下面是小编为大家准备的托福阅读题怎么应对呢（共含8篇），欢迎阅读借鉴。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“我不是女侠”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读题怎么应对
正误判断题(True or False)是考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断什么信息是正确的，什么信息是错误的或文章中没有提到的。考生的任务是在文章中找到相关信息，从而证实四个选项中有三个是正确的，并且/或者有一个选项是错误的。
例题：
…Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters, and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense…
The passage discusses applied-art objects in relation to all of the following EXCEPT
A. the techniques used in their construction
B. the ways they have been classified
C. their function
D. the universality of the laws that govern them
[解析]
正误判断题实际上也是在考察考生理解文章主要信息的能力，从这一点来讲是与Factual Information(事实信息题)相似的，两种题型存在的差异就在于正误判断题是要求考生从四个选项中筛选出与文章不符或文章中没有提到的信息。
仔细阅读这一段，我们发现这一段主要是在讨论1，在过去，人们常常是根据功能来区分手工艺术品的，从而产生了“applied arts(应用艺术品)”这一概念;2，从功能的角度来区分手工艺术品，可以把它们分为收纳物(container)、遮蔽物(shelter)、支撑物(support);3，应用艺术品受到laws of physics的限定，不仅限定了制作这些艺术品的材料也限定了他们所收纳的、遮蔽的、支撑的物体。这些laws是防止四海皆准的，在任何文化信仰、世界的任何地方和任何一种气候条件都是一样的。比如如果一个没有底的罐子或是一个在旁边开口的罐子，就很难被定一位是收纳物。
整个段落都没有提及建造这些艺术品所使用的技术，所以A是文章中没有提到的，为正确答案。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.
Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants;others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, thePomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups madeall their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft,around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — aprocess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tightwrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease andfrequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.
Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.
If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways.
1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets
from baskets of other groups?
(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs
(B) The unusual geometric
(C) The absence of decoration
(D) The rare materials used
2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) maintain
(B) organize
(C) trade
(D) create
3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT
(A) shells
(B) feathers
(C) leaves
(D) bark
4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?
(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.
(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.
(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.
(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.
5. The word others in line 9 refers to
(A) masters
(B) baskets
(C) pendants
(D) surfaces
6. According to the passage , a weft is a
(A) tool for separating sedge root
(B) process used for coloring baskets
(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp
(D) pattern used to decorate baskets
7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?
(A) bullrush
(B) willow
(C) sedge
(D) redbud
8. The word article in line 17 is close in meaning to
(A) decoration
(B) shape
(C) design
(D) object
9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the
relationship between
(A) bullrush and coiling
(B) weft and warp
(C) willow and feathers
(D) sedge and weaving
10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) combinations
(B) limitations
(C) accessories
(D) basic elements
11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) systematic
(B) beautiful
(C) different
(D) compatible
12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the
passage ?
(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the
Pomo people.
(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.
(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.
(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.
PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.
Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.
The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.
A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.
1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) changing
(B) traveling
(C) describing
(D) destroying
2. The word which in line 5 refers to
(A) clouds
(B) oceans
(C) continents
(D) compounds
3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water
(A) precipitating onto the ground
(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state
(C) evaporating from the oceans
(D) being carried by wind
4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to
(A) determine the size of molecules of water
(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding
(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans
(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers
5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed
in the third paragraph?
(A) The potential energy contained in water
(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds
(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents
(D) The relative size of the water storage areas
6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) significance
(B) method
(C) swiftness
(D) reliability
7. The word they in line 24 refers to
(A) insoluble ions
(B) soluble ions
(C) soils
(D) continents
8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT
(A) magnesium
(B) iron
(C) potassium
(D) calcium
9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) relationship
(B) growth
(C) influence
(D) effectiveness
PASSAGE 2 AACCD CABD
托福阅读题怎么应对
托福阅读句子插入题如何应对?解题关键思路技巧精讲
托福阅读句子插入提解题核心分析
句子插入题解题核心就在于要把待插入句子放在方框内，使得它能和上下文衔接得当。如何做到上下文衔接得当?其一：句意。其二：逻辑。如果待插入句子中出现代词加名词短语，我们一定在原文中找到这个代词的指代;如果文中只有一处合适，答案就是那句话的后面;如果有两处以上符合，那么我们就观察一下这句话中有没有逻辑关系词，我们一定要确定这句话和上文逻辑关系正确。
托福阅读插入题实例介绍
Paragraph 6:■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths andwater is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most ofthe muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.■In fact , tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keepfrom sinking, since most have largely or complete ly lost the swim bladder, thegas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Look at the foursquares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to thepassage.
