下面小编为大家带来托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲(共含5篇),希望大家喜欢!同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“桓小司马”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
【题型思路】托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲
托福阅读句子简化题解题思路实例分析
例1 [结果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [结果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.
B. [结果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.
D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.
你发现原句中有个because,就知道这句话是在解释,必定有因有果。我们先去找因和果。结果是这些植物被称为机会主义者,原因是它们依赖种子掉进一个环境,后面说这个环境里竞争性的植物已经被移除了,即没有竞争性的环境。对句子稍做整理后变成,因为它们依赖自己的种子掉进一个没有竞争性的环境,所以这些植物被称为机会主义者。
有同学会问,后面的such as要怎么处理。一般我们有个原则,在句子当中如果是补充的信息,那很重要;如果是重复的信息,应该是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一点,它到底给前面的什么内容举例。看例子的内容,会发现说的都是地方,说明是给setting举例,那么就可以把它放在一边。
于是,我们明白作者原句的意图是在解释有因果的关系,那么四个选项中正确的答案必定在逻辑关系和讲话的意图上和原句是一样的。发现A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的,再进一步看具体的内容,可知A的原因和结果都与原句一致,为正确选项。
例2 [转折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [转折后]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amount ing to about half a centimeter a year.
A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
这个题目原句中有一个but unfortunately,说明这句话前后有一个转折,那么它最核心的意义是作者前后表示的不同。
看转折前:aquifer地下蓄水层还有足够的水来填满休伦湖。虽然我们不知道休伦湖有多大,但你明白作者的意图是说水很多。
转折后:在这个半干旱的条件下,补充率很小。Amounting to后面给出补充率的数字,是重复内容不重要。
所以明确转折前说水量大,转折后说补充率小。然后我们看四个选项,正确答案一定在逻辑关系的表达上是跟But属于同一个范畴。A有despite,表示转折、让步;B有although,让步;C有个因果,原文没有存在因果;D有even表示让步。所以在四个选项中我们会优先考虑A、B、D这三个选项。
仔细看A选项,despite后的内容表示水量大,和原句转折前相同;而逗号后的内容表示补充率小,和原句转折后相同。所以A是正确选项。
例3 Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass.
A. Insects feed only on dead cordgrass, while most other marsh inhabitants feed on live cordgrass.
B. The marsh is a good habitat for insects, but a relatively poor one for birds and animals.
C. Although cordgrass provides food for birds and animals, it gives insects both food and a place to live.
D.Cordgrass provides food for numerous insects, birds, and other animals.
这个题目中有一个and,表示并列的关系。那么我们需要考虑并列前和并列后两部分的内容。并列的内容我们往往会取同,打包处理。原文意思是,and前说很多昆虫占据沼泽地,它吃这样的一种植物,and后说这些鸟类去吃这种植物,两部分并列在一起。
看四个选项,A选项中有个while,表示对比,逻辑关系不对;B有个but表示转折,逻辑关系不对;C有个although表示让步,逻辑关系不对。所以在逻辑关系上唯一比较符合原句的就是D选项。具体来看D选项,意思是这种植物给昆虫、鸟类、其他的动物提供了食物。
如果仔细阅读,你会发现C选项其实说得也很有道理:尽管这种植物给鸟类和其他动物提供了食物,但它给昆虫既提供食物又提供住的地方。似乎这句话更能够表示原文的意思,但是大家不要忘记,虽然它翻译成中文在语义上与原句差不多,但在作者讲话的逻辑意图和句子表示的功能上有所不同。原文没有用任何的转折、让步、比较这样一种取反、表示不同的逻辑关系表达,所以你就不能考虑although。大家要注意,内容说起来差不多,但是作者讲话的逻辑关系、意图不对,我们自然不考虑。所以这道题的答案选D选项。
