托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍

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托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍

篇1:托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍

托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍

1)选择代词找寻它所指代的具体内容;

2)能否分析代词与其先行词之间的照应关系;

3)被指代的内容通常出现在代词之前;

4)选项单词或短语都来源于文章,很具有干扰性。

5)提问方式:The word X in the passage refers to

代词主要分为人称代词、指示代词、关系代词、其他代词。

①人称代词:

主格 he,she,it,they

宾格 him,her,it,them

所有格 his,her,its,their

②指示代词:

this,that,these,those

③关系代词:

who,whom,which,whose

④其他代词:

one,other,another,all,none,both

托福阅读指代题解题方法分享

1)分析原句

2)看选项

3)代入原句检验(检验标准:是否数格一致)

①是否数一致:

The energy content of food is stored in the chemical bonds that link its atoms and molecules.

这句话中的代词 its 指代的一定是单数名词 food ,不可能是 chemical bonds 。

②是否符合原意

Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

这句话中的代词 They 指代的内容应该是前面一句话的某个名词或名词短语,那么 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 还是 outlets 呢?根据句子的意思, 它们可能会以直接的方式对父母表达出来 ,显然只有 impulses 才会被表达出来, outlets 是不会被表达出来的,因此代词 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 而不是 outlets 。

托福阅读指代类题型5个解题要点思路分析

1. 见到代词找指代,指代通常在前方

这句话是代词指代题的总则,考生务必牢记:代词永远出现在原词之后,原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。

2. 主代主,宾代宾,所有格,就近找

代词指代的语法规则非常严格,因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、还是所有格代词,然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目,例如:

When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these “living flowers”, they are stung and eaten.

题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分,考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”,题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词:

Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”,语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他(它)们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”,在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词,就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”,因此正确答案就是它。

3.平行结构有搭配,多重指代层层推

所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述,阅读部分经常出现“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写,通过对这种常见结构的把握,考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如:

Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂,但不难看出题目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”,正确答案应为“adults”。

此外,为了增加难度,对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍,既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心,在前文内容中层层回溯,逐一定位,抽丝剥茧,最终必然能够顺利解题。例如:

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

本题看似复杂,其实通过层层倒推,锁定目标词“cities”并不十分困难。

4. 单数复数都对应,主动被动要分清

代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱,例如同时出现大量名词,有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词,让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句,颠三倒四,让考生头晕脑胀。po解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单,无论怎样变化,代词指代总有一定之规,例如:

In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句,因此“they”不再指代前文主语,而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助,口诀中已经明确指出,代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致,因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

5. 定位排除和代入,验证语意要记牢

总而言之,代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了:第一步定位文中代词,用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项,排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译,进行验证。

托福考试阅读材料专题训练

【Introduction】

根据一份今在「英国医学杂志」刊出的报告指出,母乳虽然含有丰富营养,但长期吃母奶无助於降低幼儿罹患气喘和过敏症状风险。

【Section One】Article

The benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk can‘t do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

That‘s a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them — those who had already begun breast-feeding — were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.

Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.

In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy — to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus — between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations weren‘t statistically relevant.

The BMJ study is “to our knowledge.. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation,” write the study‘s authors. But it‘s not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies‘ health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months — and exclusively for at least 6 months — according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

【Section Two】Vocabulary

limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group

extend the duration of.

to fend off, to ward off

enlist (someone) in the armed forces.

the period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

action taken to improve a medical disorder.

so as to include or affect all classes or categories

to maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatments

a set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.

10. wheeze

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.

possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms

12. bout

a short period of intense activity.

13. eczema

a medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.

14. prick

press briefly or puncture with a sharp point.

15. mite

a minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.

16. pollen

a powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.

is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.

18. fungus

any of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

a disadvantage of or argument against something.

fully in agreement.

a branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of children

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes

【Section Three】Homework

1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.

When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.

2. What is the main idear of this Article?

3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?

4. Which word is the “best” synonym of “recruit” here ?

A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll

5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?

参考答案:

1. 当小婴儿六岁半时,研究员以一致的问卷来追踪哮喘、花粉病和湿疹。两组各项过敏的比例都很接近。

2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.

4. E

5. asthma, hay fever and eczema

篇2:怎么做好新托福阅读题型--指代题

新托福阅读题型--指代题

Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题

指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题,由于它难度不高,现在在托福考试中出现的概率已经低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章,竟然一道指代题都没有,这也许说明了ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。但是指代题的原理,我们的同学必须要掌握。因为虽然也许你碰到指代题的概率低了很多,但是ETS在插入句子题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目,用代词来做主语,你不得不去确定这个代词主语到底指代的是前文中的什么才能继续解题。所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型,同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法,分析一些例题,应该可以很好地应付这种题型。

托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤

一、问题形式

被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮,这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下:

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解题步骤

1. 根据解题技巧确定答案

2. 代入原文验证,看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代,就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处,如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如,

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则,前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文,符合语义和逻辑,因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远,而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通,因此为干扰选项。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词,复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路

1. 主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中,第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如,

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在这一例子中,从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins,因此第二个选项为正确答案。

如何解答托福阅读指代题?

托福阅读指代题目目前出的不是很多,我们只需要按照几个常用步骤解题就可以了。基本做法是一:向前找,二:主从句主语一致;三:注意数格 四:前文概括总结。

这一节按照主从一致的基本标准做3个题目

例一

From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

12. The word “these” in the passage refers to(2)

○ religious ceremonies

○ descriptions

○ types of ware

○ pots

解析:画线句子中,although必然引导从句,所以these 应和主句的主语一样。主句Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots,中,因为状语和of之后的后置定语都不是主要,tion又一定是名词后缀。所以tions一定就是主句主语。因此答案是B. 看似很难的题目,很简单就可以得出结论。

例二

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.

11. The word “it” in the passage refers to (1)

○ an external cue such as sunrise

○ the daily rhythm of an animal

○ the local solar day

○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours

解这个题,同样的道理我们一眼落实到这个句子上了Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does。。。;it 肯定和主句主语一致。找一下:not only do but also do明显是动词,前面的一定是主语。答案a

例三:语序错乱,一样找

They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

The word “they” in the passage refers to (1)

○ statues

○ gateways

○ temples

○ pillared courts

这个题我们应该落实到画线句子。Where引导的从句是必然了。那主句的主语在哪里?我们看到前面有效标点符号或者说,明显界标性质的地方是for instance,而后面不成一句(地点怎么会是一句话呢)所以我们界定这个for instance作为插入语是在影响我们思维的,那么删掉好了。往前找,主语是Other statues,很明显没有跟它争的了:) 因为后面是动词“是”。直接找ABCD里面有Other statues的就好了。A.

篇3:托福阅读指代题技巧

托福阅读指代题解题有技巧

一、问题形式

被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮,这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下:

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解题步骤

1. 根据解题技巧确定答案

2. 代入原文验证,看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代,就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处,如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如,

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则,前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文,符合语义和逻辑,因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远,而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通,因此为干扰选项。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词,复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路

1. 主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中,第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如,

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在这一例子中,从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins,因此第二个选项为正确答案。

如果主从复合句中一个句子(可以是主句,也可以是从句)使用被动语态,包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如, Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

The word none in the passage refers to

food

plant or animal

energy

big body

在本例中,if引导的从句使用了被动语态,代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此,第三个选项为正确答案。

2.并列动词中的指代

如果一个句中有两个并列的动词,第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如,

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

The word “that” in line 27 refers to

(A) contemporary art

(B) opportunity

(C) audience

(D) distinction

句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking (into account),其中recognizing的宾语是distinction,而taking 的宾语是that。根据上述技巧,that指代distinction。因此,(D)为正确答案。

3.平行结构中的指代

平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中,平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象:前一句中的名词主语。例如,

In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

The word others in the passage refers to

chambers

paintings

beasts

parades

原文包含平行结构some…others,它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts,因此第三个选项为正确答案。

4. 所有格的指代

所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如,

Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

The word “their” in line 1 refers to

(A) folk

(B) nations

(C) countries

(D) objects

根据所有格指代的解题技巧,their指代前面位置最近的名词objects,因此(D)为正确答案。

5. 指代的接力棒现象

这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词,而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。例如,

While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.

The word “they” in line 8 refers to

(A) North Americans

(B) news shows

(C) interviews

(D) opinions

在这一例子中,第二句中的代词they(reflect the opinions…)对应第一句中的they(are not…),而第一个they指代前面从句中的名词主语interviews,那么第二个they也指代interviews,因此(C)为正确答案。

除了上述情况之外,其他指代,如定语从句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的关系代词指代先行词,from there结构中的there指代前面最接近的地点名词等,限于篇幅,不再详述。

40秒搞定托福阅读的方法大全

秒杀单词篇

单词的重要性,毋庸置疑。托福阅读考试中,有三分之一的词汇题,词汇题是阅读的重点但不是难点,因为90%是选其近义词,如果考生对考题中的词汇了如指掌,那词汇题就能轻松选对。如果说“得听力者得天下”,对于阅读考试,那就是“得词汇者得阅读”。完美秒杀词汇题,那么阅读得高分也就指日可待了。

托福阅读词汇题中的词汇是小单纯与小恶魔的结合。说它小单纯,是因为如果知道题目中单词的意思,90%选其原意;说它小恶魔,是因为词汇题还喜欢坏坏的与你开玩笑,偶尔在题目中设置一些障碍,挑战一下你的智商。这就要求我们备考时要留心准备这些障碍。常见的词汇障碍有三种,词汇活用,熟词僻义,高难词汇。

A词性活用

(1) 英文中名词和动词都有加s 或es的时候,前者构成名词复数,后者构成动词的三单。

The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face.

