主谓短语

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这里小编给大家分享一些主谓短语(共含4篇),方便大家学习。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“之洁晴”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。

主谓短语

篇1:英语里主谓短语结构解析

主谓短语也叫做独立主格、独立结构或独立主格结构。它的构成是:

名词/代词+动词

叫它“短语”而不是“句子”,因此,其中的动词必须用“非谓语”动词的形式,否则就是“主谓句子”了,这一点无疑是了解短语最重要的一点了。

那么最后的构成是这样的:

名词/代词+非谓语动词

1、名词/代词+现在分词

Mary coming back, they discussed it together.

如果不用主谓短语,就需要两个句子来表达同样一句话:

Mary came back. They discussed it together.

The train arriving at Platform 8 is the 17.50from London.

如果不用主谓短语,就需要两个句子来表达同样一句话:

The train arrived at Platform 8. The train is the17.50 from London.

或者用定语从句来表达:

The train which arrived at Platform 8 is the 17.50 from London.

2、名词/代词+不定式

Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day.

No house to live in, the beggar had to sleep in the cave.

I sent you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year.

3、名词/代词+过去分词

The system used in this school is very successful.

He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons finished for the day.

注意:(逻辑)主语和谓语有被动的意思

4、主系表短语

His stomach (being) empty, he looked for something to eat when he came back.

注:上面的(逻辑)表语是形容词

Class (being) over, the students rushed out of the class.

注:上面的(逻辑)表语是副词

He came out of the library, a thick dictionary (being) under his arm.

注:上面的(逻辑)表语是介宾短语

with/without 独立结构

John received an invention to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.

Without his work finished, John got home late.

They sit in small circles in the square, with their babies on the backs, completely uninterested in the tourists.

公众号:英语语法教程

篇2:主谓一致高中英语语法与短语

主谓一致高中英语语法

一 主谓一致概念

一、主谓一致概念:

主谓一致,即谓语动词的单复数要和主语保持一致。一般来说,如果主语是单数形式,那么谓语动词要用单数;如果主语是复数形式,那么谓语动词要用复数。但是,也会出现一些特殊情况,这就是我们要总结的。

二 主谓一致类型

1. 不可数名词看成单数,因此谓语动词要用单数形式。不可数名词有很多,比如空气、水、重量、长度、金钱等等。

(1) Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum.

(2) About 20 percent of the work was done yesterday.

第一个句子里,钱即使再多,也只是一笔数目,所以看成单数;第二个句子里,work是不可数的,这个要注意,在英语里,我们把job看成可数名词,但是work看成不可数名词,不可数名词的前提下,不论讲它的几分之几,还是百分之多少,都仍然是不可数。

2. 主语从句看成单数。

That they were wrong in these matters is now clear to us all.

这句话里有两个动词,一个是were,另一个是is,一个句子只能有一个动词,所以这里肯定嵌入了一个从句,我们会发现That they were wrong in these matters是个整体,充当整个句子里的主语,所以是主语从句。我们把主语从句看成单数,所以这里用的is。

3. 就前原则

就前原则,指的是动词单复数看这个词前面的名词单复数情况。as well as, with, along with, together with都遵循就前原则。具体我们来看以下例句:

(1) E-mail, as well as telephones, plays an important part in daily communication.

(2) A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.

第一句话的意思是邮件和电话在日常沟通中有重要作用。按照意思上,感觉讲的是两个东西,动词要用复数,但是as well as是就前原则,动词要看as well as前面的名词的单复数情况,这句话里as well as前面是E-mail,是单数,因此动词用单数plays。第二句话的意思是一个有着五千本书的图书馆被当作礼物赠给一个国家。这句话里有with,也是就前原则,动词单复数看with前面的名词单复数,这句话里with前面是a library,因此用单数is offered.

4. 就近原则

就近原则,和就前原则相反,指句子里动词单复数要看离动词最近的名词单复数情况。either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…都是遵循就前原则,下面我们来看些例句进行理解:

(1) Either you or I am going to the teachers' office after class.

(2) Not only Tom but also his wife is fond of watching television.

第一句话里有either…or…,因此句子里的动词要看离动词最近的名词,最近的名词是 I,因此动词要用am。第二句里有not only…but also…,因此要看离动词最近的名词,本句里是his wife,是单数,所以要用is,即使意思翻译起来是“不仅他,而且他老婆也爱看电视”。

5. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数,意义是复数,谓语动词应用复数。

(1) The police are searching for a thief.

