以下是小编为大家准备的托福阅读十几分要对多少道题(共含6篇),仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“龙小姐”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读十几分要对多少道题?本文为您全面解读托福阅读评分标准,毕竟弄清楚托福阅读是怎么算分的也有助于大家在答题时有清晰的认识,至少在迫不得已要舍弃一些题时,知道选择哪一个才划算。
托福阅读十几分要对多少道题
托福阅读考试需要完成3篇文章,每篇文章的字数大约有700字左右,每篇文章的出题数是12-14题,平均20分钟/篇。如果遇到加试,会从考试的四篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的阅读总分。除重要观点题和归类题以外,每道题的分值都是1分,重要观点题的分值可能是2分,归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围:0-30分。
托福阅读题型共分为10种:
1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)
2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)
3. Inference questions(推论题)
4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)
6. Reference questions(指代题)
7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)
8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)
9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)
10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)
了解了托福阅读的题型,我们再来看一下托福阅读的计分方式:
托福阅读以选择题为主,除最后的文章总结题和表格填写题之外,每道题的分值都是1分。
文章总结题满分为2分。这道题会给出6个选项,要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。在评分方面,文章总结题每道题2分。如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项,不得分;如果这道题选对2个选项,得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项,得2分。
表格填写题满分为3分。这道题会有2或3栏/行表格,包括5个正确答案选项。考生需要在备选答案中挑出正确选项,并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。表格填写题满分为3分。没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。
在计算出原始分数以后,将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。以下是原始分数与最终分数的对应表:
vertical-align:middle“> 原始分数 | 最终分数 | 原始分数 | 最终分数 | 原始分数 | 最终分数 |
0 | 0 | 16 | 5 | 32 | 23 |
1 | 0 | 17 | 7 | 33 | 24 |
2 | 0 | 18 | 8 | 34 | 25 |
3 | 0 | 19 | 9 | 35 | 25 |
4 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 36 | 26 |
5 | 0 | 21 | 11 | 37 | 27 |
6 | 0 | 22 | 13 | 38 | 27 |
7 | 0 | 23 | 14 | 39 | 28 |
8 | 0 | 24 | 15 | 40 | 28 |
9 | 0 | 25 | 16 | 41 | 29 |
10 | 1 | 26 | 17 | 42 | 29 |
11 | 1 | 27 | 18 | 43 | 29 |
12 | 2 | 28 | 19 | 44 | 29 |
13 | 2 | 29 | 20 | 45 | 30 |
14 | 3 | 30 | 21 | -- | -- |
15 | 4 | 31 | 22 | -- | -- |
比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道文章总结题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,得到的原始分数就是45-8=37分,根据上面的对应表,最终得分应为27分。再如,另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道文章总结题中,1道选错2个选项,另外两道各选错一个选项,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为45-16=29分,根据对应表,最终分数应为20分。
在上面的分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。
大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。
此外,正确题目个数与最终分数之间也存在一定的对应关系,具体如下:
正确题目个数 | 最终分数 | 正确题目个数 | 最终分数 | 正确题目个数 | 最终分数 |
0 | 0 | 16 | 6 | 32 | 18 |
1 | 0 | 17 | 6 | 33 | 19 |
2 | 0 | 18 | 7 | 34 | 20 |
3 | 0 | 19 | 7 | 35 | 21 |
4 | 0 | 20 | 8 | 36 | 22 |
5 | 0 | 21 | 8 | 37 | 23 |
6 | 1 | 22 | 9 | 38 | 24 |
7 | 1 | 23 | 10 | 39 | 25 |
8 | 2 | 24 | 11 | 40 | 26 |
9 | 2 | 25 | 12 | 41 | 27 |
10 | 3 | 26 | 13 | 42 | 28 |
11 | 3 | 27 | 14 | 43 | 29 |
12 | 4 | 28 | 15 | 44 | 29 |
13 | 4 | 29 | 16 | 45 | 30 |
14 | 5 | 30 | 16 | -- | -- |
15 | 5 | 31 | 17 | -- | -- |
托福阅读真题练习:鸟类的进化
托福阅读文本:
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the ”winged lizards.“ The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders,not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of theAndes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
托福阅读题目:
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word ”literally“ in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word ”They“ in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7.According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably ”not skillful fliers“ (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word ”classified" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine thatArchaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory thatArchaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.