Consequently,tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
待插入句子中出现名词：tuna，我们不难发现，这段就是围绕tuna来写的，所以考虑逻辑关系词：consequently，表明上文提到了原因，下文应该是吞拿鱼不吸水的后果。我们在第二个方框后看到accordingly，这个词也是表示结果，后面说到“它们丢失了大部分用于吸水的肌肉”，所以这道题很好做了，逻辑简单，肯定是不吸水在先，然后才会丢失肌肉，所以答案是B。
托福阅读材料练习：珍惜时间
if the real work that needs doing is offline， disable the internet for an
hour at a time.
如果这件事情不需要上网就可以完成，把网断掉。
turn email checks into an hourly habit， not an “as the box gets mail”
habit.
延长查看电子邮件的周期。
don’t answer your cell phone when working on something important. call back
later.
如果手头的工作很重要，工作期间不要接电话，回头再打过去就是了。
if you can’t work at work， negotiate finding a new place to get things
done.
如果你的工作环境让你不能工作，换个没人打扰的地方。
television means： “i don’t need this time and it doesn’t matter to me.”
(almost always. really.)
看电视意味着“这段时间我浪费了也无所谓”。
budget your entertainment time vs. production time. never cheat the other.
托福阅读中的语法知
一、代词
在英语中，为使表达简洁，常用代词指代句中出现过的名词。代词和指代对象在人称和数方面保持一致。如出现Mary，则代词只能是she(主格)或her(宾格);如指代对象是students，则代词只能是they(主格)或them(宾格)。这只是代词指代的基本常识。
二、形容词
形容词修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。形容词是修饰回答像“what kind of” 或 “which?” 或 “whose?” 这类的问题。在使用时要注意与副词的区分。
1)以-ly结尾的形容词：friendly， deadly， lovely， lonely， likely， lively， ugly， brotherly
2)以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词：daily， weekly， monthly， yearly， early
三、副词
副词通常修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。(它也可以修饰另一个副词或一个形容词，但是这种情况托福阅读考试里是比较少见的。)副词经常回答“how?”
正确的位置：
1) 在动词之前;在be动词、助动词之后。
2) 有多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
3) 方式副词well， badly， hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well。
另外，
1) 副词very可修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
I very like English. (×)
I like English very much. (√)
2) 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
四、主谓一致
在英语句子里谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
五、比较
当比较两个事物时，用比较级，也就是-er形式或者用修饰词less和more。当比较多于两个以上的事物时，用级，也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修饰。
六、双重否定
在很多语言里.双重否定是正确的(如汉语)。而在英语里，双重否定是错误的。留意像“not none”，“hardly none”和“not never”这样的双重否定。
七、并列结构
并列在一起的一系列的词或词组必须使用同样的形式。例如，你不能说：“I was smiling，laughing and flirted.”而应该说：“I was smiling，laughing and flirting.”这种结构里的一系列的词或词组可以是名涧、动词、形容词或者副词。
八、措辞错误
措辞错误讲的是常常被用错的词、这些词包括its/it's，affect/effect，lie/lay等其它词。措辞错误会令读者困饶。如果你在作文里犯了—个这样的错误，考官会马上注意到。如果你不能确定如问用这些的词的话,就不用它们。可是如果你知道如何用它们，那就放心地用，考官将会对你有深刻的印象。
九、介词和介词短语
记忆并学会识别像of这些常用介问。某些介词总是能够和某些词共同构成词组。例如，可以说：you have a percentage of something，而不能说：a percentage with something.介词引导介词短语,(像of the mountains或down the
street)。考生要会辨认介词短语,这样你可以在辨别主谓是否一致时不受介词短语的干扰。介词后面经常跟着以ng结尾的词(这些词叫做动名词——gerunds)，例如He won by running faster.
托福阅读材料练习
平衡你的娱乐和工作时间。
examine every opportunity along the lines of time vs. projects already
underway.
