢猎熊了。
4. repond to 应对;作出回应;作出反应;
例句:A child's age affects the child how repond to the diaster.
孩子的年龄也会影响他们对灾难的反应。
托福听力冲刺高分先打好这4项基础
托福阅读备考打好基础才能冲刺高分 做好这3点再谈阅读提分
词汇是托福阅读高分基础
想要看懂托福阅读考生首先要解决的就是词汇问题。如果你觉得托福阅读文章中有很多生词导致你文章无法理解,或者发现自己必须要一个一个词看才能看懂,那么你在托福词汇方面可能就存在一定的积累不足了,因为这两个都属于词汇问题。特别是生词很多的情况,小编的看法是先努力提升词汇量,托福词汇量不到考试要求的至少60%你看阅读会很吃力,效果也非常差。
而很多同学其实词汇量还是可以的,但问题就出在看文章词汇懂,但是需要挨个字看的。这类问题的原因之一是词汇不够熟悉,需要反应时间,解决办法依旧是回顾背单词。不过单词和阅读可以同步学习。另一个原因是你的“反应堆”意群不够大,这需要在阅读中来训练,扩大自己的反映意群。反映意群的问题其实很好理解,举例来说:
Although her early theatrical career had included stints as anactress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressingemotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visualeffects. 你看那些诸如she was not primarily interested in可能是连起来看的。但在专业名词比较多的段落、或者词汇比较难的段落里你也许就会变成挨个字得看,这就是反映意群不够大所造成的。
理解能力够用做题速度正确率才有保证
不知道大家有没有在托福阅读中遇到过这类问题,那就是明明每个词都认识,但是看整篇文章却混乱不堪不知所言?整理不出每段的段落大意?无法认识理解句子间和段落间关系?觉得作者怎么说着说着突然插一句别的? 这些其实都属于考生在托福阅读的理解归纳上出现了问题。这个问题的解决方法对于考生来说也是至关重要的。因为只有把握了整体逻辑脉络,我们才能够理解文章做题,并且在之后的输出写作中也更具有逻辑性、更加流畅通顺地表达自己的意思。
要增强托福阅读的理解归纳能力,需要我们对文章进行仔细的精读。每篇文章看完做完题、甚至分析完错题后并不是就此结束了。考生需要查阅所有不认识的单词并且进行总结。先对阅读文章中的每个句子做总结。用中文总结这句说的是什么。然后扩大到整个段落的总结。由细到粗由小到大,由句子到全文的理解。这种方式锻炼下来大家会自然理解整篇文章,理解句子、段落之间的关系。在之后的阅读中也就能够边读边总结理解了。
不同题型解题技巧要熟练掌握
托福阅读中题型众多,而不同题型必然要使用用针对性的不同方法才能高效高质地解题。托福虽是一门考查综合英语能力的考试,但它终究是一门考试,而但凡考试就肯定会有应试技巧。很多同学面对托福阅读虽然以花费更多时间的笨办法来做对题目,但往往在技巧上缺乏那么一点的“捅破窗户纸”,这就导致部分题目解题过程中出现本可避免的失误。而想要练好托福阅读做题技巧,考生需要做好这两步:
1、识别题型:抓住关键词和特色标志。考生只有知道自己面对的是什么题型,才能更有效率地使用对应的解题技巧来见招拆招,托福阅读考试中并不存在所谓的通用解题技巧,如果有那么这个技巧的解题效率一定不是最优的或者实用性值得商榷,及时分辨题型并运用针对性技巧来做题才是最高效率的托福阅读解题思路。
2、掌握方法:先牢记,再多用。光看是肯定没用的,而且非常容易忘记,在平时的练习中注意使用才能真正的掌握。很多写在纸上的技巧看似很有道理,但实际使用下来却并能真正发挥效果,这就需要大家通过实际练习来不断磨合,结合自身的做题思路方式形成最适合自己的技巧,也只有这样你的做题技巧才算掌握到位而不是纸上谈兵缺乏实践的样子货。
托福阅读的文章细节、结构考察题型
一、单词题目
平时注意单词量的积累,力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略,那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。托福阅读考试过后,你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外,对于自己不认识的单词,我们应该主动回原文找同义词,或找相关的提示信息。
二、找代词指代对象的题目
在托福阅读考试中,它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类,这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握,这时,我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话,从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类,我们在面对这种题目时,应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者,因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
三、考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福阅读考试中,也存在着两大主要题型,即:文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
1、文章细节考查题
解答文章细节考查题,我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位,找到相近或相似的内容,进而得出答案。
常见的定位有以下3种:
(1)题目本身给出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。
2、文章结构考查题
一定要注意:
(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体,尽可能各段独立。
(3)根据经验,在考试中,整篇文章的最后一句出题较多,所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的句子。
在整个的托福阅读考试中,我们还应该了解到:
(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内,我们的记忆比理解更为重要,在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文,切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。
(2)在做题步骤方面,我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一,二句话),而后阅读题目,最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是,我们在做出判断的时候,切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较,而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。
托福阅读需先定位文章难易程度
托福阅读考试理解部分是新托福考试重要部分,有3篇学术型的托福阅读文章,每篇700字左右,每篇有12-14个问题,做题时间在60分钟左右,分数为30分。从题型来看,托福阅读的特点是题量大,涉及的词汇面广。要想考好托福阅读,要求考生不光有扎实的托福阅读备考基础,还需要精准的做题策略。 第一步:花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,做一个简短的scanning,定位文章难易程度,以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右,所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。
