托福阅读事实信息题

2023-10-25 07:50:54| 收藏本文下载本文作者：寻找启蒙

以下是小编整理的托福阅读事实信息题（共含9篇），欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“寻找启蒙”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。

托福阅读事实信息题

篇1：托福阅读事实信息题

托福阅读事实信息题：握住细节别放手!

首先当然是关注题干中的关键词，话说这个说法可能很多人都听过，但什么样的词能做关键词呢?

想想，找关键词无非为了回原文能尽快找到相应的信息，所以关键词应该具备两个特征，一是比较容易找到，就是长的比较特别，这样才能在一众单词中迅速被看见;二是不容易被其他词替换，一旦换掉了回原文找不到原词定位就失败了不是么?所以符合这两个特征的无外乎长难词，专有名词，时间和数字等等，如果这些都没有怎么办呢?把本不明显的词凑成词组，这样不就容易找到了么，毕竟目标大了啊!

第二步当然就是回原文定位了，需要注意的是，很多学生在定位的过程中不自觉的开始读全文，那你这定位有啥用呢?所以看文章的时候不要看意思，单纯找到要的那个词就好了。找到以后当然要精读找到的那句话。至于上下句要不要看，其实取决于只看找到的那句能不能帮你选出正确答案，如果只看那句不行，自然要看上下句了。但无论怎样，你需要读的句子一般不会超过两句话，官方还是说话算话的!

很多学生的问题出在根本不敢用这一套，总觉得读的太少肯定做不出题，再加上现在很多题目确实比较tricky，让大家更觉得无所适从，但请相信，既然官方说了只看一两句能选出答案，绝大多数情况下就一定可以。考生们的问题更多在于找不到或者好容易找到却看不懂，看不懂的孩子请好好背单词，毕竟巧妇难为无米之炊，没有一定的单词量再多的技巧也没用!至于找不到的同学，并不是这个方法本身出了问题，而是关键词很多时候不那么明显了。

那么问题又来了，找不到关键词应该怎么办?很多童鞋可能知道，托福考试中题目出现的顺序和文章行文的顺序是一致的，直接点儿说，就是一段的第一题极有可能出现在这段的最前面，以此类推。知道了这个，就意味着即使没有关键词，你也可以根据这题是这段的第几题来大致确定到底要读段落的前半部分。中间，还是后半部分;还可以根据上一题的大概位置往下找这一题的答案，这样会使读文章的压力大幅减轻。

举个例子(T42P2, 3题)，原文和题目如下

Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band ofsedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derivedfrom the German name Kreidezeit). Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which weresupposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that floweringplants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out. In fact, severalscientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery ofgrinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants. Others have blamedextinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammalsand dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reasonto believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. Some explanations (such as theone stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and theycannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.

3. According to paragraph 1 the extinction of the dinosaurs is unlikely to have been the result of competition frommammals because

○ mammals would not have been capable of eating dinosaur eggs

○ mammals did not appear in any significant numbers until after the Late Triassic

○ mammals and dinosaurs did not, in fact, compete for any of the same resources

○ mammals and dinosaurs lived together for roughly 120 million years before the extinction

本题是这段的最后一题(别问我怎么知道的，你做题的时候不是按顺序写的么，点NEXT就到下一段了不就说明这题是这段最后一题么?)，以关键词组competition from the mammals定位到倒数第二句(注意最后一题不一定非得是最后一句啊只要靠后就OK了)，句子说有些人认为恐龙灭绝是因为哺乳动物吃了它们的蛋，后半句说这种说法不对，我们无法相信哺乳动物突然就对恐龙蛋感兴趣，因为它们彼此相安无事共存了一亿两千万年。所以正确答案是D，只读一句话是可以选出这一题的答案的。

只要定位正确，一般不会有人误选B和C两个选项的。至于A，注意原文是taste的问题，也就是不喜欢吃，A是说不能吃，不是同一个概念哦!!!有同学可能会觉得这太过追求细节，但事实上，托福细节题就是要抠这些细节的，不懂你就输了哦!!!