托福阅读机经预测
一
天文学
【标题】Pluto’s Status关于冥王星是不是行星的讨论
冥王星的体积很小,有些小行星都比它大。冥王星在刚被发现时被认为体积很大,一方面跟reflectivity有关,一方面跟它的质量(mass)有关。有些人提出冥王星一直保持围绕太阳运转的轨道,这一特征可使其被归为太阳系的第十大行星。关于冥王星的争议在于,有人认为它已经长时间被认为是行星就应继续这样,也有人认为判断一个天体是不是行星,应该看它的重量是否足够达到受gravity的影响,从而形成一个球体。所以最终冥王星的归宿是一个新的天文学分类——矮行星(dwarf
planet,介于行星planet和小行星asteroid之间)。
二
历史学
【标题】High Middle Ages中世纪鼎盛时期
西罗马帝国灭亡之后,欧洲经济经历了数百年的停滞(stagnation),直到公元10才迎来复苏,此后持续了300多年的繁荣,这个时期(1000-1300)被称为中世纪的鼎盛期(the
High Middle Ages)。鼎盛期的出现原因有三。一是心理原因(psychological reason)。当时广为流传的预言(the
widespread
prophecies)说世界将在公元1000年毁灭,但实际并未发生。于是人们重拾对生活的信心。二是政治原因。当时欧洲大范围的外族入侵停止了(foreign
incursions had ceased)。三是农业技术的提高。三田轮耕系统(a three-field
system)取代了先前的二田轮耕系统。土地每三年休耕一次(uncultivated every third
year),而不是每两年就休耕一次,这导致农业生产大大增加。此外,农业工具犁也从木制改为铁制,并且耕畜(draft
animal)从牛改为马,生产效率大大提高。
中世纪鼎盛期的经济繁荣带来的一个主要结果是人口增长。人口的增长反过来(in
turn)又产生两个进一步的影响,即人们需要消费更多的商品,并且需要开垦更多的土地(more land
reclamation)。人们围海围湖造田,并且在森林覆盖的地区,开辟出新的农场和村庄。各个地区之间的陆地贸易和河流贸易都大幅提高,贸易的持续发展使人们相信经济的持久繁荣,这种信念向外呈现在追求事物的永恒(the
permanency of things),如当时城堡、教堂和私人住宅(private dwellings)的建立越来越采用石头材料,希望其永远存在。
三
猫头鹰的眼睛
对猫头鹰的眼睛与众不同。猫头鹰的眼睛有助于他们在视觉上深度的延伸,因为眼球形状不一样。猫头鹰的脖子可以270度转动,背后的眼睛mark会警示捕食者(predator)。涉及到辨别颜色的眼球细胞,人类有三种细胞,部分鸟类有四种,而猫头鹰只有两种,且其中一种细胞数量较多,因此它们对光很敏感。还提到了某种身体组织(tissue)。
(猫头鹰话题重复-07-07 依靠听觉捕猎Hunting by Ear)
托福阅读机经预测
1
走路比游泳省力,先说动物里游泳的,鱼和鸭子,鸭子遇到的wave什么的更大,阻力大,鱼在水下,阻力小。鸟因为要支撑自己,鱼在水里就不用,所以飞行也耗力。走路因为涉及加速减速,这个过程就最耗力。骑单车的时候的动作就导致需要消耗和跑步一样的力。
2
New Europeans Settle on America
内容回忆:因为开垦森林的成本比较高,欧洲人利用当地已开垦过的森林。但是因为人口不断增加,资源不再满足人口的需求,他们只能开始自己砍伐森林,砍伐森林有两种方式,直接砍伐和使树枝脱落。后来,农民们发现后面一种方法需要很多肥料,农民们燃烧树枝制作草木灰维持养料的需求。农民们还采用了美洲人的方式,几种作物同时生长,互相起促进作用。
3
songbird的migration减少,首先是某人发现了这个现象,在60s-80s
migration减少50%,然后就有人认为这不是个general的现象,但是接着就根据unusual distribution
发现是general,因为森林碎片化引起了ecosystem change,所以migration减少。
4
教猩猩交流
想要知道动物能不能和人一样交流,有两种方法,一,学习动物的交流方式;二,教动物sign
language做交流(发声系统不一样,所以不能是vocal)。提到了马的反例(训练的人偷偷给暗示,眨眼之类的),所以做实验,录下来,大家都不知道是什么,让猩猩去选,猩猩都选出来了。还有个小猩猩的玩具掉了,他指掉的地方选open,
trainer就猜出来了,捡回来toy,而这些之前都没有教过,是新的。
托福阅读机经预测
1
High Middle Ages中世纪鼎盛时期
西罗马帝国灭亡之后,欧洲经济经历了数百年的停滞(stagnation),直到公元1000年才迎来复苏,此后持续了300多年的繁荣,这个时期(1000-1300)被称为中世纪的鼎盛期(the
High Middle Ages)。鼎盛期的出现原因有三。一是心理原因(psychological reason)。当时广为流传的预言(the
widespread
prophecies)说世界将在公元1000年毁灭,但实际并未发生。于是人们重拾对生活的信心。二是政治原因。当时欧洲大范围的外族入侵停止了(foreign
incursions had ceased)。三是农业技术的提高。三田轮耕系统(a three-field
system)取代了先前的二田轮耕系统。土地每三年休耕一次(uncultivated every third