乍看此句,一头雾水。因为arch这个词,大多数人把他当成名词“拱门”记忆,殊不知,arch还可以被活用成动词,相当于bend. 例句中的arch正是词性活用的体现。

(2) 英文中形容词和动词都有加ed的形式,动词加ed便是其过去式或过去分词。

The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first time. The word distinguished is closest in meaning

(A) differentiated (B) removed (C) excellent (D) protected

《词汇密码》近义词记得好的同学也许一样就能选出distinguished 有选项C “excellent”的意思,但是细心的童鞋会发现原文中的distinguished是动词distinguish的过去式。

所以在备考中,要特别留心词性活用的词,考试也要谨防中枪。

B 熟词僻义

“考托”的童鞋对熟词僻义应该略知一二。常用的熟词僻义有130个左右,每日记几个,就可以全搞定。例如:fashion 有“制造”之意,eat有“腐蚀”的意思。 C 高难词汇 考场上,会遇到自己背了但忘了或是根本就没见过的单词,这时,一定要淡定,两大招式叫你搞定高难词汇。

仔细揣摩托福阅读,我们会发现阅读 篇章中有上下文互相解释的现象,上文对下文的解释其实是上文对等下文,或称之为“对等关系”。“考托”中常见的“对等关系”提示词有:

同位语;that is; 冒号“:”;破折号“—”;括号 “”

and ; or

Includes/including; for example; such as; as

called; named; known as

上下文的“对等关系”所表达的意思往往相近,或是一个范畴。例如:jagged and sharp, 即使我们不知道jagged是什么意思,但通过“对等关系”,我们可以把jagged替换成sharp的意思。

考试中遇到不认识的单词不要慌,可以根据上下文的关系,找到不认识的单词在上下文中是否能找到相应的线索。这需要我们在日常备战时,要注意培养联系上下文猜词的能力,遇到不认识的单词不要着急查词,联系上下文,通过关系词,看自己是否能猜出生僻词的意思。猜词能力的培养需要建立在一定阅读量的基础之上,因此,建议童鞋们至少精读25篇托福TPO阅读,通过反复阅读已读文章揣摩 篇章中上下文之间的衔接关系,培养联系上下文猜词换词的能力。

托福阅读题材分类有哪些

1. 人:学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家,以ist和er结尾居多。

例如:anthropologist,archaeologist,paleontologist,zoologist,geographer,astronomer

(人类学家,考古学家,古生物学家,动物学家,地理学家,天文学家)

这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写,只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时,至少要判断他们存在于那个学科,才好进行下一步的推理。

2. 地质、地貌:这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。

例如:volcano,layer,conglomerate,karst,porous,permeable,meteorolite,asteroid

火山,(地)层,砾岩,喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形),多孔的(有透气性与透水性),可渗透的,陨石,小行星

3. 气候、动物与生态:与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。

例如:unpredictable,vary,range from,extinction,endangered,tropical,jungle,equatorial

不可预测的,改变(动词),变化幅度(动词),灭绝,濒危的,热带的,丛林,赤道附近的

4. 历史、考古,这类题材是分水轮流转的对象,也要加以注意。

尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古,而是从各个层面切入,有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙,那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展,那就是经济史,等等。

例如,relics,remains,mausoleum,handicraft,cohesiveness,territorial,civilization

遗迹,遗迹或残骸,陵墓,手工艺品,凝聚性,领土的,文明

托福阅读如何考高分成绩

1.词汇

从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是TOEF L阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手,也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以,以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比。

2.通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法——即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话,主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物,文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨,而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的70%。

3.解题训练

排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上,这种方法具有致命的缺点:干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强,决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。

篇4:托福阅读指代题详细解析

托福阅读指代题怎么做?指代题详细解析

一.托福阅读指代题常见提问方式

指代类问题与词汇类问题很相似。在文章中会有一个单词或短语用阴影标示出来,被标示的词汇经常是一个代词,然后考生会被问到:

The word “X” in the passage refers to…

四个选项都是来自于文章中的单词或短语,但只有一个选项是被阴影标示出的单词或短语所指代的内容。

二.托福阅读指代题解析

指代类问题考查考生辨认文章中单词间指代关系的能力。通常这种关系是代词与其先行词之间的关系,有时也考查其他语法的指代关系(如which或this)。(以上内容来自《托福考试官方指南》)根据《托福考试官方指南》的对指代题的介绍,我们清楚地知道这类题型考查的重点:代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系。

三.托福阅读指代题如何找答案

根据指代题所考查的能力(代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系)和提问方式,我们可以总结出指代题考查的就是根据代词的属性去判断(单数还是复数,指人还是指物)代词指代的是谁。这里需要注意的是:被指代对象在代词之前出现(所以找被指代对象的时候,应该在代词之前的内容中找);从句子开头往后找答案;代词和被指代对象的数、性和性质必须一致(数:单数复数;性:he or she;性质:人还是物);指代传递现象(they往前找的时候,找到了them,就还需要往前找到被指代的名词)。

四.托福阅读指代题做题方法分析

从句主语指代主句的主语/宾语

根据代词的属性判断(单数还是复数,指人还是指物)

关系代词(连词)指代先行词

插入结构不影响指代关系(n, which)

重复概念指代

就近原则(Tom and his friends, his指的就是Tom)

some-others指代

some + n. / some + of + n.: others→n.(Some boys are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里others就是指boys)

some + v.: some和others共同指代前面的某个概念(Some are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里some和others共同指代前面的某个概念,比如boys, children等)

攻克托福阅读的七个技巧

(1)概括地观察 Survey

首先略读每章或每页的大概内容,例如:可从书本的序言和目录开始,通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机,而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title,主题 main。

headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句,导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话),图片说明 captions to all graphics 等,这样,你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。

(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question

观察课文内容后,提出一个包含所有新托福阅读数据的问题,把问题写在每章节的开首,令自己可以看到此问题时,便忆起全部内容。

(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading

当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时,由此而提出有关问题,写在题目或图片旁边,帮助你阅读文章内容。

(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions

阅读章节时,尽量跟随你的问题来找答案,把握课文重点。

(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question

在了解一段内容后,找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases,并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔,既方便又快捷。

(6)修正问题 Revise the questions

如果在阅读时,发现问题并未得到解答或不明确,可重新写下问题,并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章,遇到不明白的地方,再请教导师或同学。

(7)举一反三 Use examples

当你理解全文时,便可将知识整理起来,同时,学习类推的方法,将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上,利用联带关系,才能把文章内容融会贯通,大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如:当银行利率提高时,会使银行的存款利息增加,而你可能会联想到投资受影响,或是你会类推更多其它事项。

造成托福阅读低分都有哪些原因

细节题定位不准

在新托福阅读考试中,细节题考查的是考生们文章定位的能力。其实托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。

而否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目所以做新托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。

无方向中隐藏方向

新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的,这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊,考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水,费时费力。

其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。所以在面对这类问题的时候,考生应当学会利用排除法进行做题,不要因为在题目中找不到出路而影响了考试。

在托福阅读考试中要根据文章理性判断,不要感性选择答案,托福阅读文章又自己的着眼点。

如何快速突破托福阅读长难句

托福阅读备考的句子难在哪里呢?主要有三点:句子长,长度超过30单词的长句在每篇文章中保持在10句左右;概念难,句中往往含有很多“诡异”的陌生学术概念;结构异,英文中的特定语法结构如倒装,强调,修饰语后置等等。

快速理解复杂句是托福阅读考试得分最重要的能力。比较近来的考试难度,最明显的趋势就是句子结构的复杂冗长程度明显递增。纵观文章阅读考察的几个层次可发现:比句子微观的单词含义理解,只要认真准备就不是难点;比句子宏观的段落含义理解,弄懂主旨往往不难。

而相对地,句子的阅读相对需要更多技巧,考场上经常出现反复多遍阅读仍不能理解句子大意的情况,从而成为了阅读理解和得分的瓶颈。

下面浅谈托福阅读备考上的几大处理手段:

首先,针对长句,利用主干精简长句。请看例句:On rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. (在零星的某些需要精美雕塑品的时候,美国人会转而求助外国雕刻艺术家,比如在1770年纽约市和南卡罗来纳的查理斯顿市就委托了英国人J.W.制作了掌权者William Pitt的大理石雕像。)

