下面就是小编给大家整理的高二新教材U01知识点讲练（共含6篇），希望您能喜欢！同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“阿擦擦擦”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
一、词语用法
I can’t imagine her promising to marry a guy of that kind.
imagine v. imaginable []adj.可想象的, 可能的
imagination []n.想象, 空想, 想象的事物, 想象力, 听觉
imaginal memory 形象记忆
imaginal thinking 形象思维
imaginative power想象力
(1) imagine +n/pron
We can hardly imagine modern life without cellphone.
我们几乎不能想象没有电话的现代生活。
(2) imagine + doing
imagine +sb +doing
Can you imagine learning foreign languages on the Internet?
你能想象通过网络学习外语吗？
We couldn’t imagine the living such a poor life like that.
我们不能想象他们过着那样平穷的生活。
imagine +pron +to be
Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.
不要认为你总是正确的。
(3) imagine + wh-+ clause
You can’t imagine how I missed you all.
你想象不出我有多想你们。
注： imagine + that +clause时，意思有所改变，指无根据或没有把握地“以为”或“猜想”。
She imagines that her parents don’t like her.
她以为她父母不喜欢她。
promise v. & n.答应，许诺
promise is debt. 许愿要还.
promise [] n. [律]受约人, 承诺人
promiser [] n. 立约人
promiseful [] adj. 有希望(或前途)的,充满希望(或前途)的
promising [] adj. 有希望的, 有前途的
promising market 有销路的市场
(1) promise +to do
I promise to go to the cinema with her.
我答应和他去看电影。
promise +sb + to do
He promised me to go fishing together.
他答应我一起去钓鱼。
(2) promise (sb) +that +clause
My son promised me that he would come straight home.
我儿子答应我他会直接回家。
有希望，有――可能
This year promises a good harvest.
今年有丰收的希望。
make a promise 许下诺言
keep /carry out) a promise 遵守诺言
break a promise 违背诺言
marry vt. 结婚 嫁 娶 marriage []n.结婚, 婚姻, 婚姻生活
marry a fortune 跟有钱女人结婚
marry money 跟有钱人结婚
vt.
(1) A marry B A和 B 结婚/A为 B主婚
She married a doctor last year.她去年和一个医生结婚。
The minister married the couple in the church.这个牧师在教堂为这对夫妇主婚。
(2) A marry B to C A把B嫁给C
The farmer married his daughter to a boss.
这位农民把女儿嫁给了一个老板。
(3) get/be married (to sb) (注:只在这种结构中才用介词to表示 “与谁结婚”)
She was married to a man with a lot of money.
她与一个有钱的人结了婚。
Vi. She didn’t marry until she was in her forties.
她直到四十几岁才结婚。
注：表状态可延续时，只用be married (to sb ) 的形式。
他们结婚十年了。
They have been married for ten years.
They( got) married ten years ago.
It is ten years since they (got) married.
练习：填空
1. Words will never do for the eye what they do for the mind. ________about the eye, your___________ and dreams that can come to life.
2. ______ going back to communicating with paper
3. He made a ______ not to tell anyone what he had seen.
4. It _______ to be fine tomorrow.
5. He ________ to come.
6. He ______ that people don't believe him.
7. They _______ in their twenties.
1.imagine, imagination 2.Imagine 3. promise 4. promises 5. has promised 6. imagines
7. married
词语辨析 .
1． S.H.E. is known as a pop group for “Super Star”.
be known for /be known as /be known to
be known for =be famous for 因……而闻名
be known as = be famous as 作为……而闻名
be known to 为（被）……所知
Guilin is known _____its beautiful scenery.
Xu Zhimo is known ______ a great poet ________ his Saying Good-bye to Cambridge Again.
She is always ready to help others, as is known _____all.
2. be similar to 与……相似
be different from 与……不同
Mary’s hat is similar to John’s.
AE is more or less different from BE.
3. be/get engaged to (+pron) 定婚，有约
be/get engaged in 从事于， 忙于
He is engaged ____business.
I was engaged ____John that evening.
Tom is engaged ____Anne.
短语
have……in common 有相同之处
a branch of science 一门科学
give up 放弃
work on 从事
dream of 梦想
stop sth from doing sth 阻止……做什么
live a……life 过着……的生活
give lectures 演讲
turn out 结果是
Exercises: Fill the blank with the phrases above.
1.Before liberation the working people ____ a miserable _____.
2.It _______ a fine day today.
3.The girl ________her seat to the old woman.
4.What can _______us __________ going, if we want to ?
5.The two brothers _________nothing______.
6.We____________a new dictionary of English idioms and phrases recently.
7.Many young people ____________studying abroad one day.
8.The professor often ____________in the universities all over the country.
9.Do you think teaching is a________?
句型
Things were going rather well.
形势进展很顺利.
too large or too difficult to observe directly
太大或太难而不能直接观察
on one hand …… on the other hand
一方面 另一方面
练习：翻译
1． 一切顺利。
2． 这个盒子太重提不动。
3． 他一方面受到老师的表扬，另一方面却遭到朋友的责备。
语法 不定式用法讲练
㈠概念 形式
不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由to+动词原形构成。否定式为 not to do.它可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。没人称和数的变化。但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的逻辑主语（动作的执行者）用for/of +sb to do构成。
主动形式：to do ,to be doing , to have done
被动形式: to be done , to have been done
否定式： not to do , never to do
It’s nice of you to help me.
He stood aside for us to pass.
Try not to be late again.
㈡用法
1． 作主语。 不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it 代替。
To see is to believe.眼见为实.
It is right to give up smoking.放弃吸烟是对的.
2． 作宾语。 不定式作宾语时，也常用形式宾语代替。
I want to go.我想去.
I find it interesting to study English.我发现学英语有趣.
（英语常有很多动词可接不定式作宾语，如：decide, want, hope, expect, pretend, promise, refuse, agree, manage, plan）
3． 作宾补。
He asked me to do the work with him.他要我和他一起工作.
注：在have, make, let 等使役动词或 feel, find, hear, see 等感官动词后带省略 to的不定式,但这些句子如变被动，就必须带to.
I often hear him sing the song. 我经常听见他唱这首歌.
He is often heard to sing the song.他被经常听见唱这首歌.
4． 作定语。
He is looking for a room to live in. 他在找一间房子住.
I have a letter to write.我有封信要写.
(注:不定式作定语时,要注意动词后介词的运用和主动表被动的形式)
5. 作状语.(表目的,有时也表结果等)
He came here to see you. 他来看望你.
We hurried to the party, only to find nobody there.我们匆匆地赶到晚会时,没有发现一个人在那.
He is too young to go school.他太小,还不能上学.
6. 作表语。
My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人.
7. 作独立成分。
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.说句实话,我不同意你的观点.
注：不定式与疑问词 who, which, what, when, where, how等连用，在句中起名词作用，常在一些动词（tell, know, show, decide, learn, discuss, etc）后充当宾语，有时可充当主语，表语，等。
He didn’t know what to say. 他不知道说什麽.
I haven’t decided when to leave.我还没决定什麽时候走.
How to solve the problem is very important.怎麽解决这个问题很重要.
Why worry about it?(why不与to连用) 为什麽要担心它呢?
练习题
1. Every minute must be full use of ___our lessons for the college entrance examination is coming.
A. going over B. to go over C. go over C. our going over
2. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
3. Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying in D. to have been studying
4. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
5. ___I usually go there by train.