一般来说,5篇托福阅读文章中有2篇难度大一些,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度,同时目测文章的题量分布,这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间,是非常必要的。
第二步:通过托福阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文,它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题,然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。
各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,同时也应该看一下第二句,如果有转折词,则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解,很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解托福阅读文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做具体的题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则:看完文章,才能开始做题。
托福阅读备考确实要扎根于托福阅读文章本身才能更有效果,而其他拓展开来的复习手段也都是基于掌握了托福阅读文章的前提下。
托福阅读中的小规律
如果你在新托福阅读考试之前知道了这个统计结果,即使在考试时你没有完全听懂对话的内容,你也能得出正确的答案。虽然我们不能证明这些“规律”,但是对于历年的考题却从不例外。当然,如果你对自己的听力水平评价很高的话,你可以不冒这个险。
但是,至少它是一个替代的方案。以下是根据历年考题统计得出的结论。当然,如果你自己发现了其它的某些规律,也应该把它总结出来。
(A)当两个人谈到吵或者安静时,最后得出的结论总是:宿舍里读书很吵,应该去图书馆。而不会说搬到别的宿舍。
(B)当对话内容涉及演出(音乐会或者电影)或者展览时,最后肯定说它非常好。即使他(她)不会欣赏这些展览或者演出,也会虚伪地说“It makes more sense next time”。
(C)当谈到住在校园里还是住在校外时,答案肯定是住在校园。
(D)当谈到某门课老师讲的如何时,回答肯定与“boring”相似;而当谈到课难不难时,肯定说难。
(E)对话谈到作业时,肯定都说作业很多,而且很难。
看到这些可以发现,只要在托福阅读考试中细心,什么困难都不怕。
托福阅读备考打好基础才能冲刺高分
GRE阅读逻辑冲刺高分要先练速度 3大题型提速技巧完整汇总
长阅读提速学会标记关键句
一般来说,GRE语文每个部分的20道题中,都会有10道固定为阅读题,而其中长篇阅读只占一篇。虽然数量不多,但光是这一篇阅读,就往往在450字左右,篇幅相当惊人。一篇长篇阅读,固定会附带4道题目。由于GRE所有题目分数相同,因此这4道题目,可以说是整个阅读乃至语文部分性价比最低的。有鉴于此,应对GRE长篇阅读的方法就比较简单了,那就是放到最后再做。之所以这么做,完全是因为同等时间内,大家完全可以把其他耗时更少,更容易做完的题目先搞定,最后集中精力再来对付长篇阅读。毕竟这么长一篇文章,读完已经会有头昏脑涨的感觉,如果直接做完,那之后的思路肯定会受到影响,不利于从整体上提分。
而应对长篇阅读的提速心得也很简单,那就是找关键句做标记。大家没有必要把整篇文章精读,第一遍阅读只要知道全文大意和每个段落的意思就可以了。对于一些细节内容,可以先做好标记,等到解题需要用到时再返回定位,如此可以大幅度节省下阅读的时间用以解题。
逻辑阅读提速加强思维能力
除了最让人头疼的长篇阅读外,GRE阅读中还有一种比较烧脑的阅读题型,那就是逻辑阅读。虽然逻辑阅读文章一般篇幅较短,但题目难度却往往不低。如果考生的逻辑思维能力不足,面对这类题目往往会觉得比长篇阅读还要困难。因此,应对逻辑阅读的策略就是跟着难度走。看完文章如果马上就能理清逻辑思路找到解题方法,那就直接做完。如果觉得有点绕,一时半会儿想不清楚,同样先跳过留到之后再完成。这样可以避免大家过度消耗脑力,能以思路比较清醒的状态优先做完其他题目。
想要在逻辑阅读部分提速,考生必须提前在备考过程中加强逻辑思维推理判断能力的训练,把各种逻辑常见的出题方式和思维模式提前练熟,对于各种加强削弱无关等题型做到一看就知道怎么解。
短阅读提速避免选项干扰
短篇阅读是GRE阅读中对考生最友善的题型。不仅文章篇幅段,而且难度一般也不高,虽然偶尔会有难题,但大部分题目大家一遍读完就能顺手解决。因此想要拿到高分,大家只要仔细一点看清问题就能比较稳妥的拿到分数了。而想要保证准确率,考生可以尝试在读完文章和问题后先不看选项,自己根据理解想一个大概的答案,然后再和选项匹配结果,既能避免干扰,又能提高解题速度。
每日GRE词汇精选
1.tawdry /‘t?dri/ adj. 非常华丽的;廉价而俗丽的 n. 俗丽的东西;廉价而俗丽之物
2.firebrand /‘fa??br?nd/ n. 火把,燃烧的木柴,放火者,煽动叛乱者
字面意思即可理解,fire 火,bran=branch 树枝,分支。因此这个词表示“挥动火把的人”,引申为“放火者,叛乱者”。
3.prodigious /pr?’d?d??s/ adj. 异常的,惊人的,奇异的;巨大的
pro=向前;ig=ag=do,做;-ious为形容词后缀,表示数量很多的。因此这个词的含义是“在……之前就做了很多”,引申义“异常的,巨大的”。
4.bolster /‘bolst?/ vt. 支撑;加固 n. 长枕, 垫枕
词源同ball,原来指鼓起来的垫子,即垫枕;用作动词,表示支撑。
5.staid /sted/ adj. 固定的;沉着的;沉静的
sta=stay; -id为形容词后缀。
6.cavil /‘k?vl/ v. 挑剔;吹毛求疵 n. 苛责;吹毛求疵;无端的指责
词根cal=欺骗,挑刺。词源同challenge 挑战。
7.discern /d?’s?n/ vt. 识别;领悟,认识
dis=分开;cern=sure,把每一个都分开然后确定下来,都搞清楚,即“识别,领悟”。
8.lighthearted /?la?t?hɑrt?d/ adj. 轻松愉快的,无忧无虑的
light 轻的;心里很轻松的,即“轻松愉快的,无忧无虑的”。
9.abash /?’b??/ vt. 使羞愧, 使局促, 使窘迫
10.lethargic /l??θɑrd??k/ adj. 昏睡的;没精打采的, 懒洋洋的
词根leth=forget; arg=erg=work;-ic为形容词后缀;忘记了力量/工作的,引申为“无力的,昏睡的,无精打采的”。
每日GRE词汇精选
1.penury /‘p?nj?ri/ n. 赤贫,缺乏
词根pen来自拉丁语,表示稀少。
2.glut /ɡl?t/ vt. 吃得过多,过饱,过食;塞满;堵塞
glut作为词根,表示喉咙,吞食;同源词gullet n. 食管, 咽喉,后用于经济学术语,表示供过于求。
3.copious /‘kop??s/ adj. 丰富的;很多的;多产的
cop=abundance 丰富;由com-(together) 和op- (类似oper,表示work,wealth)复合而成,即全都放在一起的。-ious为形容词后缀。
4.restive /‘r?st?v/ adj. 倔强的;难驾御的;不安宁的
rest 休息,留下的,所以只愿意休息的,或者说留在这个地方不动的,即“倔强的,难驾驭的“。其实这个词从词根更好理解,re=back,st=stand,站在后面的,你要策马向前,但是马儿就是不动,这就是这个词的本意。
5.acme /‘?kmi/ n. 顶点,极点;最高点
6.connoisseur /?kɑn?’s?/ n. 鉴赏家,鉴定家;行家
con=一起,完全;noi=know;完全地了解,知晓,即“行家,鉴赏家”。
7.benign /b?’na?n/ adj. 良性的;吉利的;和蔼的,亲切的
源自bene=good.
