托福阅读提分从基础开始

2024-03-21 08:04:11| 收藏本文下载本文作者：huahuahaishao

以下是小编为大家整理的托福阅读提分从基础开始（共含5篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“huahuahaishao”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。

托福阅读提分从基础开始

篇1：托福阅读提分从基础开始

托福阅读提分从基础开始想要拿高分先做好这3件事

汇总背熟阅读热门词汇

如果想要把自己的阅读速度提升，其中有一个最要的因素即为词汇。在大家备考托福过程中一个词汇也在经历不断累积的过程，而在积累词汇过程中考生要学着整理这些词汇，特别是针对那些最容易在阅读文章里出现的高频词汇一定要多做归纳整理，再针对这些词汇出现的语言环境提升掌握能力，如此一来大家对阅读词汇的了解也会提升。

打好语法基础看懂长难句

大家在做托福练习的过程中能够感觉到许多语法内容知识点都已完全融入到了阅读和听力的一些题目中。想要应对好这些题目，最关键的是好句子的结构分析。提升句子结构，就是指将主谓宾结构部分和定状补修饰成分准确把握。做到这一点看上去简单，但实际处理时却仍有一定难度。特别是当考生处理一些长难句复杂句时，如何完全分析出句型结构也需要针对练习，而阅读速度则能在这些练习中获得提升。

提高阅读速度掌握速读技巧

在阅读的过程中大部分同学都会出现一个问题：自己在词汇和语法上都是有基础的，但想要提升阅读速度却会变得一场困难。假如你也有这种问题，那么小编建议你可以去调整一下自己的阅读方法了。大多数考生在阅读时，都有先看完文章完全理解后再开始答题的习惯，而这种做法很容易造成考试时间的紧张。在此小编需要提醒大家，托福考试作为一门语言考试，考察最重要的还是大家的答题能力，而不是阅读能力。所以，考生不需要清晰地把全文的每一个细节都彻底了解。小编建议大家的阅读理解方式是，首先仔细阅读文章段落的第1、2句，把握住段落主旨大意，然后快速浏览其余部分。通过这样的方式阅读，既能加快阅读速度，又能让大家对文章的结构思路更有把握。

托福阅读长难句：成功的移居

Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- (a safe site) (where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) (at which the invading species can become established.)(TPO32, 54)

长难句分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

Success in colonization depends (to a great extent) on there being a site (available for colonization)

注意depend on被短语to a great extent(很大程度)隔开了，断句不要出现问题，后面还有一个放在后面的形容词短语(available for colonization)修饰a site

修饰一：(a safe site) ，同位语，解说说明前面的a site

中文：一个安全的地点

修饰二：(where disturbance by fire or bycutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) ，从句

这个从句有点复杂：

where disturbance (by fire or by cutting down of trees) has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

(by fire or by cutting down oftrees)，介词修饰放在后面disturbance

注意这里有一个并列结构，either or

either removed competing species

or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

中文：在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么减低了竞争水平和其它负面的物种间相互影响的水平

修饰三：(at which the invading species can become established.) ，从句

中文：入侵物种能够定居下来。

参考翻译：

成功的移居很大程度上依赖于有一个可用的移居的地点，即一个安全的地点，在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么把物种间的竞争和其他负面的物种间相互影响减少到让入侵物种能够定居下来。

托福阅读长难句：动物群统治地位

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. (TPO33,58)

dramatic /drə'mætɪk/ adj. 戏剧的;激动人心的，给人深刻印象的

flourish v. /'flʌrɪʃ/ 昌盛，旺盛，兴旺;健康成长，茂盛

terrestrial /tə'restrɪəl/ adj. 陆地的，陆生的;地球的

myriad /'mɪrɪəd/ n. 无数，极大数量

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and (when, (after over 200 million years), the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end) (about 65 million years ago), mammals began to flourish, (evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species), (including bats and whales), (that we know today).