托福阅读长难句：有声电影产业化

In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years. (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films) (TPO12, 63)

prohibitive /pr?'h?b?t?v/ adj. (指价格等)高得买不起的;禁止性的

我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。

(In Europe) it took a little longer,(mainly because there were more small producers) (for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive),and ( in other parts of the world) problems (with rights or access to equipment) delayed the shift to sound production (for a few more years) ( though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). (TPO12, 63)

分析：

本句的主干就是一个并列结构：it took a little longer and problems delayed the shift to sound production

修饰一：(In Europe)，介词短语

修饰二：(mainly because there were more small producers)，从句

中文：主要是因为有更多小的制造商

修饰三：(for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive)，从句，修饰produces

中文：对于他们来说转换声音的成本巨大

修饰四：(with rights or access to equipment)，介词短语，修饰problems

中文：专利权以及设备的问题

修饰五：(for a few more years)，介词短语

修饰刘：(though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films)，括号，解释说明

中文：虽然在很多大城市的影院为了播放国外有声电影已经用线装好了设备

参考翻译：

欧洲花得时间要长一些，主要是因为有更多小的制造商，对于他们来说转换声音的成本巨大。在世界其它部分，专利权以及设备的问题延迟了向声音产业转变很多年。(虽然在很多大城市的影院为了播放国外有声电影已经用线装好了设备)

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：外在信号

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment. (TPO13, 46)

disorient /d?s'?r??ntet/ vt. 使(人)迷失方向，使(人)混乱

persist /p?'s?st/ vi.坚持;持续

jet lag时差反应

synchronize /?s??kr??na?z/ v. 同时发生，与...一致

我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。

The disorienting effects(of this mismatch)(between external time cues and internal schedules)may persist, (like our jet lag), (for several days or weeks) (until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) (to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment). (TPO13, 46)

长难句分析：

这个句子主干部分就是The disorienting effects may persist

修饰一：(of this mismatch) ，介词短语

中文：这种不匹配

修饰二：(between external time cues andinternal schedules) ，介词短语

中文：在外在信号与内在循环之间

修饰三：(like our jet lag) ，介词短语

中文：像时差反应一样

修饰四：(for several days or weeks) ，介词短语

中文：几天或几周

修饰五：(until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) ，从句

中文：直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟

修饰六：(to synchronize with the dailyrhythm of the new environment) ，非谓语动词

中文：以便和新环境的日常循环同步

参考翻译：

外在信号与内在循环不匹配引起的错乱反应可能会持续(像时差反应一样)几天或几周，直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟以便和新环境的日常循环同步。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇2：托福阅读备考:事实信息题讲解

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

1. 提问方式：

Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists)

Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO 30 Role of Playin Development)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2. 解题步骤：

Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越。)

例：

Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

分析：通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式，其实题干可以改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因此，定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challenge toresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，因为它属于通篇的主题词。

Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式，因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分，考生们可以看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。

Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过题干找出题干中一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们怕看到的，因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。

Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

例1：定位词为原文原词的情况

Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).(TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations)

Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?

分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即后一句话为定位句。

例2：定位词为非原文原词的情况

Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?

O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.

O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.

O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.

分析：此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult, 因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。

问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。

Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon' s studies of trilobites, a now extinct marineanimal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million yearsof evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobitespecies was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments ---typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. Nosignificant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude thatenvironmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined. (TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change)

According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?

O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period

O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history

O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability

O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.

分析：通过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次。因此，考生们需要定位的范围变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上不愿意看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。

Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义接近的选项。

注意：1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。

2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29 Competition)

Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they

O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species

O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken

O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source

解题步骤：

1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。

2). 通过定位词回到原文进行定位，位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 可以对应题干中想问的importance。

3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为“当只有一种食物来源被提供时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈”，接下来浏览四个选项，发现C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。

例2：

As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)

Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because

A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.

D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.

解题步骤：

1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because

2).根据定位词定位到句和第三句这样的语义群，这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位，然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的定位点。

3).定位句的语义大约为“因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草，因此，早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来浏览四个选项，只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因，所以选择A选项。

3. 总结：

1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位

2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样，考生不是漫无目的地搜索，而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案

托福阅读真题原题+题目

By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.

