下面是小编为大家整理的11月14号托福阅读真题解析（共含7篇），如果喜欢可以分享给身边的朋友喔!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“悄悄”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
11月14号托福阅读真题解析
今天的托福阅读部分难度较大，常考的生物类话题没有出现，三篇文章中两篇为历史农业类题材，一篇为天文地质类题材。
第一篇：Climate Change and the Natufian People
文章大意：
气候干旱(arid)，河水干涸，导致猎物(game)减少，N人发明了新的箭头(arrowhead)来捕杀猎物。空气中二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)含量下降，阻止(inhibit)植物光合作用(photosynthesis)，农作物的减少使得农业变得必要。对A村落遗迹的研究发现，人口数量的增加使得人们对作物重视，驯化了(domesticate)黑麦(rye)，而人们搬走之后，黑麦又逐渐变回野生状态(wild)。人们离开了林地(woodland)，转向那些河流干涸带来的冲积河谷(alluvial valley)，那里的土壤肥沃利于农业增产。
文章点评：
历史/农业类文章，难度适中。
Tpo中此类文章非常多，在备考时，建议考生精读tpo21-2 the Origins of Agriculture，就能对农业话题有足够的背景知识。例如：人们起初都是以“打猎-采集(hunter-gather)”和游牧(nomad)的生活方式为主的，向农业的发展，主要可能由人口的增长、气候的波动(fluctuation)而不能持续获得猎物等因素导致。
同时tpo24-3 Moving into Pueblo也提供了一些常考的逻辑线索，人口的移动或者生活方式的转变往往有一些客观原因;比如人口增长让人们有获取食物的需求，气温低使得人们向低海拔(lower elevation)迁移，合作(cooperation)的需要促使部落之间的交流，等等。
阅读过词类文章后，考生们对此类题型应当胜券在握。
第二篇：Development of Ideas About the Moon’s Surface
文章大意：
人们对月球表面弹坑来源的讨论，不同年代的不同科学家提出的不同理论(theory)，总体围绕弹坑是由陨石撞击(meteorite impact)还是由火山活动(volcanism)造成的。中间涉及一些科学实验方法：比如模拟(mimic)陨石撞击，用铅球(lead)撞击粘土(clay);振动曲线表明撞击不是椭圆形(ellipse)，而无论从何角度都是圆形(circle)等等。同时，还对月海(Maria: a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon)的来源做了讨论。
最终得出结论坑是由于陨石撞击导致的，月海是火山活动带来的
文章点评：
天文/地质类文章，难度高。
这篇文章考生普遍反映很难，有些考生表示在这篇文章上耗时过长导致影响了最后一篇文章的答题。这篇文章主要难在提出了许多theories，中间涉及多个人名和观点，且每个理论所持的观点和被支持还是被反驳交代比较隐晦，不像以往tpo中对每个理论的提出和正确与否都有明确的说明。例如tpo15-2 Mass Extinction 就有明确的提出理论反驳理论的过程，同学们可以细细体会一下。在备考天文相关文章时还要求对天文学背景有一些了解，推荐阅读tpo25-1 the Surface of Mars。
在实战时，若考生在今后的考试中遇到此类难题也不要惊慌，留足时间做第三篇文章，完成后再回头理清思绪，借助笔记，将每个人名和他们的理论一一对应，有助于对文章的理解。
第三篇：the Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe
文章大意：
(配图：原始的犁(plow)和新的犁)
欧洲经济增长停滞(stagnation)，引出农业发展。过去的犁挖得浅，挖不动潮湿的土地，改良的犁挖得深，并且过去要犁两遍的土地现在只要犁一遍。这个犁的进步，变成了财富的象征。新的马具(harness)的引入使得马取代了牛(oxen)用于耕地，并且马跑的快，成为了交通工具促进贸易。而养马是很贵的，不像牛吃干草就行了，马的饲料要像种农作物一样耕种。
文章点评：
历史/农业类，难度适中。
文章脉络清晰，容易理解。备考时熟悉农业相关词汇，实战时注重今昔对比，和文章态度。
附：托福农业类常考词汇
agriculture (farming) 农业
farmland 农田
soil erosion 泥土流失
silt 粉砂，泥沙
clay 黏土，湿土
clod 土块
agrarian 土地的，农业的
ridge 田埂
furrow 犁沟
plot (patch)小块地
ranch 农场，牧场
orchard 果园
nursery 苗圃
sickle 镰刀
spade 铲，锹
shovel (平头) 铲
pick 稿
cultivate (till) 耕作
harvest 收割
weed 除草
irrigate 灌溉
granary(grain store) 粮仓
mill 碾，磨
wheat 小麦
corn 玉米
barley 大麦
sorghum 高粱
oats燕麦
rye 黑麦
millet 粟，小米
horticulture 园艺学
hydroponics 水栽法，营养液栽培法
husbandry (animal husbandry) 畜牧业
pasture 牧场
livestock 家畜
fowl (poultry) 家禽
cattle 牛，家畜
buffalo 野牛
dairy (dairy cattle) 奶牛
hay (作饲料用)干草
haystack 干草堆
fodder (feed) 饲料
barn(shed) 牲口槽
今日部分词汇题：
Stagnation = lack of growth
Implication = consequence
Mimic = reproduce
Vast = huge
Drawn to = be attracted towards
Exclusively = solely
Sustained = continued
Conventional = standard
托福词汇之分数类
grade (mark 、score) 分数
perfect grade 优异成绩
low grade 低分
high mark 高分
passing grade 及格分
failing grade 不及格分
full marks 满分
straight A’s 全A
be all A’s and B’s 全是A和B
B plus B加
A minus A减
pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试
graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业
托福词汇之作业类
thesis/essay/dissertation 论文
assignment 作业
homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业
lab report 实验报告
book report 读书报告
presentation 发言
term paper 学期论文
project 作业
broad (论文等)内容宽泛的
narrow down (论文等)缩小范围
托福词汇之教师评价类
professor 教授
lecturer = instructor 讲师
teaching assistant = TA 助教