如果全部精读逐词翻译,由于信息过于杂乱会导致抓不住重点,也就是我们所说的句子虽然读了但对讲的是什么事情基本没印象概括不出来大意。但我们提炼句子主干,原句精简为:American turned to foreign sculptors. 大意立即明了是:美国人请外国雕刻艺术家帮忙。句子主旨很清晰。

其次:针对生僻概念,利用重点规避难点。例如:Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. (如果把地球和木星星云大红斑并排摆列的话,我们的星球显得相形见绌,直径不到大红斑的一半左右。)句中,”juxtaposed(两物体并排摆放)”为难点,但其由于作为虚拟条件并非句子主干,因此并不重要。

我们只需要认清该句阅读重心集中其后部——“our planet would be dwarfed”,地球小于大红斑星云。如果考试不熟悉dwarfed的含义,也可由对重点的补充说明“with a diameter less than half that of the GRS”明了这是在讲地球小于大红斑星云。

第三,利用语法突破理解弱势。很多同学学习语法多年,但却忽视了语法的重要层面:突出重点内容或弱化非重点。有效理解语法本质,便于我们从战略上确定句子是否会成为考点以及我们的理解重点。例如:Only when it has been chewed up and digested almost to a liquid can the food pass through the rumen and on through the gut.(只有食物被嚼碎并消化为液态,食物才能穿过反刍胃到达肚子。)

该句中含有倒装结构,在强调“when it has been chewed up and digested almost to liquid”这一动物消化的必需条件,使整个句子理解的重点。再看一个例句: 而Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. (这儿的人成为了非常厉害的商人,沿着密集的从美国东北部蔓延到西部落基山脉的密集贸易网交易着珠宝,陶瓷,动物皮毛,工具以及其他的货物。)

尽管托福阅读考试句子后部更长更难,但并没有成为考点,也不是理解重点,原因为这是现在分词做伴随状语,本身表达的是非重点的补充信息。

篇5:托福阅读指代题详细解析

托福阅读指代题怎么做?指代题详细解析

一.托福阅读指代题常见提问方式

指代类问题与词汇类问题很相似。在文章中会有一个单词或短语用阴影标示出来,被标示的词汇经常是一个代词,然后考生会被问到:

The word “X” in the passage refers to…

四个选项都是来自于文章中的单词或短语,但只有一个选项是被阴影标示出的单词或短语所指代的内容。

二.托福阅读指代题解析

指代类问题考查考生辨认文章中单词间指代关系的能力。通常这种关系是代词与其先行词之间的关系,有时也考查其他语法的指代关系(如which或this)。(以上内容来自《托福考试官方指南》)根据《托福考试官方指南》的对指代题的介绍,我们清楚地知道这类题型考查的重点:代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系。

三.托福阅读指代题如何找答案

根据指代题所考查的能力(代词的功能和词汇之间的语义关系)和提问方式,我们可以总结出指代题考查的就是根据代词的属性去判断(单数还是复数,指人还是指物)代词指代的是谁。这里需要注意的是:被指代对象在代词之前出现(所以找被指代对象的时候,应该在代词之前的内容中找);从句子开头往后找答案;代词和被指代对象的数、性和性质必须一致(数:单数复数;性:he or she;性质:人还是物);指代传递现象(they往前找的时候,找到了them,就还需要往前找到被指代的名词)。

四.托福阅读指代题做题方法分析

从句主语指代主句的主语/宾语

根据代词的属性判断(单数还是复数,指人还是指物)

关系代词(连词)指代先行词

插入结构不影响指代关系(n, which)

重复概念指代

就近原则(Tom and his friends, his指的就是Tom)

some-others指代

some + n. / some + of + n.: others→n.(Some boys are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里others就是指boys)

some + v.: some和others共同指代前面的某个概念(Some are playing basketball while others are playing football.这里some和others共同指代前面的某个概念,比如boys, children等)

托福阅读长难句:后置定语从句

我们知道

一个句子的主干(主谓宾)相当于它的骨架,识别了主干相当于抓住了句子的主要信息;而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分(定状补同等)则相当于句子的血肉,血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、加强甚至不可或缺的作用。

教学中笔者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生:

The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions.

本句since之前的部分含有标准的S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument)结构,而since之后明显应该是原因状语(从句)的部分,所以句首的SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔细分析since后面的部分:

第一行末尾的that紧跟an argument之后,显然做an argument的后置定语从句。that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构,only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的(即小级别)条件状语从句it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构);

接下来我们遇到了loses,since到loses之间是两个主系表从句,有各自的系动词,于是loses不属于这两个从句,只能与an argument对应,这一点也可从单复数上佐证。loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构,其中it 指代前文的an argument;

接下来的if引导了条件状语从句theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed。其中on which it is based 做theassumptions的后置定语从句,同样的,it指前文的an argument。忽略定语从句,我们得到ifthe assumptions are slightly changed;

whereas后thatis convincing though imprecise紧跟着anargument后做它的后置定语从句。忽略掉它我们得到whereas anargument may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlyingassumptions.

至此since直到结尾我们已拆解完毕。即since后是个由whereas分割连接的并列句,这个并列句前一个子句的主语argument后跟了定语从句,且这个定语从句有自己的小一个级别的条件状语从句onlyif it is precise。同时第一个子句本身也有自己的条件状语从句ifthe assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed;

whereas后出现了第二个子句,这个子句的主语anargument同样带了自己的后置定语从句。

从since到结尾的大级别原因状语从句包含了两个并列子句、两个后置定语从句和两个条件状语从句(不同级别)。多个从句的层层嵌套增加了我们读懂整句的难度,但只要我们仔细梳理和分解,层层展开,理清各个从句、成分的作用,最终,这种难度的长句还是可以攻克的。

托福阅读长难句:水循环圈

Perhapsthe fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that couldbe collected in a net, a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplanktonthat we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis ofthe role of grazers in subsequent research.

这个句子谓语动词的识别稍有难度。

1. the fact 后描述的部分是这个fact的具体内容,所以the fact后为同位语从句;

2. a practice ...to feed on 作同位语。only algae of a size后出现的that could be collected ina net 对前者解释说明作用,为典型的后者定语从句;

3. 类似的that overlooked the smallerphytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on 修饰说明a practice, 即为后者的后者定语从句。其中 that we now know grazersare most likely to feed on 为the smaller phytoplankton 的后者定语从句。仔细分析,we now know 类似插入语,如果在之前加as则更像比较状语从句。当然这个定语从句也可以写成 on which we now knowgrazers are most likely to feed;

4. led to 为整句谓语动词,于是 a de-emphasis 为整句宾语。

整句主干很简单,即Perhaps the fact let to a de-emphasis.但主语后跟了自带一个小级别定语从句的后置定语从句,接着又跟了个自带一个后置定语从句(同样嵌套了自己的定语从句)的同位语,读句子过程中,我们的思路容易被这些非主干成分打断。

例句2

The hydrologic cycle, a major topic inthis science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes,beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form asprecipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally againreturning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation andtranspiration.

1. 大多数同学可以准确识别出全句的主系表结构;

2. a major topic 显然做前面hydrologic cycle 的同位语;

3. the complete cycle of phenomena 是一个标准的“A of B”结构,我们知道,of B修饰/限定/解释/说明 A,主词为A;

4. 看到through which…可知后面是个定语从句;which定语从句里主谓是water passes, 后面跟了beginning, passing和 returning 三组现在分词伴随状语。其中returning 部分稍稍复杂,bymeans of evaporation and transpiration 为这个伴随状语内部的方式状语;

5. 需要注意的是处于句首或句尾的伴随状语,必须和主语一致。本句中beginning, passing和 returning三个动作的发起者都是water. 如果不一致,则应转化为独立主格结构。

整句主干可简化为The circle is the circle, 只是表语后跟了较长的后置定语从句稍稍增加了难度。

篇6:托福阅读8种题型介绍

难度:变化很大

策略:随机应变

二、选非题

特征:NOT/EXCEPT

篇7:托福阅读8种题型介绍

难度:较低

策略:一定要做对

三、推理题

特征:infer、imply

篇8:托福阅读8种题型介绍

难度:很高

策略:可以放

四、修辞题:

特征:(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影

(2)个选项的开头为TO+关键动词(这些动词代表某个修饰手法,这样的动词很少,

所以遇到都要记住)PS:这类题目有可能会变形

五、词汇题

特征:(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影

(2)以the word/phrase开头

篇9:托福阅读8种题型介绍

难度:非常简单

策略:一定要做对

六、指代题

特征:(1)原文与题干被打上阴影

(2)打上阴影的是某个代词

数量:1题

难度:较低(可以直接测试语法能力)

策略:要做对

七、复述题

特征:(1)原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影

(2)题干为:which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

数量:1题

难度:很难或者很简单

八、插句题

特征:黑色小方框(■)

数量:1题

难度:较低

策略:要做对

九、归总题

特征:两排六个选项

数量:1题

难度:1分很简单,2分有点难

策略:保1争2

新增题型(参考TPO5):四选二题型:是细节题的变形

全文归纳题:可以去归总题找答案

第二部分 各题型解题技巧串讲

阅读的步骤:

第1步:把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶

第2步:点review键,做完词汇题(不看原文),同时关注一下是否有选非题(因为与原文

对应的东西很多)

第3步:边看边做阅读,要按顺序做(因为托福阅读,题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。)

PS:阅读的流畅性很重要,如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。

PPS:永远先看题后看文

第4步(如何处理一道题目?)