分析：

这个句子主干：

no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and mammals began to flourish

修饰一： (after over 200 million years)，介词短语

中文：在二亿年后

修饰二：(when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end)，从句

中文：当恐龙时代突然结束

修饰三：(about 65 million years ago)，介词短语

中文：大约在六千五百万年前

修饰四：(evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species)，非谓语动词

中文：从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种

修饰五：(including bats and whales)，插入语

中文：包括蝙蝠和鲸鱼

修饰六：(that we know today)，从句

中文：我们现在所知道的

参考翻译：

然而，没有哪类动物群或物种能够一直保持统治地位。在二亿年后，当恐龙时代大约在六千五百万年前突然结束，哺乳动物便开始繁盛，从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种，包括我们现在所知道的蝙蝠和鲸鱼。

篇2：托福阅读提分从这5项基础和能力开始

【备考经验】托福阅读提分从这5项基础和能力开始

托福阅读提分必备：单词

虽然我们一直在强调单词不是最重要的，但是没有单词是万万不能的，对于单词的积累不是弹指间能完成的，而在记忆单词的时候也有无数种方法可以借鉴，比如：记忆曲线记忆法：按照词汇书上的分类，每天一个pst，每天要做到及时复习。根据人的记忆曲线来讲，最初记忆过的单词要在最短的时间内进行不断的复习，才会对其记忆深刻。总而言之，记忆单词是学习一种语言最基础有用的方法，对于考试取得高分尤其如此，我们在学习过程中不能一味的复制别人的方法，要学会思考，找到属于自己的方法，一切皆可战胜!

托福阅读提分必备：文章主旨的把握

首先，新托福的每一篇文章都附加了标题，可以通过对文章标题格式，内容，可能应用的文章书写格式三个方面对文章整体进行把握。

其次，每篇文章的长度由原来的300-400增长到了现有的700字左右，且段落由原有的2-4段增长到现有的5-10段，那么对于文章主旨的把握能力就显得无比重要。而要做到在短短的3-4分钟以内完成这件事情，就要求我们对段落结构，段落大意，以及段间结构即文章大纲的把握做到精准的程度。

托福阅读提分必备：泛读能力

所谓托福阅读泛读能力是指得在短时间以内对一篇文章内容迅速把握。在对文章段落主旨句的阅读中，我们需要读的内容约有8-15句话左右，在3-4分钟以内完成对这些句子的阅读并总结文章大纲，就要求我们对于托福句子式结构熟识于心。而托福阅读中，句子长，成份杂一直以来都是大家在阅读上遇到的最大障碍之一。解决这个问题的方法，可以采用泛读技巧中的主句阅读方式，即对读到的每个句子进行结构分析，找出主句，再补充其它成份的细节内容。

当我们对段内句子的主要意思，讲述对象，及讲述方向有所了解之后，后期解题过程中使用到的答案定位(或关键词定位)便可以达到快、准、稳的效果。

把握住了文章主旨就得到了文章的写作方向与目的，辅以段落间的关系，会使得解题过程轻松无比。

托福阅读提分必备：段落结构

文章写作过程中，为了清楚的表达中心思想，会采用不同的段落结构，而结构的选取与文章类型及内容无关，仅是选取一种最为清晰的表达方式。段落内部结构从大体上来讲可以分为总---分---(总)的分点并列结构，或者总---分的观点递进阐述结构。相对来讲前者更赋逻辑性，而后者因其逻辑性较差而导致在阅读过程中难度系数相对较大。当大家对段落内部结构的分析日渐成熟的时候，便可以对段落主旨大意总结的驾驭做到轻车熟路，进而节约阅读时间。

托福阅读提分必备：句子结构

托福阅读中的句式结构复杂，想要快速的把握完整的句意，便需要分析其间所存在的各种句式，了解每种句式的结构结成，识别方法，处理方法，更进一些，还可以探究其写作方法，达到对每种句式从里到外的熟悉。

托福备考之阅读技巧与方法介绍

一、托福阅读方法

1. 精读的方法

精读是指认真地阅读文章中的每一句话，掌握句子的含义，弄清句子间的逻辑关系，从而理解整段话甚至全文的内容。精读的基础主要是词汇量和语法。在阅读理解中主要体现在长难句的理解上。如果这些句子影响对文章的理解，就必须要花费较长的时间认真阅读，以求获得准确的理解。

2. 意群阅读法

语言是用来传递信息的，阅读的目的就是为了获取信息，因此只要能够准确地把握信息即可。要想在比较短的时间内掌握足够多的信息，我们就必须学会意群阅读法。这就要求我们在阅读的时候不要把注意力放在每一个单词上，而是要以意群(主要包括词组、固定搭配和完整的句意组合)为单位，将注意力放在关键词上，从而掌握该句所表达的含义。

二、托福阅读技巧

1. 把握词义

阅读过程中我们不免会遇到生词，有些考生在阅读中一遇到生词就停下来查字典，这种方法是不正确的。有些词确实会影响到理解，查字典当然是一种办法，但是频繁地查字典不仅会影响阅读速度，还会影响对文章整体内容的理解。所以，考生在平时要学会处理阅读中的生词，掌握猜测生词的方法。

