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隆回一中 罗玉南
英语中，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词的单复数形式。这看起来似乎很简单，但用起来却常常遇到复杂的情况。经过多年的探索，笔者认为主谓一致必须遵循以下三条原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。根据这三条原则，现从以下几个方面进行总结：
一、 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
1．由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。如：鶤 young man and a girl want to go there．一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里。
但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
A needle and thread was found on the floor． 在地板上找到了针线（穿了线的针）。
2. 当each …and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a…and many a …结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
①No man and no animal is to be found on the moon．在月球上没发现人和动物。
②Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work．
许多医生和护士都忙于他们的工作。
3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying．
古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程。
但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数。如：
The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14．
14课是最后一课也是最难的一课。
4.由not only… but also… ,鷈ither…or… , neither… nor… , … or…连接的并列主语，谓语动词通常依就近一致原则决定。如：
Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat．
不是运动员就是教练应该对这次比赛的失利负责。
5.当主语由as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等词连接时，其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。如：
①An iron and steal works, with some satellite factories. is to be built here．
在这里将建立一个钢铁厂和一些卫星厂。
②Tom, along with his friends, goes skating every Saturday．
每个星期六，汤姆和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。
二、百分数、分数作主语时的主谓一致
当百分数、分数后面加名词或代词时，要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如果是复数名词或代词，谓语动词用复数；如果是单数名词（或不可数名词）或代词，谓语动词用单数。如：
①Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls．
我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生。
②Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea．
地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
三、 不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1．不定代词each, another, the other, either, neither和由some, any, no, every＋one 或thing构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
①Neither of us has gone through regular training．
我们两个都没经过正规训练。
②Nobody wants to go there, does he﹖
没有人想去那里，是吧？
③Something has been done to end the strike．
已经采取措施制止罢工了。
2．none 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数，这要取决于说话人的看法。如：
①None of us seem to have thought of it．似乎我们全都没有想到这一点。
③None of us has got a camera． (None ＝ Not a single one)
我们都没有照相机。
3．both, (a) few, many, several作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：
Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones． 这两种仪器并不都是精密仪器。
4． all作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用单数。如：
①All is well that ends well．结果好一切都好。
②All are eager to reach an agreement．大家都急于达成一项协议。
四、 表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词作主语时的主谓一致
1．当主语是most, the rest, the last, the remainder等时，其谓语一般应遵循意义一致的原则：如果of后面的名词是单数，则用单数；如果of后面的名词表示复数，则用复数。如：
①Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here．
我们中的三个人去，其余的人留在这里。
②After the big fire, the remainder is nothing．
大火之后什么也没剩下。
2．当town, school, village 等分别表示总称的“镇民”、 “全校师生”、“村民”时，谓语动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。有时可用the 或加形容词whole修饰。如：
①The whole school were ／ was sorry when she left.她离开时，全校师生都很伤心。
②The whole town is ／ are in agreement about the plan．全体镇民都同意这项计划。
五、 “the＋形容词／过去分词”作主语时的主谓一致
当 ”the ＋形容词 ／ 过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓语动词用复数；如果指某一抽象概念时，谓语动词则用单数。如：
①The sick here are very well cared for．这里的病人都被照顾得很好。
③The true is to be distinguished from the false．
真实与虚假应加以区别。
六、 形式为复数、意义为单数的名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、计量、空间、体积等意义的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
①Eight hours of sleep is enough． 八小时的睡眠足够了。
②Ten pounds was missing from the till． 钱柜里的10英镑不见了。
2．以数字作主语的词或短语，有时可以看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Thirty-six from forty瞗ive leaves nine． 四十五减去三十六等于九。
注：两数相加或两数相乘，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如：
Six times seven are ／ is forty-two． 六乘以七等于四十二。