时时检查你的时间安排和现在已经进行中的项目。
try working part of your day in “off-hour” times， to get more done with
fewer people around.
以小时为单位划分你的工作时间，用更少的人做更多的事情。
专心的窍门
write your goals clearly. post them in eyeball view of where you work
most.
清楚的写下你的目标。放在你的眼皮底下。
spend time with focused people. meet and befriend those who are where you
want to be.
多和专心工作的人在一起。
consume as much material about your prime focus as you can budget.
尽量把资源用在主要目标上，把时间花在刀刃上。
analyze your past experiences. be clear. list your successes. examine your
failures.
回顾总结以往的成功和失败经验。
stay true to a particular vision of what you want to do.
清楚明白你想要得到的是什么。
don’t give up too early.
不要太容易放弃。
envision your success. write about it. then read that daily or weekly.
想象一下成功后的样子，写下来，每天读读。
learn how to “chunk.” hit each milestone and move to the next. be
methodical.
学会把大事划分为几个阶段，完成一个阶段，再进入下一个。
develop habits around success and drive.
养成好习惯。
recharge your batteries with good sleep and food.
吃好睡足。
develop your relationship with your family. it nourishes the other goals.
维持家庭关系。这是你完成其它工作的保障。
托福阅读高分必知的策略
一：控制时间、全篇把握
新托福考试的阅读部分约为60分钟，包括3篇文章，总分为42至45分。每个650到750个单词，每个对应11到13个问题。问题类型包括：图表问题，章节摘要问题(选择可以从给定选项中总结文章内容的句子)，转换措辞问题，词汇问题(在特定情境中)，引用关系问题，简化句子问题，插入文本问题，事实信息问题，推理问题，修辞问题和否定排除问题(例如，正确排除以下项目)。在完成答案的过程中，考生可以使用“复习”功能即时找出未答复的问题，而无需通过每个问题。
二：把握阅读得分要点
在新的托福考试中，很多考生倾向于忽视阅读，因为在各种英语考试中，大多数人会觉得阅读是他们的力量。然而，这种看法不一定准确。很多考生认为阅读是好的，实际得分只有22分左右，甚至更低。阅读高水平的ETS评分为22-30分。事实上，如果阅读量低于25分，那么获得总分超过100分会更加困难，因为这相当于将赚取积分的压力转移到大多数人的听力，口语和写作能力上。可以看出，阅读高分是获得托福成绩超过百分之一的保证!
三：细节题考查定位
托福阅读的细节并不难，但前提是定位点是正确的。新托福的是候选人的定位能力。在这方面，候选人必须更加小心，并且必须准确定位，否则很容易丢失分数，因此候选人的细节定位的准确性成为得分的关键。
四：无方向中隐藏方向
新托福阅读测试中的大多数问题都是针对特定的段落，这将为候选人节省大量时间。然而，并不排除少数主题相对较大或相对模糊，并且候选者在搜索答案时不可避免地混淆，这是耗时且费力的。事实上，这些看似未定义的方向是隐藏的。
如何应对托福阅读推理题
步骤一：审题
通过审题，确定本题的推理对象;
步骤二：回原文中锁定推理对象的位置
这时候又分两种情况，如果推理对象存在于原文某个句子中的其中一个分句或一个部分，则推理依据就在本句剩下的内容中;如果推理对象存在于原文一个完整的句子中，则推理依据需要结合上下文。
比如下面这道题：(TPO24)
By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake A.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake's currents
B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alone
C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake
首先审题，我们知道推理对象为the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake，然后通过定位，找到原文包含推理对象的句子，即原文最后一句话的后半句，“The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.”
本句话以分号分成了前后两个分句，因此前一个分句也需要分析。前一个分句，即“The residence time is an average，停留时间是平均的”，这个信息点需要记住，接下来再把后半句看完。后半句，即“the time spent in the lake by a given molecule would depend on the route it took，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间取决于它所走的路线”，隐含意思即水停留在湖里的时间是不固定的，走的路线是直线，则停留时间短，走的路线是循环的，则停留时间就长。结合前一个分句，可得出结论，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间可能比residence time长，也可能比它短，故答案为C。
如何快速找出托福阅读推理题的推理依据
托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer， imply ， most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原zd文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一版般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
文中的关键词，观权点，逻辑和平时的基本常识都是解决托福阅读题型这类问题的关键。
托福阅读推理题套路大解读，玩溜了不怕题难
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?