8.impudent /‘?mpj?d?nt/ adj. 鲁莽的;放肆无礼的;无耻的
im=not; pud-=feel shame 感到羞耻(同根词pudency n. 羞怯,害羞);-ent形容词后缀。因此这个词表示不感到羞耻的,即“无耻的,放肆的”。
9.eloquent /‘?l?kw?nt/ adj. 雄辩的,有口才的;有说服力的
e=out;loqu=speak,-ent为形容词后缀。因此这个词的根本含义是:能够说得出来的,即“雄辩的,有口才的”。
10.fawn /f?n/ vi. 奉承 n.小鹿
每日GRE词汇精选
1.pungent /‘p?nd??nt/ adj. (味道或气味)有刺激味的, 辛辣的, 刺鼻的; (指言语)尖刻的, 刺人的, 刻薄的
pung=punct=point; sharp 点,尖;-ent 为形容词后缀,因此pungent 表示 刺鼻的,尖刻的。同根词 punctual adj.守时的,准时的
2.compound /‘kɑmpa?nd/ vt. 混合;合成;和解妥协
com=together; pound=pos=put,把所有东西放到一起,即“混合,合成”。
3.delineate /d?’l?n?et/ vt. 勾画,描述
de=强调;line 线;用力画线,即“勾画,描述”。
4.patent /‘p?tnt/ vt. 授予专利 adj. 专利的;新奇的;显然的 n. 专利权;专利品
5.rile /ra?l/ vt. & vi. 惹恼;激怒
6.munificent /mju’n?f?snt/ adj. 慷慨的;丰厚的;宽宏的
muni=public; duty;(如 community 社区)fic=make; do;做出来给大家的,即“慷慨的,丰厚的”。
7.cohesion /ko’hi??n/ n. 连贯;结合;凝聚
co=together;hes=stick,粘附。
8.descry /d?’skra?/ vt. 看见;看出,辨认出
de表强调;cry 呼喊;本义是突然看到之后的尖叫,引申为“看到,看出”。
9.diligent /‘d?l?d??nt/ adj. 勤奋的, 勤勉的
di=强调;lig=lect=选择;强调把不同的东西都分选出来,“勤奋,勤勉”。
10.unprecedented /?n’pr?s?d?nt?d/ adj. 前所未有的, 无前例的
源自precedent 先例,前例;pre=在……之前;ced=go; un=not;即没有先例的。
GRE阅读逻辑冲刺高分要先练速度
托福阅读冲刺高分必备技巧分享 这3个要点不可不知
托福阅读冲高分提升词汇量是关键
各位如果觉得托福阅读考试很难的话,请你一定要肯拿出时间来背单词。磨刀不误砍柴工,这句话一点都不假。即使你用一周时间,能把80%的单词都记住,那也是很值得的。
托福阅读备考要采取怎样的做题顺序?
现在还有人问,先看问题再读文章,又说自己不习惯等等。其实,这个完全在你自己。如果你觉得“先看问题再读文章,而且找到答案就停止,再读下一个问题”这样很习惯,那就保持下去。如果你觉得整个文章读完再做心里踏实,那就读完好了。
第一题,一般都是主题题。先不管。从第二题开始,看问题,然后看是读第一段。不管有没有找到答案,把这一段读完再停。这样,如果词基本认识,句子结构比较清楚的话,答案差不多就出来了。接下来还是这样,即使那一段很长,我也是读完一整段再做题。
但是这里要强调一下。如果你的托福阅读水平不是特别高的话,当你读完一段,有些问题的答案你可能已经知道了,但是还是请定位到原文,再看一遍。看看问题问的是不是的确就是你得出的答案等等。总之一句话,托福阅读的答案都是从文章里来的,如果和文章矛盾了或者文章没有这些说法,那就肯定不是正确答案!
托福阅读高分离不开高效解题技巧
遇到不确定的题目,一定从原文找到定位,然后把肯定不对的选项排除。就算是瞎蒙,50%也比25%好。这个也是做主题题的一贯原则。等你把文章通篇都读完了,再回过头看这个题目的时候,不正确的说法就可以排除了(如果你也是最后做主题题的话,一定不要忘了,还有一道题!)
推荐托福阅读进行限时连续练习,就是每套题不超过53分钟,连续做两套。这可是最后的部分了,最容易疲劳的阶段,因此也需要适应性训练。同样在答题纸上写答案。错题看看是为什么错的,是不是因为定位没找对。把做过的阅读里出现的词对一下,就是那些单词题的正确选项都摘抄下来,尽管重复的几率不大,但是有些词是经常出现的。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:古代社会的性别不平等
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
词汇讲解:
inequality n. 不平等
pastoralist /'p?st?r?list/ n. 田园诗的作者,畜牧者
steep /sti?p/ adj. 陡峭的;(价格或要求)过高的,不合理的
hierarchy /'ha??rɑ?k?/ n. 等级制度
结构划分:
Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened (by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth) (in most communities),and (also by the requirement) (that women acquire most of the skills of men),(including, often, their military skills).
深度分析:
这句话的重点其实就是:they seem to have been softened
修饰一:(by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth) ,介词短语
中文:没有严格的财富等级制度
修饰二:(in most communities) ,介词短语
中文:在大多数群落中
修饰三:(also by the requirement) ,介词短语,注意这里的also by the requirement和by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth是并列的
中文:也需要
修饰四:(that women acquire most of the skills of men),从句
中文:女性获得大多数男人的技能
修饰物:( including, often, their military skills),介词短语
中文:包括常用军事技能
参考翻译:
性别不平等也已经存在于畜牧主义社会,但由于在大多数群落中并没有严格的财富等级制度,以及要求女性获得大多数男人的技能像军事技能,这种不平等似乎已经被缓解。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:动物的作息活动规律
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity——sleeping, feeding,moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves gene rate the observed biological rhythms.
词汇讲解:
metabolize /m?'t?b?la?z/ v. 新陈代谢
enzyme /'enza?m/ n.酵
hormone /'h??m??n/ n. 荷尔蒙,激素
rhythm /'r??(?)m/ n.节奏;节律,循环
internal /?n't??n(?)l/ adj.内在的,内部的
结构划分:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——)are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers (that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms).
深度分析:
这个句子主干部分:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is insteaddependent somehow on internal timers.
大家要在读的时候要注意忽略那些细节,尤其是破折号后面的。
比较难理解的是the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers.