By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) European influence on colonial American painting

(B) The importance of patronage to artist

(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) beginning

(D) explanation

3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) led to

(B) transformed

(D) experienced

4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to

(A) paint wheel carriages

(B) paint portraits

(D) paint flat surfaces

5. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England

(A) considered artists to be superior to painters

(B) barely painted portraitists

(D) imitated English painters

6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) made decisions

(B) studies

(D) associated

7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) adequate

(B) temporary

(D) expensive

8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings

(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings

(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings

(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists

9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which of

the following?

(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art

(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art

(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists

10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.

(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.

(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.

PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

篇3：托福阅读否定事实信息题难点

托福阅读否定事实信息题难点

托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察

答题时注意看每个选项，尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时，就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片文章的主题是相悖的。

请看下面例题：

Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语，故不能作为关键信息词。而发现A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目，也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加阅读后，发现……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 这句话当中出现rather than, 锁定D选项中同样的话语，刚好与原文观点相反，所以选择D.

托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对最基本的细节信息理解的考察

这里可以用更简单的说法：从词中选。所谓从词中选，就是可以在文章中找到几个名词，他们排列存在，共同构成某一事件的所有细节。这时候，出题者会提取出其中三个，并在文章别处或者自编一个跟本事件并无关系的名词(词组)。

请看下面的例子：

In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on APartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.

Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?

A. Rapid population growth

B. Inflation

C. Economic conditions duringwartime

D. Record-high housing prices

在这道排除题中，由于四个选项提供的信息都是用名词词组，我们可以断定，段落中一定存在其中三个词组，而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica, California. 故可将此地名作为关键词，锁定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 这句话当中分别提到了A, B, D三个答案，所以答案为C.

托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对事件发展程序理解的考察

这类排除题，也可以叫做------从句中选。即考题所提供的答案均为相对比较完整的句子，那么其中有三句话，一定是表达了整个事件发展比较关键的几个步骤，只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类排除题通常比较耗费时间，考生需要准确判断其事件发展步骤，甚至要通读全段，才能找出正确选项。这里，我给大家提供一种在很大程度上节省时间的方法------点对点寻找。

请看下面的例子：

The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.

It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century

B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce

C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices

D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce

对于这道题，题干中没有任何指示性的词汇，我们无法判断是从事件的哪个阶段入手，那么就只能每个答案逐一排除。仔细阅读A选项，然后发现A选项中有17th century，故可以将其作为关键线索，去文中寻找，……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的这句话表明A不能作为正确答案。那么继续看B， B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去寻找两个国籍名词同时出现的句子，通过判断，…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明，B也不能作为正确答案。继续看C，C 选项当中有Chinese, 还有seafood andspices，于是锁定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正确选项。至此，我们可以直接选择D作为排除选项。

托福阅读：修辞目的题举例分析

托福阅读的十种题型中，修辞目的题，跟其他题型不相比，别具一格。托福阅读考试中修辞目的题注重考察单词，短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用和逻辑。这要求大家在阅读中，要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。

此次目的题参考的内容基本可以分为三类，其一，作者在句中提到一些单词或短语或是句子是为了举例说明之前的相关信息点，辅助读者更好地理解原文的信息。其二，作者提供相关信息目的在于解释说明某一现象或是事件，本质与举例说明较为类似，也是为了帮助读者更好地理解信息，其三，作者在提出某些重要的观点时，为了突出个别的信息点，而引入一些单词短语或句子，目的是为了强度。基于对修辞目的题作者写作目的本身的分析和理解，我们可以更好地解决相关题目。以下以第一种举例说明的情况为例，重点讲解如何解决此类题目。

我们来看一道题，此题出自TPO14--children and advertising中的第10题，题干问why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?根据题干关键词定位到文中对应的句子，Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.读完句子看到句中的插入短语for example，知道此句式为例子，属于举例说明，我们都知道例子是用来证明之前的信息，所以向前反推，看到紧接其前这样的内容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.这两句第一句解释了host selling，第二句提到host selling的影响，所以得知紧接其后的句子是为了例证这两点信息，即host selling的概念以及它产生的影响。得出正确选项To help explain what is meant by the term “host selling” and why it can be misleading to children。

再比如TPO16中trade and the ancient middle east一文中第12题考到In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?根据题干关键词定位到原文句子：as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.读句子as表示正如…得知此处为举例说明，例证之前的信息，看到前半句since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power。得知提到Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa目的是为了证明新的国际贸易路线的发展可能破坏货币基础并且侵蚀国家权力。得出答案为To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade。