year),而不是每两年就休耕一次,这导致农业生产大大增加。此外,农业工具犁也从木制改为铁制,并且耕畜(draft
animal)从牛改为马,生产效率大大提高。
中世纪鼎盛期的经济繁荣带来的一个主要结果是人口增长。人口的增长反过来(in
turn)又产生两个进一步的影响,即人们需要消费更多的商品,并且需要开垦更多的土地(more land
reclamation)。人们围海围湖造田,并且在森林覆盖的地区,开辟出新的农场和村庄。各个地区之间的陆地贸易和河流贸易都大幅提高,贸易的持续发展使人们相信经济的持久繁荣,这种信念向外呈现在追求事物的永恒(the
permanency of things),如当时城堡、教堂和私人住宅(private dwellings)的建立越来越采用石头材料,希望其永远存在。
2
Pluto’s Status关于冥王星是不是行星的讨论
冥王星的体积很小,有些小行星都比它大。冥王星在刚被发现时被认为体积很大,一方面跟reflectivity有关,一方面跟它的质量(mass)有关。有些人提出冥王星一直保持围绕太阳运转的轨道,这一特征可使其被归为太阳系的第十大行星。关于冥王星的争议在于,有人认为它已经长时间被认为是行星就应继续这样,也有人认为判断一个天体是不是行星,应该看它的重量是否足够达到受gravity的影响,从而形成一个球体。所以最终冥王星的归宿是一个新的天文学分类——矮行星(dwarf
planet,介于行星planet和小行星asteroid之间)。
3
本文介绍了水墨画,在中国宋代和日本都有,共同点是画的东西很多。中国主要画山水(landscape),写意,画中的人物像蚂蚁一样小。不同点是举了一个日本大师的例子,说他的绘画都是想象的(imaginary),未体现出层次感。而中国的画层次分明。第二点是中国强调用大自然的和谐(harmony)来体现社会的和谐,倾向环境固定(fixed)的特点。而日本倾向画不同季节不同天气同一景色的样子。
4
太阳系有秩序的特点导致天文学家认为整个太阳系是同一时间来自同一物质(太阳星云)形成的。
某种外部力量(比如来自超新星爆炸的冲击波)诱发了太阳星云的倾塌,导致其内陷收缩,最终引力产生的内缩和旋转产生的外扩达到平衡,形成了盘状的原始太阳。
在太阳星云倾塌期间,万有引力的收缩导致内部温度上升,使得太阳星云内部的尘粒裂解为分子原子,但外部(火星以外的区域)的温度仍然很低,很多尘粒表面覆盖着冰体。
太阳的形成标志着太阳星云的引力收缩结束,因此升温也结束了,内部温度的下降使得高熔点的元素首先冷凝,如铁镍等金属和岩石类元素凝固出现,形成金属岩石块,彼此撞击聚合,形成原始行星体,之后成为太阳系的内部行星。
由于内部行星和太阳星云碎屑的高速撞击产生很大热量,使得内部行星温度较高,并且由于自身引力场较低,所以无法吸引较轻的气体。
太阳系内部行星形成的同时,外部行星也在形成,由于远离太阳温度较低,外部行星的主要成分是冰体,这也解释了它们为什么体积庞大密度低。
托福阅读机经预测
1
Coba’n灭亡的第一个原因是统治者无能。Coban城市是Mayan地区的城市,曾经非常繁荣,统治者认为自己功德无量高枕无忧,结果社会突然出了动 乱,统治者无能,无法提出有效的措施,反而一个劲地做无用的仪式;灭亡的第二个原因是一条商业通路被毁掉了,这条路为Coban带来了很多财富,毁掉之后城市就衰败了;第三个原因是干旱。虽然没有切实的证据来证明这个原因的可靠,但是因为灭亡时间和干旱开始的年份一样,所以推测干旱可能也是原因。
2
说公认的造成地球有气候周期,比如ice age的是地球什么axis
tilt的角度还有什么rotation之类的,但是在过去几个billion年中,地球气候在变暖,这期间还是出现了几次ice
age,所以除了上面的原因应该还有其他原因造成ice
age。然后提到了某个P时期,那时候所有大陆都连在一起,在靠近赤道的位置,一部分比如说澳洲非洲等的大陆一直延伸到了polars,阻碍了那边water
circulation,所以water不能够起到调节temperature的作用,这是P时期产生ice
age的原因。又说到了另一个时期,忘记名字了,那个时期由于下雨,导致大气层中二氧化碳气体都被冲走了,所以产生了那个时期的ice
age。之后由于海底volcano的喷发导致二氧化碳气体浓度变高气候又变暖了。再讲道sun activity可能对ice age也有影响,size of sun
spots还有corona的厚度什么都可能影响ice age,但这种影响的程度还不确定。例子是最近一次small ice
age,在这段时间欧洲很冷,地球变成了ice ball还是啥的,同时又发现在这期间正好太阳活动很少,几乎没怎么观测到太阳活动。
3
关于Silver Tea Pot,第一段说什么revolution之前的需求都是小首饰啊鞋扣啥的,之后需求变为full
set的茶壶,还说到什么风格。还能在上面刻名字防止被偷,第三段说银器可以用来抵偿组建军队的债务又可以是身份的象征,第四段说negative的方面。
4
科学家研究在西伯利亚的人是怎么迁徙到美洲的,认为是从ice
age的白令海峡去到南阿拉斯加的,但是对于怎么从北美到南美有两种看法,一种是路上过去,经过大平原和落基山脉;另一种是从当时结冰的西海岸过去,提到一个例子一个山洞里发现了以海中生物为食物的人类残骸。
托福阅读句子简化题技巧
句子简化题的考察形式非常容易识别,我们会在原文一段话中看到被“高亮”出的一个句子:
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
然后结合这个句子问这样一个问题:
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
如何攻克句子简化题呢?