-----Why not _____by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
一招鲜
1． go的短语
go after 追求, 设法获得
go on 继续
go on with 继续(后加名词)
go against 反对,违背
go ahead 向前,干吧,说吧,用吧
go by 从旁经过
go down下降,倒下
go up上涨
go in for 酷爱
go over 走过去,温习
go through仔细查看, 浏览,翻阅,通过
go wrong出毛病,
go out出去,熄灭
go around到处去,传开
2. take 表 “花费” 的句型总结
Sth takes (sb) some time
It takes sb some time to do sth
It takes some time for sb to do sth
翻译：1。这项工作花了我们四个小时。
2。从市中心到火车站乘车需一个半小时。
三．名师解惑
There is no doubt that clause 和There is no need to do sth 句型中的there 可以用it 代替吗?
两句型中的there is 表示“有”，后加名词。如果把there 换成it，则后的名词需换成相应的形容词,这时 it充当形式主语:It is undoubtful that clause, It is unnecessary to do sth.类似的有 There is no possibility that clause.
翻译：
1． 毫无疑问他错了。
There is no doubt that he is wrong.
It is undoubtful that he is wrong.
2． 没有必要为他担心。
There is no need to worry about him.
It is unnecessary to worry about him.
3． 他通过这次考试是不可能的。
There is no possibility that he will pass the exam.
It is impossible that he will pass the exam.
1. 分词的定义:动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
2. 过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
(1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作表语；
(2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作表语；
(3)seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用过去分词作表语;
(4）get+过去分词作表语（get paid/changed/drunk/burnt/lost/hurt/injurieed/criticized/drowned）。例如：
1）I’m very interested in the intersting story, so will read it again.
2)We can’t drink boiling water , but we can drink boiled water.
3)Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
4)Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET)
5)He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语：单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作定语2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作定语；3）过去分词常用表示脸部或表情的名词前作定语(face/eyes/appearance/expression)；4）seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/left/crowded/married/known固定用过去分词作定语。例如：
1)I found a lot of moved students, who were deeply moved by the moving film.
2)China is still a developing country while Japan is already a developed country.
3)The astonished expression on his face suggested that he know nothing about the matter.
4)The seated students suddenly found all the seats were broken ones.
5)We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
3) 过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
① 表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念.如：Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
If heated, water can be turned into steam.水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
4) 过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那男孩被问到为何来这里时他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不能让那孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：
the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）
the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）
the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）
4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised.
The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况
由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。
6．用分词短语作状语时，还应注意在句子主语和分词短语之间不能使用并列连词。如：
［误］Not knowing what to do，so she asked her friends for advice．
［正］Not knowing what to do，she asked her friends for advice．
7、如果分词的逻辑主语和主句的主语不是同一个人或物时，就要用从句或独立主格结构代替分词短语作状语。如： As it was Sunday，the streets were especially crowded． 或：It being Sunday，the streets were especially crowded．
8、同学们还要注意某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。这类现在分词常见的有：
generally speaking（一般地说），strictly speaking（严格地说），judging from ／by．．．（从……来判断），talking of．．．（说到……），considering．．．（考虑到……），supposing．．．（假定……）等。如：
Generally speaking，it is not easy for a for eigner to learn Chinese well in a short time．
Considering everything，it wasn't abad holiday．
8、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语相一致。分词与主语之间如果是主动关系，就用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词。例如：
主动时态 被动时态
一般时态 doing done（被动的动作）
进行时态 doing being done（正在进行的被动动作）
完成时态 having done done/having been done（已经完成的被动动作）
Hearing the good news，we couldn't help jumping with joy．（＝When we heard the good news，we couldn't help jumping with joy．）
Seen from the hills，the West Lake is very beautiful．（＝The West Lake is very beautiful when it is seen from the hills．）
过去分词作宾语补足语(The past participle as theObject Complement)
作宾语补足语：1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作宾补；2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作宾补；3）left/lost/gone/missing /seated/dressed, hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged; polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用过去分词作宾补。可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：
1.see, hear, find ,feel, think, 等表示感觉和心理状态的动词
1）He found his hometown greatly changed when he came back from abroad.
2）Every thought the match lost 3）.He once heard the song sung in German
4）Frnk Lloyd Wright found himself inspired by Japanese seashells.
2. make/have/get+sth.+过去分词作宾补，说明宾补的动作不是由主语而是由他人来完成；
1) He’s going to have his hair cut. 2)She had her foot injured in the fall.
3)When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.
4)Please keep us informed of the latest developments. ( 请让我们了解最新的发展情况。)
3.表示“希望” “要求”等意义的动词：
1） He won’t like such questions (to be ) discussed at the meeting .
2） I want this letter (to be ) typed now. 3）They ordered the film banned.（禁演）
［
Advance English 第一册第一单元
报告厅
本单元的中心话题是校园生活，语言技能和语言知识也都是围绕校园生活这一中心话题设计的。Welcome to the unit版块介绍了英国校园生活的四个方面，引出话题，让学生对中国中学校园生活和英国中学校园生活进行比较，通过Reading和阅读练习，来提高学生略读（skimming）和搜读（scanning）两个方面的阅读能力。Word power版块强化了校园设施、活动器材等方面词汇的学习。在Grammar and usage版块中，学习定语从句的基本概念，关系代词和关系副词的功能，并重点学习关系代词that, which, who, whom 及whose的用法。接下来的Task版块主要介绍了校园的一些活动，在了解这些活动的同时，来练习听、说、读、写几个方面的技能，让学生学会如何谈论校园活动以及写一份举办某一活动的通知。在Project部分，通过学习两篇介绍关于学校俱乐部的文章，学会设计一份关于创办一个新校园俱乐部的海报。学生通过本单元后面的Self-assessment版块，来对本单元所学各个项目进行自我评价，为下一步学习制定行动计划。
本单元要求掌握的词汇和短语主要有：attend, earn, respect, achieve, grade, literature, average, challenging, lunchtime, e-mail, extra, cooking, prepare, drop, woodwork, miss, dessert, field, experience, article, penfriend, introduce, immediately, former, recently, culture, develop, photograph, donate, gift, display, kindness, guest, speech, flat, bookcase, attention, please, title, dynasty, cover, recent, professor, regret, inform, run, host, approve, broadcast, preparation, close, outing, continue, poet, generation, poem, select, require, scary, nature, for free, pay attention to, make preparations for 。语法项目主要掌握定语从句的基本概念、关系代词和关系副词的基本功能以及关系代词that, which, who, whom及whose的用法。
学习频道
1. Going to a British school for one year has been a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me.
此句中going to a British school for one year为动名词短语，做句子的主语。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火很危险。
有时可用形式主语it，而将动名词短语放在后面。如：
It’s no use arguing with him. 同他争论是没用的。
2. He also told us that the best way to earn respect from the school was to work hard and achieve high grades.
此句中不定式短语to earn respect是 way的后置定语，修饰way。如：
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
I have a pen to write with.我有一支可写字的钢笔。
way作“方式，方法”讲时，其后常跟to do sth.或of doing sth.作定语，两种形式基本相同。 如：
I had no way to get in touch with him.我无法跟他取得联系。
Soon he got used to the American ways of doing things.不久他就习惯了美国式的做法。
此句中另一个不定式短语to work hard and achieve high grades作 that引导的宾语从句中的表语。如：
His job is to water the flowers. 他的工作就是浇花。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
3. Though it didn’t look like a table when it was finished, I still liked it very much.
此句为though引导的让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，用法同although，引导的从句既可放在主句之前，又可放在主句之后，注意主句不能再用but引导。如：
We went out, though it was raining.虽然下着雨，我们仍然出去了。
Though they are poor, they buy a great many books.尽管他们穷，他们还是买许多书。
though从句的动词如果与主句为同一动词，则有时可省略主语与动词。如：
He was happy, though poor.他虽然穷，却很快乐。
though有时可用作副词，意为“可是，但是”，通常置于句尾或插入句中。如：
It was hard work; I enjoyed it，though.那工作很辛苦，但是我却喜欢。
There’s no excuse, though, for hurting her feelings.伤到她的感情一事，还是不可原谅。
4. This is about the average size for British schools.
此句中的average为形容词，意为“平均的，一般的”，如：the average age emperature,平均年龄气温。另外，average还可用作名词，意为“平均数，平均水平”，常见的短语有： an average of…平均（有）…；on (the) average平均，一般说来；aboveelow (the) average在平均水平以上以下
5. Going to a British school for one year has been a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me.
I was very lucky to experience this different way of life.
