下面是小编整理的托福阅读修辞目的题解题思路实例讲解（共含5篇），欢迎大家阅读借鉴，并有积极分享。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“szsqfw1999”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读修辞目的题介绍
修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型，这里的“修辞”并不是考查修辞方法，而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用，如：总结，回答问题，反驳，解释说明等。而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握，是否了解到文章的结构为：观点+细节。
一般来说，题干长这样：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节)
实例1：
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
1. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?
A.To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other.
B.To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are.
C.To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies.
D.To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes.
本题中的利用题干中的landing gear很好定位，答案在此信息之前，文章作者用airplane来举例说明landing gear的功能，它受到这个的启发来自于fin are tucked into the grooves ordepressions(鱼鳍藏于侧身凹槽而不会破坏其本身的流线型题型)。而CD选项都提到了design, 但是C提到 了airplane engine，这一概念文中并未提及，所以是错误的，正确答案是D项。
实例2：
Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense.
2. Why does the author mention “comedy”?
A. To give an example of early types of theater.
B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare.
C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater.
D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.
本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。第一句中的neither直接否定了两个观点，后面出现的therefore带起的句子是个过渡，第三句中才给出了detached view这一观点，因此看A项中没有detached相关的内容，排除，B项提到了welfare，无关信息，排除。C和D提到了detach但是D项中的other members没有提到。故，选C。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：Estimates indicate that...
托福阅读长难句实例
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
句子分析
本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicate that引导的宾语从句，表达观点。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思进行补充说明。
单词回顾
本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还可以作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。
句子翻译
我们可以这样翻译：“据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，该蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年大概半厘米左右。”
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：According to conventional...
托福阅读长难句实例
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.
句子分析
这句话来自于官方真题Official 18的第二篇文章“The Mystery of Yawning”，是很多同学读到普遍觉得比较难懂的句子哦!首先，我们要找到句子的中心点，即主干的谓语动词，本句有两个并列的谓语动词：分别是takes place和serves。其次，本句的难点之一在于：through deeper breathing是一个插入语，造成理解干扰，其实可以先跳过不读，直接把该插入语前后的内容连起来，就是by reversing the drop in blood oxygen levels，其后that are caused by... 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的blood oxygen levels。最后，本句的另一个难点则是：在这个定语从句里面，又镶嵌了另一个定语从句：that accompanies... 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的breathing。
单词回顾
从词汇上看，conventional表示“常规的;符合习俗的”，比如：conventional weapons 常规武器。yawn指的是“打哈欠”。alertness作名词，指的是“警觉;机敏”。reverse作动词，表示“使逆转;倒退”，比如：The damage done to the ozone layer may be reversed. 对臭氧层造成的破坏可以被逆转。shallow表示“浅的”，比如：a shallow analysis of the contemporary society 对当今社会浅显的分析。accompany作动词，表示“伴随;伴奏”，比如：Lightning usually accompanies thunder. 闪电通常伴有雷声。The singer was accompanied at the piano by his pupil. 演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。
句子翻译
最后，一起来读下这句话的翻译吧，“根据传统理论，当人们觉得无聊或者困倦时会打哈欠。睡眠不足或者感觉无聊会引起浅呼吸，而浅呼吸会引起血液中含氧量减少，打哈欠可以通过深呼吸来逆转这种血液含氧量的减少，进而起到提高人体警觉的作用。”
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Wild life zoologist...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.
词汇讲解：
biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 关于生命的，生物的
fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 涨落，波动
approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大约
yield /ji?ld/ v. 生产，产生;屈服，让步
结构划分：
Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), (in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time), says that (“since the early 1940s, ) the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, (the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), ) (which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.)
深度分析：
修饰一：(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time)，插入语，其中还有两个介词(in Washington) (through recorded time)
中文：回顾在华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性
修饰二：(since the early 1940s) ，介词短语
中文：自从20世纪40年代早期
修饰三：(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ，大家能看懂这个修饰即可。其实这里有一个独立主格结构，嗯，好吧，不知道也能看懂的。
中文：冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动
修饰四：(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period“.)，从句，修饰winter population，其中for an indefinite period表示不定期
中文：这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只
主干：Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that，后面接宾语从句
参考翻译：
野生动物学家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顾华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性之后说道：“从20世纪40年代早期，华盛顿州拥有鹿的数量比以历史任何时期都多，冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动，这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只”。
1、一般对比推理
根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理
在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理
一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
解答托福阅读推理题需要注意的信息点
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:欧洲饮食演变
A卷
Passage 2
托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析
偏难
托福阅读考试大致内容
欧洲某时期diet的演变。讲穷人吃不起肉，只能吃beans等一些当季蔬菜，因为这些蔬菜在某些季节没有所以nutrients跟不上，因此得病，后来美国的营养价值高的potato来了，他们有了生存的食物，并且还替代了Grains.