○ It excludes interactions between more than two species.
○ It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
○ Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
○ Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
解法1：
初学者在看到这样题目的时候，会先把文章看完甚至翻译一遍，认为理解了自然就能选对答案。这是正确率最高最靠谱的做法，如果你第一次接触托福又没听过备考君的课，我会举起天上所有的星星推荐你这么做。但最大的缺陷是考试时无法在短时间内理解文章并且做完题目。所以在阅读能力不是很强的时候，尽量不要使用看完文章理解再做题的方法。
解法2：定位规律
? 题干关键词：commensalism
? 文中定位点：There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.有三种共生关系：寄生、共生、互利共栖。说的是题干关键词本身的内容，无法对应选项。
? 再往后读啊读啊读……理论上来说看到这里应该能得到答案了，但是……看看选项?
○ 共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用
○ 共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存
○ 共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的
○ 共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的
选哪个?!正确答案是哪个啊?
这里备考君要同学们学的是一个小套路，我们把文中内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑：
文章：第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的;意思是，所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。
推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个(共生)是不重要的
所以选C
这个切入点你发现了吗?
但这样分析题目，对我们来说有什么实际的意义呢?(敲黑板!)同学们，这篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题。于是，对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律，比起选出正确答案更有意义：
让我们聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个(共生)是不重要的
这个推理模式我叫做反义推理(有些老师也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致)，是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式，并且在细节题、否定事实信息题(NOT EXCEPT)和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常使用，也是最常见的一种思维模式。反义推理的核心来自于归约(reduction)，意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候，在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。
让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现：
真题
With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○ It did not contain any marine fossil.
○ It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○ It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○ It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
这道题很容易，和上一题是同样的套路
? 题干关键词：the solid gypsum layer
? 文中定位点： Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
? 利用反义推理：在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石→石膏层不包含海洋化石
? 所以选A
而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后(例如整体是【A,B,C】, 文中说AB重要则C不重要，AB有东西则C没有)，将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单：
真题
Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?
○ The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.
○ The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.
○ Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.
○ Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.
? 题干关键词：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大写字母很容易找
? 文中定位点： In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
? 利用反义推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前没有演过
? 所以选A
对我们来说，掌握了时间点前后不一致，可以使用反义推理这个方法，能让我们更快的得到答案：
真题
The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
5.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
○ which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age
○ the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age
○ the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age
○ how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age
? 题干关键词： Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
? 文中定位点：We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.
? 利用反义推理：We now know ……→ Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine
? 所以选B
真题
It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
○ Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
○ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
○ The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
○ Few microscopic species existed.
? 题干关键词： before the Cambrian period?
? 文中定位点： It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.
? 利用反义推理：It was not until the Cambrian period ……allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity→ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
? 所以选B
反义推理这个模式还可以被用在NOT EXCEPT题当中：
真题
Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.
10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT
○ the domestication of animals
○ the intensive hunting of gazelle
○ the size of the settlement
○ the design of the dwellings
? 题干关键词： after 7000 B.C
? 文中定位点：Then, about 7000 B.C……但我的思考是，之后的内容对应选项则会成为正确的内容，而题目需要我们找到错误的内容并且选出来，那么，7000 BC之前的内容如果对应选项，就应该是错误的并且可以被选出来了，根据这个想法我们往前看
? Five centuries later, about 7700 B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively.
? 对应答案B
在托福口语考试中，经常会考到人物品质类的话题，比如考生在考试的过程中，经常会被问到作为一个好邻居，好老师，好朋友，好父母，好领导或者好同事应该具备的品质。然后，我们就从以下几个方面入手来分析。
一.情态动词
首先，我们来看看will/would，may/might, should, can/could的不同之处。
1.首先，我们来看一下will和would
(1)它们used to show that you are willing or already to do sth用语表示愿意准备做某事，would的语气更加委婉一些。
I will come up and help you clean the room in a minute.我马上就来帮你打扫房间。
(2)请求某人做某事，would的语气更加委婉。
Excuse me. Will you/Would you please help open the door for me?麻烦您帮我开一下们可以吗?