托福阅读答案:
DBBCADCDCDA
1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分,每篇12-14道题。
2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。
3、除重要归类题和观点题以外,每道题的分值都是1分。
4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。
5、考试所得分数范围:0-30分。
托福阅读成绩计算方法
托福阅读部分,总共有3篇文章(如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分)。每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。
如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。
1. 细节题(Factual Information)
2. 事实否定题
3. 推论题(Inference)
4. 修辞题
5. 指代题(Reference)
6. 词汇题(Vocabulary)
7. 句子简化题(Sentence Simplification)
8. 插入句子题(Sentence Insertion)
9. 文章总结题(Prose Summary)
10. 图表信息题(Fill In A Table)
托福阅读做题方法
文章大致看完之后,才能开始做题。做题时,应牢记以下几点:
(1)每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进,即使有个别题打乱文章布局,在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。
(2)做题时,根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,同时排除相应的选项。
(3)到难句子时,最直接有效的方式就是对其进行句子结构分析,迅速把握整个句子的意思,不要盯着单个的词不放,不然就会因小失大。
(4)每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说,命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏,用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪,找到合符文章意思和题意的选项。
新托福阅读核心词汇总结
思考类动词总结
Think/assume/conceive/conclude/expect/
determine/hold/judge/presume/reckon/see/
sense/suppose/comprehend/consider/deduce/
infer/deliberate/evaluate/examine/meditate/
mull/mull over/muse/ponder/rationalize/reason/
reflect/resolve/ruminate/speculate/
study/turn over/weigh/contemplate/convey
思考类名词总结(观点/概念/理论)
Notion/idea/view/concept/perception
perspective/observation/examination
witness/judgment/approach/hypothesis
impression/supposition/theory/thought
apprehension/comprehension/realization
consideration/interpretation/understanding
speculation/version/picture/inclination/ideology
支持类单词总结
Support/maintain/insist/hold/uphold/agree/
accede/admit/consent/assent/verify/revel in/
glory in/believe in/dictate/celebrate/value
反对类单词总结
Contradict/decline/disagree/dispute/dissent/
oppose/protest/refuse/abandon/neglect/
disapprove/condemn
核心的;主要的;基本的;内在的
essential/chief/crucial/core
fundamental/main/key/inborn
principal/elementary/primary
indispensable/central/vital
underlying/inherent/intrinsic/inborn
重要的;显著的
important/valuable/substantial/big/considerable/
critical/crucial/decisive/earnest/exceptional/marked
meaningful/momentous/paramount/salient/significant/weighty
eminent/influential/outstanding/distinctive/esteemed/grand
honored/illustrious/leading/majestic/notable/powerful
prominent/remarkable/solid/superior/conspicuous
限制/阻挠
limit/confine/compress/decrease/lessen
narrow/bar/bind/cap/check/constraint/curb
impede/inhibit/obstruct/restrict/cramp
diminish/block/choke/frustrate/hamper
hinder/retard/stall/throttle/thwart
退步
decline/halt/repress/recession/cease/fall
减少
decrease/abate/curb/curtail/drop/ebb
evaporate/fade/lower/reduce/restrain/shrink
slacken/slump/subside/wane/diminish/subtract
增加/发展
increase/develop/enlarge/expand/grow/raise
advance/aggrandize/amplify/augment/boost/
broaden/enhance/enlarge/escalate/extend
further/heighten/inflate/magnify/mount
progress/proliferate/spread/swell/widen
新托福阅读每篇多少题
一、托福阅读题目设置
正常情况下,托福阅读一共有3篇文章,如果出现加试,就会多出一篇文章,每篇文章设有12-14个题目,以选择题为主。除最后一道试题外,其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分进行提问的,试题以单选题为主,其出现顺序和文章的段落顺序是一致的。最后一道题是针对整篇文章进行提问的,要求考生从多个选项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结和归纳。
二、托福阅读题型介绍
托福阅读共包括十种类型的题目,它们分别是:
1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)
2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)
3. Inference questions(推论题)
4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)
6. Reference questions(指代题)
7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)
8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)
9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)
10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)
三、托福阅读题目分类