research assistant = RA 助研
counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问
B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) 文学士
M.A (degree of Master of Arts) 文学硕士
M.S. (Master of Science) 理硕士
M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) 医学博士
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) (哲学)博士
president 大学校长
teacher/faculty 教师
student’s advisor 学生顾问
physicist 物理学家
mathematician 数学家
chemist 化学家
historian 历史学家
statistician 统计学家
11.8号托福阅读答案解析
阅读部分考试回忆如下：
1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches
shedding剪枝的意义。一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。
词汇题补充：
exposed = unprotected
with no warning = without any indication beforehand
congestion = overcrowding
2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs
冠状棘海星，话题重复.01.08
珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)
词汇题补充：
outbreak = sudden increase
accompany = occur along with
converge = come together
severity = seriousness
原题重现：
The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.
A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.
Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.
Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.
One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.
Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.
Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.
Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.
3.Dorset Culture
格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。这些人发明了工具来面对寒冷气候，后来气候变暖了，另一部落的人迁移过来消灭了这个文明。
词汇题补充：
allowed for = made possible
harsh = severe
duration of sea ice = length of time the ice lasts
annihilated = destroyed
4.Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains
旧题重复：9月25日文章
本篇属于比较规律的一篇生物文章，从森林变化这种现象着手，进而分析背后的原因; 建议大家多多了解相关的背景知识，比如 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii; TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants，从这些文章中我们可以知道植物的产生和进化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每种植物的生长和进化套路相似，所以大家可以仔细分析一下这两篇文章的结构，总结类似的文章结构规律和出题特征。
文章内容：最初被常绿林覆盖的森林，由于气候变得温暖干燥，变成了落叶林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之类的地方树木比较占优势，一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地带(natural firebreak)，但草原被烧毁后依旧能够拥有“野火烧不尽”的势头 。然而在大平原地区，森林减少后，接下来又经历了逆袭，数量开始增多，具体的原因主要在于人类的活动，随着农牧业的发展，草原数量逐渐减少，火灾频率也随之降低，所以，森林又得以回归 。
词汇题补充：
dense = thick
eased into = slowly entered
retain = keep
inevitable = certain
5.How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
旧题重复：12月27日文章
6. Early Modern Industrialization
旧题重复：3月11日文章
词汇题补充：
determinants = causes
hastened = rushed
diffusion = dispersal
perfected = completed
7. Birds and Food Shortage
旧题重复：月20日文章
文章内容：
这篇是讲鸟类储存能量的。鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能彻底解决这个问题。越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食：大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量可以撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。还说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳动物冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上都会这样。
词汇题补充：
duration of = length of
enables = allows
in some degree = to a certain extent
8. 古埃及金字塔那些法老，对各个法老的记录来研究埃及历史
9. 恐龙的讨论
10. 北极圈的居民
11. 农业变迁
12. 植物的自我保护机制
13. 昆虫的一种群居行为
14. 密西根和埃及的乡村建设，一个分布均匀，一个分布紧密
托福词汇词以类计之政治场景类
政治类Government
监督 n. scrutiny
监督 v. scrutinize/ monitor
为……拨款 allocate money to sth./ be a patron of/ invest in/ fund/ dedicate money to sth.