这里就是A or B的结构:
A= isdriven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset
or
B= isinstead dependent somehow on internal timers
中文:关键问题是,动物的作息是否是由外界条件比如日出日落驱使,或者相反,是以某种方式依赖于。
修饰一:(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——),破折号,解释说明
中文:例如,睡觉、喂食、活动、繁殖、新陈代谢以及产生酶与荷尔蒙
修饰二:(that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms) ,从句,修饰internal timers
中文:自身产生并遵循的生物循环
参考翻译:
一般来说,动物活动的不断变化的程度——例如,睡觉、喂食、活动、繁殖、新陈代谢以及产生酶与荷尔蒙——与环境的循环十分同步,但关键问题是,动物的作息是否是由外界条件比如日出日落驱使,或者相反,是以某种方式依赖于自身产生并遵循的生物循环。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:外在信号与内在循环
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The disorienting effect s of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
词汇讲解:
disorient /d?s'?r??ntet/ vt. 使(人)迷失方向,使(人)混乱
persist /p?'s?st/ vi.坚持;持续
jet lag时差反应
synchronize /?s??kr??na?z/ v. 同时发生,与...一致
结构划分:
The disorienting effects(of this mismatch)(between external time cues and internal schedules)may persist, (like our jet lag), (for several days or weeks) (until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) (to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment).
深度分析:
这个句子主干部分就是The disorienting effects may persist
修饰一:(of this mismatch) ,介词短语
中文:这种不匹配
修饰二:(between external time cues andinternal schedules) ,介词短语
中文:在外在信号与内在循环之间
修饰三:(like our jet lag) ,介词短语
中文:像时差反应一样
修饰四:(for several days or weeks) ,介词短语
中文:几天或几周
修饰五:(until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) ,从句
中文:直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟
修饰六:(to synchronize with the dailyrhythm of the new environment) ,非谓语动词
中文:以便和新环境的日常循环同步
参考翻译:
外在信号与内在循环不匹配引起的错乱反应可能会持续(像时差反应一样)几天或几周,直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟以便和新环境的日常循环同步。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:电影行业的技术革新
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years. (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films)
词汇讲解:
prohibitive /pr?'h?b?t?v/ adj. (指价格等)高得买不起的;禁止性的
结构划分:
(In Europe) it took a little longer,(mainly because there were more small producers) (for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive),and ( in other parts of the world) problems (with rights or access to equipment) delayed the shift to sound production (for a few more years) ( though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films).
深度分析:
本句的主干就是一个并列结构:it took a little longer and problems delayed the shift to sound production
修饰一:(In Europe),介词短语
修饰二:(mainly because there were more small producers),从句
中文:主要是因为有更多小的制造商
修饰三:(for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive),从句,修饰produces
中文:对于他们来说转换声音的成本巨大
修饰四:(with rights or access to equipment),介词短语,修饰problems
中文:专利权以及设备的问题
修饰五:(for a few more years),介词短语
修饰刘:(though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films),括号,解释说明
中文:虽然在很多大城市的影院为了播放国外有声电影已经用线装好了设备
参考翻译:
欧洲花得时间要长一些,主要是因为有更多小的制造商,对于他们来说转换声音的成本巨大。在世界其它部分,专利权以及设备的问题延迟了向声音产业转变很多年。(虽然在很多大城市的影院为了播放国外有声电影已经用线装好了设备)
托福阅读备考提升先练什么?提升词汇量全程受益效率高
托福阅读到底需要多少词汇才够用?
我们大家都知道,词汇量有限的话,会严重牵制阅读的速度,如果要实现快速阅读,我们的词汇量到底要达到多少呢?这里有一个标准,那就是我们所具备的词汇量要能够“推理出生词所在语境的意思”,如果把这一标准进行量化的话,我们必须要具备基础词汇和搭配4000-4500个,也就是达到大学四级的水平,以及专业词汇个,才能保证基本正常的阅读速度。
托福阅读词汇题详解
同时,托福阅读的每套题中,平均有12个词汇题。很多同学都觉得这是送分题,也往往不给予过多的关注,以至于大量丢分。而对于想拿满分的同学来说,这个题显得尤为重要,因为他们往往是在词汇题上丢分,才得到最后的29分。那么,我们就要做到有备无患,防止丢分。
但是,很多考生会对词汇题的准备感到束手无措。词汇题的考法非常简单直接,就是要求选择4个选项中和原文某一词汇意义表达相同的选项,题目基本都为The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ...看起来是很简单,只要__知道一个词汇的基本含义就可以做对,但是要准备的词汇范围又很大。而OG中对于词汇题的解释就是,there is “no list ofwords” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生:没有所谓的大纲词汇可供参考,因为根本就没有大纲,考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词,所以范围很大。另外,OG中的解释还有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 大多数考生遇到的情况是,所碰到的词汇并不是已经让人熟知的第一词义,而是要根据语境上下文推断出的第二词义甚至是第三词义。
托福阅读备考如何做好词汇准备?
为此,我们平时要在词汇方面做好充分的准备:
1、利用零散的时间背单词,并要积累词根词缀。
可以重点记那些常考的核心词汇,而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词可以放在第二位。
2、进行高频率的重复,建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。
具体说来,就是每天背100个单词,把时间控制在半个小时以内,每天过3-4遍,第二天再过一遍前一天的。单词材料可以找一些相关的阅读词汇书,或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。
3、把背单词和阅读相结合
也就是把单词和语境相结合,并还要广泛阅读以及这是增加词汇量的有效方法,也就是要在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。学生可以根据不同的基础,选择OG,阅读机经等相关阅读材料。平时也可以多做泛读训练,材料可以来自于维基百科等国外原版资料。
新托福考试冲刺试题:The Commercialization of Lumber
The Commercialization of Lumber
木材的商业化
In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is 【durable 】and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.
在十九世纪的美国,几乎所有的建筑都是用木头建造的。松树对于建筑用途特别有吸引力。它【耐用】且坚固,但足够柔软,即使是最简单的手工工具也能轻易地使用。它也能很好地漂浮在水上,这使得它能被运到全国各地的遥远市场。大湖州、密歇根州、威斯康星州和明尼苏达州的中部和北部地区都有大片的松林,还有许多大型河流,用于将原木从大湖运到全国各地。
By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timbershortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pineforests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a 【commodity】, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees.In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturing companies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.
到1860年,美国西部的定居点和东部的木材种植园对五大湖州的松树的影响日益扩大。在接下来的30年里,伐木业在密歇根、威斯康星州和明尼苏达州成为一家成熟的企业。新成立的伐木业公司收购了大片松兰,开始有计划地砍伐树木。殖民者和后来的实业家都把木材看作是一种[商品],但后者采用了一种更为彻底和更为精确的方法来清除树木。从这个意义上说,1860年至1890年之间发生的事情代表了与过去的重大突破。农民不再是寻找额外收入的主要来源,木瓦,木柴和其他木制品。到了19世纪70年代,农民和城市居民都从大湖州的大型制造公司购买森林产品,而不是亲自砍柴或在当地购买。
The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the 【British-invented band saw】, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by【 allowing for 】the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.