找定位词,定位词越多越好

什么是定位词?

定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词

定位词包括:a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词

注:题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形

第5步:排除选项(一般只能排除2个)

注:排除法永远比对应容易

1、优先选用排除法

2、使用时要尽量宽容

3、所有错误的三种类型:

a. 无中生有:原文中没有出现过的内容

b. 张冠李戴:题目问的是A的特征,而该特征是原文中B的特征,即把原文中无关的内容来当答案

c. 黑白颠倒:与原文意思相反(题目最喜欢用不像否定词的否定词,如:hardly,rarely等)

第6步:二选一(辨析选项)

比较两个选项的异同:

1、先比较共同点,即compare,找到这道题的着眼点。

2、找到异,在原文中找到,2个着眼点

第三部分 重点题型讲解

一、细节题:

细节题难不难取决于好不好定位

细节题的关键是同义替换

同义替换:是某些情况下可交换的词缀,但不等于同义词。

三种同义替换的方式:

1、词性变化(不规则变化尤其可能)

如:absorb-absorption 词变了,句子结构也变了,词的位置也变了。

2、语序变化

即:A+B 变成 B+介词+A

如:original ideas--------ideas with originality

3、指代词

如:phytoremediation--------it

任何时候看到指代词,都要知道它只带什么

4、反义词+否定词=同义替换

要点:答案往往是原文的同义替换

一个选项有同义替换或较多同义替换的就是答案。因为作者需要给出证据。

二、推理题

标志:infer imply suggest

说明 the answer is not clearly stated in the passage

正确选项没有明确在原文中出现

You have to make an inference based on the passage.

你必须在原文基础上做一步推理(不要推理过度)

1、答案不可能与原文矛盾

2、答案一定是原文+一步推理

题目中问A的特点

原文中给出了A B之间的关系(相同、相反或者比较)

原文中还出现了B的特点

那么就可以由B的特点推出A的特点。

三、词汇题

Coinage=new words

1、熟词僻义

注:直接按照脑中记忆来答题

(1) 后面还需验证

(2) 可以考完SAT\GRE再考次托福

(3) 除了背单词还要背词组(No better than= the same as)

2、利用词根词缀的含义辅助我们猜答案(尤其是找词缀来确定倾向)

3、代入到原文考预感判断

4、利用上下文进行推理(这是验证时的手段)

因为符合上下文的不一定是对的,不符合上下文的一定不对。

四、指代题

至少需要读代词出现的句子以及它上一句,即至少要读2句。

最有效的技巧:

1、寻找代词在句子中与动词的关系

2、寻找选项在原文中动词与句子的关系

(1) 比较单复数

(2) 猜:先找每个选项在原文中出现的位置,前两个出现的是优先选项。

托福阅读:修辞目的题举例

托福阅读常见十种题型,包括大家常见的词汇题和事实信息题。在这十种题型中,修辞目的题,跟其他题型不同,它注重考察单词,短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用,这就要求大家平时阅读时,在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上,要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。通过练习培养严谨的句子逻辑关系和紧凑的文章构架,对于无论是写作还是口语都有着一定的帮助。

此次目的题参考的内容基本可以分为三类,其一,作者在句中提到一些单词或短语或是句子是为了举例说明之前的相关信息点,辅助读者更好地理解原文的信息。其二,作者提供相关信息目的在于解释说明某一现象或是事件,本质与举例说明较为类似,也是为了帮助读者更好地理解信息,其三,作者在提出某些重要的观点时,为了突出个别的信息点,而引入一些单词短语或句子,目的是为了强度。基于对修辞目的题作者写作目的本身的分析和理解,我们可以更好地解决相关题目。以下以第一种举例说明的情况为例,重点讲解如何解决此类题目。

我们来看一道题,此题出自TPO14--children and advertising中的第10题,题干问why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?根据题干关键词定位到文中对应的句子,Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.读完句子看到句中的插入短语for example,知道此句式为例子,属于举例说明,我们都知道例子是用来证明之前的信息,所以向前反推,看到紧接其前这样的内容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.这两句第一句解释了host selling,第二句提到host selling的影响,所以得知紧接其后的句子是为了例证这两点信息,即host selling的概念以及它产生的影响。得出正确选项To help explain what is meant by the term “host selling” and why it can be misleading to children。

再比如TPO16中trade and the ancient middle east一文中第12题考到In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?根据题干关键词定位到原文句子:as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.读句子as表示正如…得知此处为举例说明,例证之前的信息,看到前半句since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power。得知提到Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa目的是为了证明新的国际贸易路线的发展可能破坏货币基础并且侵蚀国家权力。得出答案为To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade。

再如TPO25 The surface of mars一文中的第6题In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?根据题干关键词定位到原文句子It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus has similar surface gravity.通过句中短语It is no accident that得知此处为举例论证,所以向前看,紧接其前的句子为The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.可知原文想要阐述的信息是地心引力和山脉高度直接的关系,而且地心引力越低则重量越低,随之山的高度越高,所以紧接其后比较Maxwell Mons on Venus 和the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth完全是为了论证这个信息,由此容易选得正确选项为To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height。

托福阅读修辞目的题中,举例论证是常考点,常见的表示举例的提示性的单词或短语有:for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of…/this is the case…等。如果题干中关键词对应原文的句子里有相关的表示例证的单词,短语出现,则向前看前面的句子,答案也就随之浮现出来。所以在平时的阅读练习中,提醒大家一定要注意句子之间逻辑关系,句与句之间不是互相独立的,而是紧密联系,互相支撑,构建段落,甚至是全文。

托福阅读题型举例分析:直接信息题

无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.

还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。这是非常有用的。

一、直接信息题

应该说直接信息题的难度并不大。用OG上的话解释:直接信息题主要是问考生直接在文中明确给出的信息。不需要进行推断。通常这类问题不会涉及到全文的主旨问题,而一般都考察某一两句话的相关信息。

根据OG给出的解释来看,要做好直接信息题分三步:第一步,把冰箱门打开:准确在文章中定位出那一两句话;第二步,把大象装进去:根据这一两句话的内容选出正确答案;第三步,把冰箱门关上:用鼠标选中正确的答案。

关于第一步:如何快速定位。就需要你在题干中找出有助于你定位的那个词。因为前面说过,题干中的话大多是paraphrase,所以这就需要你找出那些不容易被paraphrase的单词帮助你定位。一般以名词或者文章专门涉及到的词为主。遇到不太好找关键词的题干,尽量想办法减少搜索范围。以OG上的例子说明:

第一步我们先找出关键词,即,根据哪个词我们在原文中定位信息。这样的词一般都是不容易被替换掉的。以具体名词居多。因为形容词,副词都是最容易找到近义词的。而越偏的词越不容易被paraphrase, 比如“驴打滚”之类的,即使用“年糕”来替换,还是不合适的在这一题里,我们选择cannonballs.回原文找,cannonballs第一次出现在第六行,我们就看这一行上下的句子就可以了。从For example看起,早期的雕像上加一个炮弹是因为需要炮弹来支撑腿的重量。In other words是对这句话的解释,可看可不看。下面一句话:……quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure………看完这个我们就可以做题了。很自然的选择第二个选项。这句话连起来就是:Sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because they found a way to strengthen the statues internally. 这简直就是把原话换了种方式来说。Stopped using替代disappear,strengthen internal structure替代strengthen internally.用形容词替换同根的副词,这是最常见的paraphrase方法之一。

掌握了以上要领,第一个类型的题就搞掂。我们再用Delta上面两个题巩固一下,来检验这种方法是否真的有效。

定位信息。题干句子比较短,没有太多的词可供选择。对于mentor和protégé这种文章专门引入的词,一般在转译的时候不会做出改变,只是问中涉及该词的句子比较多,不太容易定位。好在help的意思大家太熟悉了,都很敏感,可以很快从文章中找出意思差不多的其他词来。我们选择mentor help protégé回原文定位。找到第四行我们发现有个teaching,mentors are given credit for teaching protégés the key elements of the job, and for providing a key relationship in the young adult‘s shift from dependence on parents to complete independence. 这句话,对于mentor对protégé的作用提到了两点,一一回到原文去找。发现C选项不就是原文第一点的转述吗?而原文中的第二点,key relationship…。,选项中没有提到。我们选择C答案。