3.主语为以-ics结尾的学科名称时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
Politics is often a topic for discussion among us．政治常常是我们讨论的话题。
4． 以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
New York Times has a wide circulation． 《纽约时报》的销路很广。
5.群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词如：the Alps, the Philippines, Niagara Falls等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Niagara Falls are a splendid scene． 尼亚加拉瀑布是一个壮丽的景象。
6.一些形式为复数，意思为单数的名词，如：trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Her glasses are new． 她的眼镜是新的。
但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时，谓语动词应用单数。如：
This pair of scissors is made in Hangzhou． 这把剪刀是杭州制造的。
七、number many a…等作主语时的主谓一致
1．the number of … (……的数目)作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而 a number of …(许多……)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
The number of mistakes is surprising． 错误之多是惊人的。
2．many a, more than one＋单数名词构成的短语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Many a comrade has that kind of opportunity．很多同志都有那种机遇。
3．one and a half加复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
One and a half apples has been eaten by the boy．
八、集体名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．有生命的词，people，police，cattle，youth等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数形式。如：
The police are searching the house for the thief．谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The police are investigating the crime．警察正在调查这次犯罪活动。
2．无生命的词，如：foliage（叶子），machinery (机械)，merchandise (商品、货物)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
All the machinery in the factory is made in China．
这家工厂的全部机器都是中国制造的。
3.audience， class， crew (全体船员)，committee(委员会)，family, team, group等作主语时，如果指一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指全体中的每一个成员则用复数形式。如：
①The football team is being recognized． (他们)正在重建这个足球队。
②The football team are having baths and then they are coming back here for tea．
足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们会回到这里来喝茶。
九、“one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句” 结构中的主谓一致
1.在 “one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句” 结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数应由它修饰的先行词的数来决定。如：
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire．这就是那次大火烧毁的房间之一。
2．在“the only one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句” 结构中，定语从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。如： Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band．
玛丽是参加乐队伴奏的最年轻的姑娘。
十、从句、动词不定式、-ing形式作主语时的主谓一致
1.在 “主系表” 结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，主句的谓语动词一般用单数；如果表语是复数，主句的谓语动词一般用复数。动词不定式、瞚ng形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：
①What caused the accident is a complete mystery．
事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜。
②What his father left him are a few English books．
他父亲留给他的只是几本英语书而已。
③To learn English well is difficult．学好英语是困难的。
2.当what 从句具有两个或两个以上的动词，是表示复数意义的并列结构时，主句中的谓语动词多用复数形式。如：
What I say and think are none of your business． 我说的和我想的都与你无关。
3．以who, why, how, whether或that引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：
Why she did this is not known． 她为什么做这件事还不清楚。
注：由how and why, when and where引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
How and why he had come to Princeton New Jersey is a story of struggle, success and sadness．
他为什么以及怎样来到新泽西普林斯顿是一个充满着斗争、成功和悲哀的故事。
4．and连接的两个名词性从句作主语，如果表示两件事情，其谓语动词常用复数形式。如： What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us．
造成事故的原因是什么，谁应对事故负责，对我们来说还是一个谜。
十一、其它
1.不可数名词前面加上单位词进行计量，单位词是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Large quantities of oil are needed．
Fifty tons of coal were wasted in the factory last winter．
2．a good／great many，a number of， quite a few，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，a large quantity of，large quantities of等后面接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
A lot of new machines were bought by the factory．
I.主谓一致练与析
从A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．-＿＿＿＿ eitherhe or I fit for the job﹖
-Neither he nor you ＿＿＿＿．
A．Am; are鶥．Is; are鶦．Are; are D．Is; is