第一句中的experience为可数名词，意为“经历”。如：
Our journey by camel was quite an experience.我们骑骆驼旅行真是一次令人难忘的经历。 He will make a speech about his experiences in China. 他将做一个演讲，讲述他在中国的经历。
当experience作“经验”讲时，通常用作不可数名词。如：
He has a lot of teaching experience.他有许多教学经验。
第二句中的experience用作动词，意为“经历，感受”。如：
Have you ever experienced real hunger?你体验过真正的饥饿吗？
He experienced many difficulties during his study in Britain.在英国学习时，他经历过许多困难。
experienced为形容词形式，意为“有经验的”，常构成的短语有： an experienced doctor 一个有经验的医生；be experienced inat 对…有经验。
6. She seems to be a person who can’t pay attention to one thing for long.
此句中的pay attention to 意为“注意”，其中的to为介词。如：
He didn’t pay attention to me. =He paid no attention to me. 他没有注意到我。
Too much attention was paid to the details.太过于注意细节了。
attention常构成的短语还有：attractdrawcatch one’s attention吸引某人的注意力；
focus one’s attention on集中注意力于…； turn one’s attention to将注意力转向…。
7. We regret to inform you that our library will be closed next Wednesday, Tuesday and Friday for the sports meeting.
此句中的regret为动词，意为“遗憾，抱歉”，常用结构有： regret to say tell you inform you that…或regret that…。如：
I regret to tell you that I can’t come today.=I regret that I can’t come today.我很遗憾今天不能来了。
当regret作“后悔”讲时，常说 regret sth.egret (not) doing sth.egret that…。如；
He regretted his carelessness.他对自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
=He regretted having been careless.
=He regretted that he had been careless.
另外，regret还可用作名词，意为“遗憾，后悔”，常用短语有： without regret 没有后悔；feel regret感到后悔；to one’s regret（对某人而言）可惜的是…。
8. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food.
During exam time we have a special programme that tells students the things they should or shouldn’t do for preparation.
第一句中的prepare为及物动词，意为“准备”， prepare sth.意思是“准备某事，做某事”。另外，prepare还可用作不及物动词，prepare for sth.意思是“为…做准备”。
When I got home, mother was preparing supper.当我到家时，母亲正在做晚饭。
People are busy preparing for the new year.人们正在忙着为新年做好准备。
短语be prepared for 意为“为…做好准备”，意思同be ready for ，强调一种状态。如；We are well prepared for the exam now. 现在我们已为考试做好了充分的准备。
第二句中的preparation是prepare的名词形式，常见的短语有：make preparations for为…做准备（意思同prepare for，其中preparations常用复数形式）； in preparation在准备中； in preparation for作为…的准备。
9. I was required to write a poem and I had to read it out to group.
此句中的require用作动词，意为“要求“，常用作 require sb.to do sth.或require that sb. (should) do sth.，意思是“要求某人做某事”。如：
He required me to attend the meeting.他要求我参加会议。
=I was required to attend the meeting.
=He required that I (should) attend the meeting.
另外，require 还可做“需要”讲，意思和用法跟need相似，常用作 require sth.或
require + v-ing ，意思是“需要（被）…”。如：
This suggestion requires careful thought.这条建议需要仔细考虑。
This wall requires repairing.这面墙需要修理。
10. First of all, let me introduce myself to you.
此句中的introduce是动词，意为“介绍”，常用在introduce sb.( to sb.)结构中，意思是“（向某人）介绍某人”。如：
May I introduce my friend George to you? 向你介绍我的朋友乔治好吗？
introduce也可作“引进”讲，常用在introduce sth. into o some place结构中，意思是“把某物引进到某地来”。如：
New Paris fashions are introduced into Shanghai every year. 巴黎的新流行式样每年都被引进到上海。
另外，还可作“引导初学者认识…”讲，常用在introduce sb. to sth.结构中。如：
The teacher introduced his young pupils to computer science. 这位老师引导他的学生了解计算机科学。
教你一招： 何时只用关系代词that?
that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。
①当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时，如：
a. All that can be done has been done.
b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
c. There is little (that) the enemy can do besides surrender
② 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that are not mine.
③先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read.
This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.
④先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时。
That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.
This is the very book (that) I have been looking for.
⑤ 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。如：
He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.
⑥以who, which, what 开头的疑问句，定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which引导。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
What that is on the table belongs to me?
⑦ 当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
巩固练习：
1. All ________ is useful to us is good.
A. which B. what C. that D. whether
2. This is the very factory ________we visited last year.
A. that B. which C. what D. the one
3. The text is one of the most interesting stories ________ learnt in the past three days.
A. that have B. that have been C. which has D. which has been
4. This is the only thing ________ I can do now.
A. what B. which C. that D. all
5. I saw the boy and his dog ________ were walking in the park.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
6． Which is the book ________ you borrowed from the library.
A. which B. what C. whom D. that
7. China is no longer the country ________ it used to be.
A.what B.which C. who D. that
巩固练习参考答案：（CABCBDD）
单元知识点专项练习：
I. 单词拼写（根据首字母提示写出该单词的适当形式）：
1. They had a quiet wedding（婚礼） - only a few friends a_______ it.
2. As students, we should show r_______ for our teachers.
3. Mary is interested in the classical (古典的) l_______ of France.
4. Department stores d_______ their goods in the windows.
5. The boy is brave enough to accept the c_______ job.
6. Before Christmas, the bus company provided e_______ buses because there were so many people.
7. I knew there were problems, but I was not p_______ for this.
8. He had many interesting e_______ while traveling in Africa.
9. Keeping a p_______ is a good way of practising your writing.
10. The headmaster i_______ a new teacher to the students yesterday morning.
11. I haven’t seen her r_______ and I don’t know how she is getting along with her book.
12. Your garden looks so beautiful! May I take a p_______ of it?
13. The White House didn’t a_______ the plan until recently.
14. The football game was b_______ on TV and millions of people watched it.
15. This custom (风俗) has been handed down from one g_______ to another.
II. 单项选择:
1. Have you seen the famous writer ________?
A. that our teacher told B. who our teacher told you
C. our teacher told you of D. our teacher told you of him
2. Much attention should ________ science and technology.
A. pay to develop B. pay to developing
C. be paid to develop D. be paid to developing
3. What they are doing is ________ some money.
A. more than donating B. much than to donate
C. more than to donate D. much than donating
4. David thought a while and then decided to ________ the meeting.
A. attend to B. join C. take part in D. attend
5. I never feel ________ in his company.
A. easily B. at ease C. comfortably D. pleasing
6. English is spoken as the native language in countries ________ Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia.
A. for example B. as C. like D. in other words
7. His health was getting worse and he regretted _______ his doctor’s advice. A. not to have taken B. not having taken
C. to have not taken D. having not taken
8. All the students ________ three tests in English literature.
A. require to take B. require taking C. are required to take D. are required taking
9. Beijing, ________ the Olympic Games, calls on all its citizens to learn English.
A. are preparing for hosting B. are prepared to host C. are prepared for hosting D. preparing for hosting
10. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult.