2. 理清结构

阅读时，要先辨别清楚文章的体裁，理清文章的结构，把握主旨大意，找出文章的主题句。理清文章结构有助于考生从整篇文章考虑，选出正确答案，避免因考虑不周或考虑片面而造成理解上的偏差。阅读文章后的问题一般也是按照文章结构顺序提出的，所以理清文章结构还有助于考生在尽量短的时间内找到问题的答案。

3. 分析选项

学会分析选项对于提高阅读分数有着重要的意义。阅读选项的干扰项可能是下面几种情况：1)与文章细节部分相同、部分相悖;2)选项本身是正确的，但不是问题的答案，不符合题干的要求;3)与常识相符合，但在文章中没有提及;4)明显与文章信息不符等等。掌握题目选项特点有助于考生在较短的时间里做出准确的选择。

4. 扩大知识面

扩大知识面对于提高阅读题目正确率来说十分重要。如果考生对阅读文章的话题一无所知，在做题的时候必然会感到很迷茫，理解文章大意时也会很困难。如果考生平时注意扩大知识面，多了解各方面的知识，那么在阅读时就会感到很轻松。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：城区土地扩展

托福阅读长难句：城区土地扩展

The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.

(宾语从句what we now know as)

现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。

分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled

分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl

分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.

整句话的谓语动词是 sparked 和 fueled, 两个并列的动词。

本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为(供给燃料)激发，促使、造成。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：石油天然气的形成

It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years. (TPO43, 65)

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

托福阅读长难句分析：

It is not surprising,therefore, (that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years)—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and (that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years). (TPO43, 65)

这个句子的结构：

It is not surprising that 从句 and that 从句

主要就是两个从句，然后中间有一个破折号隔开

修饰一：(that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years)，从句

中文：油藏和气藏的数量与沉积物总量的比率最高出现在年龄不超过250万年的岩石中

修饰二：(that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65million years)，从句

大家注意，能不能来理解这个从句中的discovered?先想想看。

其实，这个句子中还有一个非谓语动词修饰成分，that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas (discoveredso far) has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years

中文：约60%的石油和天然气都被发现在过去650万年形成的岩层中

托福阅读长难句参考翻译：

因此，毫无意外，油藏和气藏的数量与沉积物总量的比率最高出现在年龄不超过250万年的岩石中——岩石还很新，以至于很少的石油泄露——而目前为止发现的约60%的石油和天然气都被发现在过去650万年形成的岩层中。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：深海底部环境

托福阅读长难句：深海底部环境

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

(定语后置in some ways…)

【译句】由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface

分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space

分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，

分句1是分句3的状语

分句3是整个长句子的主句

分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans

主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

篇3：托福阅读提分如何打好基础

托福阅读提分如何打好基础?这3个要点不可不知

汇总背熟阅读热门词汇

打好语法基础看懂长难句

提高阅读速度掌握速读技巧

托福阅读真题回忆

学科分类：艺术

题目：Photography and Pictorial Weekly

内容回忆：

第一段描述electrotype这种新兴科技使得杂志能够更快的被打印出来，并使得Pictorial weekly 这种型号较大的新闻杂志发展起来，该杂志往往有很多的illustration 插画。第二段描述使得pictorial weekly 发展起来的第二个关键因素就在于photography。daguerreotype这种早期的相片的出现使得早起相片里常见的人像广为流传，能让艺术家在离肖像模特十分远的地方也能够按照杂志里的图片做出画作。第三段说明照片对于杂志的影响不单单在于提供了插画的主题上，还使得艺术家在创作插画时会模仿早期相片的感觉。因为人们觉得，比起艺术作品，相片更能够传递真实感。第五段说，插画的主题从comic 变得更为formality. 虽然comic的倾向仍然在部分杂志里有所保留，但是新的趋势是更为注重节制，礼节（propriety ）.