2．(1)燗 cart and a horse ＿＿＿＿ in the distance．
(2)燗 cart and horse ＿＿＿＿ in the distance．
A．was seen鶥．were seen C．see鶧．sees
3．In our country, every boy and every girl ＿＿＿＿ the right to go to school．
A．has B．have C．is D．are
4．The wounded ＿＿＿＿ good care of here now．
A．is taken B．are being taken C．are taking D．is being taken
5．The factory, including its machines and buildings, ＿burnt last night．
A．is鶥．are鶦．were鶧．was
6．(1) The students in our school each ＿＿＿＿ an English dictionary．煩
(2) Each of the students in our school ＿＿＿＿ an English dictionary．
A．are having鶥．had鶦．has鶧．have
7．(1)燤any students ＿＿＿＿ that mistake before．
(2)燤any a student ＿＿＿＿ that mistake before．
A．had made鶥．has been made C．have made鶧．has made
8．I, who ＿＿＿＿ your good friend, will share your joys and sorrows．
A．was鶥．are鶦．is鶧．am
9．All but him and me ＿＿＿＿ to the cinema．
A．are going鶥．is going鶦．was going鶧．has going
10．The rest of the novel ＿＿＿very interesting．
A．were B．are C．is D．seem
11．Some person ＿＿＿＿ calling for you at the gate．
A．will be鶥．is being C．is鶧．are
12．The population of China ＿＿＿＿ larger than that of the USA．
A．will be B．are C．is D．was
13．Deer ＿＿＿＿ faster than dogs．
A．will run B．are running C．runs D．run
14．Every means ＿＿＿＿ tried, but there is no result．
A．have been B．has been C．will be鶧．were
15．This pair of trousers ＿＿＿＿ my sister．My trousers ＿＿＿＿．
A．is belong to; is being washed B．belongs to; are being washed
C．belong to; is washed鶧．are belonging to; has been washed
16.To play basketball and to go swimming ＿useful for character-training．
鶤．was鶥．is鶦．are鶧．were
17．When and where to build the new factory＿＿＿＿yet．
A．has not been decided B．is not decided
C．are not decided鶧．have not been decided
18．What I want ＿＿＿＿ an interesting book while what he wants ＿＿＿＿ two cups of coffee．鶤．is; are B．are; is B．is; is D．are; are煩
[答案与简析]牘
1．B。在正式文体中，由连词or, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, whether…or, not only…but also等连接两个并列主语时熚接锒词要与最近的主语保持一致。2．(1)燘; (2)燗。当and或both…and…连接两个不可数名词或可数名词作主语时熚接锒词用复数形式牭如果并列的两个名词指的是同一个人，同一个事物或一套事物时（第二个名词前往往没有冠词），谓语动词要用单数。3．A。and连接的并列主语前如果有every, each, no时，谓语动词要用单数。4．B。“the＋形容词／分词”作主语表示一类人时熚接锒词用复数形式。5．D。but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等词连接主语时，谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致。6．(1)燚; (2)燙。each, one, either, neither, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everything, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, nothing, little,焌 little作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数；而each作同位语时，谓语动词与句子的主语保持一致。7．(1)燙; (2)燚。many修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。“many a＋单数名词”，“more than one＋单数名词”，具有复数意义，但作主语时谓语动词要用单数。8．D。定语从句中的关系代词who, that, which在从句中作主语时熎湮接锒词要与先行词保持人称和数的一致。9．A。all, half of, most of, none of, some of, a part of, a lot of, plenty of, the rest (of)等代词熞约胺质、百分数作主语时,要遵循意义一致的原则熂雌湮接锒词的单复数形式要根据它们所代替或所修饰的词的含义来确定。10．C。the rest作主语时，谓语动词跟它所指代的名词保持数的一致。11．C。some在此句中表示“某一个……”，所以谓语动词用单数形式。12．C。population作主语时，一般强调的是总人口数量，句中谓语动词用单数形式。13．D。deer单、复数形式一致煷颂庵械膁eer是复数形式。14．B。means单、复数形式一致熢诖司渲惺堑ナ形式。15．B。像trousers, shoes, glasses, clothes等一些由两个部分构成的表示衣物和工具的名词作主语时熚接锒词常用复数形式牭若主语与a pair of, a kind of等词连用时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。16．C。and连接两个不定式作主语, 表示两件事情, 谓语动词用复数形式。17．A。两个并列疑问词加动词不定式表示一个概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。18．A。从句作主语时，要遵循意义一致的原则.
主谓一致
主谓一致是指：1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的.词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
一）主谓一致的种类
1．语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
The number of the students present is 200.
Jane and Mary look alike.
2．意义上一致
1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were shouting.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle等。
2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：The news was so surprising.
形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics, economics等。
3．就近原则
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：
Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.
（二）主谓一致的应用
1．名词作主语
1）某些集体名词，如family, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
His family is a happy one.
The whole family are watching TV.