2.may/might
(1) If sth may happen or may be true ,there is a possibility that it will happen or be true, but it is not certain.表示可能，也许，may的可能性大于might、
例句：I may be late, so start without me.我可能会迟到，不要等我。
(2)表示很客气的去请求某事，might比may更加委婉。
I‘d like to open the window ,if I may.如果可以的话，我想去打开那扇窗户。
3.should。它表示应该，应当，表示这样做时最好，最公正，其中ought to和be supposed to 是它的同义词
4.can/could懂得，会。could可以作为can的过去式
(1)表示可能性，can表示的可能性大于could
例句：I am sure I can work it out.我确定我可以解决这个问题
(2)have permission to do sth. Or to be allowed to do sth允许，could的语气更加委婉。
例句：You can not go home until you finish your homework.不完成作业不允许你回家。
二.具体应用
然后我们来一下情态动词该怎样应用在答题中。
1.父母
In your opinion, what are some important qualities of a good parent?
构思：我们可以从patient耐心，considerate有爱心，exemplary树立榜样，supportive，支持，trustworthy值得信赖的
(1)patient-耐心
A good parent should be a listener to the children好的父/母应该是孩子的倾听者
A good parent can accept the children’s annoying behaviors. 好的父/母应该接受孩子恼人的行为。
(2)considerate-有爱心
A good parent should always think of what the children really need. 好的父/母应该考虑孩子的真正所需
A good parent is not supposed to overindulge their children. 好的父/母不应该溺爱它们的孩子。
(3)supportive-支持
A good parent should give children support when they try to do something challenging. 好的父/母应该在孩子做具有挑战性的事情的时候给予支持。
A good parent should also support children when they are in difficulties.好的父/母应该在孩子遇到困难的时候仍然给予支持。
(4)Exemplary-树立榜样
A good parent ought to set good examples for children in every respect.好的父/母应该从方方面面给孩子树立榜样。
A good parent should keep an eye on his or her own misbehaviors.好的父/母应该特别关注自己的不当行为。
(5)trustworthy-值得信赖
A good parent is like a close friend with whom children can share anything.好的父/母就像朋友一样，孩子可与之分享一下。
A good parent is supposed to always keep his or her promise. 好的父/母应该重视自己的诺言。
2.好朋友
In your opinion, what are some important qualities of a good friend?在答题的时候，可以从humorous幽默，helpful热心，honest和loyal忠诚，sensitive善解人意
(1)humorous-幽默
I like my friend to be humorous.和A humorous friend can cheer me up when I feel down by his funny actions.可以转化为
A humorous friend is a person who can cheer me up when I feel down by his funny actions.
(2)helpful-热心
I like my friend to be helpful.和A helpful friend will give me a hand when I need help.可以转化为A helpful friend is a person who will give me a hand when I need help.
(3)loyal-忠诚
I like my friend to be loyal.和A loyal fiend will always be faithful to me under any circumstances.可以转化为A loyal fiend is a person who will never betray me under any circumstances.
(4)Honest-诚实
I like my friend to be honest. 和An honest friend will never cheat on me.可以转化为An honest friend is a person who will never cheat on me .
(5)sensitive-善解人意的
I like my friend to be sensitive.和A sensitive friend can understand my feelings and problems.因此可以转化为A sensitive friend is a person who can understand my feelings and problems.
托福阅读逻辑推断题应对方法介绍 结合实例教你答题方法
托福阅读因果关系词介绍
托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.
托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?
Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiment s, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,no matter how their surroundings were alter ed, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?
A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.
B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds'ability to navigate toward the box with food.
C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.
D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.
首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。这道题也是要通过提取题干中的关键词到文章中的明确位置，然后文中没有平铺直叙地告诉你答案，需要我们根据一些线索找到答案。
接下来我们来看一下这道题，题干中出现Kramer, filling one food box andleaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解开这道题的重点就在于：reason。我们看到第一句话一开始说到，so, in another set of experiments，很明显，答案并不在这一段，而是上一段的最后。所以答案是B。
托福阅读复习的黄金法则
1.
积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
2.
在托福阅读复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话，做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron,
Kaplan以及一些比较的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。
3.
如果基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without
grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be
conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。
4.
然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
托福阅读练习材料：国际空战站
The crew of the International Space Station have been forced to reduce power after half the cooling system suddenly shut down over the weekend.