词汇题：

1. Plentiful- abundant

2. Emergence-development

3. Routinely-often

4. Distinctive-characteristic

Passage Two

学科分类：生物

题目：Effects of Predation on distribution of species

内容回忆：

本文共四段。第一段讲了有实验表明当被引入了predator 的时候，prey 就会被predator 捕食殆尽，然而因为是人为条件下的结果，我们有理由认为在自然环境中并非如此。因为predator 会失去自己的food resource 之一，所以会选择将prey保留到可持续的水平。第2段说明了捕食影响物种分布的第一种方式是prey switching。在某种prey 比较少时，就会转向其它的猎物。例如lynx和wolf 是它两个predator。当hareshoe 这种新的prey 被引入当地时，hareshoe大量繁殖,lynx 的数量也大幅上升。但hareshoe 随后出现了周期性的上升和下降，而每当其上升时，lynx 的数量上升，而其数量下降时，lynx 就会转而去吃原来是wolf 的猎物 caribou。因此通过转换，lynx自己的数量稳定的同时可以让hare shoe有时间恢复。第3段讲predator 可能通过阻止更为voracious 的predator 来控制prey数量。例如有一种鸟栖息在一种树的树顶上，食用一种 bug，该鸟类数量下降的同时发现该bug 数量也在下降，而树长得比较繁茂。推测虽然这对树不利，但可能是该鸟可以保护该bug不受到其它更为competitive 的动物的捕食。第4段说明还可以通过reduce pressures between two species 来影响物种的分布。存在两个物种竞争时，一般一种会淘汰另一种，随后占取所有资源。Predator 可以控制两者的数量到较低的水平，使其中较弱的一方不至于被灭绝。

词汇题：

1. modify =change

2. recover=to return to normal

3. complex=complicated

Passage Three

学科分类：历史

题目：The electricity system in the United States

内容回忆：

第一段说商业和科技的结合不仅导致了一些用具和物品的产生，也促进了一些大的系统的发展，例如20世纪初美国的电网。电力的采用不仅促进了电力公司的发展，替代了传统的能源，对社会各个方面也有较大的影响。第二段先说电灯的使用更加安全，不易引起火灾，也促进了一些需要精细运作的产业，利用新闻业在晚间可以使用电灯照明。其次说发电机的比起传统的能源来源要更加便利，使得用电力发电的机器操作起来也更加的有效，和profitable. 第三段说明电网的发展对美国工业的地理分布产生了巨大的影响。原来的能源需要靠近水或煤，但是现在的地点就更为集中在城市，因为城市的电网集中。第四段说明公众用了很长时间决定电力最终归私有而非归国有。导致的结果是城市里的电网系统的高度发展，而1920s为止，仍有大片的农村地区是没有电的，因为电力公司认为在这些广袤少人的区域发展电力是不划算的。

词汇题：

1. preeminent =main

2. commonplace=usual

3. endure = survive

托福阅读真题及答案

学科分类：BIO

题目：Body temperature

内容回忆：本文共8段。第1段动物需要保持体温，还需要将热量传输到表面皮肤。表面的温度低于内部才会产生热量的传输。第2段产生热量的是少部分器官，比如人体中的chest，abdomen，brain产生的热量就占所有热量的72%。第3段运动的时候，会产生更多的热量，要比平时多上十多倍的热量，主要是肌肉产生。第4段说的内部温度也不是都一样的，inner的温度保持恒定，但是器官直接也有温度差，可能会有0.5度的差别。第5，6段主要讲热量是怎么传输到表面的。最后两段主要内容讲到，体温会根据日常的活动调节，不同的动物会不一样。比如夜行动物在夜间体温高，白天低。

词汇题：

1. uniform = constant

2. considerably = greatly

3. significance = importance

4. roughly = approximately

Passage Two

学科分类：BIO

题目：The north long-neck turtle

内容回忆：第1段介绍了生活在澳洲热带的long-neck turtle，它们的栖息地非常地特殊，会随着干湿两季的不同，改变栖息地；第2段讲到研究者们找了两年也没有找到这种龟的栖息地，但是当地的土著人知道，他们知道这种龟会将蛋产在水下。为了验证这个说法，研究者在水下放了很多radio transmitter，turtle下蛋的时候，transmitter会附在蛋上，结果真的发现，long-neck turtle会在水下14-17米的泥下下蛋；第3段讲为什么turtle会选这里下蛋，这和它们生存的环境有关，它们生存的环境没有稳定的水，干湿两季是主要原因。第4段讲到为什么这种龟下蛋在水下，蛋可以生存下来，不同于别的蛋，它们的蛋特别抗压。