这类名词有：audience，class，club，company，crew，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team等。
名词population一词的使用情况类似。“a group(crowd) of +复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。
2）某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：
The police are searching for the thief.
3）单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：
A sheep is over there.
Some sheep are over there.
4）名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：
The doctor’s is across the street.
My uncle’s is not far from here.
常见的省略名词有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.
5）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：
Three years has passed since then.
6）不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.
7）如果主语有more than one…或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
More than one student has read the book.
Many a girl has been there.
但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：
More members than one are against your plan.
8）一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，例如：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
9）this kind of book =a book of this kind（这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of this kind are dangerous.
10）复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致原则，作用单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有：means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese，Japanese等。如：
The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. (这家玻璃厂建于1980年。)
The（These）glass works are near the railway station. （这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。）
当它们前面有a, such a , this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数，但means, no means, the means等词前没有以上修饰词时，可用作单数，也可用作复数。
11）如果名词词组中心词是all，most, half, rest等词语，所指的复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。如：
All of my classmates like music.
All of the water is gone.
12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
Between the two windows hangs a picture.
2．由连接词连接的名词作主语
1） 用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：
Plastics and rubber never rot.
Walking and riding are good exercises.
但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
2）当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数而定。如：
The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.
3）以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如：
Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.
Either you or he is to go.
3．代词作主语
1）名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：
Ours (Our Party) is a great party.
Your shoes are black, and mine(=my shoes) are brown.
2）such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：
Such is our plan. Such are his words.
3）关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
Those who want to go please put up your hands.
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
4）疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：
Who lives next door ? It is Xiao Liu.
Who live next door ? It is Zhang and Liu.
What produce(s) heat ?
5）不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时，有以下两种情况：
单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词用单数或复数形式，例如：
Now all has been changed. All are present.
either, neither单独作主语时，谓语通常用单数。
但后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式，若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。如：
Do(es) any of you know his address ?
None of them has(have)seen the film.
4．分数、量词作主语
1）“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”，但是，“the number of +名词”的中心词却是number, 试比较：
A number of students have gone home.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred. 注意：(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数，例如：
Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.
短语in quantity, in large quantities意为“大量”；in small quantities意为“少量”。
2）a great deal of , a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，例如：
A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
3）表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
4）half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。
5．名词化的形容词作主语
如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数，这类词有：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等；但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：
The blind study in special schools.
The departed was a well-known engineer.
这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时，就要与名词man, person或表示人的单数连和，如：an old man, a rich person, the(a)wounded soldier
6．从句作主语
1）由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：
What we need is more time.
What we need are doctors.
2）在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如：
This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told.
但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：
She was the only one of the girls who was late.
作者：张梦华
主谓一致是历年高考热点之一,一般说来,句子的主语和谓语在人称与数上应保持一致,但在很多情况下存在一些特殊情况,这些特殊情况就是重要考点。本文以往年高考试题为例,对此考点作以归纳。
一、当主语后面与with, as well as, but, except, like, rather than, no less than, besides, including等 + 名词或代词连用时, 谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。
1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
2. A library with five thousand books ________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
3. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
4. Nobody but Jane ________ the secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
5. All but one ________ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
二、当 either ... or ...; neither ... nor...;not only... but also...等连接并列主语时,谓语动词与靠近它的主语保持一致。
6. Either you or the headmaster ________ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.
A. was handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
7. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
三、 当“the only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”,且关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式;当“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”,且关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。
8. He is the only one of the students who ________ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
9. She is one of the few girls who ________ in the kindergarten.
A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well
四、当news, means, maths, plastics, physics等在形式上是复数概念,而在意义上是单数概念的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
10. Every possible means ________ to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
五、当分数(百分数)+of+名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of后面名词的数。
11. ________ of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
六、the number of...(......的数目)短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;当a number of...(许多......)短语作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
12. The number of people invited ________fifty, but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
七、当“疑问词 + 不定式”结构作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。
13. When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
以上仅从七个方面归纳了主谓一致的特殊情况,但在实际学习中还不止这些,希望同学们在以后的学习中对此多加留意,以不断丰富、充实其内容,为未来高考做好准备。
参考答案: 1-5 AAABD 6-10 DBDBC 11-13 CCA
英语主谓一致浅谈
近年来,通过各种阅卷可以看出,英语主谓一致是学生的一个难点,笔者在实践探讨中总结出,主语和谓语在人称与数上的一致关系,一般遵循三条原则:形态一致原则、意义一致原则和毗邻一致原则.