再如TPO25 The surface of mars一文中的第6题In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?根据题干关键词定位到原文句子It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus has similar surface gravity.通过句中短语It is no accident that得知此处为举例论证，所以向前看，紧接其前的句子为The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.可知原文想要阐述的信息是地心引力和山脉高度直接的关系，而且地心引力越低则重量越低，随之山的高度越高，所以紧接其后比较Maxwell Mons on Venus 和the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth完全是为了论证这个信息，由此容易选得正确选项为To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height。

修辞目的题中，举例论证是常考点，常见的表示举例的提示性的单词或短语有：for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of…/this is the case…等。如果题干中关键词对应原文的句子里有相关的表示例证的单词，短语出现，则向前看前面的句子，答案也就随之浮现出来。所以在平时的阅读练习中，大家一定要注意句子之间逻辑关系，句与句之间不是互相独立的，而是紧密联系，互相支撑，构建段落，甚至是全文。

托福阅读：总结题的方法

解决托福阅读总结题的方法：

一、清楚文章的论证类型

总分型一般容易出这类考题。我以中文为例，丽丽老师是一个非常好的人。首先，她很乐于助人例如一次我看见她扶一个盲人过马路，其次丽丽老师很慷慨，有一次我看见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元)，第三丽丽很谦虚和平易近人。

如下面这样的文章特别容易出总结题

Lily is a nice person.

1、丽丽乐于助人

2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路

3、丽丽老师很慷慨

4、老余捐了100元

5、丽丽很谦虚和平易近人

6、丽丽经常打架

正确答案应该是：1、3、5

二、解决方法：

一)主体词排除错误选项法

首先抓住要总结的关键词也就是主体词，就是要问哪方向的内容，如上个例子，主体题丽丽一定会在正确答案中出现，不然问的是丽丽可以答案谈论的是别人，就变得完全不相关了，根据这个特点我们可以排除 4老余捐了100元。

如OG上的一道总结题可以直接使用主体词排除错误选项的方法

The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.

1、Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors

2、Thomas Edison’s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.

3、Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.

4、Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.

5、The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen

6、once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption

其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词，本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema.

二)细节信息排除法

总结题是对对文章的高度概括所以细节的出现犯了以偏概全的错误，如中文例子中的2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路。这是一个具体的事实细节，我们要绕过例子看总结。所以在排除它。

如OG中的一道题目

This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins

Answer choices

1 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(这是本文的主题)

2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(总结性信息)

3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (绝对的事实细节)-排除

4 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found((绝对的事实细节)-排除

5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found..(主题)

6、Ambulocetus’hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((绝对的事实细节)-排除

三)新信息出现排除

如6：丽丽经常打架，原文没有出现，所以正确答案中一定没有。

托福

篇4：巧解托福阅读事实信息题

托福阅读中事实信息题是为了考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。此题型虽然有难度，数量也较大，但属于老题型。考生的任务是在托福阅读所给出的选项中，选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。新东方网托福频道分享真题及解答帮助考生熟悉本类题型……

例题：

Passage：…Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze)…

According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because

A. they began using a material that made the statues weigh less

B. they found a way to strengthen the statues internally

C. the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time

D. the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues

正确答案是B。

大家在备考托福的时候对于阅读部分一定要多多练习，总结经验。

托福考试阅读技巧：事实信息题的解题方法

一、提问方式

1、According to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X?

2、According to Paragraph…, how / what/ why…?

3、Paragraph… / The passage supports which of the following statements aboutX?

带有提问方式的题型有以下几个特点：

a. 该题型属于细节类题型，并且在大部分情况下题干中会出现一个明确的细节定位词───X。

b. 该题型是对细节信息的正面提问(由题干中true / support可知)，这一点与否定事实信息题相反。

c. 该题型疑问部分一般由特殊疑问词：which / how / what / why… 引导，可以得出该题型可以就某细节信息的具体“特性、原因、方式等”进行发问。

二、解题步骤

第一步：读题干，划出定位词。

定位词特点：

a. 在提问方式1和3当中就是X所代表的部分。

b. 在提问方式2中比较复杂，一般是寻找该句中的名词部分，多数充当句中的主语或宾语。

c. 定位词有可能是原文原词或者近义词。

例题1： According to paragraph 6, which of the following statementsabout aquifers in deserts is true? (TPO 12Water in the Desert)