然后回过头来以胜利者的姿态审视这个题:teaching用help作了转译,key换成important, elements换成aspects,这不就是最完美的paraphrase吗?练习阅读,找到了一定的感觉你就会发现,有这种完美转译的单词的选项,一般都是正确的,看上去很舒服。而A中倒是有原文中的原词credit.当你选择的选项中,有不太难被替换的单词,但没有被替换掉,还是以原词形式出现,你一定要加以小心,有可能是正确的,但也极有可能是错误的。比方这个credit,虽然词没变,但是意思不太一样了。而且原文说的是mentors are given credit,题目中变成了giving protégés credit,所以是错误的。

原文正好也有一个difficult to know,信息找到。原文说…。 The most strongly motivated and skilled, 题目中是highly motivated and skilled.应该说是原文的意思一点没变,几乎连单词也没怎么变。所以我觉得这个题跟ETS风格还是有些许出入。看看如何paraphrase的:selected改成chosen,strongly改成highly.没什么问题,搞掂。

篇10:托福阅读指代题5种解题思路

主要内容:巨石雕像的形成

复活节岛,这个岛上有很多巨石。巨石雕像是怎么来的?这个问题一直困扰着早期探险家。首先因为人们在一个火山周围发现了很多未完成的巨石,所以巨石的来源解决了。然后就是怎么雕刻的,人们发现这些巨石外面很硬里面只比粉笔硬一些,早期的探险家错误的以为这些石头很好雕刻。中间说一个探险家带着六个人花了一个月还是一年的时间雕刻完了一个16feet的巨像,他推测岛上的人可以用多长时间来完成巨像(这里有道推测题,选的是岛上雕刻巨像的人比这探险家团队的人多)。然后就是这些石头怎么运输的,因为现在岛上光秃秃的,没有树,所以巨石没法用树塾在地下滚动,但是科学家证明以前这个岛可不是这个样子,以前岛上有超级多的树。所以运输问题就解决了。然后就是越大的石头运输的距离越短。

最后一段讲了两个探险家用不同的方法的方法来运输石像。一个探险家的方法比另一个探险家更快,更节省时间。

相似TPO练习推荐:

TPO-23 Rock Art of theAustralia Aborigines

篇11:托福阅读指代题5种解题思路

主要内容:大家交流方式

大象如何交流的。第一段,说大自然的低声波比超生波多得多,什么地震,海洋之类的都发出低声波,就连地球本身也在不停的呻吟(就是低声波)

第二段就是大象怎么交流一直困扰着大家,因为bats用超声波交流,所以有人推测大象可能用低声波。可以一直没有证实。

直到一个科学家对研究大象产生了兴趣,开始她很失望因为大象不是总发声。可这时候她发现一个现象就是大象对一种空气vibration有共鸣。于是她就拉着另外科学家搞设备研究,这是揭开大象交流之谜的第一步。然后就是科学家发现大象之间隔着很远却同时转变方向,以及同时有些相同的行动。

后面就是说male每年有几个月出去游荡,去找伴侣。但是female每个四五年才发情,而且发情期很短。但是一发情周围就很多male,这是因为female能发出一种低声波,这种声波可以在浓密的森林里面穿行而不受干扰。同时female可以用种声波召唤小象。

托福阅读机经预测

1.一开始说不可能是星星,因为海龟眼神不好。也不可能是气味,因为在过程中有气味干扰但是海龟依然能找对方向。接下来一个实验证明磁场也不可能。但是有一个结论是海龟可能是用netbine几种方法,在靠近目的地是味道是有用的(这里有题)。最后一种解释,是海龟体内的一种DNA,它能记录海龟被孵化出的地点(也就是他们去的地方”并且由母海龟遗传给小海龟。最后说有一个例子可以证明:从前在加勒比海的一个地方 有很多绿海龟,但是后来捕杀很严重海龟们就不去了;近几年虽然又保护起来了但是海龟们来得仍然很少。

2. 水草分布

光线和温度是影响水草分布的主要因素光线对红藻褐藻和绿藻的垂直分布 (有提问到哪种颜色最接近水面)还有内外大陆棚的分布 温度主要讲了在热带海域和高纬度地区的不同还说过在high tide and low tide 区域高的温度也能提高水藻死亡率(morality)。

篇12:五条的托福阅读指代题口诀

托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办

1.托福阅读逻辑信号词:同类信息

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此,阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括:

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.托福阅读逻辑信号词:转折关系

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时,碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度,以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有:

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.托福阅读逻辑信号词:因果关系

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有:

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.托福阅读逻辑信号词:论述顺序

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序,也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括:

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.托福阅读逻辑信号词:提示结论

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时,应格外留心注意,它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有:

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

以上就是托福阅读中用来判断句子段落逻辑关系的5大类信号词汇总,希望大家能够对这些常见词汇有所了解,提升对托福阅读文章的理解速度和掌握深度。

五条实用的托福阅读指代题口诀

见到代词找指代,指代通常在前方

这句话是代词指代题的总则,考生务必牢记:代词永远出现在原词之后,原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。

主代主,宾代宾,所有格,就近找

代词指代的语法规则非常严格,因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、还是所有格代词,然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目,例如:When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these “living flowers”, they are stung and eaten.

题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分,考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”,题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词:Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”,语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他(它)们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”,在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词,就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”,因此正确答案就是它。

平行结构有搭配,多重指代层层推

所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述,阅读部分经常出现“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写,通过对这种常见结构的把握,考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如:Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂,但不难看出题目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”,正确答案应为“adults”。

此外,为了增加难度,对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍,既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心,在前文内容中层层回溯,逐一定位,抽丝剥茧,最终必然能够顺利解题。例如:The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

单数复数都对应,主动被动要分清

代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱,例如同时出现大量名词,有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词,让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句,颠三倒四,让考生头晕脑胀。破解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单,无论怎样变化,代词指代总有一定之规,例如:

In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句,因此“they”不再指代前文主语,而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助,口诀中已经明确指出,代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致,因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

定位排除和代入,验证语意要记牢

总而言之,代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了:第一步定位文中代词,用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项,排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译,进行验证。

考生务必注意,验证是十分必要的一步,也是保证冲刺满分的不二法门。一旦遇到拿不准的题目,只要花几秒钟时间将代词指代的成分带入原句中验证一下,真伪立辨,保证万无一失。

以上就是托福阅读快速解决指代题的5条实用口诀分享,总是在指代题上花费太多时间拖累整体答题节奏的同学赶紧来学习一下吧。

9月21日下午场托福阅读考试机经回忆及解析

Passage 1

Topic 考古学

Content Review

Cretaceous Extinctions

在白垩纪末期陆地和海洋上的大量生物灭绝,一种得到广泛接受的理论是小行星撞击了 k - t边界,这样的撞击会对全球环境产生严重的影响,造成生物灭绝。这个理论被大量观测结果证实,其中最重要的证据是一个 circular depression,对其上方的 Chicxulub structure 的研究证实这个 depression 确实是导致 K-T 边界物种大灭绝的小行星造成的。

Passage 2

Topic 生物学

Content Review

The Origin of Coral Reefs

珊瑚礁可分为三大类:atolls, barrier reefs, and fringing reefs.主要讨论了达尔文的沉降理论及其后人研究证据,解释了 atolls 的形成过程,将这三种礁体类型联系起来。另外也单独介绍了 barrier reefs and fringing reefs 的其他情况。

Passage 3

Topic 生物学

Content Review

外骨骼的生物

Passage 4

Topic 历史学

Content Review

欧洲印刷术的发展

Passage 5

Topic 地质学

Content Review

印尼的火山爆发

Passage 6

Topic 考古学

Content Review

汉代的墓碑与中央统治,孔子和东西汉 tomb 石像

Passage 7

Topic 生物学

Content Review

杀蛙菌,有一种细菌会导致青蛙灭菌

Passage 8

Topic 环境学

Content Review

湿地减少导致冰冻建模证明

Passage 9

Topic 社会学

Content Review

英国在美国殖民地的人们生活水平很高

Passage 10

Topic 生物学

Content Review

植物的演替

Passage 11

Topic 地质学

Content Review

地下水资源Passage 12

Topic 生物学

Content Review

猩猩的是否有能力理解交流

Passage 13

Topic 地理地质学

Content Review

troposphere 和 stratosphere。然后一次很大的火山爆发,硫化物到了大气层引发的一系列变化。

Passage 14

Topic 生物学

Content Review

鸟类导航回自己 nestling 的地方,猜想可能是有磁场,太阳位置,还有可能是海洋生物产生

的味道,用嗅觉导航。

209月21日上午场托福阅读考试机经回忆

READING

Passage 1

Topic 生物学

Content Review

honeybee,forager 和在蜂巢里喂 larva 两种区别

Passage 2

Topic 艺术学

Content Review

电影剪辑技术的进步

Passage 3

Topic 天文学

Content Review

探测器发现火星上有水,一个类似于地球有水后形成的 sediment,另一个发现了水道

Passage 4

Topic 生物学

Content Review

杀虫剂的使用

Passage 5

Topic 考古学

Content Review

石器工具和陶瓷碎片

Passage 6

Topic 生物学

Content Review

小松鼠藏坚果

Passage 7

Topic 生物学

Content Review

一种兔子栖息地被侵占,狼的引入让环境变好

Passage 8

Topic 地理学

Content Review

尼罗河对埃及的影响

Passage 9

Topic 生物学

Content Review

珊瑚白化是由细胞内共生菌的丢失引起的

Passage 10

Topic 地质学

Content Review

板块运动对生物多样性的影响。板块的形成会造成海里动物和陆地上动物的分离

Passage 11

Topic 历史学

Content Review

雅典和斯巴达城邦

Passage 12

Topic 地理学

Content Review

海洋氧气分层Passage 13

Topic 生物学

Content Review

讲 evolution。本来人们以为 evolution 都是慢过程,后来发现也有快的,举了 moth 的例子

Passage 14

Topic 生物学

Content Review

昆虫的运动的好处和坏处

Passage 15

Topic 物理学

Content Review

光的散射

篇13:托福阅读的十大题型特点

托福阅读的十大题型特点

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是: First,... Second,... Third,.。。等逐条列出。并列句是指:A ,B and C,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如: All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点。我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