(2) The cattle are eating grass on the hill.

第一句话其实说的是警察这个队伍在搜查一个贼,但是police是单复数同形,所以看上去像单数,而实际上是复数;第二句话cattle是表示整个牛群,但是由于单复数同形,所以会看不出来,其实意思表示整个牛群在山上吃草。

三 剑桥真题例句

1. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once.(C9P23L25)

分析:钱不可数,即使它的很多也不可数,不可数我们就看成单数,因此动词用is。

2. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.(C9P87L5)

分析:虽然she是和丈夫皮埃尔•居里以及Henri一起获得了19的诺贝尔物理学奖,但是由于有with,而with是就前原则,因此动词单复数跟着with前的名词走,这句话其实顺序有调整,改成我们习惯的句式是:she with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics.这样是不是就看出来了?

3. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern.(C8P47L16)

分析:有些名词单复数同行,即单复数形式一样。同样的词还有people和sheep。

4. How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples.(C8P94L13)

分析:这句话有两个动词,分别是be和is,一句话不能同时出现两个动词,有的话说明里面嵌入了一个从句。这句话里,从how到service整个从句在整句话中充当主语,因此是主语从句,我们把主语从句看成单数,因此用了is。

5. Not only we but also he has seen it.(由于剑桥和九分达人里没有,我们引用了《中考一本解决方案》中的句子。P89)

分析:not only…but also…遵循就近原则,即动词单复数看离它最近的主语,这里he是离动词最近的主语,所以要用单数,所以不是have seen,而是用has seen。

高考必背的英语短语

101. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然

102. for a change换换环境(花样等)

103. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有…

104. in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事) in the charge of …由…管

105. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)

106. charge…for 因…索取(费用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有…

107. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 昼夜不停地

108. comment on 评论

109. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱;commit one's idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来;commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论

110. in common (和…)有共同之处,共用。be common to sb. 是与某人所共有的

111. keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好。

112. compare…with … 把…与…比较

113. compare…to… 把…比作…

114. by comparison 比较起来

115. in comparison with (=in contrast to) 和…比起来

116. compensate for (=give sth. to make up for) 补偿, 赔偿,弥补 compensate sb. for sth. 赔偿,弥补

117. complain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情;complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…;complain (抱怨);complement (补充);compliment (恭维)

118. comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.) 遵守, 依从

119. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想

120. concentrate on (or upon) 集中,专心

121. be concerned with (=about) 与…有关

122. concern oneself about with 关心

123. in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点;at the conclusion of 当…结束时;

124. condemn sb. to 判决

125. on condition that (=if)以…为条件, 假如。in that = because因为;now that = since既然 for all that = although 尽管

126. in out of condition (=thoroughly healthy or fit not fit) 健康状况好不好 . in good (bad) condition处于良好(坏)状态

127. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong)承认, 供认;confess to a crime 承认罪行。

128. confide in (=to talk freely to sb. about one's secret) 对…讲真心话, 依赖

129. in confidence 推心置腹地;with confidence 满怀信心地;have confidence in 对…有信心

130. confidence in sb. sth. 对…的信赖

131. be confident of 有信心;confidential 机密的

132. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内

133. confirm sb. in 使某人更坚定(信念等)

134. conform to (=be in agreement with, comply with) 符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从;2) observe;3)comply with照…办;4)keep to遵循;5)abide by服从;6)stick to按……做

135. be confronted with(=be brought face to face with) 面对, 面临

136. congratulate sb. on 祝贺

137. in connection with(=with regard to)关于

138. be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道

139. consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意

140. in consequence (=as a result) 结果

141. in consequence of (=as a consequence of)由于…的结果

142. under consideration 在考虑中

143. in consideration of (=in return for, on account of, because of )由于

144. on no consideration(in no case)无论如何也不

145.take…into consideration (=take account of, take…into account)考虑到, 把 …考虑进去

146. considerate (=thoughtful of the needs) 体贴的, 考虑他人需要的, considerable相当大的,值得考虑的

147. consist of(=be composed of)由…组成的。consist in主要在于。consist with符合,与…一致

148. be consistent with(=be in agreement with)与…一致。be consistent in一贯的

149. consult sb. on about sth. 向…征求…方面的意见, 就…向…请教

150. to one's heart's content尽情地,痛痛快快

篇3:高中英语语法主谓一致与常见短语

高中英语语法专题主谓一致

一. 就近原则:在 not only…but also, not…but , neither…nor , either…or , there be… 句型中,谓语动词由相邻的主语来确定。

例: 1.Not only they but also I am going to collect money for the Hope Project.