本题干的定位词即aquifers, 符合提问方式1。

例题2： According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?(TPO 13 Types of Social Groups)

本题干的定位词即shunning, 符合提问方式2。

例题3：Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements aboutpainting in Europe? (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe)

本题干的定位词即是painting in Europe, 符合提问方式3。

第二步：根据定位词回原文进行定位。

1、若定位词非原文原词，在定位过程中要对其在原文中的同义替换词敏感。

2、若定位词在原文中出现若干次，要关注所有出现过的地方。

篇5：巧解托福阅读事实信息题

提到托福阅读中的各类题型，首先必须强调的就是事实信息题，这是因为它具有数量多、分量足、难度大，难掌控等特点。根据官方指南，事实信息题的出题个数一般每篇为3~6个，这在所有题型中所占比例是最大的，同时随着ETS出题难度的加大，事实信息题的考点也在悄然发生着变化，有些题目甚至与官方指南的介绍南辕北辙，所以完全依赖官方指南不能全面把握当前的托福考试，例如，官方指南中提到“…They ask you to identify specific information that is typically mentioned only in part of the passage. They generally do not ask about general themes that the passage as a whole discusses. Often the relevant information is in one or two sentences…”，但是在近期的TPO中我们会很容易发现很多题目的考查点正是全篇的主旨、段落主旨，甚至段落关系，根本不符合官方指南中考查一两句话或段落的某一部分的描述。所以对于官方指南我们也要做到取其精华去其糟粕，对于符合目前托福考试内容的部分我们要挖掘，而对于不符合当前命题规律的点则可以舍弃，尽信有则不如无。

对于托福阅读的第二个误读就是“定位”，首先说“定位”这个家伙是很可怜的，它承载了太多的希望也背负了更多的骂名。首先我们说“定位”本身是没有任何问题的，它对于托福阅读的重要性是不可置喙的，但是它又被太多老师过分夸大以至于在不能解决事实信息题时背上了沉重的骂名。这里我要替“定位”伸冤，是我们误读了它，而不是它辜负了我们。首先说在前些年的托福考试中，大部分的事实信息题都是在考查具体细节信息，所以使用定位可以准确快速地找到答案，所以，在当时它被誉为解决事实信息题的良方药剂，但是随着ETS出题难度的加大，事实信息题不再是仅仅考查细节，很多对于主旨和全篇内容的考查题目逐渐出现在考试中并且比例也在逐年增加，而定位在解决这些题目的过程中功效甚微，所以很多人发现它不再管用了，便开始指责谩骂，其实不是定位本身错了，而是我们错了，在后两种实时信息题题型中定位也是能发挥它的功效的，只不过是我们没有与时俱进研究新题型寻找新方法，仅仅一味抱着以前的奶酪，才会大声呼喊“谁动了我的奶酪”，没人回应的时甚至埋怨奶酪本身出问题了，这无疑是卸磨杀驴的行为。所以定位好冤枉!

不仅仅是事实信息题，托福阅读中还有很多点被我们误读了，所以对于很多方法或者是论点一定要有自己的观点和看法，不能仅仅相信所谓前人言论，时代在发展，托福在发展，要用发展的眼光去看待每天的托福!

篇6：托福阅读如何做好事实信息题

托福阅读如何做好事实信息题

托福阅读事实信息题提问方式介绍

1、According to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X?

2、According to Paragraph…, how / what/ why…?

3、Paragraph… / The passage supports which of the following statements aboutX?