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:恐龙灭绝原因
A卷
Passage 1
托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析
适中
托福阅读考试练习题目大致内容
生物：关于恐龙灭绝的原因。与TPO一篇有重叠内容，所以讲的知识点是比较熟悉的，就是因为Irodium的存在确定恐龙灭绝和陨石撞地球有关系。但文章内容主要讲的是其灭绝的主要原因以及论据。
托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析
托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析一：题型——注重解题方法
托福阅读10种题型，除最后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果托福词汇不足怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了。
比如：
The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832]，hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
这个句子较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文，这可谓“兵家大忌”。
遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。
再说一下小结题，大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到最后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是最后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂。
在课堂中，我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?
一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third… 那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。
托福阅读考试练习题目难点解析二：主题——增加背景知识
有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去，有一点原因就是对于文章所述内容太过陌生，如果你对其略知一二，相信定会有所不同。比如有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表，对于高中生来说再熟悉不过了，阅读的时候半读半猜，估计也可以理解的八九不离十了。
若考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;若时间紧张，则需搞定TPO套题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中出现的每一个“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。
除了词汇，应学会分析题干及题目，比如题干中出现了effect，conclusion之类的词，其实已经界定了我们寻找的范围——段落靠后的部分，还有就是观点性和总结性的句子永远会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项，进行对比，比如句子简化题，做一题需要看五个长句，似乎很花费时间，但并不需要每个句子都要细看，而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干，抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解 推断题正确解答案例分析
托福阅读因果关系词介绍
托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.
托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?
Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?
A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.
B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds'ability to navigate toward the box with food.
C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.
D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.
首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。这道题也是要通过提取题干中的关键词到文章中的明确位置，然后文中没有平铺直叙地告诉你答案，需要我们根据一些线索找到答案。
接下来我们来看一下这道题，题干中出现Kramer, filling one food box andleaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解开这道题的重点就在于：reason。我们看到第一句话一开始说到，so, in another set of experiments，很明显，答案并不在这一段，而是上一段的最后。所以答案是B。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：A fertile plowed field...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.
词汇讲解：
fertile /'f??ta?l/ adj. (指土地)肥沃的, 富饶的;(指动植物)能结果实的, 能生育的;(指人的头脑)主意多的, 有创造力的
plow /plau/ v. 犁<地>，用犁耕<地>
compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起
coarse /k??s/ adj. 粗糙的;(指食物﹑ 酒等)低劣的, 粗劣的;不高雅的，粗俗的;
结构划分：
A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded (by a large variety of weeds), whereas a neighboring construction site (from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) may remain virtually free of vegetation (for many months or even years) (despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.)
深度分析：
这个句子的主干部分是：
A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded whereas a neighboring construction site may remain virtually free of vegetation
whereas然而，表示对比，对比两种情况
修饰一：(by a large variety of weeds) ，介词短语
中文：被各种各样的杂草
修饰二：(from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) ，从句，修饰a neighboring construction site
这个句子理解的难点应该就在这里了，这个从句把a neighboringconstruction site和may remain virtually free ofvegetation分开了，注意断句不要出问题。
中文：这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层(不要去理解啥是parent material，学术名词)
修饰三：(for many months or even years) ，介词短语
中文：几个月偶然甚至是几年
修饰四：(despite receiving the same inputof seeds as the plowed field.) ，介词短语
中文：尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子
参考翻译：
一块肥沃且被翻耕过的土地会被各种各样的杂草迅速入侵，然而一个邻近的建筑工地(这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层)可能几个月甚至几年都几乎没有植被覆盖，尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species' death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.
The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.
One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth's orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species' survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.
1. The word it in line 3 refers to
(A) environment
(B) species
(C) extinction
(D) 99 percent
2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) exceptionally
(B) dramatically
(C) eventually
(D) unfortunately
3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth's history
(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.