2.Either you or Jack is about to take the place of the manager.

二. 集合名词做主语,指成员时,谓语用复数;指团体,组织时,谓语用单数:如:class , team, group, family, audience(听众), government, company, crowd, public, enemy, committee(委员会) 等。

例: 1.The class are busy working on the exercises at the moment .

2.The team was an excellent one in the 25th Olympic Games .

三. 当两个名词用 with, together with, as well as, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, along with, including, like 等连接起来做主语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

例: 1.Jackie, with his parents, intends to set out for Europe on business next week.

2.The son, rather than his parents, is responsible for the fire accident.(对火灾事故负责的是儿子而不是父母)

四. 当 each, neither, either 以及由 every, any, no, some 与 one, body, thing 构成的不定代词做主语时,谓语动词用单数。

例: 1.Each of the girls is fond of pop music in her class.

2.Someone is expecting you at the school gate .

但 none 做主语时谓语用单复数都行。

例: None of them are / is interested in local music.

另外:当 every, each, no 做定语时,即使用and 连接两个主语,谓语也用单数。

例: 1.Each student is preparing for the final examination now.

2.Every boy and every girl is proud of the result of the experiment.

3.No teacher and no student is admitted to enter the place .

4.They each have an English dictionary .(此句中each 做同位语,谓语由主语they确定)

五.当主语表示时间,重量,距离,价格时,谓语动词用单数。

例: 1.Five hundred dollars is quite enough for the return voyage (返航)。

2.Seven kilometers was covered in two hours .

但算式做主语时,谓语用单数,复数都可以。

例: 1.Four times five is / are twenty. ( Four times five make /makes twenty .)

六. 当主语是一个从句,不定式或动名词时,谓语一般用单数。但由 and 连接两个不定式或动名词时,动词则用复数,表示不同的两件事。

例: 1.whether he succeeds or fails doesn't concern me . (他成功或失败与我无关)

2.Swimming in the Yangtze River needs great courage.

3.To say something is one thing, to do it is another.

4.To play basketball and to go swimming are of great use for character-training.

另外:当 what, all (that) 或such 引导的句子做主语时,谓语用单数或复数应看后面的表语来确定.

例: 1.What he wants is some advice on how to learn English, while what he looks forward to are some English dictionaries.

2.All that they ask for are vegetables, fruits , quilts and clothes .

3.Such are the things I often do in a day.

4.Such is my best friend Mary.

七. 当一个复数名词用做书名,人名,学科名或报刊名时,谓语用单数。

例: 1.Guiliver's Travels is a novel written by Jonathan Swift .( 格列佛游记 )

2.The Times is a very helpful newspaper for our studies . (泰晤士报)

八. 定语从句的关系代词在从句中充当主语时,从句的谓语应与先行词保持一致。

例: 1.She is the only one of the students who has passed the examination.

2.They told us something about the houses which were built in the 1540's / 1540s.

九. 在强调句中,强调主语时,后面的动词还是由被强调的主语来确定。

例: 1.I am in the search for my missing gold ring .

其强调句为: It is I who am in the search for my missing gold ring .

十.几种较为特殊的主语与谓语的一致。

A. 当and 与 both…and …连接两个主语时,一般用复数的谓语。但如果由and并列的两个主语是指同一人时,此时后面一个主语没有冠词,其谓语用单数,表示一 个人具有双重身份。若后一个名词前有冠词,则表示两个人,谓语则用复数。

例: 1.The teacher and writer is giving the boys a very wonderful lecture .

2.The teacher and the singer are talking in the hall.

B. “ the +形容词 / 分词 ”做主语表一类人时,谓语一般用复数;但 the rest 要看它代表的东西来确定。

例: 1.The wounded are being done first aid beside the road now .

2..She has taken some of the vegetables. The rest are still on the table .

3.He has eaten up some of the cheese . The rest has gone bad .