预算 n. budget
政府开支 the government spending/ expenditure on sth.
削减 v. curtail
增加 v. augment
废除(法律、制度等) vt. abolish
实施 vt. implement
使……合法化 vt. legalize
首要任务 n. priority
建立 vt. establish
减轻、缓解 vt. alleviate =ease =relieve
当局 the authorities
禁止 vt. forbid/ prohibit
立法 n. legislation
税收 tax revenue
民主的 adj. democratic
高效率的 adj. efficient
优化资源分配 optimize the distribution of res-ources
稳定 n. stability
解决 vt. Combat = tackle = resolve = address = grapple with
严厉的，严格的 adj. stringent
短视的 adj. short-sighted
支出，花费 n. expenditure
社会保险 social security
老百姓 n. citizens/ the citizenry
规范，管理 v. regulate/ monitor/ oversee
严禁 strictly prohibit/ ban altogether
严格的法律 stringent laws/ legislation
强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的 adj. mandatory/ compulsory
当务之急 n. priority
失业 n. unemployment/ joblessness
基础设施 n. infrastructure
公共交通系统 public transportation/ transit system
电网 power grid
石油天然气管线 pipelines
给排水系统 water supply and drainage system
民主与开明的政府 a democratic and progressive government
临时的应急措施 a stopgap measure
把……当作当务之急 give priority to sth.
责任 n. duty/ responsibility/ obligation
军备竞赛 n. arms race
自卫 n. self-defense
国土安全 national security/ homeland security
缺乏远见的政策 short-sighted policy
扩张 n. expansion/ aggression
谋求霸权 seek/ pursue hegemony
恶性循环 a vicious circle
地区不稳定因素 destabilizing factors
规章制度 rules and regulations
太空竞赛 space race
武器 n. arms/ weapons/ armaments
下岗工人 laid-off workers/ downsized workers
托福词汇分类之医生
1. medical specialist 专科医生
2. physician (internist) 内科医生
3. surgeon 外科医生
4. paediatrician 儿科医生
5. ophthalmologist 眼科医生
6. pharmacist 药剂师
7. general practitioner 全科医师
8. clinician 临床医师
9. gynecologist 妇科医生
10. plastic surgeon 整形外科医生
11. dentist 牙医
12. psychologist 心理医生
13. therapist 理疗师
14. cardiologist 心脏病科医师
15. dermatologist 皮肤科医生
16. podiatrist 足病医生
17. allergist 过敏症专科医生
18. obstetrician 产科医生
19. ENT doctor 耳鼻喉科医生
20. orthopedist 骨科医生
21. veterinarian 兽医
22. houseman 实习医生
Passage Three学科分类：生物
题目：The day length and reproductive time in animal
内容回忆：
第1段提出 动物一般都会在食物充分的时候生产，如果食物不够，后代不足以生存，那动物如何判断呢。有很多的环境线索，其中最重要的是日长，日长不但影响动物繁殖和生产还影响动物的迁徙和冬眠;
第2，3段讲到这日长影响动物的理论在1900初提出，后来在19得到论证，通过研究者多年观察某种鸟类迁徙过程，发现其都是固定时间生产和迁徙，发现比起时间，日照和温度的影响更大;
第4段讲热带因为日照季节差别小，所以不根据日照生产，但是人工条件下发现日照还是有影响的;最后讲到日长对动物繁殖生产有影响，但是影响不同。一般大的哺乳动物怀孕4-7月，但是马要怀孕11月。
词汇题：
1.formulate = investigate
2.invariable = always
3.retained = kept
Passage Two学科分类：生物
题目：The north long-neck turtle
内容回忆：
第1段介绍了生活在澳洲热带的long-neck turtle，它们的栖息地非常地特殊，会随着干湿两季的不同，改变栖息地;
第2段讲到研究者们找了两年也没有找到这种龟的栖息地，但是当地的土著人知道，他们知道这种龟会将蛋产在水下。为了验证这个说法，研究者在水下放了很多radio transmitter，turtle下蛋的时候，transmitter会附在蛋上，结果真的发现，long-neck turtle会在水下14-17米的泥下下蛋;
第3段讲为什么turtle会选这里下蛋，这和它们生存的环境有关，它们生存的环境没有稳定的水，干湿两季是主要原因。
第4段讲到 为什么这种龟下蛋在水下，蛋可以生存下来，不同于别的蛋，它们的蛋特别抗压。
词汇题：
1.ingenious = comprehensive
2.feat = achievement
3.bizarre = strange
4.unpredictable = viable
Passage One学科分类：生物
题目：Body temperature
内容回忆：
第1段动物需要保持体温，还需要将热量传输到表面皮肤。表面的温度低于内部才会产生热量的传输。
第2段产生热量的是少部分器官，比如人体中的chest，abdomen，brain产生的热量就占所有热量的72%。
第3段运动的时候，会产生更多的热量，要比平时多上十多倍的热量，主要是肌肉产生。
第4段说的内部温度也不是都一样的，inner的温度保持恒定，但是器官直接也有温度差，可能会有0.5度的差别。
第5，6段主要讲热量是怎么传输到表面的。最后两段主要内容讲到，体温会根据日常的活动调节，不同的动物会不一样。比如夜行动物在夜间体温高，白天低。
词汇题：
1.uniform = constant
2.considerably = greatly
3.significance = importance
4.roughly = approximately
Passage Four学科分类：历史
题目：The United State interstate highway system
内容回忆：
第1段提出北美高速系统的建立，在1956年提出，1990年建立。主要还提到这个系统的三好处，加速，安全等等;
第2段讲到缺点，路的选择少，要绕，所以更费燃料，造成更大污染;
第3，4段讲这对老城区的巨大伤害，因为规划站在whole state的角度，对个别城市和古老社区考虑不周，造成破坏和萧条;
第5段讲到造成了new order，更多中心在郊区发展起来，更多人会在周末假期出去玩。;最后说到highway system和subway系统的重和。
词汇题：
1.alter = change
2.integrated = combined
3.hasten = sped up
托福阅读真题练习：声音的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.
Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The function of the voice in performance
(B) The connection between voice and personality
(C) Communication styles
(D) The production of speech
2. What does the author mean by stating that, “At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and
feelings over and above the words chosen” (lines 9-10)?
(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.
(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.
(C)A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.
(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.
3. The word “Here” in line 10 refers to
(A) interpersonal interactions
(B) the tone
(C) ideas and feelings
(D) words chosen
4. The word “derived” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) discussed
(B) prepared
(C) registered
(D) obtained
5. Why does the author mention “artistic, political, or pedagogic communication” in line 17?
(A)As examples of public performance
(B)As examples of basic styles of communication
(C) To contrast them to singing
(D) To introduce the idea of self-image
6.According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's
(A) general physical health
(B) personality
(C) ability to communicate
(D) vocal quality
7.According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide
(A) hostility
(B) shyness
(C) friendliness
(D) strength
8. The word “drastically” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) exactly
(C) severely
(D) easily
9. The word “evidenced” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) questioned