(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.
(D) They are no longer in existence.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological
change?
(A) Temperature changes
(B) Availability of food resources
(C) Introduction of new species
(D) Competition among species
5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) change
(B) recovery
(C) help
(D) death
6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?
(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.
(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.
(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the
ocean.
(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.
7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that
(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth's history.
(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive
(C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earth's history.
(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.
8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) published information
(B) research method
(C) ongoing experiment
(D) scientific discovery
9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?
(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.
(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.
(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.
(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.
10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species' survival?
(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.
(B) It may depend on chance events.
(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species
(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.
11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred
(A) 26 million years ago
(B) 65 million years ago
(C) 225 million years ago
(D) 250 million years ago
PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.
In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.
By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.
1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Laws governing the printing industry.
(B) Competition among printers
(C) Types of publications produced
(D) Advances in printing technology
2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?
(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major
projects.
(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.
(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.
(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.
3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they
(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly
(B) were in great demand in European markets
(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets
(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists
4. The word they in line 17 refers to
(A) chapbooks
(B) tales
(C) jokes
(D) pages
5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) predecessor
(B) format
(C) imitation
(D) component
6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by
(A) fine paper
(B) cardboard covers
(C) elaborate decoration
(D) a large number of pages
7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) dependable
(B) respectable
(C) enduring
(D) attractive
8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?
(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large
(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets
(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers
(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year
9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) topic
(B) season
(C) interest
(D) place
10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) Broadsides (line 6)
(B) catechisms (line 15)
(C) chapbooks (line l6)
(D) Almanacs (line 25)
PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB
托福阅读想要取得高分，我们一定要警惕其中的陷阱题型，比如偷换概念题。下面我们一起来看一道题：
例题：
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思路解析：
推断题(inference question)和事实信息题、否定信息题一样，以“找关键词+定位”为切入点。本题的关键词是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 这句话的意思是：例如，红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。
看懂了这句话的我们立即迫不及待的去搜索选项，却发现这句话的内容是无法与任何选项匹配的。于是，我们意识到，只阅读这句话的信息量是不够的，我们需要关注推断题定位范围的放大现象。关注到本句中有个关键词：for example, 意味着本句是例子，一定和前句的内容相关。所以我们来看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。发现三个选项中关键词climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到对应，并且B，D选项都与这句话所叙述内容相反可以很容易排除。
接下来我们来看C选项：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同学就卡在这里了，他们认为原文说在温带地区，最多物种是在演替过程中，而不是在顶级群落，说明物种多样性和温带地区相关，没有证据表明redwood forest和温带地区相关，于是很多同学在纠结之后选到了A选项： They become lessstable as they mature. 当它们成熟的时候它们变得更不稳定了。这类同学认为Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少，然后想当然的认为物种减少就代表稳定性降低，但是我们仔细读第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。简单来说，本句表达的含义是：稳定性和最大多样性是没有关联的，所以不能选A。
实际上这道题是典型的主题+例证类推理题，例子是来说明主题的，所以例子的特征应该是与主题中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以，同学们一定要警惕片面的追求选项和原文间信息的匹配，忽略了“选项首先对问题负责”这一基本的答题态度，最终导致学生根本无法识别ETS命题组精心编织的偷换概念类的选项特征。
托福阅读材料：十大热门求婚地点
Traditional marriage proposals could soon be consigned to the history books – with almost half of them now happening at home in front of the TV.
传统的求婚方式可能很快就只在历史书里出现了，现在几乎有一半的求婚是在家里看电视的时候完成的。
A study of newlyweds has found modern men are ditching age-old traditional proposal custom in favour of a more lacklustre approach.
一项针对新婚夫妇的调查发现，现代人渐渐地不再遵循传统的求婚习俗，而更倾向于没有惊喜的平凡求婚方式。
The study found only a third of men now go down on one knee to pop the question as their fathers and grandfathers’ generations would have done.
研究发现，只有三分之一的男性现在还会像他们的父辈和祖辈那样单膝下跪求婚。
And the age-old tradition of asking the bride’s father for her hand in marriage is also on the verge of dying out with 63% of recently married males claiming they “didn’t bother”.
而另一项古老的传统——就结婚事宜请求新娘父亲的首肯——也在慢慢消失，有63%的新婚男性说他们不再“这么费事了”。
Even the idea of picking a romantic location to propose has fallen by the wayside, with the typical ‘Will you marry me?’ now most likely to take place at home.