作 者：杨学军 郭晓伟 作者单位：山东邹城市峄山中学,山东,济宁,273501 刊 名：希望月报（上半月） 英文刊名：HOPE MONTHLY 年，卷(期)： “”(10) 分类号：H3 关键词：知识点：
在英语学习中，同学们会逐渐发现随着学习的不断深入，能够充当主语的成分也越来越多，除了常见的名词、代词，还有非谓语、句子等等，那么如何使这些主语和它的谓语动词保持性、数上的一致就成了我们英语学习中的一个重要课题，也是历来高考拟题关注的热点。现总结主谓一致的几点原则如下：
<一>就近原则
1. 由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
例句：Neither his parents nor Tom is at home. Tom和他的父母都不在家。
Note：“either…or, neither…nor, or”连接的两个主语若是一单一复，最好将复数主词放在后面而接复数动词。
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。
There comes the bus. 汽车来了。
3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。
例句：I know the man who is talking to my father.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。
4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
二>意义一致原则
1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。
例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。
2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。
3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”
4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。
5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。
80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。
Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。
6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来
三>整体原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
例句：When to leave has not been decided.什么时候离开还没有定下来。
Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日购物是他的一个习惯。
Note：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。
例句：What he said and what he did were always different.他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。
2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
例句： The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.这位小说家兼诗人打算明年去欧洲。
The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year.小说家和诗人都打算明年去欧洲。
分析：a)句中小说家和诗人the novelist and poet为同一个人，故谓语动词用单数；而b)句中有两个人，一个是小说家the novelist，另一个是诗人the poet。
3. 专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等，通常作单数用。
例句：The United States was found it 1776.美国成立于1776年。
4. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。
例句：10 minutes is enough.十分钟足够了。
5.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：2 times 3 makes 6. 二乘三等于六。
<四>个体原则
1. and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时（后面的一个有时也可省略），后面的谓语动词用单数形式。
例句：Every man and every woman is busy at working.每个人都在忙着工作。
2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，既可作代词充当主语，又可作形容词修饰主语，这时的谓语动词一律用单数。
例句：Neither of us has been abroad. 我们谁都没出过国。
3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例句：Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在学校门口等你。
4. many a / more than one + 单数名词，一般接单数谓语动词。
例句：Many a man does not understand Einstein’s relativity.许多人不明白爱因斯坦的相对论。
5. “one and a half + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
例句：One and a half hours has passed. 一个半小时过去了。
6. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses， scissors， shoes， trousers，pants，gloves，stockings等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但如果前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要用单数。
例句：A pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker.剪刀是裁缝的重要工具。
7. 以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词（例如；一些学科名词mathematics， physics， politics等），或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：Mathematics is my favorite subject.数学是我最喜欢的科目。
“主谓一致”是重要的语法项目，也是学习难点和高考热点之一。因此，掌握好该语法点，对于面临高考的中学生来说，无疑是非常必要的。
英语中的一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性、时态等方面保持一致，但最主要的是主语和谓语在数方面的一致关系。请看下面三道高考题：
1．Every possible means ____ to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear．（上海春招）
A．is used B．are used C．has been used D．have been used
2．____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass．（2000上海高考）
A．Two fifth．．．is B．Two fifth．．．are
C．Two fifths．．．is D．Two fifths．．．are
3．He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years．（上海春招）
A．is B．are C．have been D．has been
（Key：1-3 CCD）
从上面的考例可见“主谓一致”在中学英语中的重要地位。根据中学阶段所学内容，考生应掌握以下知识：
一、有生命意义的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
常用的名词有：police（警察），cattle（牛），folk ／folks（US）（人们），等等。如：
There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstration．游行期间有100多名警察值勤。
注：1．有些集体名词作主语时，如将其看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如将其作为个体成员看，谓语动词则用复数。常用的名词有：family（家庭；家庭成员），class（班级；班级学生），army（军队；士兵），committee（委员会；委员），team（队；队员），等等。如：
My family is a large one．我们家是个大家庭。