Nasa officials insisted the three Americans and three Russians aboard were not in danger.
Urgent spacewalk repairs are being discussed for this week.
Without thermal controls，temperatures on the ISS‘s Sun-facing side can soar to 121C (250F)，plunging to minus 157C (-250F) on the dark side，Nasa says.
“There might be a comfortable spot somewhere in the middle of the station，but searching for it wouldn’t be much fun，” a statement on its website adds.
The station is now operating on a single string，the Associated Press reports，and has no safeguard in case of further cooling system failures.
Alarms sound
Trouble arose on Saturday night when one of the two ammonia-fed cooling loops shut down，triggering alarms throughout the ISS.
The two ammonia lines ensure that all the station‘s electronic equipment does not overheat.
Astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson set in motion equipment shutdown procedures and，with crewmate Douglas Wheelock，installed a jumper cable to keep all the rooms cool.
The Global Positioning System circuit，several power converters and a set of devices that route commands to various pieces of equipment were switched off.
Two of the four gyroscopes - part of the space station’s pointing and navigating system - were initially shut down but the crew installed a jumper cable to bring up a third gyroscope，leaving the station in a much more stable position，AP says.
Flight controllers tried to restart the disabled ammonia pump early on Sunday but the circuit breaker tripped again.
Any repairs later this week almost certainly will involve replacing the faulty ammonia pump，a difficult job that would require two spacewalks，AP adds.
“It‘s pretty clear that we’re going to want to have a course of action to take as quickly as possible，” Nasa spokesman Rob Navias said at the Johnson Space Center in Houston，Texas.
“This is not something we want to linger over.”
Two spare pumps are stored on the outside of the station. Two of the Americans on board are already scheduled to conduct a spacewalk on Thursday for routine maintenance.
No space shuttle visits to the ISS are planned before November.
托福阅读练习材料：说谎影响健康
In The Dilemma，Vince Vaughn’s character is keeping a huge secret from his
best friend: His wife is cheating on him. Vaughn’s “dilemma,” of course, is
whether or not to tell his buddy. But, he may not know he’s also putting himself
in harm’s way by lying to his friend. Guilt is just the beginning.
在影片《进退两难》中，文斯沃恩饰演的角色进退两难的是：该不该告诉自己的好朋友，好朋友妻子给他戴绿帽子的事情。殊不知，对好友隐瞒真 相的同时，也给自己的健康带来隐患。内疚只是个开始。
Along with guilt, people who lie, omit the truth or keep a secret are at
risk for some not-so-pleasant health complications. For starters, lying releases
stress hormones – the same ones that are triggered in what’s called your “Fight
or Flight Response,” This increase in stress hormones causes your heart rate and
breathing to increase, digestion to slow down, and hypersensitivity of muscle
and nerve fibers,” she says.
除了内疚，撒谎的人隐瞒真 相可能令人不快的健康并发症的风险。撒谎的时候，体内会释放压力荷尔蒙，而压力荷尔蒙会诱发“或战或逃”反应。增加的压力荷尔蒙会影响心率和呼吸的加快，消化减慢，肌肉和神经纤维高度紧张。
These affects may not sound that serious, but over time, they can lead to
conditions that no one would want, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and
congestive heart failure. Why? Because blood pressure rises in the heart when
you’re lying, “which can be life threatening over a prolonged period of time,”
says Dr. Smith. (This is why Polygram or lie detector tests accurately test for
lying, because they measure jumps in blood pressure).
这些影响听起来似乎还不严重，但是，天长日久，会导致出乎意料的后果：冠心病、中风、充血性心力衰竭。为什么?因为撒谎时，血压会升高。撒谎成习可能威胁生命。这也是多项描记图和测谎仪能测试出人是否撒谎，因为撒谎时，人的血压会升高。
Frequent truth telling made lying more difficult, and frequent lying made
lying easier.” 老实人很难撒谎，常撒谎的人说谎容易。
托福阅读生词应对方法 实例讲解阅读生词积累方法
一. 如何通过同义词来猜测生词意思
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。
[推荐：英美主要报刊杂志资站大全篇]
二.如何根据上下文猜测生词意思
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。
三.如何利用生词的词形来猜测生词意思
1、前缀与后缀
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)
2、合成词
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。
托福阅读推断题总结
推论题(Inference)：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，文章论述的结果引出了，推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。
例题：Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a)They did not smoke when they were burned.