连选一个浪漫求婚地点的想法也乏人问津了。那句经典的“你愿意嫁给我么?”大多是在家里说出来的。
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Only six percent bothered to take their partner abroad on holiday – but the same number of men proposed in the local pub – and 5.5% popped the question in the car.
只有6%的人会花心思把他们的伴侣带到国外度假然后求婚，但是也有6%的男性在当地酒吧就求了婚，还有5.5%在汽车上求婚。
The study also found the average amount of time in a relationship before a proposal is now three years – so British women are taking matters into their own hands in a bid to get a proposal.
研究还发现求婚前平均恋爱时间是三年，所以英国女性们都会自己想办法让他们的伴侣向他们求婚。
Almost a third of women 29% now end up choosing their own ring, rather than letting their partner decide.
约有三分之一(29%)的女性现在连戒指都是自己选，而不是让他们的伴侣选。
The typical bride-to-be will also enlist the help of at least one friend to help speed up a proposal – as well as dropping two major engagement hints to encourage their partner to pop the question.
一般准新娘也会至少让一个朋友帮忙推进求婚的进程，比如抛出两个重要的关于订婚的暗示来鼓动伴侣早些求婚。
Casually asking ‘Who would you want as your best man?’, commenting on celebrities' engagement rings - and jokingly suggesting you apply for the TV show ‘Don't Tell the Bride’ are the most common tactics.
不经意间问他们“你想找谁当伴郎?”，评论一下名人的订婚戒指，还会开玩笑建议你去参加电视节目《新娘不得知》，这些都是最常用的技巧。
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Lorna Haddon, diamond ring and jewellery buyer at Beaverbrooks who commissioned the study of 1,500 newlyweds, commented: ”The stresses and strains of modern life mean we don’t always have the time to be as romantic as we would perhaps like to be.
比弗布鲁克公司的钻戒及珠宝买手洛娜?哈顿负责此次针对1500位新婚夫妇的调查。她表示：“现代生活的压力和负担意味着我们不是总有时间像期望中的那么浪漫。”
“Busy lives and hectic schedules mean we have fewer hours in the day for romance – however our study shows women do still want the ‘picture perfect proposal’ – and it's not only picking the perfect engagement ring that counts.
“忙碌的生活和紧张日程表意味着我们一天中没有那么多时间来浪漫，然而我们的研究显示女性仍然希望有一场‘十全十美的求婚’。挑选完美的订婚戒指并不只是唯一重要的环节。”
“The location, atmosphere and little details that mean a lot to them really make a proposal personal and truly special, and as it’s a once in a lifetime occasion it’s well worth making the effort.”
“地点、环境和一些小细节对她们来说十分重要，这也能使求婚更具个人特色，也更特别。求婚是人生一次的大事，值得好好花心思准备。”
十大热门求婚地点 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Top 10 modern proposal destinations
十大现代求婚地点
1. At home – 49%
1. 家中-49%
2. On a day out – 7%
2. 出门约会-7%
3. On holiday abroad – 6%
3. 出国度假-6%
4. The local pub – 6%
4. 当地酒吧-6%
5. On holiday in the UK – 5%
5. 国内度假-6%
6. In the car – 5.5%
6. 车内-5.5%
7. At a restaurant – 4.5%
7. 餐厅-4.5%
8. In the garden – 2%
8. 花园-2%
9. On the beach – 2%
9. 沙滩-2%
10. In a Hotel – 1%
10. 酒店-1%
托福阅读材料：各国心目中的理想女性身材
From tall and slim to petite and curvy - and everything in between - women across the globe come in all shapes and sizes.
全世界女性的身材各种各样，从高高瘦瘦到娇小玲珑，或在两者之间，总之各不相同。
But now a new debate has been sparked about the 'ideal female shape' on Q&A site Quora.
但最近在问答网站Quora上掀起了一场关于“理想女性体型”的新讨论。
One user asked members to comment on what the perfect body type is - based on which country users were from and what they personally preferred.
有一位用户要求大家依据各自国家的审美观和个人喜好来评论什么才是完美的体型。
According to the responses, here are the ideal types for each country...