词汇题：

1. ingenious = comprehensive

2. feat = achievement

3. bizarre = strange

4. unpredictable = viable

Passage Three

学科分类：Biology

题目：The day length and reproductive time in animal

内容回忆：第1段提出动物一般都会在食物充分的时候生产，如果食物不够，后代不足以生存，那动物如何判断呢。有很多的环境线索，其中最重要的是日长，日长不但影响动物繁殖和生产还影响动物的迁徙和冬眠；第2，3段讲到这日长影响动物的理论在1900初提出，后来在19得到论证，通过研究者多年观察某种鸟类迁徙过程，发现其都是固定时间生产和迁徙，发现比起时间，日照和温度的影响更大；第4段讲热带因为日照季节差别小，所以不根据日照生产，但是人工条件下发现日照还是有影响的；最后讲到日长对动物繁殖生产有影响，但是影响不同。一般大的哺乳动物怀孕4-7月，但是马要怀孕11月。

词汇题：

1. formulate = investigate

2. invariable = always

3. retained = kept

Passage Four

学科分类：History

题目：The United State interstate highway system

内容回忆：第1段提出北美高速系统的建立，在1956年提出，1990年建立。

主要还提到这个系统的三好处，加速，安全等等；第2段讲到缺点，

路的选择少，要绕，所以更费燃料，造成更大污染；第3，4段讲

这对老城区的巨大伤害，因为规划站在whole state的角度，对个

别城市和古老社区考虑不周，造成破坏和萧条；第5段讲到造成了

new order，更多中心在郊区发展起来，更多人会在周末假期出去

玩。最后说到highway system和subway系统的重和。

词汇题：

1. alter = change

2. integrated = combined

3. hasten = sped up

托福阅读机经小范围预测

生物类：

Title：Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous

It has long been recognized that the dinosaurs disappeared from the fossil record at the end of the Cretaceous period (65 million years ago), and as more knowledge has been gained, we have learned that many other organisms disappeared at about the same time. Themicroscopic plankton (free-floating plants and animals) with calcareous shells suffered massively.The foundation of the major marine food chain that led from the minute plankton to shelled animals to large marine reptiles had collapsed. On land it was not only the large animals that became extinct. The mammals, most ofwhich were small, lost some 35 percent of their species worldwide. Plants were also affected. For example, in North America 79 percent did not survive, and it has been noted that the survivors were often deciduousthey could lose their leaves and shut downwhile others could survive as seeds. As in the sea, it seems that on the land one key food chain collapsed: the one with leaves as its basic raw material. These leaves were the food of some of the mammals and of the herbivorous dinosaurs, which in turn were fed on by the carnivorous dinosaurs. Furthermore, it is most likely that these large dinosaurs had slow rates of reproduction, which always increases the risk of extinction. Crocodiles, tortoises, birds, and insects seem to have been little affected. The two first named are known to be able to survive for long periods without food, and both can be scavengers (feed on dead material). Indeed, with the deaths of so many

other animals and with much dead plant material, the food chain based on detritus would have been well-supplied. Many insects feed on dead material; furthermore, most have at least one resting stage in which they are very resistant to damage. In unfavorable conditions some may take a long time to

develop: there is a record of a beetle larva living in dead wood for over 40 years before becoming an adult. Some birds were scavengers, but the survival of many lineages is a puzzle.

What happened in the biological story just after these extinctionswhat is found in and just above the boundary layer between the deposits of the Cretaceous and those of the Tertiary (65¨C2.6 million years ago), termed the K/T boundary For a very short period the dominant microorganisms in marine deposits were usually diatoms and dinoflagellates(both single-celled types of plankton).The important

feature for the survival of both these groups was the ability to form rotective cysts (sacs around organisms) that rested on the sea floor. Above these, in the later deposits, are the remains of other minute plankton, but the types are quite different from those of the Late Cretaceous. In terrestrial deposits a sudden and dramatic increase in fern plant spores marks the boundary in many parts of the world; ferns are early colonizers of barren landscapes. The fern spike (sudden increase), as it istermed, has been found also in some marine deposits (such was the abundance of fern spores blown around the world), and it occurs in exactly the same layer of deposit where the plankton disappear. We can conclude that the major marine and terrestrial events occurred simultaneously.

Many theories have been put forward for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but most of them can be dismissed. Since 1980 there have been more focused, but still controversy-ridden, investigations. In that year Louis and Walter Alvarez and colleagues from the University of California published their research on the amounts of various metals in the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks (K/T boundary) in Italy, Denmark, and New Zealand. Theyhad found, accidentally, that a rare metal, iridium, suddenly became very abundant exactly at the boundary and then slowly fell away. This phenomenon, known as the iridium spike, has now been identified in K/T boundary deposits in over a hundred other sites in the world. Iridium occurs in meteorites and volcanic material, but in the latter case it is accompanied by elevated levels of nickel and chromium. These other metals are not especially abundant at the K/T boundary. The Alvarezes concluded th

篇4：托福阅读提速从结构开始

托福阅读提速从结构开始掌握文章整体和句子结构很重要

托福阅读提速要熟悉文章整体结构

备考托福阅读考试的同学可能都知道，托福阅读的最后一题为总结题，这一题的分值比前面的题目也要高，同时它不仅仅是考察文章中的某一段，往往是要通读全文，了解文章结构的情况下才能答对的。很多考生在托福阅读考试中时间不够或许是因为在最后一题上花费的时间太多，拿得时间不够用。那么对于托福阅读的最后题考生应该如何去应对呢?