My family are watching TV now．我们家人现在正在看电视。
2．表示“某国人”的名词（如Chinese，Japanese，English，British，French等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The Chinese usually use chopsticks for meals，while the British use knives and forks．中国人通常用筷子吃饭，而英国人用刀叉吃饭。
但是，有些单复数同形的名词（如 Chinese，Japanese等）作主语时，如果指具体的某个人，其谓语动词应用单数。如：
That Japanese is a singer．那个日本人是个歌唱家。
3．有些表示某类别的总称的集体名词（如machinery〈机械〉，clothing〈衣服〉，luggage〈行李〉，furniture〈家具〉等）作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
My luggage was sent by air．我的行李是航空邮寄的。
二、“-s”结尾的表示“学科”、“疾病名称”等名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
常用的名词有：politics，maths， physics，AIDS，等等。如：
Maths is my favourite subject．数学是我最喜爱的学科。
三、表示某些由两部分组成的物体的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。常用的名词有：trousers，chopsticks，scissors，glasses，gloves，shoes，slippers，等等。如：
My trousers were bought in Shanghai．我的裤子是在上海买的。
但是，当这些名词前有pair时，谓语动词常与pair的数一致。如：
This pair of trousers was bought in Shanghai，but those two pairs of gloves were bought in Beijing．这条裤子是在上海买的，但那两副手套是在北京买的。
四、国名、地名、组织机构名称、书刊和杂志名等名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
The United States is a developed country．美国是个发达国家。
Great Expectations has been translatedinto Chinese．《远大前程》已译成中文。
五、表示“时间、距离、钱额”等复数名词作主语时，常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。如：
Ten years is a moment in history．十年在历史上是一瞬间。
One hundred kilometers is a long distance．一百公里是一段很长的距离。
Fifty pounds is too expensive．五十英镑太贵了。
如果将以上复数名词作为个体看待时，谓语动词常用复数。如：
Ten years have passed since I came to work in this school．自从我到这所学校工作以来，十年已经过去了。
六、由“名词＋and＋名词”结构作主语，表示同一种事物或同一人时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Bread and milk is whole some food．面包牛奶是一种有益于身体的食物。
The singer and dancer has come．那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家来了。
七、由“every ／each ／no ＋单数名词 ＋and ＋every ／each ／no ＋单数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Every hour and every minute is important．每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
有时可将第二个every ／each ／no省略。如：
Each book and paper can be found in this room．每一本书，每一份文件，都可在此房间内找到。
八、“名词／代词＋or＋名词／代词”结构作主语时，谓语动词一般与or后面的名词／代词一致。如：
He or I am going to attend the meeting．他或者我将参加会议。
九、“名词＋介词短语”作主语时，谓语动词一般与名词的数一致。
常用的介词和短语介词有：with，together with，along with，like，besides，as well as，but，except，except for，including等。如：
The teacher as well as the students is ready to help others．不仅学生们，而且老师也乐于助人。
The girl together with some boys has gone to plant trees．那个姑娘和一些男孩子一起去植树了。
Nobody but Tom and Mary was in the classroom．只有汤姆和玛丽在教室里。
十、由“either．．．or．．．；neither．．．
nor．．．；notonly．．．butalso．．．”连接的名词／代词作主语时，谓语动词常与最靠近的主语一致。如：
Neither the children nor the mother knows anything about it．孩子们和母亲都不知道这件事。
Are either you or I wrong？不是你错就是我错，是吗？
在英语口语中，甚至在正式英语中，“neither．．．nor．．．；either．．．or．．．”连接的名词／代词作主语时，也可采取概念一致的原则，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Neither the cats nor the dog have been fed．那些猫和狗都没有喂过。
十一、不定代词all，some，any作主语时，如果指代可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。none作主语时，如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果指代可数名词，谓语动词用单复数均可。either和 neither作主语时，谓语动词常用单数，但在非正式语体中也可用复数。如：
All have gone home after school except a naughty boy who remains in the classroom．放学后除了一个淘气的男孩留在教室以外，所有的人都回家了。
All is well that ends well．结果好一切就好。
None of my classmates have ／has been to the USA．我的同学都没有／一个也没有去过美国。
Either of the two boys is a League member．这两个男孩都是团员。
Neither of them knows the truth．他们谁都不知道真相。
十二、“分数／百分数＋of＋名词”结构在句子中作主语时，谓语动词与名词的数一致。如：
Three quarters of the surface of the earth is covered by water．地球表面的四分之三被水覆盖。
About sixty percent of the teachers in this school are women．这所学校里大约百分之六十的教师是女的。
十三、“The ＋形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
常用的形容词有：rich，poor，living，dead，young，old，blind，sick，wounded，aged，disabled等。如：
In the old society，the poor were forced to sell their children．在旧社会穷人被迫卖儿卖女。
如果该形容词指抽象概念，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
The new is always weak at first．新生事物开始时总是脆弱的。
The true is to be distinguished from the false．真与假应相区别。
The unexpected has happened．出乎意料的事发生了。
十四、动词不定式、动名词和从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
Swimming in rivers in summer is a splendid sport，but to swim in rivers in winter needs great will power．夏天在江河里游泳是极好的运动，但冬天在江河里游泳需要极大的毅力。
Who he is doesn't concern me．他是谁与我无关。
但是，当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。如：
What we need here is money．我们这里需要的是资金。