首先,既然题目让我们选择与原句句意相同的选项,那就必须要保证能够读懂题目和各个选项句子的意思。切记,看懂才能做题,看不懂句子不要谈提高正确率。
看懂题目句子,在做这种题的时候可能还会在如下两点出现错误:
句子太长、信息太多,在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑,忘记了原句准确的意思,勿中干扰选项的陷阱。
对于原句和选项的改写判断错误,错选意思与原句不相符的答案
问题1:句子太长、信息太多,在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑,忘记了原句准确的意思,勿中干扰选项的陷阱。
这个问题可以通过以下这个方式来解决。读完句子后、判断选项前,我们尝试着把刚看完的这个长长的句子“分层”。所谓的分层,是根据连接词将长句子中的几个分句分别挑出来,单独来看。就好像把一个蛋糕分成小块,吃起来才比较方便。之后,判断每个选项时,也将选项进行分层。我们要将原句的每一块“蛋糕”,和选项的每一块“蛋糕”分别进行比对,来判断该选项是否与原文一致。同时,除了判断每一个分句句意是否对应,也要判断连接分句的连接词是否也能构成对应的改写。
例题:
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
读清楚题目句子的意思之后,根据连接词将它分成三个部分,如下所示。
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
“准备工作”完成之后,我们来依次判断选项。
A选项错误:第一部分“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思,原文三部分都未曾提及。原句橙色部分只说“只有水完全适合机械的持续运转”,但是否只有水适合、或者水最适合factories?factories和machine的持续运作并不等价。其次,原文的蓝色部分也并没有提到A选项后半部分所述的“流水仅仅在Lancashire和Scotland是很丰富的”。
B选项错误:第二部分“so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中并未提到,原句蓝色部分只说“L和S地区的水力能够给grain mills和textile mills提供动力”。
C选项错误:第一部分上来就错了,原句橙色部分根本没讲“机械只能在水很丰富的地方运行”。
D选项正确:第一部分对应原句橙色部分,第二部分对应原句紫色部分,妥妥的正确。
问题2:对于原句和选项的改写判断错误,错选意思与原句不相符的答案
如果是因为对句意和选项意思把握不够准确而产生的这个问题,请多读读文章,认真背单词,好好翻译翻译句子。
如果是逻辑不够严谨、不够仔细而导致判断改写出错,“错把冯京当马凉”,请多刷刷题,各种题,都能治。
一些防不胜防的变态正确选项
#1 正确答案的逻辑关系与原句的逻辑关系貌似不符(出现几率10.7%)
有些同学喜欢根据“逻辑”来判断选项的正误,选项有原文的“逻辑关系”(大部分时候其实就是连词),那么选项有可能是正确的。下面的例题对于这种解法提了个醒。
例题:
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
正确答案为:
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
正确选项的因果关系在原文并未直接给出,但是记住,逻辑关系并不一定是通过连接词来表达的,比如result from就可以表示因果关系,经过改写完全可以变成“because … , …”的句子结构。再者,往往很多逻辑关系在初步理解句意的时候是无法非常直观的判断出来。
本题的句意,不仅描述了myths被保留下来,更是说明保留神话的原因是其艺术价值,所以正确答案的这个因果关系是符合原句意思的。
再比如这个题目:
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
正确答案:
Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
这答案根本没有原文的“but”,但是并不影响这个句子100%复述了题目句子的含义。
出现几率10%,这个比例并非小数目。这恰巧说明,同意改写确实是阅读中考察的一个重点。而同意改写并非一些古板的规则能够归纳总结,具体情况还是要根据人家给出的句子和选项的意思来判断。
#2 正确答案并不包含句子主干(出现几率5.4%)or省略部分原句信息(出现几率35.7%)
纳尼!居然以前老师讲的“对应主干”是不对的?