4.The rest of the story was wonderfully moving and I was moved to tears

C. many 修饰主语时,谓语用复数。但 “many a… , more than one +单数名词”(意为“不只一个”),虽说具有复数意义,但谓语仍用单数。

例: 1.Many students have made that mistake before .

2.Many a student has made that mistake before .

3.More than one student has made that mistake before .

D. 当trousers, shoes, glasses, clothes, socks, gloves等由两个部分构成的物品做主语时, 谓语一般用复数。但若与 a pair of, a kind of 等连用时,谓语用单数。

例: 1.His trousers are torn into pieces in the bike accident .

2.This pair of trousers belongs to my sister . Mine are being washed .

主谓一致专练

1.----_______ either he or I proud of the job ?

-----Neither he nor you __________.

A. Am, are B. Is, are C. Are, are D. Am, is

2. A knife and fork ______ lying on the floor .

A. was seen B. were seen C. see D. sees

3.The factory, including its equipments and buildings ,____burnt last night .

A. is B. are C. was D. were

4 .I, who _____ your close friend, will share your joys and sorrows ( 悲伤).

A. was B. are C. is D. am

5. Over 70 percent of the population in this province _______ farmers .

A. is B. are C. has D. have

6. Some person ______asking for you at the entrance to the cinema .

A. will be B. is being C. is D. are

7.The rest of the novel _______ very wonderful and instructive .

A. were B. are C. is D. seem

8.Every means ______ tried, but there is no absolute result yet.

A. have been B. has been C. will be D. were

9.What I want ______ an interesting book while what he expects _____ two cups of coffee .

A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are

10.A teacher, together with four students, ______ sent to help with this research the next week .

A. was B. has C. were D. are

11.He lost one of the books which ______borrowed from the library yesterday.

A. were B. was C. had D. have

12.Jack,as well as his relatives and friends, ________a party at home now.

A. are having B. is have C. is holding D. are holding

13.The 26th Olympic Games ______ held successfully .

A. is B. will be C. are D. were

14.All but the one that asked for leave yesterday ______ here just now.

A. is B. was C. has been D. were

15.On each side of the road ________ a lot of tall trees .

A. stands B. is standing C. grow D. is growing

16.Three hours with your old friends________ to be a short time .

A. seem B. seems C. is seeming D. has seemed

17.When and where to build the new first aid center _______ yet.

A. hasn't been decided B. doesn't decided

C. haven't been decided D. aren't decided

18.The United Nations _________ in 1959 .

A. were found B. were founded C. was found D. was founded

19.Each teacher and each scientist _______ invited to take part in the conference.

A. are B. was C. has D. were

20.One and a half apples _______ left on the table .

A. are B. is C. has D. have

(参考答案:BACDB CCBAA ACDDC BADBA/B )

高考英语必背的短语

51. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起。

52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做…

53. arrive on 到达;arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到达某地(大地方);

54. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以… 为羞耻

55. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信。

56. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten;join) 缚, 系 ,结

57. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做…

58. attend to (=give one's attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料

59. attitude to toward …对…的态度。看法

60. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把……归因于……, 认为……是……的结果

61. on the average (=on average, on an average)平均

62. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道。

63. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面

64. in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on one's back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起。

65. at one's back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护;have sb. at one 's back 有…支持, 有…作后台

66. turn one's back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃

67. behind one's back 背着某人(说坏话)

68. be based on upon 基于

69. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上

70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢

71. begin with 以…开始。to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)

72. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义

73. believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth.sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰。

74. benefit (from) 受益,得到好处。

75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)

76. for the better 好转

77. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过。

78. by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;give birth to 出生

79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上

80. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作)

81. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机

82. boast of (or about) 吹嘘

83. out of breath 喘不过气来

84. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之

85. in bulk 成批地,不散装的

86. take the floor 起立发言

87. on business 出差办事。

88. be busy with sth.于某事 . be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事

89. last but one 倒数第二。

90. but for (=without) 要不是。表示假设

91. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买

92. be capable of 能够, 有能力 be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的

93. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost , whatever happens;anyhow)无论如何

94. in case (=for fear that) 万一;

95. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一 in the case of 至于…, 就…而言

96. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)

97. be cautious of 谨防

98. center one's attention on(=focus one's attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上

99. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定。

100. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地

篇4:试论结构助词之在主谓短语中的使用(教师中心稿)