根据回复，接下来将为您介绍每个国家的理想体型。
USA 美国
American Ryan reveals: 'In my country, I think the standard image of beauty is probably the same as in many other places; tall, curvy, blonde and blue eyes (though light brown eyes are also really popular), and either fair skin or tanned.'
来自美国的赖安透露：“在我们美国，美人的标准可能和其他很多地方一样：无论肤色白皙还是黝黑，个子要高，身材有曲线，金发碧眼(虽然浅褐色眼睛也很受欢迎)。”
CHINA 中国
Perhaps the most unusual description comes from Nat in China, who says: 'The skinnier the better. A4 challenge is a “thing”, iPhone 6 challenge is also a “thing”.'
最与众不同的回答可能来自中国的纳特。他说：“越瘦越好。她必须通过A4腰挑战和iPhone6腿挑战。”
The A4 challenge is when women aspire to have a torso the width of an A4 sheet of paper and the iPhone6 challenge sees them seeking legs that are as slim as an iPhone 6.
A4腰挑战中女性希望自己的腰只有一张A4纸(竖着放)那么宽，而在iPhone6腿挑战中她们追求自己的双腿并在一起可以被一部iPhone6手机遮住。
EGYPT 埃及
An Egyptian user named Ahmed notes that historically 'curvy, large breasted women' are deemed to be the most attractive in his country.
一位叫做艾哈迈德的埃及用户说道，在他的国家，他们向来认为“有曲线美、胸部大的女人”是最有魅力的。
BULGARIA 保加利亚
Stanislav, who describes himself as a 'problem solving maniac', believes that the best female body type for most males in his home country is 'tall, tight body, slim and big boobs.'
斯坦尼斯拉夫号称自己是“解决问题狂人”。他认为他们国家大多数男性心中最棒的女性身材应该是“高挑，身材紧致，苗条，有丰满的胸部。”
SWITZERLAND 瑞士
Nadège swoops in for Switzerland and she advises that 'rather thin women, middle-tall, more with brown hair than blonde, fair eyes usually' are deemed the most attractive in her country.
娜德日代表瑞士发表了意见。她说瑞士认为最有魅力的女性应该是“相当苗条，中等高度的。棕色头发而非金发，通常有漂亮的眼睛。”
THE PHILIPPINES 菲律宾
Mona Tauqir, who describes herself as a 'human resource practitioner and psychology enthusiast', says the ideal woman in her neck of the woods has a 'shapely waist and hips' but is 'petite' and has a busty F-cup.
莫娜?陶奇尔称自己是“人力资源从业者，心理学爱好者”。她说她的国家理想的女性身材有以下标准：“细腰翘臀，身材娇小，以及F杯的丰满胸部。”
UK 英国
Alec insists that 'petite, not too skinny, large (but not ridiculous) breasts and shapely curves' are the ideal in the UK. He also says that a height of about 5ft 7in is the ideal in Great Britain.
亚力克坚称“娇小但不过分消瘦，胸部丰满(但不要太夸张)，有美好的曲线”是英国的理想身材。他也说身高最好是5英尺7英寸(约1.7米)。
BANGLADESH 孟加拉国
An anonymous user from Bangladesh says that women must be at least 5ft 2in tall and have dense and black hair, big black eyes and 'non-thin eyebrows'. He also says he rates a sharp nose and a 'moderately curvy physique.'
一位来自孟加拉国的匿名用户说，理想女性必须高五英尺二英寸(约1.58米)，拥有浓密的黑发，大大的黑眼睛，眉毛不能太细。他还说自己喜欢鼻梁挺拔、“身材适当有曲线”的女性。
The user also shed some light on what type of personality he thinks men from his country deem attractive, revealing: 'modest and courtly personality and lifestyle is ideal'.
他也描述了孟加拉国人心目中的魅力性格：“谦逊典雅的性格和生活方式是最理想的。”
FRANCE 法国
Another anonymous user said the French ideal is a 'mix of fashion model standard beauty with a girl-next-door kind of vibe', adding that they can 'even be tomboy'.
另一位匿名用户说法国人的理想型是“带着邻家女孩气质同时又有时装模特身材的美人。”他又补充说她们也可以是“假小子型的”。
The user concluded: 'Big boobs are overrated, small t.s for the win.'
他总结道：“丰满的胸部不再那么重要，小胸女反而更受欢迎。”
Vocabulary
petite: 娇小的
courtly: 典雅的，文雅的