其实把这个现象解释成“没有100%通用的方法”,是可以说得通的,毕竟万事没有绝对。但是对于这种题目,“对应主干”的解题步骤可能需要打个折扣。原因在于一个句子的essential information有时候未必通过句子结构能够判断出来,就好像“状语”和“定语”有时候都长一个样子。
遇到这类题目,使用排除的思路更合适。最后剩下的那个选项与原句部分相符,而其他选项句意都错误,即使它不包含主干,那么也唯有选它了。
例题:
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
“据说”句子的主语和谓语在答案中是需要有的,不过答案偏偏是:Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
找谁说理去。
除了句子“主干”被抛弃,“次要信息”被抛弃的情况会更多,出现几率更大,相信大家在做官方真题Official的时候一定会遇到个把这样的选项,扔掉了部分原句的内容。由于这类选项很多,在这儿就不举例子了。
#3 句子中会出现指代前文的代词,需要根据前文确认指代内容(出现几率5.4%)
比如刚才那道running water的题,原句上来就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意,必然结合前文确定指代内容,这样才能选择答案。
#4 结合前文信息,才能准确理解并判断选项(出现几率3.6%)
例题:
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
正确答案为:
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
很多同学对这个题目中open areas开阔地区和deforested grounds的改写非常费解。其实这个句子的前文讲到了第三个使得鹿群数量增长的原因,这个原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然后这句话说道,open areas的食物不仅多、而且有营养,就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地区deforested grounds就是句子里说到的open areas。极个别的题目,还真没法只看这一句就100%理解并得到答案。
#5 正确选项和原句句意差别较大(出现几率5.4%)
例题:
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
正确答案为:
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
原句所述为“物质的化学和物理性质会随着环境变化,这些物质能够以一定的顺序沉积,从而记录这些性质变化的情况”,而正确答案内容为“沉积的物质中特性的变化能够表明环境的变化”。
这个正确选项虽未能与原句每部分直接构成明显的改写,但根据原句的意思是能够得出这个答案的。这种情况下,同样也要有排除选项的意识的。我们可以搂一眼下面的错误选项,意思都与原文是不相符的。
错误选项:
○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.
○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.
○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
虽然这些变态的情况出现几率不算高,但是大家也需要注意,以免到时候丢分。如果不注意,不要再来问:为什么我会错个别的句子简化题。
这TM也配当错误选项
大部分错误选项与原句信息不符、或讲述了一些原句根本没有提到的内容。但是还有一些选项,句意没错,但并不能作为正确答案,原因是这样的。
例题:
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
正确选项:
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
干扰选项:
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
正确选项不仅对应原句逗号前面整句话的信息,还包含了逗号后面的内容。干扰选项虽然对应逗号前面的部分,但是逗号后面的内容并未包含。相比之下,包含原句的信息更多且句意正确的选项,更应该是正确答案。
换个角度来讲,正确答案的意思更能够完整表达原句的意思。原句逗号后面的内容虽然是从句,但却是整个过程发生后的结果。干扰选项未将其纳入句中,表达的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。
貌似应该有总结!
bibi了这么多,简短的小结一下:
理解句意非常必要。
分层分块,再判断选项。
重要的是判断选项的意思正确与否,什么主干不主干的,逻辑不逻辑的,先放放哈。
对应原句信息更多,且句意正确的选项,更应该选。
根据情况,适当结合上下文。
托福考试阅读技巧 列举题解析
托福考试阅读中的列举题主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息,排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。所以,ETS也这类题型称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出题形式为:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?