带有提问方式的题型有以下几个特点：

a. 该题型属于细节类题型，并且在大部分情况下题干中会出现一个明确的细节定位词───X。

b. 该题型是对细节信息的正面提问(由题干中true / support可知)，这一点与否定事实信息题相反。

c. 该题型疑问部分一般由特殊疑问词：which / how / what / why… 引导，可以得出该题型可以就某细节信息的具体“特性、原因、方式等”进行发问。

托福阅读事实信息题解题步骤讲解

第一步：读题干，划出定位词。

定位词特点：

a. 在提问方式1和3当中就是X所代表的部分。

b. 在提问方式2中比较复杂，一般是寻找该句中的名词部分，多数充当句中的主语或宾语。

c. 定位词有可能是原文原词或者近义词。

例题1： According to paragraph 6, which of the following statementsabout aquifers in deserts is true? (TPO 12Water in the Desert)

本题干的定位词即aquifers, 符合提问方式1。

例题2： According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?(TPO 13 Types of Social Groups)

本题干的定位词即shunning, 符合提问方式2。

例题3：Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements aboutpainting in Europe? (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe)

本题干的定位词即是painting in Europe, 符合提问方式3。

第二步：根据定位词回原文进行定位。

1、若定位词非原文原词，在定位过程中要对其在原文中的同义替换词敏感。

2、若定位词在原文中出现若干次，要关注所有出现过的地方。

以上就是托福阅读事实信息题的提问形式和解题步骤汇总介绍，缺乏这方面基本知识的同学可以来学习了解一下。

托福词汇：考试常用词汇短语句子

1. abide by (=be faithful to ; obey)

忠于;遵守

2. be absent from…

缺席，不在

3. absence or mind (=being absent-minded)

心不在焉

4. absorb (=take up the attention of)

吸引…的注意力(被动语态);be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近;be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on

5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with

富于，富有

6. access (to) (不可数名词)

能接近，进入，了解

7. by accident (=by chance, accidentally)

偶然地,意外

Without accident (=safely)

安全地

8. of one’s own accord (=without being asked; willingly; freely)

自愿地，主动地

9. in accord with

与…一致

out of one’s accord with

同…不一致

10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)

一致地

11. in accordance with (=in agreement with)

依照，根据

12. on one’s own account

为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益

13. take…into account (=consider)

把。。。考虑进去

14. give sb. an account of

说明，解释(理由)

15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for)

解释，说明

16. on account of (=because of)

由于，因为

17. on no account (=in no case, for no reason)

绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)

18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about)

指控，控告

19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)

习惯于

20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)

了解;(=to have met socially) 熟悉

21. act on

奉行，按照…行动;

act as 扮演; act for 代理

22. adapt oneself to (=adjust oneself to)

使自己适应于

23. adapt… (for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need)

改编，改写(以适应新的需要)

24. in addition (=besides)

此外，又，加之

25. in addition to (=as well as, besides, other than)

除…外

26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief )

粘附;坚持，遵循

27. adjacent (=next to, close to)

毗邻的，临近的

28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)

调节;适应

29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for)

…的可能，留有…的余地

30. in advance (before in time)

预告，事先

托福阅读是否背会单词就能拿高分

According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

学生甲翻译：根据第四段，近来的研究在obsidian工具上发现了Olmec sites 表明了什么?

学生乙翻译：根据第四段，近来研究在obsidian工具上发现了什么?

如果你也是类似于上面的两种翻译，说明问题已经出现了。看下这个句子，先不说里面的生词(有时有些生词并不会影响理解)，你们会认为自己翻译出来了啊，没有落下一个词啊。没错，确实词都翻译出来了，先不说翻译的有没有偏差，首先自问一下，这样的翻译(特别是个翻译)你们果真能理解么?或是你们果真理解了，那句子的本意真的就是你们翻译出来的意思么?

句子理解是非常重要的，不管是在题干(题干决定做题的方向，方向都错了，又怎么选出正确答案)中还是在文章中。句子决不是单词的简单的罗列，是按照某些结构搭建起来的，所以翻译也不是简单的顺序翻译。而各种结构中又有主次之分，我们要做的就是成功的把主要信息识别出来，并了解翻译的先后顺。如果在阅读中的每个句子都能快速找到主要信息，又有什么理由做不对题目呢。

谈到句子结构，很多同学都很排斥。对于句子结构我们不需要像初高中一样记住很多术语，我们只需记住主语和谓语以及一些常见的修饰语的样子就可以了。可实际上基本的主语和谓语到底长什么样，很多同学并不知道。

我们看一个句子，大家试着找出主语和谓语：

In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.