伐木业的商业化部分是技术变革的产物。早期厚实的锯片往往会浪费大量的木材,可能有三分之一的原木留在地板上,就像锯末或废料一样。然而,在19世纪70年代,【英国发明的带锯】以其较薄的锯片成为大湖州木材工厂的标准问题。同时,蒸汽驱动的工厂的兴起通过【允许】更高效、集中和连续的木材切割来简化生产。蒸汽有助于自动化各种任务,从切割到带走废物。磨坊还利用蒸汽加热原木池,防止它们冻结,并使全年的木材生产成为可能。
For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumberin the summer. [■]If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. [■]In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitatetravel. [■]The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads. [■]
为了使工业伐木业取得成功,必须找到一种方法来抵消季节对生产的影响。传统上,砍伐是在冬季进行的,当时冰雪使得用雪橇或雪橇把原木拖到河岸上变得更容易。当溪流和湖泊解冻后,工人们用木筏把圆木运到磨坊,在那里,圆木在夏天被砍成圆木。如果大自然不合作,如果冬天证明干燥和温暖,如果春季解冻推迟生产将受到影响。为了应对气候对木材生产的影响,伐木工人试验了多种将树木运出森林的技术。在19世纪70年代,大湖州的伐木工人开始在雪橇道路上洒水,给他们一层人造冰层,以方便他们滑行。[■]冰减少了摩擦,允许工人移动更大和更重的负载。[
But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponderways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the 【remoteness】 of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.
但是,世界上所有的零花落雨都无法拯救一个伐木工人免受温暖冬天的威胁。没有雪,雪橇路变成了泥地。在19世纪70年代,一系列无雪的冬天让木材公司思考如何从季节中解放自己。铁路是一种可能。起初,松林的[偏远]阻碍了普通运输公司铺设铁轨。但19世纪70年代后期木材价格的上涨,加上周期性的温暖干燥的冬季,迫使伐木工人转向铁路。到1887年,89条伐木铁路横贯密歇根州,将伐木从冬季活动转变为全年活动。
Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumbercompanies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.
一旦原木到达河流,下游到工厂的旅程可能是漫长而曲折的。原木堵塞(阻止原木向下游移动的原木堆积)在长达10英里的时间里很常见,而且随着1860年代中西部北部松兰地区的压力的增加,这种堵塞变得更加频繁。为了帮助保持原木的移动效率此外,还建造了栅栏,称为栅栏(基本上是一条漂浮的原木链),以控制木材的方向。到19世纪70年代,伐木公司已经遍布中西部北部的所有主要伐木区。
1.The word “durable” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. readily available
B. long lasting
C. dense
D. flexible
2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following characteristics of pine made it a desirable material for building in nineteenth-century America EXCEPT:
A. It was long lasting.
B. It was relatively easy to transport.
C. Its softness made it easy to work with.
D. It produced buildings that were especially attractive.
3.The word “commodity” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. product
B. problem
C. opportunity
D. advantage
4.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about timber in America before the year 1860?
A. Farmers of the American West earned most of their income by selling timber to newly arrived settlers.
B. Timber came primarily from farmers who wished to supplement their income.
C. Timber was much more expensive before the year 1860 because it was less readily available.
D. Timber came primarily from large manufacturing companies in the East.
5.Why does the author discuss the “British-invented band saw”?
A. To give an example of how steam power led to technological advancements
B. To help explain how the thickness of a saw blade determines how much wood is wasted
C. To explain how competition with other countries benefited the American lumber industry
D. To illustrate the impact of new technology on the lumber industry
6.The phrase “allowing for” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. encouraging
B. introducing
C. making possible
D. emphasizing
7.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as resulting from the use of steam in the lumber industry EXCEPT:
A. Work became centralized, and many tasks were automated.
B. Lumber could be produced more efficiently and on a larger scale.
C. Waste materials could be re-used as fuel to power the lumber mills.
D. Lumber production could continue throughout the cold winter months.
8.The word “facilitate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. expand
B. ease
C. transform
D. permit
9.According to paragraph 4, how could a warm, dry winter interfere with lumber production?
A. Certain trees would become dry and yield low-quality lumber.
B. There would not be enough water in streams and lakes to raft the logs to mills.
C. It would be more difficult to transport logs to streams and lakes.
D. Rivers would not be full enough in the spring to power mills.
10.The word “remoteness” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. decline
B. density
C. size
D. isolation
11.In paragraph 5, why does the author include the information that 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan by 1887?
A. To argue that Michigan had replaced other Great Lakes states as the center of the lumbering industry
B. To provide evidence of the growing importance of logging railroads to the lumbering industry
C. To support the claim that Michigan winters had become more severe in the late 1800s than they had been earlier
D. To challenge the idea that climate discouraged the laying of track
12.According to paragraph 6, the construction of booms benefited the logging industry by
A. reducing the pressures placed on the northern Midwest pinelands in the 1860s
B. reducing the length of the downstream trip to a mill by as much as 10 miles
C. increasing the number of logs that could be floated down a river at a single time
D. allowing logs to move downstream more quickly and easily
13.Look at the four squares[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Some sleighs were capable of carrying over 100 tons worth of timber..
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Increasing demands for timber in nineteenth-century America transformed lumbering in the Great Lakes region.
A.During the nineteenth century, lumbering became a large-scale industry controlled by manufacturing companies rather than a local enterprise controlled by farmers.
B.Technological advances, including the use of steam power, led to increased productivity, efficiency, and commercialization of the lumbering industry.
C.Seasonal changes and severe winters made the development and laying of track for logging railroads slow and difficult.
D.After 1860 farmers continued to be the main suppliers of new timber, but lumbering companies took over its transport and manufacture into wood products.
E.The invention of new technology, such as band saws, allowed American lumbering companies to make a profit by exporting surplus lumber to Britain and other countries.
F.New methods for transporting logs to mills helped transform lumbering from a seasonal activity to a year-round activity.
托福阅读备考提升先练词汇 阅读词汇题备考方法心得讲解
托福阅读到底需要多少词汇才够用?
我们大家都知道,词汇量有限的话,会严重牵制阅读的速度,如果要实现快速阅读,我们的词汇量到底要达到多少呢?这里有一个标准,那就是我们所具备的词汇量要能够“推理出生词所在语境的意思”,如果把这一标准进行量化的话,我们必须要具备基础词汇和搭配4000-4500个,也就是达到大学四级的水平,以及专业词汇2000个,才能保证基本正常的阅读速度。
托福阅读词汇题详解
同时,托福阅读的每套题中,平均有12个词汇题。很多同学都觉得这是送分题,也往往不给予过多的关注,以至于大量丢分。而对于想拿满分的同学来说,这个题显得尤为重要,因为他们往往是在词汇题上丢分,才得到最后的29分。那么,我们就要做到有备无患,防止丢分。
但是,很多考生会对词汇题的准备感到束手无措。词汇题的考法非常简单直接,就是要求选择4个选项中和原文某一词汇意义表达相同的选项,题目基本都为The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ...看起来是很简单,只要__知道一个词汇的基本含义就可以做对,但是要准备的词汇范围又很大。而OG中对于词汇题的解释就是,there is “no list ofwords” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生:没有所谓的大纲词汇可供参考,因为根本就没有大纲,考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词,所以范围很大。另外,OG中的解释还有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 大多数考生遇到的情况是,所碰到的词汇并不是已经让人熟知的第一词义,而是要根据语境上下文推断出的第二词义甚至是第三词义。
托福阅读备考如何做好词汇准备?