A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
11. I expect you are right - I’ll ask him, _______.
A. though B. although C. as though D. even though
12. – What do you think made him so upset?
–________.
A. He lost his new bike. B. Because he lost his new bike. C. Having lost his new bike. D. Because of losing his new bike.
13. Mr. Green knows how to deal with children well. He has ________ in a primary school.
A. ten years’ experience in teaching B. ten years’ experiences in teaching C. ten years’ experience to teach D. ten years’ experiences to teach
14. The mother ________ her daughter’s safe arrival.
A. informed of B. was informed on C. informed on D. was informed of
15. What do you think of the way ________ this problem.
A. he thought of solving B. that he thought to solve C. he thought of to solve D. which he thought solving
III. 句型转换(每空一词,注意保持句意一致):
1. While in Britain, he became interested in teaching Chinese to English students.
When he was in Britain, he ______ ______ ______ ______ teaching Chinese to English.
2. Students at that school can give up some subjects if they don’t like them.
Students at that school can ______ some subjects ______ they don’t like.
3. I usually went to the computer club at lunchtime, so I could get in touch with my friends by e-mail without paying any money.
I usually went to the computer club at lunchtime, so I could ______my friends ______ ______.
4. Tom is six years old this year and old enough to go to school.
Tom is six years old this year and old enough to ______ ______.
5. An average of 20 students went abroad to go on with their English studies in this school
each year from 1998 to .
______ ______, there were 20 students who went abroad to ______ their English studies in this school from 1998 to 2004.
6. John used to be a lazy boy, but now he isn’t.
John is ______ ______ the lazy boy ______ he used to be.
7. Mary has a very good friend, but I can’t remember her name.
Mary has a ______ friend ______ ______ I can’t remember.
8. As soon as he finished his studies, he started traveling in China.
______ ______ his studies, he started traveling in China.
9. When David returned to Britain 2 months ago, he brought many books back from China and gave them to his school library for free.
When David returned to Britain 2 months ago, he ______ the books ______ he brought back from China ______ his school library.
10. After the journey his clothes looked so dirty and needed to be washed.
After the journey his clothes looked so dirty and ______ ______.
11. When you rang me up last Friday, I was busy preparing for traveling to China with my parents.
When you rang me up last Friday, I was busy ______ ______ ______ traveling to China with my parents.
12. Each day our canteen serves three meals, and you can also buy soft drinks during break times.
Each day our canteen serves three meals, and soft drinks ______ also ______.
IV. 单句改错:
1. The teacher brought in a boy and introduced him for us. ________
2. That morning I got up an hour later than usually as I had no classes. ________
3. The homework here is not as heavy as I was used to get in my old school. ________
4. Man can’t go against the nature without being punished. ________
5. The boy who you saw him at the school gate was from the UK. ________
6. This is the most interesting book which I have ever read. ________
7. Father was sitting on the sofa at ease while mother was preparing for lunch. ________
8. More equipments has been introduced into our school since last year. ________
9. Though the family was very poor, but the parents wanted their daughter to continue her studies. ________
10. Mary is the only one of the girls who were invited to the party last Sunday.
V. 根据所给单词或短语完成句子：
1. 每周一早晨,所有同学都被要求参加集会．（require, attend）
2. 最后他通过努力工作达到了目标．(achieve one’s goal)
3. 我没花钱从别人手里拿到了这张票，他不想要．(for free)
4. 谁被选中来朗读这篇课文的？(select)
5. 对于如何经营商店，他一无所知．(run)
6. 这个孩子从未受过善待．(experience)
单元知识点专项练习参考答案：
I. 单词拼写:
1.attended 2.respect 3.literature 4.display 5.challenging 6.extra 7.prepared 8.experiences 9.penfriend 10.introduced 11.recently 12.photograph 13.approve 14.broadcast 15.generation
II. 单项选择：
1---5.CDADB 6---10.CBCDB 11---15.ACADC
III. 句型转换
1.developed an interest in 2.drop, that 3.e-mail, for free 4.attend school 5.On average , continue 6.no longer, that 7.close, whose name 8.UponOn finishing 9.donated, which hat, to 10.requiredeeded washing 11.making preparations for 12.are, available
IV. 单句改错:
1.for改为to 2.usually改为usual 3.去掉was 4.去掉the 5.去掉him 6.去掉which 或把which 改为that 7.去掉for 8.equipments改为equipment 9.去掉but 10.were 改为was
V. 根据所给单词或短语完成句子：
1. Every Monday morning, all the students are required to attend assembly.
2. Finally he achieved his goal by working hard.
3. I got this ticket for free from somebody who didn’t want it.
4. Who has been selected to read out this text?
5. He knows nothing about how to run a shop.
6. This child has never experienced kindness.
Teaching aim:
Knowledge aim:掌握with的复合结构特征。（展现一些生动的图片）
Ability aim:学以致用，并结合高考题目讲解，达到能力提升。
Teaching ways: 讲练结合
Teaching Aids: teaching material, blackboard Multi-media computer; OHP(overhead projector); software:
Teaching procedure: Greetings,
Step1 依葫芦画瓢 ：模仿例子, 总结结构特征.
With 复合结构一 With + n + prep.
With + 名词 + 介词短语
With 复合结构二 With + n./pron. + -ving.
With + 名词 + 动词的现在分词
With 复合结构三 With + n./pron. + -ved
With + 名词 + 动词的过去分词
With 复合结构四 With + n./pron. + adj.
With +名词／代词 + 形容词．
With 复合结构五 With + n./pron. + adv.
With + 名词/代词 + 副词
With 复合结构六 With + n./pron. + to v.
With +名词/代词 +动词不定式
Step 2 .学以致用 说出下列句子中with的结构特征．
1. You musn’t talk with a person with your finger pointing at her.
2.He lay on his back, with his hands crossed under his head.
3.He entered the room, with his nose red with cold.
4.A man broke in , with a knife in his hand.
5.He felt asleep, with the radio on.
6.With the new term to begin soon, we’ll be very busy again.
Step 3.深层理解 把下列句子改成同义句
1. With a lot of homework to do, I can’t go to bed early. 2. The woman with a necklace around her neck must be very wealthy.
3. With the bike repaired , he rode on.
4.With the discussion over for a long time, we still remember everything discussed.
5. The teacher came in , with her cup in her hand.
Step 4实战演练 高考链接(用所给词的适当形式填空) 1. News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement _________ (reach).(NMET) 2. _______ (介词) production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET)
3.The murderer was brought in, with his his hands _______(tie) behind his back.(NMET)
4. He lied on the chair , with a newspaper ________ (cover) his face. (NMET) 5. The sick old man was left alone under the tree, with his body ________ ( cover ) by a bag. (NMET)
6.With nothing _______ (eat), the three children had to go hungry. 7. With the fire ______, we saw nothing around us.
用with翻译句子．
1. He was taken to hospital, ____________________ ( 腿在流血bleed).
2. The fellow stood there, _____________________ (双手交叉cross在背后)
3. Don’t talk _________________(嘴里满满的)
4. I told her the bad news, ______________ (心跳动beat地厉害).
5. ______________ (嘴里含着一根勺子fork), the little girl cried.
6._________________(电视机还开着), the old man fell asleep.
Step5. 能力拓展 写作练习
The little match girl 卖火柴的小女孩
根据图片提示及部分翻译补充适当语句写 “The little match girl” 卖火柴的小女孩的故事梗概．
要求1．前后语句通顺．
2．适当使用with 的复合结构．
3．使用5句话包含所有内容．
Step6. summary (2m)
Step6. homework
With的复合结构答案
Step 2 .学以致用 说出下列句子中with的结构特征．
1. You musn’t talk with a person with your finger pointing at her. 2
2.He lay on his back, with his hands crossed under his head. 3
3.He entered the room, with his nose red with cold. 4
4.A man broke in , with a knife in his hand. 1
5.He felt asleep, with the radio on. 5
6.With the new term to begin soon, we’ll be very busy again. 6
Step 3.深层理解 把下列句子改成同义句
1. With a lot of homework to do, I can’t go to bed early.
---Because I have a lot of homework to do , I can’t go to bed early
---The reason why I can’t go to bed early is that I have a lot of homework to do.