试论结构助词之在主谓短语中的使用(教师中心稿)

(河北省唐山市开滦第二中学  063100)

摘要  “之”是古代汉语中一个颇为活跃的虚词,“之”作为结构助词,可以加在主谓短语的中间,取消主谓短语的句子独立性,使之可以在句中充当单句的句子成分或复句的分句。找出其中的规律,对提高古文阅读水平有重要意义。

关键词  结构助词 之 主谓短语 使用

主谓短语可以充当单句的句子成分或复句的分句,这一点古今并无差别。不同的是,在现代汉语中,主谓短语充当单句的句子成分或复句的分句时,主谓之间不加辅助性的结构助词;但在文言文中,常在主谓之间加上一个结构助词“之”。这是因为主谓短语可以独立成句,加上古文又不加标点符号,如果主谓短语充当了单句的句子成分或复句的分句,又没有相应的助词作为标志,读者断句自然比较困难。而加在主谓之间的“之”就可以起到这样一个作用:取消主谓短语的句子独立性,表明这个主谓短语充当了句子成分或复句的分句。因此,主谓之间的“之”字可以看作是主谓短语充当单句的句子成分或复句的分句的标志。这个标志性的结构助词,在一定程度上弥补了没有标点符号的缺陷,降低了古文断句的难度。

对于结构助词“之”在主谓短语中的作用,我们比较容易接受。但结构助词“之”是一个相当活跃的虚词,它在主谓短语中的使用情况非常复杂。一般读者在阅读中,常常不愿意深究“之”的语法意义,要么肤浅地理解,要么错误地理解,甚至干脆跳过去,难免出现文意的阻塞。而在难点问题上,注家又各执己见,让读者无所适从;如是注解不当,更会误导读者。如果读者能够找出结构助词“之”在主谓短语中的使用规律,就可以做到以简驭繁,从而有效提高中学生的古文阅读水平。本文试做一下这方面的探索。

用于主谓短语的结构助词“之”的语法意义就在于辅助主谓短语完成其语法功能,可以从两大方面讨论:

一、“之”加在主谓短语的主谓之间,使其在句子中充当主语或宾语

1、加“之”的主谓短语充当单句的主语,例如:

(1)天之弃商久矣。(《左传僖公二十二年》)

(2)甚矣,汝之不惠。(《列子汤问》

(3)贡之不入,寡君之罪也。(《左传僖公四年》)

在这三例中,加“之”的主谓短语“天之弃商”、“汝之不惠”、“贡之不入”分别充当了各句的主语,“之”字不必翻译。其中例(2)是一个主谓倒装句,“甚矣”是全句的谓语,放在开头,是为了强调谓语,正常语序应为“汝之不惠甚矣”,“甚”在这里是形容词,可译为“厉害”,但全句若直译为“你不聪明太厉害了”,语意不通,可灵活译作:“你太不聪明了。”

2、加“之”的主谓短语充当单句的宾语,如:

(4)寡人不知其力之不足也,而又与大国执仇。(《国语勾践灭吴》)

(5)不患人之不己知,患其不能也。(《论语宪问》)

(6)众士慕仰,若水之归海。(《资治通鉴赤壁之战》)

在这三例中,加“之”的主谓短语“其力不足”“人之不己知”“水之归海”分别充当动词“知”“患”“弱”的宾语,“之”字不译。如例(4)可译作:我(越王勾践)不知道自己的'力量不够,而又和大国结下仇怨。

3、值得注意的是,有时候,“之”不是加在主谓之间,而是加在主语和介宾短语之间,改变其句子的结构关系,主语和介宾短语组成新的短语。例如:

(7)寡人之于国也,尽心焉耳矣。(《孟子梁惠王上》)

(8)夫吴之与越也,仇雠敌战之国也。(《国语勾践灭吴》)

(9)今秦之与齐也,犹齐之于路也。(《史记张仪列传》)

去掉例(7)、例(8)中的“之”字,我们可以发现,“寡人”和“吴”在全句中充当主语,介宾短语“于国”和“与越”在句中充当状语(谓语的一部分);加上“之”后,全句的结构就发生了变化,两个特殊形式的短语,也就是主语和介宾短语组成的新短语“寡人之于国”和“吴之与越”充当了全句的主语,这种句式有强调语势的作用。在翻译时,不妨还原句子的本来面目,也就是去掉“之”字,让特殊短语中的主语充当全句的主语,介宾短语充当全句的状语。如例(7)可译为:我对于自己的国家算是尽心了。在例(9)中,“秦之与齐”作全句的主语,“齐之与鲁”作动词“犹”的宾语。