为此,我们平时要在词汇方面做好充分的准备:
1、利用零散的时间背单词,并要积累词根词缀。
可以重点记那些常考的核心词汇,而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词可以放在第二位。
2、进行高频率的重复,建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。
具体说来,就是每天背100个单词,把时间控制在半个小时以内,每天过3-4遍,第二天再过一遍前一天的。单词材料可以找一些相关的阅读词汇书,或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。
3、把背单词和阅读相结合
也就是把单词和语境相结合,并还要广泛阅读以及这是增加词汇量的有效方法,也就是要在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。学生可以根据不同的基础,选择OG,阅读机经等相关阅读材料。平时也可以多做泛读训练,材料可以来自于维基百科等国外原版资料。
解答托福阅读多选题的关键点
比如说,新托福阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题,多选题分两类,一类叫图表题,给你一个图表,让你6选3或者8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题,文章内容概述题,什么意思呢?先给你一句话,这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想,请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。
这样的话,这个题目是我们的第二个问法,这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题,这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理,因为这类题目分值也比较高,一般是2分或3 分。我们即使答错一个空,3分题还会拿到两分,不会给你扣掉所有的分。
第二,这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上,当你把之前其他的问题都答完了,你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了,再做这个题的话,基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多,这种题多少都会有分的。
第三,这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心,做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解,因为这句话就是文章的概述,基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的,或和这句话有关联点的,跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项,所以要求我们特别细心,越细心越好。
最后就是针对性的大量的做练习,这对提高此类题目的正确率也是非常有效的。
托福阅读三原则:直,细,巧
如何将托福阅读题回答地滴水不漏,接近满分?新东方阅读网为托福备考学生总结了“直”,“细”,“巧”的三大原则来攻克托福阅读。
“直”的原则
所谓“直”,是指托福阅读出题思路直接,所有题目的答案几乎都可以在文章中找到非常明显的对应点。这一特点告诉考生,在解题时,考生一定要根据原文内容来解题,避免“小题大做”,人为地把题目想象得太复杂,否则就是自己给自己找麻烦。
就拿考生最熟悉的细节题来说,托福阅读细节题的解题要点有两个要点:一是根据题干关键词回原文定位答案范围;二是将题目选项与原文语句相对照,正确选项往往是原文语句的同义替换。
因此,考生在解题时,一定要对照选项与原文语句之间的异同,找出与原文语句意思最相似的选项,也就找到了正确答案。
“细”的原则
所谓“细”,是指考生在利用题干关键词回原文定位答案范围时一定要细心。我们知道,考生在解答托福阅读考试题时,最常用到的解题方法就是利用题干中出现的关键词回原文定位答案范围,然后根据定位到的内容选出正确答案。
由于题干中有些关键词(尤其是专有名词)在原文中不止出现一次,因而考生一定要细心,找出原文中所有含该关键词的句子,然后再从中选择与题干要求最接近的句子来定位答案范围,进而选出正确答案。很多考生由于没有注意到这一点,导致定位错误,进而与正确答案失之交臂,实在是非常可惜。
“巧”的原则
所谓“巧”,是指考生在回原文定位答案范围时应该选择最恰当的题干关键词,并从托福阅读考试的特点出发,巧妙而又精确地定位答案范围。“巧”的原则具体体现在以下几个方面:
①用于定位的题干关键词一般包括人名、地名、数字、关键名词或动词等,考生在回原文定位答案范围时,可同时利用多个关键词进行定位,原文中包含题干绝大多数关键词的部分最有可能是答案所在;
②在利用关键词回原文定位时,考生可根据原文中出现的特殊标点符号(如破折号、连字符、引号、括号等)、数字、专有名词等这些比较明显的提示进行跳读,题干的关键词以及题目的答案范围往往就出现在这些有明显提示信息的表达附近;
③由于阅读部分的考查点经常与转折、比较、否定、因果等逻辑密切相关,因而考生在定位答案范围时可根据这些重要的考点来进行精确定位。结合这三点,考生便能又快又准地找到出题人设计答案所依据的句子,最后再按照“直”的原则选择答案。
从上面的分析可以看出,在托福阅读考试中,这三个字的作用是相互关联促进的。我们也要灵活使用,帮助自己迅速解答问题,才能完成托福阅读备考的任务。
【高分经验】30天冲刺高分107 托福“暴力”提分之道
对于托福考试的一些考试介绍我就不多说,诸如:考试科目的顺序、考试的报名、抢考位,在我看来,这些事情都应该在托福备考之前都详细的了解清楚,不要耽误了你的备考时间。先说一下我的成绩吧,我的成绩是107分:阅读28分,听力30分,口语22分,写作27分。只能说托福高手大有人在,我的成绩也只能说是不是特别高。
在备考的一个月时间里,官方真题Official应该是帮上了很大的忙,特别在最后的十天里,我基本上是每天刷上1-2套的题目。因为,在所有托福备考的材料中,相对于托福考试来说,官方真题Official有着最高的还原度。所以,在短时间内容冲刺托福考试,官方真题Official是最好的备考材料了。另外,就是托福机经,其实,现在对于机经的看法好像还是褒贬不一。不过,经历了一次托福考试以后,机经最为关键的并不是用或不用,而关键在于什么时候去用。口语和写作的机经真的非常重要,而在一定要在考前10天左右去看一些机经,才是最有效果的,过早去关心机经,其实对于备考并没有太大作用。
在托福考试的时候,词汇还是一个很大的问题,不过因为我平时比较喜欢看美剧,所以也是有着不错的基础。而且,在这里也是要提到,想要短期提升1万多词汇量并不是那么简单的。所以,词汇的累积还是需要在生活中慢慢积累的。而在冲刺考试的一个月中,我基本刷完了托福词汇440道经典题,非常非常重要。同时,也建议大家可以为自己准备一个生词本,遇到不会的单词记录一下,反复的记忆。
在托福考试中听力拿了满分,这也许有一部分的原因是因为比较喜欢追美剧。因为,毕竟美剧只能让我熟悉对话的场景,而托福的学术讲座类听力题也还是非常有难度的。而针对这样的一些问题,我主要还是建议大家采用听写的练习方式。而除了官方真题Official之外,我在听写练习中主要是用了sss的材料,每天一篇,由于其难度要高于托福听力,所以,坚持一段时间后,就会发现自己的听力能力有了很大提升。
最后,再提一下托福写作吧,其实,在备考之前我的写作能力只能说很一般。另外,我也没有太多时间去练习托福写作185题。所以,在写作练习中,就是考前10天一天写一篇针对考试那天机经上的题目(尽量每种类型都写到)。而且,一定是准确的把时间卡在30分钟里。
总之,对于托福考试来说,想要在短期内冲刺托福高分,备考资料和托福词汇等等都是一些不容忽视的环节,希望以上环节能为大家的备考带来帮助。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed art glass. Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.