2. The woman with a necklace around her neck must be very wealthy.
---The woman who wears a necklace around her neck must be very wealthy.
---The woman wearing a necklace around her neck must be very wealthy.
3. With the bike repaired , he rode on.
---After he had his bike repaired, he rode on.
4.With the discussion over for a long time, we still remember everything discussed.
---Though the discussion has been over for a long time, we still remember everything discussed.
---The discussion has been over for a long time, but we still remember everything discussed.
5. The teacher came in , with her cup in her hand.
---The teacher came in ,carrying a cup in her hand.
Step 4实战演练 高考链接(用所给词的适当形式填空) 1. News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement _________ (reach).(2007NMET) 2. _______ (介词) production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)
3.The murderer was brought in, with his his hands _______(tie) behind his back.(NMET2005)
4. He lied on the chair , with a newspaper ________ (cover) his face. (NMET2003) 5. The sick old man was left alone under the tree, with his body ________ ( cover ) by a bag. (NMET1998)
6.With nothing _______ (eat), the three children had to go hungry. 7. With the fire ______, we saw nothing around us.
答案：1.reached 2. With 3. tied 4. covering
5. covered 6. to eat 7. out
用with翻译句子．
4. He was taken to hospital, ____________________ ( 腿在流血bleed).
5. The fellow stood there, _____________________ (双手交叉cross在背后)
6. Don’t talk _________________(嘴里满满的)
4. I told her the bad news, ______________ (心跳动beat地厉害).
5. ______________ (嘴里含着一根勺子fork), the little girl cried.
6._________________(电视机还开着), the old man fell asleep.
答案：1. with his leg bleeding
2. with his hands crossed behind her back
3. with your mouth full
4. with her heart beating fast
5. With a fork in her mouth
6. With the TV on
Step5. 能力拓展 写作练习
The little match girl 卖火柴的小女孩
根据图片提示及部分翻译补充适当语句写 “The little match girl” 卖火柴的小女孩的故事梗概．
要求1．前后语句通顺．
2．适当使用with 的复合结构．
3．使用5句话包含所有内容．
On Christmas Eve,it was snowing fast.A poor little girl with head and feet bare, was still wandering alone the streets.The snow-flakes fell on her long, fair hair and she sat down, drawing her little feet close under her .Motionless, she sat there with the matches in her lap(腿). She lightened /struck a match, so the flames shot up and then she saw a most beautiful Christmas tree .Hundreds of candles lighted up the green branches,then gentle and loving grandmother appeared.she flew with the little girl in her arms, till they were in that place where neither cold, nor hunger, nor pain.
定语从句讲与练
一、定语的概念：
定语是用来修饰名次或代词的。比如：
(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)
a beautiful girl （ ） three boys （ ） a shoe factory （ ）
Jim’s father ( ) our teacher ( )
the man in the car （ ） the man standing at the door （ ）
the man who is talking with Sam （ ）
二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
2. 定语从句的主要特征：
（1）先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分；
（2）what永远不能引导定语从句；
（3）翻译时先译从句，翻译成“…….的”
三、定语从句的基本用法：
（一）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
分析：先行词the boys 在从句中作主语。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
You needn’t talk to the people who you don’t like talking to.
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车 上谈论的那个人。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语：_________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_________________________
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
＝Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词＝ ___________________________
4．which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 译成汉语:____________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 译成汉语：___________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
5．that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that /_______ came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
(二) 关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at which代替。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学 校的那一天。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
注意：当先行词是situation, occasion, point时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用where来引导定语从句。
Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尴尬）.
He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
分析：先行词__________ 在从句中作________。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 译成汉语：____________________
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when (=______________) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
I will never forget the moment when (=______________) the blind students moved us.
Great changes are taking place in the city where (=______________) they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why (=______________) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。
Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.
He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.
五．定语从句考查重点：
（一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）
最 不 序 正是 疑 表 人物
1. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
2. 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
3. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
4. 当先行词被表示“正是”的the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时：
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
7. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
思考：什么时候只能which 而不能用that呢？1.在___________中；2.在____________之后。
（二）关系代词的省略：
The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)
The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)
当关系代词在从句中作_________时可以省略。
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
＝The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
＝This is the boy________________I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
＝We’ll go to hear the famous singer ________________we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
＝The manager ________________ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：1． 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
2．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
3．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。
（四）当先行词被one of修饰时，若one of前有the only，则从句的谓语动词用单数，没有only的话则用复数。
He is one of the students who ________ never late. 译成汉语：________________________
He is the only one of the students who ________ never late. 译成汉语：_________________
（五）先行词是时间却不用when引导，先行词是地点却不用where引导，先行词是原因却不用why引导。
I will never forget the days ________ we climbed the mountain together.
I will never forget the days ________ we spent together.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live in.
This is the reason _______ he was unhappy.
This is the reason _______ he explained to me.
（六）当先行词被such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
（七）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way ________he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way______________ you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
Test yourself:
1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy.
A. which B. who C. this D. what
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
4. Please take any seat is free.
A. which B. where C. in which D. that
5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier.
A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them
6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).
A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which
7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼)， has more than 100 storeys.
A. the higher of them B. the highest of which
C. the highest of them D. some of which
8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be.
A. which B. as C. where D. when
9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time
10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
12. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked.
A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which
13. I don't like the way you speak to her.
A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C
14. I shall never forget the years I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
15. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30year’stime.
A. What B. That C. As D. It
16. Is this book you want to borrow from the library?
A. that B. which C. the one D. /
17. Such a book you showed me is difficult to understand.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books were popular then.
A. / B. that C. which D. who
19. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there C. that D. which
20. I’m going to spend my holiday in Beijing, live my old parents.
A. which B. that C. where D. there
练习答案：
1---5 ADBDA 6---10 DBBDB 11---15 BADBC 16---20 CCBAC
责任编辑：李芳芳
【基础知识精讲】
相关知识
What is first aid?
句子分析
1．Chen Wei and Susan are walking down the street when they see an accident．
(1) down 在此处意为“along”，“沿着”的意思。
(2) when 是并列连词，连接两个并列的分句，意为“这时”，“就在这个时候”，表示没有料到的事情的发生。例如：
I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind．我正在马路上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍拍我的肩膀。
We were about to start when it began to rain．我们正要动身，就在这时下起雨来了。
2．Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder．
站在梯子上的时候，不要侧着身子伸手去拿东西。
(1) reach 在此处意为“伸手取物”。又如：
The man reached for the gun but it was too far away.
那人伸手去够枪，但是枪距离他太远了。
(2) 句中的 while standing on a ladder 是 while you are standing on a ladder 的省略。
在有些表示时间、地点、条件等的状语从句中，如果谓语包含动词 be，而主语又和主句的主语一致，那么，从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词 be)常可省略。又如：
Look out for cars when crossing the street．
= Look out for cars when you are crossing the street．
语言要点
1．I think she must be injured．我想她一定受伤了。
(1) must 在此处表示推测。may，can，must 都表示推测，can 用于疑问句和否定句中；may，must 用于肯定句。
-Can it be Tom?