综合以上十种题型,托福阅读又可分为两大类:一类是基础理解题,一类是 篇章应用题。题型1-8属于基础理解题,主要考查考生根据文章的词汇、句法和语义内容理解把握重要信息的能力;题型9、10属于 篇章应用题,主要考查考生把握 篇章结构的能力。由此可见,基础理解题占据了托福阅读试题的绝大部分,也就是说,出题者总喜欢把注意力放在具体的细节上,绝大多数问题都与文章中出现的具体信息有关,答案基本上都能在文章中找到。但是大家也不能忽视了最后一道大题的重要性,因为只有把握了整篇文章的逻辑结构,才有助于更好地理解全文内容,提高做题的正确率。
四、托福阅读题目分值分布
1. 基础理解题
基础理解题(题型1-8)以单选为主,每题1分。
2. 文章总结题
文章总结题(题型9)满分为2分,要求考生从6个选项中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项,如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项,不得分;如果这道题选对2个选项,得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项,得2分。
3. 表格填写题
表格填写题(题型10)满分为3分。这道题会有2或3栏/行表格,包括5个正确答案选项。考生需要在备选答案中挑出正确选项,并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。表格填写题满分为3分。没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。
托福阅读句意解释题
这类型题目的题干表达为:Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法:
第一种:在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种:在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种:对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用:
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题:
首先,我们来分析这个句子,整个主句的主语为Small marketers,谓语为be concerned with,宾语为factors,这个分析完成之后,我们采用同意替换的方法,替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with,其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较,得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
托福阅读推理题的解析
推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG, 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中,每篇会有0-2道这类问题,一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
一、推理题的两大分类:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路:
1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:
例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点:
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
托福阅读如何拿到28分
分数要求
想得28分以上,一般就是错3个左右,也就是不含加试一篇一个。我给自己的要求:不能错词汇题以外的任何题
阅读时间:
15分钟一篇,一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)
13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外,其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段,大概第8题/第9题的样子,是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排,近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难,生词多,第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。
在题目上一般是(细节 词汇,细节 作用, 细节 词汇, 细节 词汇 改写, 细节 词汇, 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题,早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。
简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题,尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间,用下面的方法去读的话,20分钟一般都是够用的。
我的阅读障碍:
速度:1’大概150-170字,生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。
选项:词汇量一般,有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧:
1,粗看下文章的段数,对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段,那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话,对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2,每段段首变成中文理解,以迅速的进入状态,并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题,这段的段首也要读)
3,每读一段整理一次逻辑,A支持的观点是,A的观点的问题是B的观点是。。。(记忆法,图像帮助理解,逻辑帮助记忆,生成图像来理解含义,对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法,每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色,这段如果讲倒推如原因,在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆,如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像,读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系,每一段都纵向罗列,如下)红——黄——绿
红——黄——绿
4,鉴于每段都会出细节题,如果有词汇题等先只看一句话,做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章,鉴于有四个选项,选一个对的或者不对的,看的时候自己要边看边总结,比如总结出三个步骤, 解释了三个方面的问题,或者其他。5,要检查,每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看,我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文,一般15分钟是够的,还能剩下几分钟检查。
新托福阅读真题做题策略:
词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ _ + 1’_1)耗时3分钟
词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人,是物),保持一致的最对,看这一句即可。
In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes
Mountains
of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了,根据意思,这道题排除BD,剩下AC很是纠结,但是看task本身,skilled task这种说法小奇怪,一般是skilled workers,所以选A
The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to
○Difficult○Necessary○Skilled○Shared
词汇题对于我一直是难点超爱错,猜出来的,如果有时间检查一定要再看一下,从ETS出题的角度考虑。
托福阅读考试一共多少题?