二、“之”用于充当复句的分句的主谓短语中,表示语意未完,让听者或读者等待下文。可以分为两种情况:

1、加“之”的主谓短语充当复句的分句,例如:

(1)若事之不济,此乃天也。(《资治通鉴赤壁之战》)

(2)虽我之死,有子存焉。(《列子汤问》)

(3)父母之爱子,则为之计深远。(《战国策赵策》)

以上三个复句中,加“之”的主谓短语“事之不济”“我之死”“父母之爱子”充当了复句的分句。三个复句都使用了连词,不同之处在于前二例的连词用在前一分句的开头,后一例的连词用在后一分句的开头。例(1)是假设复句,使用了连词“若”;例(2)是让步复句,使用了连词“虽”;例(3)是假设复句,在后一分句的开头使用了连词“则”。这些连词可以帮助我们比较容易地前后分句的关系,但有时上下分句没有使用连词,则需根据上下文判断它们的关系,如:

(4)皮之不存,毛将焉附?(《左传僖公十四年》)

(5)邻之厚,君之薄也。(《左传僖公三十年》)

在例(4)中,加“之”的主谓短语“皮之不存”充当了复句的前一分句;在例(5)中,加“之”的主谓短语“邻之厚”“君之薄”分别充当了复句的前后分句。这两个复句均未使用表示复句关系的连词,根据上下文意,可知例(4)是假设复句,例(5)是转折复句,在翻译时,我们可以根据上下文意补充出相应的连词,使语意贯通,如例(4)可译为:如果皮不存在了,那么毛将附着在哪里呢?例(5)可译为:邻国的力量增强了,但您的力量却削弱了。

2、加“之”的主谓短语还可以充当表示时间的分句,这种分句一般放在句子开头,并在分句的末尾加“也”表示停顿,它的作用是为下文交代的内容提供时间背景。例如:

(6)臣之壮也,犹不如人。(《左传僖公十四年》)

(7)媪之送燕后也,持其踵,为之泣。(《战国策赵策》)

(8)夫专诸之刺王僚也,慧星袭月;聂政之刺韩傀也,白虹贯日;要离之刺庆忌也,苍鹰击于殿上。(《战国策魏策》)

第(5)句中的“臣之壮”,第(6)句的“媪之送燕后”,第(7)句的“专诸之刺王僚”“聂政之刺韩傀”“要离之刺庆忌”分别充当了各句的时间分句。像这种时间分句,翻译时要在末尾加上“的时候”,这样就从时间上明确了时间分句的性质,使上下文意顺畅。比如第(6)句可译作:我年轻的时候,尚且比不上别人。用这种时间分句表示时间背景,在先秦时期是很常见的,而像《庄子养生主》“始臣解牛之时,所见无非牛也”,既在主谓之间用“之”字,又说“之时”,反而并不多见。

以上所说的加“之”的主谓短语,其主语多是名词。如果这个名词已经在前面出现,后面常用一个代词“其”来指代它。又因为“其”作为代词,主要用作定语,本身就包含着一个“之”字,就是说,“其”相当于名词加助词“之”,“其”字和后面的词语所组成的短语就相当于一个加“之”的主谓短语,功能也大致相当。例如:

(9)不患人之不己知,患其不能也。(《论语宪问》)

(10)孟子,吾见师之出不见师之入也。(《左传崤之战》)

(11)宋人有曹商者,为宋王使秦。曹商之往也,得车数乘。(《庄子列御寇》)

例(8)中的“其”指代前面的“己”,“其不能”相当于“己之不能”,作动词“患”的宾语。例(9)的“其”指代更加明确,前面说“师之出”,后面说“其入”,“其入”等于说“师之入”,作动词“见”的宾语。例(10)的“其往”等于说“曹商之往”,在句子中充当表示时间背景的分句。

2002年1月

参考文献:

【1】王力《古代汉语》第一、二册,中华书局1981年版。

【2】白兆麟《简明文言语法》,河北教育出版社1985年版。

(本文获2003年河北省基础教育创新论文比赛一等奖)

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