很多考生都会觉得做托福阅读文章最后一题时都要回去将阅读文章重新再读一次，否则是很难找到标准答案的，但是这样是非常耽误大家的考试时间的。其实之所以考生需要重新再读一次，是因为考生没有对于阅读文章的结构掌握清楚，那么考生应该如何去解决这个问题呢?小编建议大家在平时的练习时就不要因为做完题了就万事大吉了，要把每篇文章充分的利用起来，观察它们的结构，多做总结，这样的工作如何在备考时做得多了，那么你必然会从中获益匪浅。

托福阅读提速要学会分析句子结构

从小从我们读书开始，老师就要求我们在做题时要认真读题，这样才能了解题意，对正确答题有帮助。所以我们在阅读托福文章的时候，通常都是习惯于逐字逐句的进行阅读，同时也会机械的把所有的英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于这种方法，一些简单的题目这个方法是没有问题，但是如果是一些结构复杂的句子中，如果你这样做就会造成极大的浪费。再说这个方法也不能确保你能百分之百的答对题。那么考生应该如何去应对呢?

小编建议大家，这里最好的选择就是学会主动地去分析句子的结构，要弄清楚句子的主语是谁?这个主语怎么了，发生了什么事?哪些句子成分是修饰的?哪个是谓语部分?当考生了解了这些之后，那么你就可以读完一句理解一句，那么你的托福考试的时间就不存在不够的问题了。

托福阅读词汇“An unknown goddess”

Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of AyiaIrini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses – often three storeys high – were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood (was) three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

1.explore 探索: To search for discovery; examine

形近词

explode 爆炸

exploit 开发,利用

expedite 加速,迅速的

expedition 探险

词组例句

explore outer space 太空勘探

explore every possibilities 系统地研究每一个可能性

explore ancient temple 考察古庙

The archaeologists are exploring the cave.

2.prosperous 繁荣的(修饰经济)

successful or thriving, esp. financially

同/近义词

wealth 富有的

flourishing 兴旺的,繁茂的

thriving 兴隆的

booming 火的迅猛发展的

adequate 充足的

词组例句

Our finance is prosperous.我们的经济是繁荣的。

a prosperous new business 一家成功的新公司

a prosperous family 富裕的一家

a prosperous moment to make a decision 做决定的有利时机

3.civilization 文明

常用词组：enjoys a high level of civilization 享有高度的文明

4.worship 崇拜(非理性的): admire; respect

admire 敬佩

respect 尊敬

warship 军舰战船

例句

Who do you worship in the world?

5.sacred 宗教的，神圣的(可修释职业)是指献给上帝或神的事物，因为是神圣的，不容亵渎，指普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西

同/近义词

Divine神圣的：侧重于神性，在现在英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物

a divine punishment.上天的惩罚

expect to divine the future

mystic神秘的

blessed神佑的

religions宗教的

solemn 庄严的，庄重的

holy神圣的，圣洁的与sacred 替换

词组

sacred music圣乐

sacred promise神圣的诺言

6.classic adj.精典的,第一流 n.杰作,经典之作

形近词

classical古典的(未必精)

eg. classical music古典音乐

classical education人文科学教育

This is the classic example of love at the first sight.

7.construct(抽象虚的)比较正式，有技术较高，较复杂的结构，规模较大，抽象+具体

build /put up (实体的)建设

erect: (build high buildings) 侧重对高而垂直的东西建造，不如build广泛

eg. erect monument 建造纪念碑

erect clock tower建造钟楼

set up : set up a union 建造，侧重于开始

establish: establish a school 侧重稳固的建成，有“建立”的意思，建立学校体系等

found: found a country 侧重于建好基础，具体抽象皆可

词组

construction of socialism社会主义建设

construct a sentence

construct a broken statuary

8. rest … on 搭在…上

eg. Her eyes rest on the picture.

rest with +sb由某人决定

eg. This great decision rests with your mother.