-It can't be Tom because he has gone to Shanghai．
(2) injure 的用法在词语辨析中有讲解。
2．Leave her where she is．让她留在原地。
leave 在本句中是“让某人／某物处于某种状态”的意思，为及物动词。
leave 作此义解时，通常跟形容词、分词、名词、副词、介词短语的复合宾语结构，有时也跟从句。例如：
(1) You'd better leave the door open．(1eave + n + adj.)
(2) I left them waiting outside. (leave + n + doing)
(3) Don’t leave such an important thing undone. (leave + n + done)
(4) When he was twelve，his parents died，leaving him an orphan.
他十二岁时，他的父母去世，使他成了孤儿。(leave + n + n.)
(5) Don’t touch my writing table；leave it as it is. (leave + n + 从句)
本单元还出现以下几句:
(6) Leave the knife in. (leave + n + adv.)
(7) Leave him／her in the car.(leave + n + 介词短语)
3．She's beginning to move a little.
英语中 begin 和 start 作“开始”讲时，后面可接不定式，也可接动名词。两种结构表达的意思是相同的。但在下列三种情况下，用不定式较好：
(1) 当主语是物而不是人时。例如：
The ice began／started to melt．冰开始融化。
(2) 当 begin 或 start 用于进行时态时，如本句 She's beginning to move a little。再如:
The water is beginning/starting to boil.
(3) 当 begin 或 start 后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时。例如:
I began to understand (realize) my past mistakes.
She started to wonder who had done it.
4．Take it easy．别着急。
Take it easy 有时也用 Take things easy. 是一种安慰人的用语，意思为“别紧张”；“别着急”；“多休息”或 “慢慢来”。
5．Right now you need to stay still until help comes. 现在你要静静地一直等帮助到来。
(1) right now 意为“现在”，“此刻”，是 now 的强调形式。
(2) need 在这里是实义动词，后面跟不定式作宾语； need 还可作情态动词跟动词原形连用。在反意疑问句中要根据 need 为情态动词还是实义动词来决定反意部分内容，如果为情态动词反意部分用 need，如果为实义动词则用 do (does)等。试比较:
Did you really need to spend all that money on one pair of shoes?
You needn't do that. I can do it for you.
You needn't come tomorrow, need you?
注意：need 用作实义动词时，如果其主语是要接的非谓语动词的承受者，可跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式(与 want，require 的用法相同)。例如:
Your hair needed ；I’m glad you had it cut.
The old man needs
(3) stay still 中的 stay 是连系动词(remain, continue to be)，意为“停留”,“维持”； still 为形容词(not moving)，意为“静止的”，“不动的”。例如:
Please stay still while I take a photo of you. 我给你照相时请别动。
6．First aid, if it is quickly and correctly given, can save a person's life．
如果施救及时，方法正确，是可以挽救生命的。
save one's life 是一个短语动词，意为“挽救某人的生命”，life 在此处为可数名词，意为“生命”。例如：
The doctor has saved more than twenty people's lives since he came to this village.
7．If this is not done within five minutes, the person will die.
如果五分钟之内不做人工呼吸，这个人就会死亡。
within five minutes 意为“五分钟之内”,“不到五分钟”。within 是介词,意为“不超出多长时间”,“在多长时间之内”(after not more than the specified period of time)。又如:
She returned within an hour. 她不到一小时就回来了。
If you don't hear anything within seven days，phone again．
如果你在七日之内还没收到任何消息，就再打个电话来。
介词 in 指“最多过多长时间”(after a maximum length of time)。例如:
She will return in a few days. 她过几天就回来了。
It will be ready in a week. 再过一星期它就准备好了。
8．Lay the person on his/her back，close his/her nose with your fingers and breathe into his/her mouth．将这个人仰面平放，并用手指捏住他的鼻子，再向他口里吹气。
lay sb on his/her back/face/side“使某人仰卧／俯卧／侧卧”。试比较
He is lying on his back/face/side．他仰卧／俯卧／侧卧着。
这两个句型的主要区别在动词，lay 是及物动词，后面跟宾语，意为“放、搁”；而 lie 是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语，意为“躺，位于”。其次这两个动词均为不规则动词:
lay-laid-laid-laying; lie-lay-lain-lying
lie 如果为规则动词则意为“说谎”: lie-lied-lied-lying。例如:
He lay on the grass，enjoying the sunshine. 他躺在草地上晒太阳。
Lay the books on the table, please. 请把书放在桌上。
Don't believe him．He is lying. 不要相信他的话，他在撒谎。
I found her lying on the floor asleep. 我发现她躺在地板上睡着了。
9．Repeat this as often as is necessary. 根据需要，尽量多次重复这个动作。
as...as 作“像……一样地”解，引导表示比较的状语从句。第一个 as是副词，后常跟形容词、副词或形容词加名词结构；第二个 as 是连词，常跟句子，但为了避免重复，相同成分常被省略掉。但注意，比较对象不能省略。例如:
Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).
He can write as fast as I (can).
He can help you as much as (it is) necessary.
Please come as soon as (is) possible.
在状语从句中，如果从句的主语是it, 谓语是 is, it is 常可省略，有时也单独省略 it。
10．Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries:
这儿有几条关于处理普通创伤的意见:
(1)advice 是不可数名词，表示一条建议用 a piece of advice。
(2)deal with 处理，对付，应付。例如:
That man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难对付。
How are you going to deal with the water pollution of this area?
你们打算怎样处理本地区的水污染问题呢？
注意：do with 的意思和 deal with 基本相同，但用法不尽相同：do with 常和 what 连用，且多由疑问句或由疑问词引导的名词性从句，意为“怎样对待”。试比较:
What will you do with so many letters? = How will you deal with so many letters?
你怎样处理这么多信件？
The boys didn't know what to do with themselves when school ended?
放学后，男孩子们不知怎样打发自己。
11．Keep them on a high shelf out of the reach of children.
把他们放在孩子们够不着的高架子上面。
out of one's reach 是个介词短语，作“够不着”，“拿不到”解，其中的reach 是名词，意为“(手所及的)范围”。同 out of one's reach 相对应的短语是 within one's reach 意为“(在手可取的)范围内”。例如:
Put those bottles out of the reach of children. ( = Put those bottles out of the children's reach.)
请把那些瓶子放在孩子们够不着的地方。
The child likes to have sweets within their reach．
这小孩喜欢把糖果放在他伸手可及的地方。
12．Don't leave small things on the floor or table which a baby can put in its mouth．
不要把小东西丢在地板上或桌子上，以防婴幼儿放入口中。
(1)“leave + 宾语 + 介词短语”构成了 leave 的复合宾语结构。详细讲解已在第三条讲过。
(2)in its mouth 里的 its 是 it 的形容词性物主代词，it以指人，尤指小孩。例如：
Who is this baby? Is it your brother?
13．What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?
如果有人误喝了毒药，你该怎么办?
by mistake 是一个固定词组，意为“错误地”、“无心地(做错了事)”。例如:
Sorry，I have taken your bag by mistake．很抱歉我拿错了你的书包。
14．Make the person throw up. 使这个人呕吐。
throw up 和第五单元学的 bring up 意思相同，作“呕吐”解。又如:
The baby was ill and threw up (brought up) everything he ate．
15．He'll be here in a short while．他一会儿回来。
in a short while = in a short time = very soon，意为“很快”、“一会儿”，while 在这里是名词，作“时间”解。
【重点难点解析】
新知讲解
情态动词 must，should 和 ought to 的意思都是“必须”、“应该”，都可以表示义务或职责。
1．must 的用法
(1)must 表示义务或职责时，语气比 should 和 ought to 重得多。表示说话人强烈的主观意志，要求对方必须服从，不容争辩。例如：
You must be back by twelve o’clock．
must 表示义务或职责，只用于肯定句和疑问句，其否定形式要用 don’t have to 或 don’t need to (needn’t)，意为“无须，不必”。must not 的语气相当强烈，意为“不可，不准”，表示“禁止”、“不准”。例如：
① You mustn't talk in the library．
② -Must I do it now? -No，you________.