托福阅读一共有3篇阅读总共45个题目,如果出现加试的话会有5篇,但只会选择其中3篇进行评分.
关于托福阅读题目及分数的问题,大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法:
1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分,每篇12-14道题。
2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。
3、除重要归类题和观点题以外,每道题的分值都是1分。
4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。
5、考试所得分数范围:0-30分。
新托福阅读背景知识:梦境的解释
脑神经生理学及精神分析学对“梦”的解释
对梦的解释不论古今中外都引起广泛兴趣及争论,大致可分脑神经生理学及精神分析学两学派:
1.脑神经生理学者克里克“F.Crick”是近代代表者。
他认为做事是为了整理记忆,梦并不是提醒我们什麽,而是通过快波睡眠忘记无用讯息,避免储存讯息过度饱和而造成混乱。做事时主要是大脑的脑干部份产生兴奋,发出讯号引起脑视觉区出现影像,前脑把传送到视觉区讯号勉强编成梦,若浪费精力去解释梦意义是毫无价值。
2.精神分析学者佛浴伊德“S.Freud”认为:人有根多欲望和想法被压抑在潜意识深处。入睡後,彼压抑的欲望和观念便会在梦中偷偷进入意识里,但它们是经过化装的,真实意义已经过象征化或符号化。对梦作分析可以了解压抑与问题所在“也可预先参考图二”。
从电脑学发掘“梦”的新理论
快波睡眠等于做梦吗?实验报告证明快波睡眠期约有百分之七十机会做梦。但如果说快波睡眠就是做梦期,在母体内的胎儿及新生儿,快波睡眠高达百分之五十五至百分百。为什麽人生经验几乎是零的胎儿及新生儿,脑中还有什麽压抑欲望或无用讯息须花费那麽多时间去做梦?不论克里克或佛洛伊德的理论都无法获得满意答案。纽曼“Snowman”和伊凡斯“Cleans”两位学者提出从电脑角度去胁助理解人脑做梦机制,他们把人脑入睡後不能感知外界讯息时比拟电脑需暂停正常运作始能输入新程式或修改旧程式,来解释快波睡眠期可能是人脑在膳录或修改程式的时刻。此新启发性理论可满意解释胎儿及新生儿需要那麽长的快波睡眠,因为他们脑中的蛋白质分子正忙著在其脑纹上膳录生存本能及生活所必需的大量程式。此电脑程式观点不仅能把佛洛伊德和克里克理论互相沟通,同时对于析解各种人脑之谜注前迈跨一步。
新托福阅读背景知识:梦境探讨
梦境探讨
梦是一种正常的生理、心理现象,正如入经过白天活动後需要睡眠让身心获得充份休息来消除疲劳。梦对心理方面具有调和与舒解的作用。假使没有梦,许多人可能早就会得神经病了。佛洛伊德认为:做梦就是正常人发“神经病”,而神经病人就是白天睁著眼睛做“大梦”。梦境这种无意识心理活动是人类的第二精神世界,怛光怪陆离梦境常使人产生迷惑。佛洛伊德在“梦的分析”书中有详尽介绍。分析内容大致分三类:
1.睡眠时躯体受到的刺激:睡眠中如太冷时,会梦见在冰天雪地。太热时,会梦见处身火焰旁。太渴时,会梦见在找寻水源。膀胱胀满时,会梦见找不到厕所。
2.日间活动残迹的作用:所谓“日有所思,夜有所梦”,人们还可在梦中继续白天未完成的智力活动。很多科学家的发明或发现是在梦境中突然领悟出来。
3.潜意识内容的反映:佛氏把梦分“显梦”内容与“潜意”内容 两部分,前老好像“谜面”,後者好像“谜底”。精神分析医生工作是根据“梦”的规律进行解析来发掘做梦者被压抑在潜意识内的那些矛盾冲突,帮助病人正确解决其致病情结,从而使获得痊愈。
佛洛伊德把梦分析工作归纳六类:1.象征化,2.移置,3.凝缩,4.投射,5.变形,6.二次加工。
此处从略不详细介绍。梦境不单是受心理方面也受所在环境与生理状况的影响,如睡在生疏的地方,睡中嗅到气味、感到声音等都会影响梦境。
新托福阅读背景知识:梦的研究总结
寿命、智能的改善与“梦”
世界各地睡眠研究报告均显示:寿命、智能与快波睡眠有关,资优儿童及长寿人仕的快波睡眠较多,但快波睡眠是由先天遗传决定的。从图二我们可看到在快波睡眠时产生α波使潜意识和意识之间闸门开放,人脑白天意识到感知到的经验及旧的经验程式互相比较修改,自行设计出新程式或修改旧程式用来制造蛋白质改变大脑细胞的构造,形成永久记忆,使更适合生理及心理层面的需要。快波睡眠是遗传性主後天仍具有相当可塑性,透过以下日常方法可帮助追求良好“睡与梦”,获得较长快波睡眠是整体生命力的提升:
①按时早睡早起,配合人体“生物钟”21点至22点入睡,早上五至六点起床,床褥不可过硬或过软,睡房空气清新及光线较暗,注意睡眠姿势,陲前刷牙保持口腔清洁,睡前避免饮酒及进食,有失眠人仕建议睡前用热水洗脚,能刺激足部穴住,使容易入睡。