France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.
The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.
1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?
(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style
(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style
(C) Production techniques for art glass
(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style
2. The word one in line 4 refers to
(A) century
(B) development
(C) style
(D) coloration
3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass ?
(A) The distortion of the glass
(B) The appearance of the glass surface
(C) The shapes of the glass objects
(D) The size of the glass objects
4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?
(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles
(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists
(C) to explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United States
(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world
5. The word prized in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) valued
(B) universal
(C) uncommon
(D) preserved
6. The word overtaken in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) surpassed
(B) inclined
(C) expressed
(D) applied
7. What does the author mean by stating that function should determine form (lines 23-24)?
(A) A useful object should not be attractive.
(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.
(C) The design of an object is considered more significant than its function.
(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it
(A) clearly distinguished between art and design
(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs
(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past
(D) was easily interpreted by the general public
9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?
(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.
(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.
(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World War.
(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.
10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include
(A) a flowered design
(B) bright colors
(C) modern symbols
(D) a textured surface
PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA
托福阅读真题原题+题目
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.
After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. Combines were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.
The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.
1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production
(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms
(C) Farming practices before the Civil War
(D) The increase in the number of people farming
2. The word crucial in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) unbelievable
(C) important
(D) desirable
3. The phrase avail themselves in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) take care
(B) make use
(C) get rid
(D) do more
4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?
(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.
(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.
(C) It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.
(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.
5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?
(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.
(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.
(C) The use of farm machinery continued to increase.
(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.
6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each
(A) could perform more than one function
(B) required relatively little power to operate
(C) was utilized mainly in California
(D) required two people to operate
7. The word they in line 19 refers to
(A) grain stalks
(B) threshing machines
(C) steam engines
(D) horses
8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because
(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines
(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines
(C) thresher owner had chance to buy the machines before farmers did
(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own
9. The word ponderous in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) advanced
(B) heavy
(C) complex
(D) rapid
PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB
托福阅读冲刺25+必备高分经验干货分享
1.平时练习怎么做?
错误做法:“文章看一下,题目做一下,然后对一下答案,看着答案思考一下,说服自己答案是对的,自己选错了,就过了”
正确做法:错题分析一定要写出来,而且错题总结一定要等两天,忘掉答案的时候再做才有效果。做完题,要问自己——文章能复述出来吗?下次再给你做这些题目能保证全对吗?如果答案是否定的,那就是在做无用功;后面就不要做新题了,先把老题做透吧。
2. 如何备考词汇题?
词汇题是阅读高分的第一道关卡,总共30道题里至少有4-5道左右的词汇题。词汇题所占分值高,重复率非常高比较容易拿分,考到的词又都是对句子理解至关重要的词,所以这部分一定要重视。这些题目里面,同学们一般对一半左右的题有把握,其他的只能靠上下文或者构词法猜测。但事实上,词汇题考查的词汇都是较高频的学术词汇,如果这些词都没背熟练,那上下文估计也是看不懂的。况且,托福的词汇题就是考察vocabulary,能够说得通的词不一定对,因为要看能否替换原词。
3.先看文章还是先看题?
这个问题其实因人而异——如果你看文章的时候看完就忘记,啥都记不得,那建议你先读题再去读文章,这样可以有针对性地寻找信息。如果你是读完题就被题目带走,或者经常找错考点句的话,那还是老老实实先把段落读完。
很多同学会在做题之前很快读一下每段首句。这很好,但不能只读首句,因为有时段首句并非主旨句,而是transitional sentence(过渡句),那这时候尾句的总结就一定要看,这样才能对全段有更好的把握。
阅读课上我们都会强调让学生先读文章。因为阅读考试的终极目标就是上大学之后,学生有阅读参考书和论文的能力。很多同学担心时间不够,那至少也要读首尾句,对文章的整体框架有所把握,因为阅读考试的趋势就是越考越综合。
4. 如何处理难题?
很多同学跟我讲,考场上遇到没把握的题目会纠结,心态反而受影响。大家一定要清醒地认识到,不是所有的题目你都能快速选出来。对这些题目,与其耗时纠结,不如先放着。做题时的纠结会导致做下一题时还想着上一题。最好的解决方案就是做笔记,把纠结的题号和选项先记下来,之后有时间再回来看。
托福阅读长难句100句:大气引擎
This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. (43, TPO6)
词汇:
embody /?m'b?d?/ v. 体现(想法﹑ 感情等),使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物
revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ adj. 革命的
employ = make use of sb/sth 使用
分析:
修饰一:(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ,插入语,修饰this “atmospheric engine”,大家注意这里的断句,This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了,断句很重要
中文:由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的
修饰二:(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ,从句,so…that结构
中文:不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用
修饰三:(for which it had been designed.) ,从句,修饰coal mines
中文:引擎被设计
参考翻译:
这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理,但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用,尽管原来是这么设计的。
托福阅读长难句100句:蒸汽印刷厂
At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather thanthirty. (31, TPO6)
分析:
修饰一:(run by steam) ,非谓语动词,修饰printing presses,大家注意这里的run不是谓语动词,而是后面的found,这里易混
中文:通过蒸汽运行
修饰二:(by hand),介词短语,修饰printing presses,注意rather than,超级高频短语,之前也碰到过了,它是一个介词,“而不是”
中文:而不是通过手
修饰三:(to produce a thousand pages in anhour rather than thirty.) ,非谓语,it指代这里的内容
中文:生产一千张纸在一个小时内而不需要三十小时。
主干:operators found it possible
参考翻译:
同时,第一批通过蒸汽运行而不是通过手动的蒸汽印刷厂的操作者们发现在一个小时内生产一千张纸是有肯能的,而不需要三十小时。
托福阅读长难句100句:冶金术发展
Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. (50)
词汇:
metallurgy /'m?t?l?d?i/ n. 冶金 (术,学)
ingenious /?n'd?in??s/ adj.