b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c)They were not available to all.
d)They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。
文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
托福阅读中快速做题的方法
(1) 主题段和主题句的关键词。托福文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结 构的，因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。
(2) 时间和数字。一般来说，出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不 容忽视的，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象，考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。
(3) 人名、地名和专有名词。这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
(4) 举例主体。有的时候，为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上，托福考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的 原因或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略。
(5) 新概念和局部核心概念。所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之 前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核 心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。
(6) 重要的逻辑关系。很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确，这也是一种严重的错误。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读总结类的题目解析
总结题主要目的：
考查学生理解和识别主要内容和文中所提及重要的信息。
Direction：
An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the paage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three awer choices that expre the most important ideas in the paage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they expre ideas that are not presented in the paage or are minor ideas in the paage. This question is worth 2 points
解决这类考题的方法：
一、清楚文章的论证类型
总分型一般容易出这类考题。我以中文为例，丽丽老师是一个非常好的人。首先，她很乐于助人例如一次我看见她扶一个盲人过马路，其次丽丽老师很慷慨，有一次我看见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元)，第三丽丽很谦虚和平易近人。
如下面这样的文章特别容易出总结题
Lily is a nice person.
1、 丽丽乐于助人
2、 丽丽扶一个盲人过马路
3、 丽丽老师很慷慨，
4、 老余捐了100元
5、 丽丽很谦虚和平易近人
6、 丽丽经常打架
正确答案应该是：1、3、5
二、解决方法：
一)主体词排除错误选项法
首先抓住要总结的关键词也就是主体词，就是要问哪方向的内容，如上个例子，主体题丽丽一定会在正确答案中出现，不然问的是丽丽可以答案谈论的是别人，就变得完全不相关了，根据这个特点我们可以排除 4老余捐了100元
如OG上的一道总结题可以直接使用主体词排除错误选项的方法
The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.
1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors
2、 Thomas Edisorsquo design of the Kinetoscope iired the development of large screen projection.
3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use ecial machines to view films privately.
4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.
5、 The development of projection technology made it poible to project images on a large screen
6、 once films images could be projected， the cinema became a form of ma coumption
其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词，本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema.
二)细节信息排除法
总结题是对对文章的高度概括所以细节的出现犯了以偏概全的错误，如中文例子中的2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路。这是一个具体的事实细节，我们要绕过例子看总结。所以在排除它。
如OG中的一道题目
This paage discues foils that help to explain the likely origi of cetacea-whales， porpoises and dolphi
Awer choices
1 Recent discoveries of foils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetacea(这是本文的主题)
2、The discovery of Ambulocetus nata provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(总结性信息)
3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea， an area rich in foil evidence. (绝对的事实细节)-排除
4 Pakicetus is the oldest foil whale yet to be found((绝对的事实细节)-排除
5、Foils thought to be traitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.。(主题)
6、Ambulocetursquo;hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((绝对的事实细节)-排除
三)新信息出现排除
如6：丽丽经常打架，原文没有出现，所以正确答案中一定没有。
由于篇幅所限，我们下期在继续谈总结题如何做，以及总结题的几大类型和不同类型的解法，本期讲的只是总结的题通用方式，总结题题型不同，做题方法也不同.
NO8-1，我们从“词--句--篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、难词
spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虏岩
percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、难句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之，托福中的难句主要包括下列类型：
1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
2.同位语
3.并列结构
4.that引导的各种从句
5.插入结构
6.独立主格
7.倒装句
8.强调句
9.虚拟语气
·对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况：
1.方位副词放在句首
Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
2.介词放在句首
Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。
3. 形容词放在句首
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
4.过去分词放在句首
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。
5.现在分词放在句首
Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。
· 句子倒装的目的主要有两个：
一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans)，而谓语部分were missing until recently较短，容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前，避免了这一现象。
托福阅读句意解释题
这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法：
第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题：
首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
托福阅读的四种关系整理
1.因果关系
因：because， because of， for， as， since， in that， on account of， with
果：so， so that， therefore， thereby， as a result， hence， thus， coequently， accordingly
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：
A 导致(因-果)：cause， reason， lead to， give rise to， result in， render， make， let， ask， push， stimulate， ark， ur， fuel， produce， be reoible for
如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.