托福听力段落题型及解题要点

如何用逆向搜索法得高分

如何提高托福听力水平

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT , NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER , BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明: A is not B , as C , but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as , for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点,如 年 10 月第 48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或 first , most beautiful 等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是 概念绝对 , 答案唯一 ,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题: What color hats did some people choose 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ,给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as as ,like ( a fly )等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ,i.e. ,or 等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:

(1) 因果连词:because,since,for,as,therefore,so,consequently 等

(2)表示因果的动词:cause ,result in ,originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名词: base, basis, result,consequence 等,这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的,尤为出题者所青陈。因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方,往往是文章作者表达中思想,进行总结综述的地方,因此常出(1)主题性问题,(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围,它们是:

(1) 破折号,表示解释。考细节性问题;

(2) 括号,表示解释。考细节性问题;

(3) 冒号,一股同上,有时冒号也表示列举,则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4) 引号。表示引用,考细节性问题:

(5) 惊叹号,表示作者感情,考态度性问题。

托福阅读的解题方法介绍

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,新东方在线托福频道为大家带来托福阅读的解题方法介绍,希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福频道!

方法一:快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章,要求读得快,理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额,定额要结合自己的实际,可多可少,例如每天读20页。

方法二:计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5~10分钟即可,不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读,精力高度集中,时间一长,容易疲劳,精力分散反而乏味。

方法三:寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读,同略读一样,寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

方法四:略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing),是一种专门的,非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点:

A.以极快的速度阅读文章,寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。

托福阅读的科学练习方法

科学的阅读方法

关于阅读方法只是对在有限时间内有效阅读托福文章的方法进行一个简单的介绍。阅读技巧,特别是速度技巧中,有两个重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如,当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方,或because,as a result这样的因果关系,或是 but,however的语意转折处,都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证,如果看懂了主要观点,那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

Scanning是“扫描”,但具体到阅读中,大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候,我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下,脑中只有要找的字,看到它,其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中,scanning的技巧在回答问题时,根据题干中问到的内容,在文章中scan,可以帮助考生准确地定位,找到答案。

托福的文章长度大多在300-400字之间。以平均每篇读10分钟计算,按照每分钟阅读150字的速度,一篇文章从头到尾通读,至少需2-3分钟。这可了解文章的大意,但不一定保证读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中,考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解,遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思,这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看,用前面介绍到的skimming原则,掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中,文章的第一段,尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用,是阅读时要多留心的地方。

托福阅读中使用技巧可以解决70%的问题

在新托福考试中,很多考生最容易轻视的就是阅读。因为很多考生会感觉阅读是自己的强项,对于此项无需过多的重视。然而这种认知不一定准确。通过很多案例发现不少这样的学员,自认新托福阅读考试还不错的,实际考出来的分数只有22分左右,甚至会更低。下面我们来看看如何让你的托福阅读更上一层楼。

抛开所谓的“法宝”,摒弃虚假的“技巧”,让我们携起手来,踏踏实实共同走一段TOEFL之路。 TOEFL的阅读理解有没有技巧?有。但是技巧永远是一种辅助工具,所以把“技巧”炒作成TOEFL应试的主体的做法实在是别有用心的。正是这种不负责任的炒作把千千万万无辜的考生带入了误区。

TOEFL阅读理解满分的出现必须依赖于三个方面的训练:

1.词汇

从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手,也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以,以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比。

2.通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法——即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话,主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物,文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨,而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的70%。

3.解题训练

排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上,这种方法具有致命的缺点:干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强,决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。

除了上述三方面的训练之外,如果能够对一些基本的背景知识加以补充的话,更能确保阅读理解的准确率和速度。

所以真正的TOEFL“宝典”并不是去学习一些技巧,而是在训练中养成一种无意识的使用技巧的习惯,做到“心无技巧”的忘我境界。

以上是托福阅读魔鬼训练的三个步骤,希望大家可以从中学到一些经验或者吸取一些教训,小编不建议大家把方法照搬全抄,还是要以自己的策略为大前提,别人的意见经过仔细揣摩后可以用来完善自己的备考策略。

托福阅读考试解题的基本技巧

托福(TOEFL)考试的阅读通常被安排在第一部分,考试时间为一个小时,一般共需要阅读三篇文章,每篇文章的长度大概在700个单词左右。从题型上面来看,阅读部分明显的特点是所涉及的词汇面广,题量也比较大。要在短短一个小时之类完成这么多的题目,除了需要相对比较扎实的英语基础,掌握一些解题技巧,控制好时间显得尤为重要。

开始做题目之前,先快速扫描一下文章标题,对接下来会阅读到的内容有一个初步的了解。然后再仔细看题目的要求,把握题目中的关键词,例如主语,宾语和一些地点名称,再快速地回到文章中去找寻问题的答案。为什么要先看题目,找到题目中所涉及的关键词呢?做过托福阅读题目或者已经参加过托福考试的同学应该知道,每道问题之后的答案选项往往比较长,如果在没有对题目的问题先做研究而只是一扫而过,直接接着看选项其实是很耗时又没有很高的效率的。如果四个选项的答案有长句子,可能考生们一看到更是觉得有点头疼。所以这种情况下先看题目,把握住关键词再回到文章定位寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,透彻理解,于此同时再逐步排除相应的选项。这样找答案,反而不容易在题目后的干扰选项中迷失,从而提高解题正确率。

每篇文章的题目设置基本上是按照文章布局逐步向前推进,偶尔会有个别题没有按照文章布局的顺序。出现这种情况也不必惊慌,因为在题干里总会有能提供信息的关键词将考生带入原文的具体部位来找到问题的答案。

在做题过程中遇到长难句时,最有效的方法就是对它进行句子结构分析,快速地把握整个句子的意思,不要紧盯着单个词不放,尤其是生词,不然就会因小失大,影响自己的发挥。

在对每个问题的四个选项进行排除获取正确答案的过程中,要对文章中相关部分做正确释义,选项所描述的情况有歪曲原文意思,或者与原文内容毫不相关等应该迅速排除掉。命题专家们在设置试题时通常会玩一些文字游戏,以各种表达形式使考生晕头转向,雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的破题点是辨别真伪,找到真正符合原文意思和题意的选项。换句话说,考生在答题时不能有过强的主观意识,凭自己的感觉或者是常识来解题。有一些考生做错题就是因为带上了自己的主观偏见,我们要时刻记住一点:答案永远与原文的内容相呼应,应该排除原文表达的意思以外的任何干扰答案。

说了这么多,不知道大家掌握了托福阅读考试的基本技巧了吗?不过在备考过程中,还是希望广大考生们能多下功夫,尤其是时间相对充裕的考生,建议能多阅读一些原汁原味的英语文章,可以选一些自己感兴趣的英语材料,比如华尔街日报,美国地理杂志等等都是很不错的学习素材。雷哥网托福平台上也提供了完整的TPO练习,大家在复习过程中不妨把它们都有效地利用起来,提高自己阅读部分的分数。

篇14:快速解决托福阅读指代题5条口诀

快速解决托福阅读指代题必备5条实用口诀分享

1、见到代词找指代,指代通常在前方

这句话是代词指代题的总则,考生务必牢记:代词永远出现在原词之后,原词永远出现在代词之前。根据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇,锁定正确答案。

2、主代主,宾代宾,所有格,就近找

代词指代的语法规则非常严格,因此考生要优先考虑代词在句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、还是所有格代词,然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目,例如:

When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these “living flowers”, they are stung and eaten.