一、列举题两大分类:集中列举和分散列举
1. 集中列举
集中列举的形式有:三个名词或词汇连续出现,各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举题,只需根据题干或选项定位原文,排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项,剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如,
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
这里,我们先看题干,问的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完这个题目之后我们回到原文:They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出来了。A,C答案可以直接在原文中找到,D答案是对原文内容的改写。
2. 分散列举
分散列举,顾名思义,就是说各项出现的位置比较的分散,可能出现于同一段落之中,或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举,我们同样需要根据题干或选项定位原文,将各个选项与所对应的原文逐个进行比较,采用排除法,在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。解答这类题目需要注意文章每个段落的首尾句。
二、解答列举题的三大步骤:
1. 看题干找关键词:
如果问题中线索,即,有和原文相同词语,我们称之为关键词,可以根据它定位,然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词,可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。一般来说,IBT阅读考试题目的顺寻和原文章的顺序相同。
2. 阅读四个选项:
如果题干中没有线索的,可以阅读四个选项,总结其中的共同点进行定位,或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。
3. 排除与原文相符的选项:
将各个选项与原文比较以后,排除其中符合原文意思的选项,剩下的一个选项,或者与原文相矛盾,或者在原文未提到,就是正确答案。
总之,列举题的基本思路是排除,排除与原文相符的选项,与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。
托福考试阅读技巧 词汇题解析
词汇题就是从具体的语境中理解词汇。鉴于英语单词的一词多义,所以准确理解某一个单词的意思需要依据语境。这里的语境就是我们所要阅读的文章的上下文。一般来说通过上下文推断或者猜测词意,上下文中可以利用的信息为,例句,对比词,同义词,反义词或者其他段落的解释等。此外,文章中一些特定搭配关系也可以帮助我们找到正确的答案。IBT的词汇题考的都是近义词,题目常见的问法如下:The word (or phrase) X is closest in meaning to ……, the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做这类题目,判断所考察词汇在原句中与其周围词汇的关系是关键,此外还要注意所考察词汇的词性。下面我们来看看常见的五种可以帮助我们迅速找到词汇题答案的特殊关系。
一、五类常见的词汇关系:
1. 直接反义关系—该词前或后出现的内容提示我们是反义关系。 表示相反概念的词语如下rather than,instead,unlike,contrast,on the contrary.
例如:
The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard
work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of
假如repudiates我们不认识,从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和值观念是相反的,由此信息看四个选项,你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味
2.并列关系:并列关系词如下: and,not only ..but also,as…as,and,both … and,either… or neither… nor
例如:
She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels.
The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about
回到原文看embarked on周围的词语和它在这个句子中的作用。在这句中关健词 and 其后出现soon began告诉我们前后方向是一致的,前面也必然和began有关,所以本题目的正解是B。
3.解释关系:后面的句子或短词,单词来解释前面的词。常见的标志词:Contribute to,be responsible for,account for,since ,therefore ,for,because,in which等
例如:
His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature.
The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A) Rupture B) revelation C) opportunity D) rest
which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告诉我们一定考查的是正态度,所以答案不可能是A) D),所以应该选 C) Opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。
4. 动宾关系:看看宾语能否受动词支配,或从动词短语搭配去判定.
例如:
The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of primary sources of the world’s pollutions. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog.
The word poised in this sentence is closest in meaning to__
A) interacting B) sitting C) blowing D) poisoning
首先从搭配关系上可以排除 interacting ,interact with 然后可以从上下文关系排除 blowing over 因为吹走了就是不会有smog.而poison考试中及物才有pollute的含义,不及物只有一种含义表示投毒。
5. 形容词修饰名词关系:
例如:
When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide (No2), which is a gas with a brownish hue.
The word hue in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A)color B)odor C)thickness D)smoke
对于本题你会发现有个小词brownish 呈褐色的,首先从形容词修饰名词关系可以直接排除B odor C thickness, 其次可以通过 a gas with brownish hue前面的 gas 排除 D smoke,用词重复。所以正确答案是A。
二、解决词汇题的三大技巧:
1、首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 采用就近原则,在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验;如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
2、分析词语在句子中的作用,了解词性,然后按照上面提供的5类关系方法找出正确答案。
3、看选项,如果选项的有2个答案都比较合适,根据词汇搭配的5类关系,选择在含义上与原词最合适的。
总之,根据原文章语境理解所要选择词汇的词性和其在句中的作用,然后根据5类词汇搭配关系来选择合适的选项是解决这类题目的基础,排除法是解决这类题的主要方法。
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?