9. hip n.[口]在服用兴奋剂,宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人;消息灵通人士;

adj.通晓的，见闻广的

例句

Mary is a real hip.

The guy isn’t a hip.那个家伙什么都不懂.

常用词组

Joined at the hip [口]交情极厚的

eg.This two are joined at the hip.

Shoot from the hip信口开河

eg. Sorry,I said that I shouldn’t have shot from the hip.

10.graceful 优雅的(修饰长相体态)

同/近义词

Elegant 优雅的(修饰举止behavior)

gentle 温柔的

naive 可爱的

tender: Someone or something that is tender expresses gentle and caring feelings

Tender is the night 夜色温柔菲茨杰拉德

菲茨杰拉德(F.Scott Fitzgerald)(1896——1940)，著名美国小说家。从1920年开始创作，以《人间天堂》一举成名。他的小说生动地反映了20年代“美国梦”的破灭，展示了大萧条时期美国上层社会“荒原时代”的精神面貌。直到1944年去世时，他仍在创作《最后一个大亨》。在他有限的创作生涯里，推出了包括《人间天堂》《伟大的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》等多部长篇小说和150篇短篇小说。

菲茨杰拉德在圣保罗从小就被以美国贵族的养成方式培养长大，但是他写作的主要动力却来自高度浪漫的想象。他创造力最旺盛的时期是美国历史上一个特殊的年代。第一次世界大战结束了，经济大萧条还没有到来，传统的清教徒道德已经土崩瓦解，享乐主义开始大行其道。用菲茨杰拉德自己的话来说，“这是一个奇迹的时代，一个艺术的时代，一个挥金如土的时代，也是一个充满嘲讽的时代。”菲茨杰拉德称这个时代为“爵士乐时代”，他自己也因此被称为爵士乐时代的“编年史家”和“桂冠诗人”。

练习：

1.They have tried their best to protect the _______ of the city wall.

a. remains b. remain c.remainder

remains 废墟;遗迹;遗体。此词必须用复数形式，但其动词有时可以用单数形式。

Eg. The remains of the supper were/was taken away.

2.________ his great age, the old man still helps the family at harvest time.

a. Although b. Despite c. In spite

Although + 从句;

Despite + 名词短语

In spite of 才为常用短语，后接名次短语

3. People used to go to Canterbury to _____ the saints there.

a. warship b. love c. worship

主要区别 warship和worship

4. She looks so ______ that she won the heart of the young man at once.

a. grace b. graceful c.disgraced

grace 为名词，优美, 雅致, 优雅

disgraced：dis表示否定的，表示耻辱, 失宠, 丢脸的人(或事);玷污

5. In the most______ room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted.

A .holy b. religious c frightening

holy adj.神圣的, 圣洁的n.神圣的东西

religious adj.信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的, 严谨的n.僧侣, 尼姑, 修道士

frightening adj.令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的

6. The city had once known ______, for it enjoy a high level of civilization.

a. a prosperity b. the prosperity c. prosperity

prosperity是不可数名次，表示繁荣。文中并未指出具体的那一种繁荣。

7.The head was carefully preserved .It was ______.

a. conserved b. maintained c. in good condition

conserve 节省、节约

maintain 维持, 维修, 继续, 供养, 主张

in good condition 情况良好，与题干was carefully preserved (被精心地保护)在语意上衔接

语法解析：

1. stand 矗立，站立，忍受

There stands…

2. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.

1): must 的推测用法及其他情态动词的推测用法

over one hundred people must have been driven away by the noise, I am one of the few people left.

he must have been there with someone that we don’t know.

2); for: 表达解释原因，补充说明主句的原因。

如果再建些伸出海面的高大的烟囱状通风管, 隧道就具备了良好的通风条件。

这个节日是个欢乐的日子，因为在这一天，据说死去的人要回到他们的家里来，活着的人则对他们表示欢迎。

because, as, since, for, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that

as意为“因为、由于”，语气比because弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前As it was late ， we came back soon.

since(既然)语气较弱，强调已知的事实。

Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.

3. She stood (was) three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

当你坐着的时候，把胳膊肘靠在扶手上。

When you are sitting, keep your elbow on the arm rest

当她说话的时候，目光停留在她丈夫的脸上。

As she spoke, her eyes rested on her husband's face.

4. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

1) turn out 证明是= prove + n. / adj. / to be

我们的聚会非常成功。

2) it turned out that + 从句

我们一直努力追求的爱情其实就在我们的身边，从未离开我们

3) as it turned out…后来人们发现

后来人们才发现，保护环境的重要性同人类如何活下去是同等重要的。

托福阅读：推断题的解题方法

你还在害怕做推断题吗?