②优美音乐能对大脑右半球起活跃作用,做梦是由右脑专职。所以平时多欣赏一些喜爱优美音乐可改善左右脑半球脑电波的同步胁调性,对和缓消除紧张和疲劳及改善“睡与梦”有积极功效。
③香味对人体有心理效应也有理化作用,茉莉花香会引起大脑产生期待α波,符合改善“梦”境。
⑤坚持早餐要好,午饭要饱,晚饭要少,对大脑及睡眠有实际效用。从“睡与梦”角度证实少吃肉类,多吃谷物,蔬某、水果等含纤维素和碳水化合物的食物,能使睡眠很甜,可见素食能提高睡眠质量,是值得大力提倡。
⑥保持乐观情绪笑口常开,美“梦”自然与您同伴。
“梦”的研究及总结
由于“梦”都发生在快波睡眠“REM”快速眼球转动期,最近加州大学学者史毅德利用电极黏贴在眼皮上,配合快波睡眠时脑电波一起处理能测知“梦”发生,当做梦後脑电波转变慢波睡眠时眼球也停止转动,电子仪器即产生声响使做梦者清醒及启动录音机,使做梦者可将梦境所见用录音机录下才再入睡。史丹福大学学者伯兹利用特殊低频“粉杠噪音”调制发光二极管眼罩,使睡者能在快波睡眠期诱发“神志清醒的梦”,做梦者可以意识性地左右梦的内容,甚至自由导演出令自己满意的情节与结局,把恶梦转换成美梦或寻求解决日间疑难寻求创造性的答案。
“梦”的科学研究路途是漫长,展望将有一天能助我们真正认识您自己,此时人类就能真正操纵自己的昨天今天明天。尽管本文对“睡与梦”的探讨和改善不能使朋友们真正认识您自己及“梦”,但承认认识您自己及“梦”的重要性,在探讨过程中增强自我信念,至少我们已在这问题上前进一步。
著名中国古代梦研究学者刘文英教授,总结中国古代文学、历史、哲学文献记载梦的资料编写成《梦的迷信与梦的探索》一书,受到中外梦的研究学者重视。繁体字版将由台湾晓园出版公司出版。牛顿杂志《科学与人》/王溢嘉时间专栏,对“人”与“梦”、“心灵”、“物”、“科学”等有极之生动描绘。
托福阅读考试一共多少题
小托福阅读有多少题
小托福TOEFL Junior考试主要由三大部分组成:听力、语言形式和含义、阅读,每部分均42道选择题;听力35分钟,语言形式和含义25分钟,阅读50分钟,共110分钟。
阅读理解:初中托福考试评估了在英语媒介的环境中学生的阅读理解能力,包括两项基本阅读形式:
1) 阅读和理解学术文章的能力。 学生需要阅读和理解一系列体裁的跨越各个学科域(例如,艺术,人文,科学和社会科学)的学术文章(例如,说明文,传记,议论文,散文)。 他们需要阅读不同难度水平的文本,尤其包括那些在英语环境课堂上使用的。 在读这些文本时,学生要理解大意和主要的论据信息来做出推断,并且理解核心词汇(不管来自于以前的知识还是文本)以及文本内部的紧密联系(例如,句子之间暗示性的联系)。
2) 依赖于具体的段落的性质,学生必须了解作者的目的,理清逻辑并看懂修辞结构,文章进程和指示,并/或识别并理解比喻性语言。与听力相比,阅读文章不应要求太多的具体背景信息,但是有时候会要求学生去读从学术 篇章中学到新信息。
3) 阅读并理解非学术性文章。 尽管学术性文章已经英语语言方面的挑战,但学生也必须能阅读非学术性文章。包括通信方面的(例如电邮和信件),日志,学生著作以及一些更短一些的文章(例如,小册子,广告,时间计划等). 在读非学术性文章时,学生必须解释能够阐释学术性文章的理解细节,也要明白非学术文章的一些显著特征。(例如,一些习语的频繁使用)
小托福阅读题附答案
A simple piece of clothesline hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors.
On one side stand those who see clothes dryers (干衣机) as a waste of energy and a major polluter of the environment. As a result, they are turning to clotheslines as part of the “what-I-can-do environmentalism (环境保护主义).”
On the other side are people who are against drying clothes outside, arguing that clotheslines are unpleasant to look at. They have persuaded Homeowners Associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, because clothesline drying also tends to lower home value in the neighborhood. This has led to a Right-to-Dry Movement that is calling for laws to be passed to protect people’s right to use clotheslines.