一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析
在托福阅读题型中,句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了,首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解,需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础,另外,它又同文章段落结构相联系,同时答案又是选出简化后的内容,所以要求学生在确定文章主题以及段落大意的情况下,通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。
那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题,下面我为大家介绍一种方法,即运用逻辑解题法,希望对大家有所帮助。
二.逻辑解题法简述
逻辑解题法,顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析,在了解句子结构的基础上,分析句子的主要逻辑结构,找到句子所要表达的核心内容,然后对应答案,选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容,但不是逻辑,所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。
逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤: 通读原句,分析句子结构,找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系 查看选项,排除非主干逻辑的选项 根据句子内容,对应逻辑关系的具体对象,选出正确答案。
三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
下面我们来看一个例子: 例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子,我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项: A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
按照逻辑解题法的步骤,首先我们先分析一下原句,找到主干逻辑。很明显,这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness,谓语 results from,后面 as well as from 与前面并列,连接了并列宾语,所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。
第二步查看选项,我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项,C 选项因果关系缺失,D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系,中文释义为“除非”,不是因果,所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。
第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象,选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分,而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致,排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后,做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话的意思是否一致,规避一些基本的小错误。
此外,我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子,里面包含多种逻辑关系,在这种情况下,我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑,哪个是次要逻辑,最终根据分析,确定主要内容。比如下面这个例子:
例:He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.
通过分析句子,我们可以看到,句子中有两个逻辑关系,一个是因果,一个是条件,“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”,“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的,主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”,a 以 b 为原因,而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句,这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果,不是条件。看下面四个选项:
A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
通过上述分析,我们可以知道,答案为 C,D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似,但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系:已经发生的事情属于因果关系,尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。
利用逻辑解题法解决托福阅读句子简化题是非常不错的选择,如果大家不会做这类题目,建议按照文中示例步骤来解决此类题目。句子简化题虽然乍一看难度很高,但是只要大家用对方法,多做练习,考试中遇到这里题目就能做的又快又对。
托福阅读素材:驾驶新规
请看相关报道:
The Ministry of Public Security's amended regulations on driving licenses increase the penalties for motorists who run red lights, as well as authorities who issue licenses to new drivers who cause serious accidents.
公安部新修订的驾驶证使用规定加强了对司机闯红灯的处罚力度,同时新司机发生严重事故的也将对发证机关进行处罚。
新规中对running red light (闯红灯) 和 blocking or defacing license plates (遮挡、污损号牌) 等行为的point penalty (扣分处罚) 从之前的3分提高到6分; drunk driving (醉驾) 的客货车司机将面临 lifetime ban (终身禁驾)。
Newly qualified drivers (新司机)上高速必须由三年以上驾龄的司机陪同,一旦发生fatal accident(致命事故)将追究license-issuing authorities (发证机关)的责任。
托福阅读素材:每个女人都应该记住的10句名言
1. Muhhamad Ali Jinah:
穆罕默德·阿里·吉娜
There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.
世界上最强大的两种东西。一种是剑,一种是笔。这两者之间有很大的竞争性。世界上还有比这两种东西更强大的第三种,那就是女人。
2. Margaret Sanger:
玛格丽特·桑格
Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have. Regardless of what man's attitude may be, that problem is hers — and before it can be his, it is hers alone.
女人必须得有她的自由,最基本的自由是选择是否成为一位母亲以及将生几个孩子。不管男人的态度如何,那都是她自己的事情——也许最后男人也会参与进来,但首先将由她自己作出决定。
3. Marilyn Monroe:
玛丽莲·梦露
A wise woman likes but doesn't love, listens but doesn't believe and leaves before she is left.
聪明的女人会喜欢但不会深爱,会倾听但不会相信,会在被抛弃以前离开。
4. Dick Van Dyke:
迪克·范·戴克
Women will never be as successful as men because they have no wives to advise them.
女性绝不会有和男人一样的成功,因为她们没有妻子给她们建议。
5. Whitney Houston:
惠特尼·休斯顿
I like being a woman, even in a man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear the pants.
即使是生活在男人的世界里我也喜欢做女人。毕竟,男人不能穿裙子,但是我们能穿裤子。
6. Cameron Diaz:
卡梅隆·迪亚兹
What we women need to do, instead of worrying about what we don't have, is just love what we do have.
我们女人需要做的就是,与其担心我们没有的东西,还不如爱我们已经有的东西。
7. Farrah Fawcett:
法拉·弗西
God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I've ever met.
上帝给了女人直觉和女人味儿。使用合理的话,这两者结合就能很容易迷倒我曾遇到过的所有男性。
8. Yul Brynner:
尤尔·伯连纳
Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.
女孩儿有男孩儿没有的优势:如果她们不能通过变聪明得到她们想要的,那么她们可以通过变得愚笨得到。
9. Joseph Conrad:
约瑟夫·康拉德
Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.
做女人难,因为主要是和男人打交道。
10. Oscar Wilde:
奥斯卡·王尔德
Women are made to be loved, not understood.