(B) repeated
(C) indicated
(D) exaggerated
10.According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?
(A) lethargy
(B) depression
(C) boredom
(D) anger
托福阅读答案：
BBADABBCCD
托福阅读真题练习：水彩画的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the “Industry of All Nations” section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.
The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.
In 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
托福阅读题目：
1. This passage is mainly about
(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's
(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's
(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's
(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's
2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because
(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society
(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City
(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters
(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published
3. The word “securing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) locking
(B) creating
(C) constructing
(D) acquiring
4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in
Watercolor EXCEPT:
(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.
(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society
(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.
(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.
5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in
Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?
(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.
(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.
(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.
(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.
6. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
(A) time
(B) group
(C) building
(D) studio
7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?
(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.
(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.
(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water
Colors.
(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of
artists.
8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it
(A) received an important reward
(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting
(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction
(D) attracted the interest of art collectors
9. The word “considerable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sensitive
(B) great
(C) thoughtful
(D) planned
10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?
(A) Elements of GraphicArt was republished.
(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.
(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.
(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.
11. The word “prominent” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) local
(C) famous
(D) organized
托福阅读答案：
BADCC BACBD C
托福阅读真题练习：霍霍坎的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读文本：
The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.
The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The “hole” at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.
Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.
The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) observations of the stars by ancient people
(B) rock formations of Arizona
(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time
(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun
2. The word “obtained” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) acquired
(B) transported
(C) covered
(D) removed
3. The word “attributes” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) changes
(B) characteristics
(C) locations
(D) dimensions
4. The word “its” in line 10 refers to
(A) roof
(B) beam
(C) hole
(D) spot
5. The word “establish” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) create
(B) locate
(C) consult
(D) choose
6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?
(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.
(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.
(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.
(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.
7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?
(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east
(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves
(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south
(D) The size of the sport of light at midday
8. The word “roughly” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) finally
(B) harshly
(C) uneasily
(D) approximately
9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT
(A) a calendar
(B) a home
(C) a clock
(D) an observatory
10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?
(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.
(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.
(C)After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.
(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.
托福阅读答案：
CABCA BCDBA
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