So far, only three states have laws to protect clothesline. Right-to-Dry supporters argue that there should be more.
Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious (有生态意识的) person who feeds his trees with bathwater and reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But on July 9, 2007, the HOA in Wake Forest, North Carolina, told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned them about his clothesline. The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes on a line in the yard. “Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. The local HOA has decided not to take any action, unless more neighbors come to them.
North Carolina lawmakers are saying that banning clotheslines is not the right thing to do. But HOAs and housing businesses believe that clothesline drying reminds people of poor neighborhoods. They worry that if buyers think their future neighbors can’t even afford dryers, housing prices will fall.
Environmentalists say such worries are not necessary, and in view of global warming, that idea needs to change. As they say, “The clothesline is beautiful. Hanging clothes outside should be encouraged. We all have to do at least something to slow down the process of global warming.”
阅读赏析:
这篇阅读理解的主题非常有趣,切入角度很独特:我们是否应该立法禁止用晾衣绳来晾晒衣服。这在我们看来是有点滑稽,有点小题大作,但在美国却成为一个讨论热点。由此我们可以看到一个比较真实的美国:一个环保意识很强,而人情淡漠的国家;一个法律至上,而事实上法律又常常被利益集团所利用,而做出有悖于情理之规定的国家。以上矛盾的对立面往往会从自己的角度,千方百计找到合理的论据,并通过自己的院外游说团影响国会的立法和政府的决策。这是当代真实的美国。如果大家能从文中读出这些背景信息,那么问题自然迎刃而解了。
选择题:
1. One of the reasons why supporters of clothes dryers are trying to ban clothesline drying is that ______.
A. clothes dryers are more efficient B. clothesline drying reduces home valueC. clothes dryers are energy-saving D. clothesline drying is not allowed in most U.S. states
答案:B。由第三段中的because clothesline drying also tends to lower home value in the neighborhood,可知B为正确答案。
2. Which of the following best describes Matt Reck?
A. He is a kind-hearted man.B. He is an impolite man.C. He is an experienced gardener. D. He is a man of social responsibility.