题目中代词“they”在主句中充当主语成分,考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语“small fish”,题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词:

Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

题目中的所有格代词“their”之前有两个名词“florists”和“flowers”,语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才能弄清楚所谓“他(它)们的”究竟是谁们的?事实上根据“就近原则”,在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词,就可以锁定答案。而上述句中距离“their”最近的名词时“flowers”,因此正确答案就是它。

3、平行结构有搭配,多重指代层层推

所谓平行结构实质就是分层次描述,阅读部分经常出现“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配对两层或多层语意进行描写,通过对这种常见结构的把握,考生就可以快速锁定答案。例如:

Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

虽然上述语句语法结构和语意都较为复杂,但不难看出题目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做为代词所指代的名词必定是前文中的“many people”,正确答案应为“adults”。

此外,为了增加难度,对于代词指代的考察也经常在定位方面设置障碍,既通过一层推理很难锁定目标词汇。因此考生需要多一点耐心和多一份细心,在前文内容中层层回溯,逐一定位,抽丝剥茧,最终必然能够顺利解题。例如:

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

4、单数复数都对应,主动被动要分清

代词指代题中有一些常见陷阱,例如同时出现大量名词,有单数、有复数、有可数名词、也有不可数名词,让考生雾里看花;或是将前文中的主动句改写成后文的被动句,颠三倒四,让考生头晕脑胀。po解这种陷阱的手法其实很简单,无论怎样变化,代词指代总有一定之规,例如:

In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本题中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主语带主语”原则。代词出现的语句是被动句,因此“they”不再指代前文主语,而是指代前文中的宾语。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”还是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感动彷徨无助,口诀中已经明确指出,代词的单复数必然与原词单复数一致,因此正确答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

5、定位排除和代入,验证语意要记牢

总而言之,代词指代题的解题步骤清晰明了:第一步定位文中代词,用上述方法搜索原词;第二步分析选项,排除位置和语意不符的词汇;第三步带入原句中简单翻译,进行验证。

考生务必注意,验证是十分必要的一步,也是保证冲刺满分的不二法门。一旦遇到拿不准的题目,只要花几秒钟时间将代词指代的成分带入原句中验证一下,真伪立辨,保证万无一失。

托福阅读长难句100句:鹿群的数量

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.(65, TPO4)

词汇:

biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 关于生命的,生物的

fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 涨落,波动

approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大约

yield /ji?ld/ v. 生产,产生;屈服,让步;

分析:

修饰一:(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time),插入语,其中还有两个介词(in Washington) (through recorded time)

中文:回顾在华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性

修饰二:(since the early 1940s) ,介词短语

中文:自从20世纪40年代早期

修饰三:(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ,大家能看懂这个修饰即可。其实这里有一个独立主格结构,嗯,好吧,不知道也能看懂的。

中文:冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动

修饰四:(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".),从句,修饰winter population,其中for an indefinite period表示不定期

中文:这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只

主干:Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that,后面接宾语从句

参考翻译:

野生动物学家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顾华盛顿有记录的时间内生物变化的特性之后说道:“从20世纪40年代早期,华盛顿州拥有鹿的数量比以历史任何时期都多,冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动,这些鹿群每年将会不定期繁殖出各个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只”

托福阅读长难句100句:太平洋岛殖民文化层

The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. (48, TPO5)

词汇:

colonization /?k?l?n??ze???n/ n. 开拓殖民地,殖民

appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 适当的,合适的 v. 挪用,擅用;拨出(尤指款项)

domesticate /d?'mest?ke?t/ v. 驯养

marginal /'mɑ?d??n(?)l/ adj. 边缘的,边界的;(土地)无生产力的

inventory /'?nv?nt?ri/ n. 详细目录, 清单

implement /'?mpl?m?nt/ n. 工具,器具

分析:

修饰一:(for the successful colonizationof the Pacific islands),介词短语,修饰requirements

中文:太平洋岛成功的殖民

修饰二:(toget to the islands in the first place),非谓语动词,修饰skills

中文:最先到达这些岛

修饰三:(suitedto often marginal conditions),非谓语动词,修饰skills

中文:适应常年贫瘠条件

主干部分:

The basic cultural requirements include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills, domesticated plants and gardening skills and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

就是是三个并列结构,The basic cultural requirements include A, B and C,然后A和B里有修饰成分。

参考翻译:

对于太平洋岛成功的殖民基本的文化条件包括:最先到达这些岛需要的适当的造船、航行和航海技术、适应常年贫瘠条件的驯养植物和园艺技术以及各种各样的捕鱼工具和技术。

托福阅读长难句100句:甘薯的传播

As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America. (39, TPO5)

词汇:

anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 人类学家

rather than prep. 而不是

raft /rɑ?ft/ n. 筏 v. 用筏子载运(人或货物)

navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ n. 航行者,航海者;领航员,导航员;导航仪

分析:

修饰一:(an American anthropologist),同位语,修饰Patrick Kirch

中文:美国人类学家

修饰二:(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans),介词短语,rather than是托福阅读里一个高频短语啊,大家记住它是一个介词,表示“而不是”

中文:不是南美人用筏运来的

修饰三:(by returning Polynesiannavigators),介词短语,修饰bringback

中文:玻利尼西亚返航者

修饰四:(who could have reached the westcoast of South America. ) ,从句,修饰navigators

中文:已经去过南美西海岸

主干:sweetpotatoes might just have easily been brought back

参考翻译:

正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的,甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的,而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。

托福阅读长难句100句:水力资源

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. (64, TPO6)

分析:

修饰一:(although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills) ,从句

中文:虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富,能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂

修饰二:(where nature intended them to) ,从句

中文:水的流向是自然决定的

修饰三:(whether or not the location wasdesirable for other reasons.) ,从句

中文:而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理

参考翻译:

只有最后一种完全适合持续运转的机器,虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富,能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂,但它有一个缺点:水的流向是自然决定的,所以水力驱动的工厂不得不位于河岸边,而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理。

篇15:托福口语第三题Task3题型介绍及经典

托福口语一直是中国考生的难点,网上常见的一般都是第一二题的机经,本文就为大家讲解托福口语第三题模板Task3的解答技巧和方法,希望对大家备考托福口语有所帮助。

托福口语第三题Task3题型介绍

托福口语第三题形式:阅读+听力+应答

托福口语第三题阅读:

时间:40秒至45秒

阅读内容:校园生活话题 (75至100words)(大学的政策,规定或者办事程序,大学的计划,校园设施或校园内生活质量)。

托福口语第三题听力:

时间:60s至80s。

内容:话题同阅读,说话者会针对相关话题持鲜明观点,观点分支持反对两种。

托福口语第三题作答:

依据阅读和听力材料说明学生的观点和学生所给出的理由,考生不需要说明自己的观点。

考察的关系:阅读和听力中综合信息的能力:听力必然和阅读相关;答题必须与听力相关,必须清楚听力和阅读之间的关系;

准备时间:30s;陈述时间:60s。

托福口语第三题备考TIPS

1、阅读的时候要注意记录主题和支撑的观点

2、听力的部分主要记清楚主要人物的观点,以及他支持或反对的理由

3、结构一定要清楚,要用计时软件,多锻炼几次才能在规定时间内把要点说全说清楚。

托福口语第三题备考模版

注:模版只是参考,请同学们自己总结

1、The school has implemented a new policy that ... due to ... . And the man/woman holds a positive/negative view towards the announcement.

The first reason s/he gives is that ... . And the second one is based on the fact that ... .

2、From the reading material, we know that (the college) is going to ...

Obviously, the man/woman in the conversation thinks that this is a great/bad idea, due to the following reasons..

One reason is that……. Another is,…….

万一有时间So that's all the reasons s/he has to form that opinion. (尽量记,听为主)

3、The man/woman’s opinion about STH is that…….

(选择方案型:听选择的原因。1.Firstly, the man/woman states that…….2.And then he/she states that…….)

(提出建议型:听建议的利弊。1.Firstly, the man/woman talks about the positive aspect of this issue. He/she states that…….2.On the other hand, the man/man also talks about the negative aspect of this question. He/she points out that…….)

4、阅读引用部分的模版

(1) In the readingmaterial,

(2) There is a/anannouncement/message/notice/proposal about (填入记下的关键词)

(3) The university/college is going to(稍稍展开下)

(4) In the listeningmaterial, two students discussabout the填入关键词)

听力中人物表达观点的模版:

(1) The man/woman is against/supporting the

(2) He or she feels unhappy/less satisfied about

(3) He or She thinks theis unfair/inconvenient/unaffordable for the following reasons:

(4) The man/woman’s opinion about STH is that…….

理由展开部分的模版:

(1) First, he thinks/says ;Also, he points out that

(2) Firstly, the man/woman states that……; And then he/she states that…….

(3)支持+反对

Firstly, the man/woman talks about the positive aspect of this issue. He/she states that…….On the other hand, the man/man also talks about the negative aspect of this question. He/she points out that…….

5、范例:看OG的范例回答

Bus Service Elimination Planned

Important Points(字数102)

The university plans to eliminte the bus service because it is too expensive to run and too few students use it. The man disagrees with the university plan. He believes the reason few students take the bus is that the route goes to neighborhoods where students do not live. If the routes were changed, many more students would ride the bus. The man disagrees with the way the university plans to use the money it saves on the bus service. Building more parking lots on campus will encourage more students to drive on campus. This would increase noise and traffic on campus.…

范例:OG的范例回答(字数147)

The man in the scene said he wanted to keep the bus service for the better being of students on campus, because there is some students who can not afford the car, therefore they use the free bus service even though it isn’t that much. The problem with bus service right now is going through wrong neighbour where it is too expensive for students to live, so what they should do is just change the course of bus. And that will take of the problem. Also, they should encourage more students to use the bus service instead of discourage them. Or if they us the money that they use for bus service to increase the space of the parking lot for the students, which will add to the noise of the campus and will be more congested for all the people who already parking over there.