What we need here are workers．我们这里需要的是工人。
Lying and stealing are immoral．说谎与偷窃是不道德的。
主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说，往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配：
语法一致原则 (grammatical concord)
意义一致原则 (notional concord)
就近一致原则 (principle of proximity)
（一）语法一致原则
用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如：
this table is a genuine antique.
both parties have their own advantages.
her job has something to do with computers.
she wants to go home.
they are divorcing each other.
mary was watching herself in the mirror.
the bird built a nest.
susan comes home every week-end.
（二）意义一致原则
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如：
democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy.
a barracks was attacked by the guerrilla.
mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
the united states is a developed country.
it is the remains of a ruined palace.
the archives was lost.
this pair of trousers costs fifty dollars.
（三）就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。 例如：
either my grandsons or their father is coming.
no one except his daughters agree with him.
mary and her sisters are baking a cake.
neither richard nor i am going.
二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题
有些集合名词，committee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team, union等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意义一致”原则。例如：
the committee has/have decided to dismiss him.
a council of elders governs the tribe.
the present government is trying to control inflation.
the school staff are expected to supervise school meals.
（一）通常作复数的集体名词
包括police,people, cattle, militia, vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。 例如：
the british police have only very limited powers.
the militia were called out to guard the borderland.
it seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings.
（二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词
通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括poultry,foliage，machinery, equipment,furniture, merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。 例如：
poultry is expensive at this time of year. that green foliage was restful.
the merchandise has arrived undamaged.
all the machinery in the factory is made in china.
the suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style.
the equipment of the photographic studio was expensive.
（三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,包括audience, committee, crew, family, government,jury等。 例如：
the audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.
the committee has/have decided to dismiss him.
the jury is/are about to announce the winners.
the government has/have discussed the matter for a long time.
三、a committee, etc of +复数名词的主谓一致问题
如果主语是由a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +复数名词构成，随后的动词通常用单数。 例如：
a committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter.
a panel of experts has considered the situation.
the board of managers is responsible for the firm.
四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如：
arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
the diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.
measles usually occurs in children.
phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
例如：
darts is basically a easy game.
marbles is not confined to children.
skittles is not fashionable nowadays.
draughts is not very difficult to learn.
但当darts，marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。 例如：
three darts are thrown at each turn.
all nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.
（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the united states，the netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如：
the united states was hit by the great depression in 1930s’.
in early january the netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 例如：
the west indies are commonly divided into two parts.
the himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.
the straits of gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.
the niagara falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如：
physics is a fundamental subject in science.
the third world economics is promising.
acoustics studies the science of sound.
mathematics is an interesting subject.
athletics is a required course for students of all grades.