A．needn't B．don't have to C．mustn't C．A or B
正确答案是D，不可填 mustn'to。
must 和 have to 的区别在于：must 表示说话人的主观看法，have to 表示外界客观需要，有“不得不”的意思，而且 have to 比 must 有更多的时态。
(2)must 还表示推测，意为“必是，一定”，在语气上要比 may 肯定得多。例如：He hasn’t been here for two days．He must be ill．
(3)“must have + 过去分词”用来表示对过去事情的推测。例如：
It must have rained last night for the ground is wet．
注意：must 表示推测时，其否定形式不是 mustn't，而是 can't (不可能)。例如：
He can't be in the classroom．I saw him playing football just now．
2．should 和 ought to 的用法
(1)should 和 ought to 也表示义务或职责，但语气较弱，有劝告或建议的含义，意为“应该”，但 ought to 的语气比 should 强。例如：
You should study first aid with a teacher．你应该跟老师学习急救。
You ought to drink large quantities of water．你应该大量喝水。
(2)should 和 ought to 两者都表示推断或必然性，意为“按理说，总该”。例如：
She should be in the classroom by now，I think．
If he started at two，he ought to be here by now．
如果他是两点钟出发的话，现在总该到这儿了。
(3)“should (not) have + 过去分词”与“ought (not) to have + 过去分词”两者都表示某事应该做而未曾做或不该发生的事却发生了。例如：
I should have come here early．我本来想早点来这里。
You oughtn’t to have crossed the street when the lights were red．
你本来就不该闯红灯过马路。
(4)should 和 ought to 的否定形式是 shouldn’t 和 oughtn’t to，表示“不该”，语气比 mustn’t 婉转，一般表示说话人认为按常理不应该如此。例如：
You shouldn’t get up if you are badly hurt．如果你伤很得重，就不该起来。
You ought not to write so carelessly．你不应当写得这样潦草。
注意：should 可直接提到主语前表示疑问，但 ought to 变疑问句时，ought 提前，to 则需放在后面的动词原形前。例如：
What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?
如果一个人误喝了毒药，你应该怎么办?
Oughtn't we to give him a chance to try?
我们难道不应该给他一个尝试的机会吗?
旧知归纳
情态动词否定式的辨析
1.-Will you stay for lunch?
-Sorry, ________ My brother is coming to see me． (NMET’99)
A．I mustn’t B．I can’t C．I needn’t D．I won’t
点拨：情态动词否定式的辨析。mustn’t 表禁止；can’t“不能”、“不可以”，表能力、不许可或禁止；needn’t“不必”，表必要性；won’t“绝不”、“绝对不”，表决心。从上下文看“兄弟要来，所以不能”，故选 B。
2．Two years ago，my husband bought me a bicycle．If you live in a town，it is often faster than a car and you ________ worry about parking．
(93上海)
A．must not B．may not
C．should D．don’t have to
点拨：答案D。根据语境可知“不必担心车的停放”问题。don’t have to“不必”, 相当于 needn’t。
3.-Shall I tell John about it?
-No, you ________ I’ve told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
点拨: 答案 A。needn't 不必，没有必要；wouldn't 不愿意；mustn't 不准；shouldn't 不应该。从“I've told him already.” 可知应先 A，“不必”。
高考焦点
情态动词专练：
1. A computer ________ think for itself; it ________ be told what to do.
A. may not; must B. mustn't; might
C. shouldn't; could D. can't; must
2. He's two hours late. What ________ to him?
A. can have happened B. may have happened
C. must have happened D. should have happened
3. I missed the bus, so I ________ go home on foot.
A. must B. need C. may D. had to
4. Hurry up! Our teacher ________ for us in the office now.
A. may be waiting B. can be waiting
C. must be waiting D. will be waiting
5. You ________ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
6. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She ________ it.
A. must receive B. can't receive
C. might receive D. must have received
7. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give
C. should have given D. might give
8. The plant is dead. I ________ it more water.
A. will give B. would have given
C. must give D. should have given
9. The red light is on. I ________ stop.
A. can't B. need
C. must D. don't have to
10. There was plenty of time. You ________.
A. mustn't hurry B. mustn't have hurried
C. needn't hurry D. needn't have hurried
11. -Alice, you feed the bird today, ________?
-But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you
C. didn't you D. don't you
12. -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They ________ be ready by 12: 00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
13. Peter ________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
14. -Could I call you by your first name?
-Yes, you ________.
A. will B. could C. may D. might
15. Michael ________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't B. can't C. should D. may
16. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-It ________ a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
17. Jenny ________ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
18. -Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
- ________.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
19. He ________ without saying goodbye to them, for he always has good manners．
A．mustn't have left B．may not leave
C．shouldn't have left D．couldn't have left
20．-I am sorry that you were late for the meeting．
-You ________ on time this morning．
A．should be B．would be
C．ought to have been D．ought to be
答案：
情态动词专练：
1 - 5 DADCC 6 - 10 DADCD 11 - 15 BBBCB 16 - 20 DBBDC
【常用单词积累】
重点词语讲解
1．hold up 的用法
If it is possible，hold up the part of the body which is bleeding．
如有可能，就把出血的那个部位抬起来。
(1) hold up 在此处作“抬起”、“举起”解：又如：
Hold your hand up if you have any questions．要是你有问题就举手。
Hold up your head! 抬起头来!(意即别垂头丧气!)
此外，hold up 还有以下几种含义：
(2)使……停顿。例如：
The strike held up production for several weeks．罢工使生产停顿了几个星期。
(3)耽搁。例如：
The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather．
恶劣天气把筑路的工作耽搁了。
2．draw 的用法
draw 作为动词，除了作“画”以外，还常有“吸引；不分胜负地结束；提取(金钱)；吸(气)；拖拉；得到结论”等含义。
(1) The football match between the Korean team and the American team was so wonderful that it drew a lot of people，though in the end they drew the match．
尽管这场足球赛韩美两队打平了，但因十分精彩而吸引了许多观众。
(2) I drew money from the bank．我从银行提出钱来。
(3) She drew a deep breath．她深深地吸了一口气。
(4) She drew the curtain．她把窗帘拉上。draw a cart．(动物)拉车。
(5) It was difficult to draw any conclusion from the discussion．那场讨论会很难有什么结果。
重点词语辨析
1．hurt，injure，wound，harm 的区别。
四个词都可以表示“受伤害”，都既可作动词又能作名词，但它们的含义有区别：
(1) hurt 普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。例如：
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident．
那位司机在这次事故中伤得很重。
She hurt her leg when she fell．她跌倒时，一只腿受了伤。
What they said hurt his sister greatly. 他们所说的话大大地伤害了他姐姐。
注意：指肉体上的伤害时，hurt 可与 badly，slightly，seriously 等连用；但若指精神上的创伤，只能用 very much/rather/deeply hurt。
(2) injure 比 hurt 正式。hurt 多指伤痛，而 injure 则指损害健康、成就、容貌等，强调功能的损失。例如：
He injured an arm in a car accident．他在一场车祸中伤了一只手臂。
I hope I didn’t injure her feelings．我希望我没有伤害她的感情。
Drinking can injure one’s health．喝酒对人的健康有害。
(3) wound 主要指外来暴力造成的创伤，尤指刀、箭、枪、战场上等受伤，程度较重，有时也可用于感情上所受的创伤。例如：
The soldier was badly wounded in the right leg．那士兵右腿严重受伤。
The robber wounded him with a knife．那强盗用刀刺伤了他。
(4) harm 用于肉体或精神上的伤害均可，有时可指引起不安或不便，还可用于抽象事物，尤其是指不道德的事情。例如：
Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light．
不要在昏暗的灯光下看书，以免损害眼睛。
Bad books do great harm．不健康的书危害很大。(不能用 hurt )
2．still，quiet，silent，calm
这几个词均表示“冷静”、“平静”，但内涵有别。
(1) still 主要指“静止”、“不动”，可以指环境的安静，也可指姿势保持不动，强调没有动作。例如：
The little girl stood still，except that her lips moved slightly．
那个小女孩一动不动地站着，只是嘴唇微微动了动。
How still everything is! 一切是多么安静啊!