托福口语阐述自己的观点时应该注意什么

就某一话题阐述自己的观点是托福口语部分的第一题和第二题的考试内容。通常这类话题针对日常生活中常见的人事物,考生需要对其进行描述或表达自己的看法和观点。此类题目更多的是考查考生的思维应对能力。那么我们如何在托福口语考试中阐述自己的观点呢?

1、尽量按照总分的结构进行叙述,单刀直入,这也是西方人习惯的表达方式。由一句主题句引出观点与中心,让考官能够清晰地得知叙述的主题,从而打下良好的基础。如果在考题中出现了问题,则应该开门见山地回答问题,切入主题,阐明自己的观点,从而为接下来的详细叙述理清层次以及节约时间,如果有多余的时间,则可以再增添一句总结的话语,使叙述详尽完整。

2、在叙述的过程中应该合理地利用逻辑词汇,这样使文章的逻辑顺畅,条理清晰。中国人说话习惯靠上下文去分析句与句的关系,但是西方人不同,他们习惯用逻辑连接词来表达句子关系,如果按照中国人的思维去说英语,在外国人看来就是一堆杂乱无章的句子罗列,这样的分数常常会十分的不好看。论点的叙述,则应该尽量在草稿上简单罗列,讲述时由浅至深,增强逻辑性与条理性。所以,在练习口语的过程中,最好请一位外教跟踪辅导,为学生纠正口音以及语言习惯等问题。

3、在描述时,应该尽量将抽象的话语具体化,不能很空泛地喊口号做呼吁,这样常常收效甚微。西方人习惯十分具体生动的描述,如描述环境很优美,不应该仅仅说“it's beautiful outside”,而可以去描述flower,tree,bird等细节,增强生动性。

4、面对十分概括的问题时,许多考生会觉得十分难以开口,只能让时间白白流失,痛失了分数。针对这类问题,就应该将问题缩小到一个具体的事物进行叙述和讨论,缩小问题寻找突破口,这种方法也是所有宽泛问题的应对方式。

托福口语进阶必经的四个步骤

第一、对题型和解题技巧没有熟悉就匆忙上阵

考托福口语,就像和敌人打仗。你不知道敌人怎么出招,你也就不知道你自己应该出什么招。这样,你打败仗就是必然的。建议:熟悉题型。

第二、缺乏迅速组织好答案的能力

考生在托福口语考试中,面临两点压力:

1、时间紧、任务重。托福口语的答案准备时间只有15-30秒,答题只有45/60秒。如果,没有接受过正规的训练,考生在考场上必将不知所措的、语无伦次。

2、要迅速呈现“完整的答案”,这也就要求考生的答案“浓缩精华”。没接受过“答案构思训练”,“浓缩精华”也是难以做到的。

第三、考场上表现得不够自信和大方

原因有二:

1、缺乏口语练习,导致考生在答题时表现得不自信。

2、性格过于内敛,导致考生在答题时表现得不够张扬。考场上表现得不够自信和大方不是形式上的问题,而是本质问题,因为这样以来,考生答题的音量就会小、发音就会模糊、分数也就不可能高。

建议:

1、“信心来自实力,实力来自练习”。

2、不论你在平常的性格如何,在考场内答题时,你必须表现得开朗、自信、大方。

第四、口语答案的语言缺乏表现力

总体来讲:英语语音不准确、语调无起伏、语言不流利、结结巴巴。

建议:

1、了解语音语调方面的知识(适当了解,而不要花太多精力在这方面),提前发现并纠正自己的语音语调错误。

2、每天坚持大声、清晰、准确地朗读一段80-120字的英文段子。

篇16:托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词,却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察,并非单纯词汇层面的考察。根据代词的不同类别,我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型:人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。具体请看下文!

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型,虽然考的是代词,却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察,并非单纯词汇层面的考察。通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”,然后给出四个选项,这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词,并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近,需要考生经过严密思考推测,选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。

那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别,把指代题分成四大类型:人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类,人称代词

人称代词主要包括:I,you,he,she,it,we,they,me,him,them,yours,his,her,its,their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断,通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如:

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词,并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词,就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了,所以正确答案选D。

第二类,指示代词

指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中,this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象,而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见,并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。

例如:

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older, these claws are used mainly as weapons。”

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词,所以现在才能用代词进行指示,因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出,B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证,看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符,最终验证表明,答案正是A选项。

第三类,关系代词

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中,通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“, which”格式引导的从句,一般都是非限制性定语从句,通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是,当关系代词前有插入语时,需要先去掉插入语,再使用就近原则。

例如:

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind,ethanol,and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal,which is the cheapest energy source,is found in many parts of the world. However,it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句,则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上,所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类,不定代词

主要包括some,any,every,each,none,some...others...,one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语,并且注意词的单复数形式。

例如:

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”,并且“of”是表示所属的关系,所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分,所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”,因此答案选C。

需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型,要想全面把握托福阅读指代题,我们还是需要把握好真题,结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结,循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。

托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤

一、问题形式

被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮,这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下:

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解题步骤

1. 根据解题技巧确定答案

2. 代入原文验证,看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代,就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处,如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如,

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则,前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文,符合语义和逻辑,因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远,而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通,因此为干扰选项。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词,复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路

1. 主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中,第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如,

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在这一例子中,从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins,因此第二个选项为正确答案。

新托福阅读背景知识:植物适应沙漠

Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)

Cactus adaptations.

The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.

As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.

If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.

Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.

If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.

The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.

The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.

Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.

Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.

As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.

Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).

The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.

篇17:托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别,把指代题分成四大类型:人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类,人称代词

人称代词主要包括:I,you,he,she,it,we,they,me,him,them,yours,his,her,its,their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断,通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如:

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词,并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词,就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了,所以正确答案选D。

第二类,指示代词

指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中,this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象,而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见,并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。

例如:

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older, these claws are used mainly as weapons。”

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词,所以现在才能用代词进行指示,因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出,B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证,看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符,最终验证表明,答案正是A选项。

第三类,关系代词

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中,通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“, which”格式引导的从句,一般都是非限制性定语从句,通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是,当关系代词前有插入语时,需要先去掉插入语,再使用就近原则。

例如:

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind,ethanol,and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal,which is the cheapest energy source,is found in many parts of the world. However,it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句,则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上,所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类,不定代词

主要包括some,any,every,each,none,some...others...,one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语,并且注意词的单复数形式。

例如:

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”,并且“of”是表示所属的关系,所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分,所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”,因此答案选C。

需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型,要想全面把握托福阅读指代题,我们还是需要把握好真题,结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结,循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.

Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.

Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.

Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance

(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center

(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia

(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because

(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets

(B) the High Street Market was forced to close

(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population

(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tradition

(B) association

(C) produce

(D) region

4. The word it in line 6 refers to

(A) the crowded city

(B) a radius

(C) the High Street Market

(D) the period

5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) returned

(B) started

(C) declined

(D) continued

6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held

(A) on the same day as market says

(B) as often as possible

(C) a couple of times a year

(D) whenever the government allowed it

7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that

(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell

(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia

(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia

(D) could easily be transported

8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) eliminate

(B) exploit

(C) organize

(D) operate

9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants' side ?

(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.

(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.

(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence

(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.

10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) requesting

(B) experiencing

(C) repeating

(D) including

托福阅读背景知识汇总之达达派

达达派(Dada)

第一次世界大战后, 达达派(Dada)由瑞士向欧洲蔓延了出来. 当时的环境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他还有立体派, 表现派, 未来派等画派在欧洲盘据地盘, 但每一个都逃不出达达派的批判. 因为达达派如表现派般厌恶战争而厌恶过去, 但程度上比未来派还要激进. 他们大胆的摧毁一切旧有的传统, 而采取无理性的表现方式. 达达派的表现方式着重在天然形成与自由涂写. 他们喜欢用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成为一个新的艺术. 例如, 把色纸剪成块状(有一点儿像野兽派大师马蒂斯后期的表现方法)然后让他们自由飘散在地上, 而取得灵感. 达达派的文学家把报纸的字母写下, 然后抖动他们再依字母的自然排列成了一首新诗(这又有点像台湾的乩童在上身后鬼画符一番, 之后再由旁人解说). 所以达达派的创作是象征的且无定形的呈现(因为他们也不知道抖完后会成什么样子). 我想达达派最大的成就, 应该是让当时的人有完全逆向思考的机会. 大战结束后, 德国, 法国, 甚至隔海的美国都有不少人从事此风格的创作.

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托福阅读指代题题型特点介绍(精选17篇)

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