在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由……而来(果-因)：result from， derive from， originate from， initiate from， stem from， be reoive to， be attributable to
如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”
在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect， present， demotrate， suggest， imply， show This result demotrates that&helli
D 考虑到：given， coidering， in view of， thanks to， according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
E 依赖于：rely on， depend on， resort to， He resorted to books when he had problems.
F 条件关系：when， once， as soon as， as long as As soon as he got the money， he would leave the country at once.
G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam， she cried.
2.对比转折关系
A 对比：while， whereas， on the other hand
在解释句子题、插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While， whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用来把握句间关系。
B 转折：but， although， deite， in ite of， neverthele， however
转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。
3.比较关系
A 同级比较 ahellias
B 比较级：more&hellithan， -er than， lehellithan
C 变化：change， alter， vary， modify， revise， increase， decrease， enhance， diminish， develop， progre， advance， improve， retreat， degenerate， continue， remain
D 差异：different， distinguish， separate， same， similar， comparable， compare&hellito E 超越：surpa， exceed， excel， over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义：maximum， minimum， peak， outstanding， top 2) 本身程度比较深：amazing， surprising， astonishing， prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.
从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。
4.否定关系
显性否定：no， not， never， nor， none neither 隐形否定：fail to， refuse， remove， mi， reject， aence of， lack of 否定前缀：a-， ab-， dis-， il-， im-， in-， non- ， un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。
双重否定：not fail to， not illegal， not uncommon， not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。
托福阅读材料之生理缺陷不影响成功
The secret of Leonardo Da Vinci’s talent and Pablo Picasso’s success may have been their dyslexia. The two men both suffered from the ‘word blindness’ that affects as many as one in 12 children – but it seems it can also bring the keen spatial awareness that makes the difference between a jobbing painter and a master of art.
科学家经研究证实，大师达芬奇以及毕加索的成功竟是因为他们在生理上的缺陷---难语症(阅读障碍)所“造就而成”的。这两位闻名世界的大师级人物因为天生就患有阅读障碍症状，该症状迫使他们对于“空间意识”有着自己独到的见解，并同一般画家区分开来。
The finding, from Middlesex University psychologists, could help explain the brilliance of some of the greatest artists of all time and the timelessness of works such as the Mona Lisa. The researchers put 41 men and women through tests to assess their visuo-spatial ability. Around half of those taking part were dyslexic and so had trouble learning to spell, read and write. The dyslexic men did better than the other men on many of the tests, including recalling the direction of the Queen’s head on a postage stamp and reproducing designs using coloured blocks.
据悉，心理学家将流芳百世的作品《蒙娜丽莎》的成功归因于大师的“缺陷”。研究者针对41个男女进行“视空间”的能力测试，研究发现具有“阅读障碍”的人比普通人在设计、色彩搭配上更具有天分。
They were also faster and more accurate at navigating their way around a ‘virtual town’ on a computer screen, the journal Learning and Individual Differences reports. The researchers said there could be several explanations for the findings, including dyslexics developing an enhanced sense of space to compensate for problems with language.
具有“阅读障碍”的人在电脑上操控三维立体的能力更强、精确度更高、速度也更快。研究者对该实验结果这样解释：“人若具有阅读障碍，那么有可能人的另一部分的潜能。比如空间感觉就会得到发挥，从而弥补人们在读写能力方面的缺失。”
Dr Nicola Brunswick said: ‘Also, many dyslexic people prefer to work out problems by thinking and doing rather than by speaking. This could help dyslexic men develop the kind of skills they need to succeed in the artistic and creative worlds.’
研究者说，有阅读障碍的人更倾向用“思考”解决问题，而非用语言来表达。在语言能力方面的缺失使得人们强迫自己发展身体其他的潜能来提升自己的价值，从另一种程度上帮助了艺术家创作作品。
Artists known or believed to have suffered from dyslexia include Da Vinci, Picasso, Rodin and Andy Warhol.
据悉，具有阅读障碍的大师级人物不少，有达芬奇、毕加索、罗丹以及安迪·沃霍尔。
Notes:
dyslexia [dis'leksi?] n. 诵读困难;阅读障碍;难语症
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