答案:D。从第五段中的Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious person ... 和Reck所发表的言论:Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,可知Matt Reck是一个有责任心的环保主义者。
3. Who are in favor of clothesline drying?
A. Housing businesses.B. Environmentalists.C. Homeowners Associations. D. Reck’s dissatisfied neighbors.
答案:B。由最后一段中environmentalists的观点可知,他们是赞成和鼓励使用clotheslines的。故答案为B。
4. What is mainly discussed in the text?
A. Clothesline drying: a way to save energy and money.B. Clothesline drying: a lost art rediscovered.C. Opposite opinions on clothesline drying.D. Different varieties of clotheslines.
答案:C。由文章第二、三段中On one side ... On the otherside ... 以及后面双方针锋相对的观点可知C为正确答案。
两招轻松解决“小托福阅读目的题”
很多同学都惧怕小托福阅读中的“作者目的题”,一看到目的题就大写加粗的“懵逼”。
有些同学还不清楚什么是“作者目的题”。简单来说,就是问你“why did the author write the passage?”/“The author’s main purpose is to”这类问“作者为什么要写这篇文章”的题目。部分不耐心的同学很抓狂。他为什么要写这篇文章关我什么事啊。为什么为什么哪有这么多为什么你是十万个为什么啊。我是谁我在哪我在做什么。
大家先不要激动,听我慢慢说。
目的题难在哪里?它不仅考察了考生的阅读能力,还考察考生的分析能力。很明显,作者写作文体的目的是要告知某件事情或传递某些信息。接下来我们一起来学习两种解题方法:
01 关注开头
同学们阅读所有文章都要特别关注开头,篇首往往包含了很多重要信息,也是出题人偏好出题的区间。解答“作者目的题”的方法之一就是关注开头。第一句话一般来说都会跟剩下的 篇章有关联,看懂了第一句话,也就能明白作者整篇文章的内容。举例:
I'm writing to you because I forgot to mention the try-out show in class today. If you want to sing, act, dance, or do anything else in the talent show, then you should go to the try-outs show tomorrow after school. The try-outs will start at 3:00 p.m. at the school theater.
Q: Why does Mrs. Harrington send the students this e-mail?
A. She won't be in class the next day.
B. She forgot to give them information in class.
C. She didn't tell them about taking the late bus.
D. She doesn't want them to try out for the show.
题目问:为什么Mrs. Harrington要写信给学生?我们回到文章开头。第一句话说,我写信给你们是因为我今天课堂上忘记提到“try-out show”,答案出来了,写信是因为忘记提一件事,选B。
02 关注作者的语言
作者的措辞往往反映了作者的目的。试分析,作者是否尝试告知、说明、解释或展示某个内容。读懂了作者的语言,也就能解题了。来看例子:
It has often been said that laughter is the best medicine. This means that being happy and going through life with a smile will make you healthier. Doctors say that patients who are told jokes or made to laugh often become well more quickly than those who are sad. This is because laughter can relieve stress and help relax the mind as well as the body.
Q: The author’s main purpose is to_________.
A. Give an example of a joke
B. Argue that all old sayings are true
C. Tell sick people about a new medicine
D. Explain that laughter can make you healthier
这段话里,医生说经常听到笑话的病人比那些整日悲伤的病人恢复得快。读完这段话我们可以看出,作者是在尝试解释“笑是最好的治疗药”。因此这题我们选D。
怎么样,同学们看完了“作者目的题”的两种做题方法还迷茫吗?
希望ETS出题能够多一点真诚,少一点套路。也希望同学们多阅读、多思考、多问为什么。以后才不会出现这种情况。
★ 托福真题练习