Still waters run deep．静水流深(大智若愚)。
(2) quiet 主要指“安静”，强调没有声音或动作；也指性情温和、安祥、文静或生活悠闲，环境寂静、平静。例如：
He has always lived a quiet life．他一直过着悠闲的生活。
She is a quiet girl．她是个文静的女孩。
(3) silent 指“沉默”，强调不发表意见；也指“寂静”，强调没有声音。例如：
He said he could not keep silent any longer．他说他再也不能保持沉默了。
The hall was silent．大厅内鸦雀无声。
(4) calm“平静”、“镇定”，既可表示外界的安静，又可表示内心的镇静。例如：
He remained calm in face of the danger．面对危险他镇定自若。
The sea was fairly calm，and I could see all about．大海风平浪静，我能看到周围的一切。
【单元口语交际】
表示建议和禁止做某事 Oligation
常用句型
① You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．
② We must carry her to the side of the road．
③ You should/shouldn't do...
④ I ought to go home．
⑤ Don’t do...
⑥ I have to cook supper for my grandmother．
口语示范
A：What’s the matter，John?
B：Ouch! My knees and my hands!
A：You hurt yourself．
C：Let me have a look at your wound．
A：Oh，no．You shouldn’t touch him．
C：What should we do then?
A：Don’t worry． We mustn’t move him now．Otherwise his wound could be worse．Let him stay still．We have to get him some medicine as soon as possible．
C：If necessary，I think we should send him to see a doctor．
A：You are right．
【拓展延伸探究】
技能训练
非 if 条件句表示的虚拟条件
一般来说，在表达虚拟条件时，通常用 if 条件句，其基本句式为：if 条件句 + 主句。主、从句中的时态也是根据时间的不同而不同并相对固定。例如：
If I were you，I would buy a car．(和现在事实相反)
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday，he would have prevented me from going．(和过去事实相反)
但是有时却不用条件句来表示条件，而用其它方式。在各类考试中不断出现这方面的考查。如2001年上海春季高考试题中就有这样一道选择题：
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he ________a goal．
A．had scored B．scored
C．would score D．would have scored
本题意思是：他犹豫了一会儿才踢出这个球，不然他就进球了。其真实含义是：他没有进球。“进球”是虚拟的，但“犹豫了一会儿”是真实的。所以本题还可理解为：如果他不犹豫的话，他就进球了。因此，这里由 otherwise 代替了一个条件句。从 hesitated 的时态可以判定本题表示的是和过去事实相反的含义，故本题答案为 D。本题中用 otherwise 表示条件，这种情况语法上称为“含蓄条件句”。
具体说来，“含蓄条件句”有下列几种情况：
1．用介词短语表示条件。这些介词通常有：without，but for (要不是)等。例如：
Without air and water(If there were no air and water)，all living things on the earth would die．
But for the car accident (If there had not been the car accident)，we would have arrived there much earlier．要不是车祸，我们早就到了。
2．用连词 or，otherwise，but，once，though 等表示条件。例如：
He was taken to hospital at once yesterday，otherwise/or he would have died already．= If he had not been taken to hospital at once yesterday，he would have died already．
昨天他被立即送到了医院，要不然他早就死了。
Einstein cared little for money，though he could have been very rich．= If Einstein had cared much for money，he could have been very rich．
如果爱因斯坦很在乎钱的话，他已经很富有了。
Once lost，it would be very hard to find again．= If it were once lost，it would be very hard to find again．一旦失去了，就不容易再找回。
3．用分词短语表示条件。例如：
Given more time，we could have done the task much better．= If we had been given more time，we could have done the task much better. 如果再给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。
Supposing it should happen，we would have to stay at home．= If it happened/should happen/were to happen，we would have to stay at home．假使那件事发生的话，我们就不得不呆在家里了。
能力培养
如何提高短文改错能力(Ⅱ)
二、句法和行文逻辑错误
此类错误主要表现在：主谓一致；并列结构中的词汇运用；句意逻辑关系和句子的并列或从属关系的错误；词性和词语的准确运用等方面。例如：
(一)主谓一致
1．Each of the boys have got a pen and some paper．(has)
2．Gone is the days when the Chinese people suffered greatly．(are)
(二)并列结构
1．The hard you study，the better you'll study English．(harder)
2．While he was in the office，he preferred doing something to do nothing．
(doing)
(三)句意逻辑关系和句子的并列或从属关系
1．There can be no doubt whether English is．one of the world's widely used languages．(that)
2．None of them do not smoke．A packet of cigarettes will be enough．(All)
(四)词性和词语的准确运用
1．She is the best alive novelist in England．(living)
2．I always thought very high of him．(highly)
以上只是短文改错题中常见的错误类型。要做好短文改错题，不仅要注意单纯的语法或词的错误，还要注意篇章结构上的错误。在很多情况下，判断错误不能只从某个词本身，甚至不能从一个句子本身去看，而是从上下文及整篇文章去判断。只有通晓全文的内容和结构，才能答好短文改错。
【课本习题解答】
Lesson 31
4 Practice
该练习是练习情态动词的基本用法。参考答案如下：
1. should/must 2. have to/must 3. need not/don't have to 4. should/ought to
5. do not have to 6. must/have to 7. should not/ought not to/mustn't
8. must not/should not 9. must not 10. should/ought to
5 Practice
该练习是复习be able to,have to 的用法。参考答案如下:
1. was not able 2. will be able 3. were not able 4. will have 5. had
6. If it rains tomorrow, we won't be able to go to the park.
7. We weren't able to get the tickets for the concert, so we returned home early.
8. My brother was bitten by a dog, so we had to take him to hospital.
9. If you fall into the pool, you will have to swim to the bank.
10. If you do not feel better tomorrow, you will not have to attend that meeting.
Lesson 32
2 Writing
该练习是根据答语写出问句。参考答案如下：
1. Were you able to go everywhere you wanted?
2. Did you have/need to take medicines with you?
3. Did you have to take(all the) food with you?
4. Did you have to walk all the way?
3 Writing
根据本单元所学的急救知识，请向你的朋友介绍有关这方面的知识。参考答案如下：
Dear Tom,
I have just spent 2 months learning how to do first aid. We had to learn three important things if someone had an accident. First, when a person stops breathing, open his/her mouth and see if there is food at the back of his/her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breath, do your best to start his/her breathing at once, using a mouth - to - mouth way. Third, if a person is injured badly, try at once to stop the bleeding. Then take him/her to a hospital.
Soon we were able to know how to deal with common injuries. When a person is bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water before he/she is taken to see a doctor. When a person is burnt, wash and cool the area of the skin under the cold tap for a while. Then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the burn.
I hope you will enjoy the lesson. You will have to practise it with your teacher many times. And then you will be able to give first aid to someone who is in need of help.
Best wishes !
John
Checkpoint 8
这个单元是学习情态动词 must, mustn't, should, shouldn't, ought to 的用法
★ 主谓一致讲与练
★ 高二数学知识点
★ 高二历史知识点