1(指人)善於用新 的或简单的方法解决复杂问题的,心灵手巧的
2(指物件)设计独特而精巧的;
3(指主意)别出心裁的, 奇妙的
furnace /'f?n?s/ n. 熔炉
分析:
修饰一:(run by steam) ,非谓语动词,修饰printing presses,大家注意这里的run不是谓语动词,而是后面的found,这里易混
中文:通过蒸汽运行
修饰二:(by hand),介词短语,修饰printing presses,注意rather than,超级高频短语,之前也碰到过了,它是一个介词,“而不是”
中文:而不是通过手
修饰三:(to produce a thousand pages in anhour rather than thirty.) ,非谓语,it指代这里的内容
中文:生产一千张纸在一个小时内而不需要三十小时。
主干:operators found it possible
参考翻译:
修饰一:(Unlike in the Americas),介词短语
中文:不像在美洲
修饰二:(where metallurgy was a very late and limited development) ,从句
中文:冶金术发展非常晚而且有限
修饰三:(developing ingenious furnaces) ,非谓语动词
中文:发展了独特而精巧的熔炉
修饰四:(to produce the high heat neededfor production),非谓语动词
中文:它可产生冶铁所需要的高温
修饰五:(to control the amount of air) ,非谓语动词
中文:控制空气的数量
修饰六:( that reached the carbon and ironore) ,从句,修饰air
中文:接触碳和铁矿
修饰七:(necessary for making iron. ) ,形容词短语,修饰air
中文:对于冶铁是有必要的
主干:Africanshad iron from a relatively early date
参考翻译:
不像在美洲,那里冶金术发展非常晚而且有限,而非洲拥有铁比较早,他们发展了独特而精巧的熔炉,它可产生冶铁所需要的高温,并且控制接触碳和铁矿的空气用量以满足冶铁需要。
托福阅读真题回忆及参考答案
Passage 6
Topic 生物学
Chemical and Biological Weathering
Content Review (重复 2018.10.20)
土壤的风化作用主要分为两类:化学风化(chemical weathering)与生物风化(biological weathering)。化学风化作用包括氧化、碳酸化(carbonation)以及自然风化。有的岩石 较难发生风化作用,比如石英(quartz)。而有些岩石较易风化,留下多孔的痕迹。比如 石灰石(limestone)接触到空气中的氧气,加上环境湿润,就会逐渐风化。而干旱的环 境则不太容易发生
生物风化作用是指植物在岩石表面生长,根部会压迫岩石的裂隙,植物可以汲取风化作 用后土壤里的矿物质。但植物的根部力量往往被高估,植物的扩张确实会导致岩石破裂, 但通常化学风化与生物风化是同时发生的。风化有助于形成更多的土壤。
Passage 7
Topic 地质学
Magma 岩浆
Content Review(重复 2019.01.12)
由于火山种类不同,会产生两种岩浆(magma),B 与 G,其中一种凝固速度快因为有大 量二氧化硅(silica),还讲了压力(pressure)高低对其差异的影响
Passage 8
Topic 天文学
Middle Class of Society Structure 社会中的中产阶级
Passage 9
Topic
The Problem of Micro Plastic 塑料颗粒问题
Content Review
第 1 段科学家指出百分之十的塑料都汇入到海里。因为其密度不高,所以漂浮在水面上, 继而被海浪击打磨损成碎片。
第 2 段提到如今漂浮在海上的塑料并不多,只有 7000-35000tons。
第 3 段给出理由,是因为海洋中会有 storm 和一些常规的 movement,这些都使得塑料沉 到海洋底部。
第 4 段提到,大部分的海洋生物也会以 plastic 为食,尤其是一些无脊椎的动物,但是来 自工厂的一些污染物质被它们,也会构成一定伤害
第 5 段提到一种生物 copepod 吃一些小海藻(包含 micro plastic),之后行动缓慢,下很少 的蛋
Passage 10
Topic
How We Are Aging 变老的奥秘
Passage 11
Topic 考古学
Extinction of the Mammoths
Content Review (重复 2018.06.30,2017.10.28)
介绍猛犸象(Mammoths)生活和灭绝的时间。猛犸象生活在距今 180 万~1.1 万年期间 的更新世(Pleistocene),在这一时代结束之时基本灭绝,原因主要是气候变化。气候灭 绝理论认为距今 1.3 万年-1 万年的时候,气温上升了 6℃,夏天变的更长更热,冬天变得 更长更冷,温和气候时间持续较短。这就影响了食草动物们的食物,也即是植被的生长。 该理论模型认为,如果猛犸象常常食用三种类型的食物 A, B, C,气候变化后,会使得这 几种植物生长地理位置发生变化,不再生长在同一处区域。
虽然猛犸象随着水草迁徙,但因为猛犸象赖以生存的植被生长区的变化,导致猛犸象不 再像以前一样能获得足够的营养,所以体型变小,数量减少。同时,因为植被导致了猛 犸象的迁徙,使得猛犸象的种群数量被隔离成很小的种群,不同种群之间无法繁殖。小 种群内部的繁殖导致基因质量越来越差,最终灭绝。证据表明,生活在欧亚大陆的猛犸 象就符合上面给出的气候灭绝理论模型,而与因为食物减少、营养降低导致猛犸象灭绝 的理论相违背。因为虽然气候变化,但北美地区的哥伦比亚猛犸象能够很容易迁徙到附近160 公里的水草丰美的地方,但是哥伦比亚猛犸象还是灭绝了。气候变化灭绝理论受 到质疑,是因为猛犸象生活的更新世 Pleistocene 期间至少有个 22 次较大的气候周期变 化,之前的气候变化都没有导致猛犸象灭绝,而它们却在这一次灭绝了,是说不通的。
词汇题:
1. mundane=ordinary普通的
2. drastically=extremely非常
3. substantially=massively大量地
4. segregate=separate分离
5. facilitate=make easier使容易
6. estimate=calculate approximately估计
7. eventually=ultimately最终
8. proponent=supporter支持者
9. inevitably=unavoidably不可避免地
10. refined=improved改善
11. revert=back to回到...上
12. rival=competitor对手
13. prosperous=thriving繁荣的
14. speculate= puts forward as a possibility 假设
15. promote=encourage促进
16. swift=fast快速的
17. rigid=stiff僵硬的
18. inadvertently=unintentionally非故意地
19. gradually=slowly逐渐的
20. diverse=varied多样的
21. compensated=made up for补偿
22. refuge=protected庇护
23. critically=dangerously危急地
24. decisive=determining决定性的
25. apparent=seeming表面的
26. submerged=put under water淹没
27. occasionally=sometimes偶尔地
★ 托福口语高分句型