调查：你认为哪种题目最难

托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南, 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。

毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。

那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?

今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。

题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词

考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。

考查形式一：对比推断

A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?

解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。

注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…

例题

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

答案D

对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?

解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。

注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。

例题

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

答案A

对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

考查形式二：细节推断

考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。

解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。

例题

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

答案C

AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：

1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

2记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。

3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。

篇5：托福阅读提升理解能力从词汇开始

托福阅读提升理解能力从词汇开始

词汇是阅读基础。当你有了丰富词汇的基础，就要开始着手进行“输入”的过程了。输入的方式很多，有跳读、指读、唇读、默读、寻读、研读等等。而我们在输入信息的时候，也不会仅仅拘泥于其中的一种阅读方式，更多情况之下，是结合了其中的多个来进行的。

比如通过跳读把握文章的中心意思、段落结构、作者态度;通过寻读找到关键信息;通过研读解决对应的题目。不管运用怎样的方式，最终的目的是要记住、并正确理解文章内容及其隐含的意义。所以，想要提高“阅读速度”，真正要锻炼的是“理解能力”。

先来说一下“记住”，这似乎又回到“词汇”的部分了。篇章的记忆可以借鉴词汇的记忆方法，比如图像、联想等。另外，“记笔记”也是帮助记忆篇章的好办法。把一些重要的信息、关键的词、甚至文章的结构用笔纸记录下来，不但可以协助记忆，还以为把握文章的中心和逻辑框架，从而更好地理解文章。由此可见，“记住”和“理解”是分不开的。理解了才能记住，记住了才能从更大的角度去理解。

如何提高托福阅读的理解能力?

1. 理清句子成分结构

首先，我们在读句子的时候，要注意理清句子成分和结构，要知道各成分的意思以及它们之间的逻辑关系，要能够正确把握这些成分组合起来所表达的意思。一个句子可以多读上几遍，通过重复的练习，达到能够正确“拆解”和“重组”句子的目的。

2. 反复阅读提升信息获取能力

其二，对于篇章而言，也是一个反复的过程，但是和句子的训练有些不同。先准备一篇合适的文章，掐时间阅读，要求自己在规定的时间之内尽可能多地摄取信息。然后在同样的时间之内，将这篇文章再读一遍，那么第二遍摄取到的信息必然比第一遍多，接着反复进行几次。在这样的过程当中，眼睛是在迅速掠过已知的信息，去寻求新的信息点，其实就是在进行快速阅读。它不是真正强调视线的转移，而是在浏览全篇的同时，怎样去获得更多的新信息，更快、更准地把握整个语篇的主旨。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.

The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired, it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.

Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. Glazes came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed. Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making

(B) How early pottery was made and decorated

(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery

2. The word meticulously in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) heavily

(B) initially

(D) completely

3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?

(A) adding temper

(B) removing the water

(D) mixing the clay with plastic substances

4. The word durability in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) quality

(B) endurance

(D) applicability

5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the

following?

(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels

(B) prevent the vessels from leaking

(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality

6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glassy finish?

(A) Smoothing them with wet hands

(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions

(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object

7. The word incised in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) designed

(B) carved

(D) painted

8. The word they in ling 27 refers to

(A) kilns

(B) firings

(D) cracks

9. According to the passage , the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns

(A) required less wood for burning

(B) reached higher temperatures

(D) baked vessels without cracking them

10. Look at the terms temper (line 10), glazes (line 16), kilns (line 24), and compounds (line 25).

Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage ?

(A) temper

(B) glazes

(D) compounds

11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood, the ashes help

(A) prevent the clay from cracking

(B) produce a more consistently baked pot

(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish

PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during the Neolithic period), some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.

Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished, fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundamental inventions and innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic agriculture — that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agriculture as their primary, not merely subsidiary, source of food.

Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn created an even greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased numbers of people. Since surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities, the Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.

The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs and pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear family was more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why many human societies are dependent on agriculture

(B) the changes agriculture brought to human life

(D) Why the first agricultural societies failed

2. The word precarious in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) uncertain

(B) humble

(D) unusual

3. The author mentions seeds and fruits in line 2 as examples of

(A) the first crops cultivated by early agricultural societies

(B) foods eaten by hunters and gatherers as a secondary food source

(D) the most common foods cultivated by early agricultural societies