但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。 例如：
athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
the acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.
the economics of the project are still at issue.
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
a.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如：
mary’s glasses are new.
john’s trousers are black.
如果带有单位词， 则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。 例如：
one pair of pincers isn’t enough.
two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.
b.其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中还有一些以- s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如：
the archives of the country are kept in the department of security.
the contents of the book are most amusing.
high wages often result in high prices.
my thanks are sincere.
五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则：
（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
（三）主语 + as much as,etc的主谓一致问题
（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。 例如：
pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast.
the number and diversity of british newspaper is considerable.
good and bad taste are inculcated by example.
fish and chips are getting very expensive.
a truck and a car were in the ditch.
both cathy and her daughter lida have gone fishing in canada.
当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every,或者many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 例如：
each man and each woman there is asked to help.
every flower and every bush is to be cut down.
every change of season, every change of weather, indeed every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains.
many a boy was disappointed after seeing the film.
（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由or,nor,either...or, neither...nor,not only...but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。 例如：
neither lucy nor carol has any money left.
neither sleet nor snow stops him from driving his new mercedes-benz.
either tina or carol is sure to know the answer.
neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be at theater.
neither the kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory.
not only one, but all of us are hoping to be there.
not only the switches but also the old wiring has been stolen.
（三）主语 + as much as,etc的主谓一致问题
当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构，或跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时， 其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。 例如：
the vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost.
the ocean, as well as the gulf and the bay, provides good fishing.
john, rather than his roommates, is to blame.
hugh,as well as his two sisters, is vacationing in wyoming this summer.
some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure.
my husband,more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again.
billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident.
no one except two girls was late for school.
六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
数量概念分两类：一类是确定数量，如 two years, five seconds,three kilos,等，另一类是非确定数量，如all of..., some of..., none of...。如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。
（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。 例如：
the treasurer considered that twenty dollars was not too much to ask.
“two months is too short a time,” general manager warned, “we must hurry up.”
three weeks is needed to complete the task.
there were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
three pints is not enough to get him drunk.
a total of 50,000 new bicycles was registered in the year.
如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+ of”词组构成，其动词形式 取决于of词组中名词的类别。
例如：
two-thirds of the people present is against the plan.
three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.
over twenty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.
forty-five percent of the doctors were woman.
两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 例如：
sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three.
forty-two divided by six is seven.
six and eight makes/make fourteen.
six times eight is/are forty-eight.
如果主语由“one in/one out of + 复数名词” 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。 例如：
one in ten students has passed the examination.
one out of twelve bottles was left intact.
（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
如果主语由 “a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词”或由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名词” 构成，谓语动词通常用单数。 例如：
a panel of us has decided to hire a boat and travel through holland by canal.
a pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth.
a portion of reports is deceiving.
this kind of cars is rather expensive.
this type of women is dangerous.
that type of machines is up-to-date.
如果主语是由“many a +名词“ 或“more than one +名词”构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。 例如：
many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break.
many a man has his own responsibility.
more than one student has failed the exam.
more than one ship was lost this year.
如果主语是all of, some of,none of, half of, most of,lots of,loads of ,plenty of,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据 of词组中名词类别而定。 例如：
most of the money was recovered by deputy player.
all of the cargo was lost.
some of the books were badly torn.
none of my friends ever come to see me.
half of the building was destroied during the war.
half of the students are eager to leave now.
lots of people are waiting outside.
loads of apples have been distributed among the children.
plenty of water was prepared for irrigation.
规则
情 况
举 例
语
法
一
致
原
则
以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词
用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
Readingin the sun is bad for your eyes.
What he said is very important for us all.
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bought were three English books.
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物
时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom.
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter
若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was left.
None of us has (have) been to America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
It is we whoare going to the cinema tonight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式
The police are looking for the lost child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
Class four is on the third floor.（四班）
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result. Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
逻
辑
意
义
一
致
原
则
What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。
Which is your bag? Which are your bags?
Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?
All can be done has been done. All is going well.
All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of there.
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就
近
/远
一
致
原
则
当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
A woman with a baby was on the bus.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
★ 主谓短语