女人生来是被爱旳,而不是被理解的。
托福阅读素材:20几岁最需要学会的技能
What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?
20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?
1. Build a foundation for health.
锻炼强健的体魄。
In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.
20几岁的时候,你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过,第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候,我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点,做做运动。几年之后,你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。
2. Learn resiliency.
学会振作。
Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.
20几岁是你最自由的时候,到了30岁和40岁的时候,责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤,20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。
3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.
找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。
I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.
20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败,因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作,这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标,我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里,我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人,什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业,而不是像你所希望的那样。
4. Learn to live within your means.
学会靠自己生活。
Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.
现在开始,学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活,还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误,现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误,那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶:无论去哪儿都打的,买昂贵的衣服,还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人,尽管工资很高,但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候,奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约,然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。
5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.
认真选择你的伴侣。
Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.
在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现,时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响,那些人只会浪费你的时间,他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福,谁激励你,谁支持你,让你们之间的关系升温。
下面,我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题:
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affect ed, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.
B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.
C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involve d in the effort .
D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.
很多托福考生在做句子简化题时,习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文,那样做其实不仅慢,而且很容易乱。
正确的做法是:
1.找出句子的主谓宾,也就是谁做了什么,然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是:seriousness of desertification,逻辑关系词是表示原因的:result from,所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项,他们中若有正确答案,那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。这样做不仅快,而且效率高。我们不难发现:A选项中有because;B选项中有because of;所以我们先看这两个选项。
2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连,说明是两个原因,一个是影响land和people,一个是reverse和slowthe process很难。A选项正确表达了句意,而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系,很明显是错的。
托福阅读经典好句积累
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说,电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
托福阅读中的易错词汇积累
1、quite 相当 quiet 安静地
2、affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响
3、adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行
4、angel 天使 angle 角度
5、dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记
6、contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛
7、principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则
8、implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9、dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文
10、pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲,打
11、decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下
12、sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13、later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14、costume 服装 custom习惯
15、extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的
16、aural 耳的 oral 口头的
17、abroad 国外 aboard 上(船,飞机、
18、altar 祭坛 alter 改变
19、assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20、champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役
21、baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓
22、beam 梁, 光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式
23、precede proceed 进行,继续
24、pray 祈祷 prey 猎物
25、chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房
26、monkey 猴子 donkey 驴
27、chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳
28、cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉
29、clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢,坠落 crush 压坏
30、compliment 赞美 complement 附加物
31、confirm 确认 conform 使顺从
32、contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照
33、council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事
34、crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35、dose 一剂药 doze 打盹
36、drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水
托福阅读常考词汇的积累
enroll to one = combine
complement = supplement = add to
substitute = replace
so far = until present = up to now
rooted in = based on
make their way = travel
vulnerable--open to break-open to attack -- weak --susceptible
perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil
Seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active
float = stay on the top
be consistent with = be compatible with
property 财产,特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为“特征,属性”)
simulated ---- artificial
sort --- type -- kind
staggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelming
string线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列 =series
swell -- enlargement --- expand
tract- area - terrain
symmetric 对称的,均衡的 --- balance
taper 逐渐变小 --- diminish --- 收缩
tenet --- principle/belief
turn = change
vast - immense - extensive
with the ordinary citizen's pocketbook = affordable
advent = arrival
affair = matter
chronic --- constant - confirmed 慢性的;证实的
consequence = result/importance
counter = oppose
countervail 补偿,抵消; 对抗 = compensate/oppose
distinction = differentiation/excellence/honor
distribution = dispersion = dispersal
embed = implant
euphoric = extremely happy
flake = fragment
hinder 阻碍,打扰= interfere with
ladings 船货= cargos shipment
mandatory = required, obligatory
mundane 世俗的,平凡的= ordinary
句子简化题其实是货真价实的Paraphrase,一般就是给出长难句,让选择跟原文意思最为相近的选项。
这种题需要一定的把握长难句的能力,也需要一定的语法基础。如果考过GMAT的,做惯了Sentence Correction的同学应该觉得不太难。这种题还需要多练习,小编也从技巧的角度来作出一些解释。
按照托福官方指南OG的解释是,错误选项通常犯了如下两个错误:一是与原文意思相悖,二是漏掉了原文重要的内容。要解决这个问题,首先应该把句子的主要成分,即主谓宾按照小学时候学过的缩句方法提炼出来,明白句子的主要意思,再到选项中去找合适的。选的时候一定要再三斟酌,切忌看了某一个选项就做出决定而不管其它三个。
★ 面试应对技巧
★ 托福阅读省时技巧