学生甲：主语 period，谓语 characterized

学生乙：主语 abandonment，谓语has seemed

学生丙：主语 tradition，谓语 has seemed

学生丁：主语 John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon，谓语 has seemed

和上面同学选法相同的学生不占少数，其实这几种都是错的。甲同学的问题比较严重，主谓不分，其他同学也是有问题的，识得谓语，不识主语。如果阅读时很多句子的主干都找错了，也就是按照你自己的理解重新搭建了某些句子的主谓，即便有的时候你能翻译出来，但你翻译出来却是一篇崭新的跑偏的文章，这就是为什么感觉文章读明白了题目却做不对以及不能得高分的根本原因。

所以那些还在为自己努力却不见成绩而苦恼的的同学在看了今天的讲解后希望会有所收获。原因找到了，接下来就是求得解药了，解药其实很简单就是找主语和谓语以及快速判断枝干，那么它们到底长什么样呢，found和characterized 到底是不是谓语呢，请继续关注关于学句子结构划分的讲解。

托福阅读

篇7：托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

回顾托福阅读的所有题型，其中有2种题型占据的比例----“词汇题”和“事实信息题”，前者每一场考试大约考察10-12题左右，而后者大约也会考察12题左右。因此，从每一场考试的39-42题总量上来看，这两种题型就占据了半壁江山。从难度系数上来看事实信息题的难度明显高于词汇题。那么，今天笔者打算简单谈一谈该题型的解决方法。

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

1. 提问方式：

Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists)

Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO 30 Role of Playin Development)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2. 解题步骤：

Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

例：

Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

例1：定位词为原文原词的情况

Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?

分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即后一句话为定位句。

例2：定位词为非原文原词的情况

According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?

O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.

O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.

O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.

问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。

According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?

O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period

O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history

O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability

O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.

Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义接近的选项。

2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they

O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species

O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken

O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source

解题步骤：

1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。

例2：

Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because

A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.

D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.

解题步骤：

1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because

3. 总结：

1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位

2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样，考生不是漫无目的地搜索，而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案。

托福阅读材料：如何延长友情的“保质期”

1.Make time for friendships. Nothing makes closeness fade away more than never talking to or seeing each other. While some bonds of friendship may be strong enough to span long silences, most aren't. If you cherish a person's friendship, make time for him or her, whether it's just the occasional phone call, e-mail or a weekly get-together.

为朋友腾出时间。不交流，也不见面会让朋友日渐疏远。尽管有的友谊足够牢固，经得起长时间冷却，但大多数是不行的。如果你珍惜一人友情，就为他或她留出时间。不管是偶尔打个电话，或是发一封邮件，又或是周末聚会。

1)On your computer at home or work, make a note to “call friends” regularly.

在你公司或家里的电脑上贴个便条“给朋友打电话”。

2)Keep a Post-it note on the phone, the bathroom mirror, the car dashboard, anywhere you're likely to see it.

贴张便条在电话上，浴室的镜子上，或汽车挡板上，任何你可能看到的地方。

3)Also make sure your friends' phone numbers are programmed into your phone. Then call a friend when you have a spare 10 minutes.

确认你电话里存有朋友的电话号码，有空的时候给朋友打个电话。

4)Schedule a regular once-a-month lunch – same time, same place.

定期安排一个月一次的午餐，同一时间，同一地点。

2.Remember: a true friend doesn't flee when changes occur. Nothing is sadder for new parents than to find that their single friends have abandoned them because of the baby. A good friend is one who stays true through it all – marriage, parenthood, new jobs, new homes, any losses. Just because a situation's changed doesn't mean the person has.

记住：真正是朋友是在发生变故时仍留在你身边。没有什么比这更难过了，刚当爸妈却发现他们的单身朋友因为他们有了小孩就放弃了他们。好朋友是能够经历一切的：结婚，生儿育女，新工作，新家庭，任何损失。因为情况改变了并不意味人改变了。

3.Make sure you aren't being a burden to a friend. Friendships fade away if there isn't an equilibrium between the give and the take. Be sensitive to how much your friend can and can't offer you – be it time, energy or help – and don't overstep the mark. And vice versa: friendships that drain you will not last. If a friendship is out of balance, talk the situation through.

确保你不会成为朋友的负担。如果付出和回报不平衡，友谊会逐渐褪色。对于哪些朋友能给予哪些不能给予要很敏感—无论是时间，精力或帮助，不要逾越界限，反之亦然。拖后腿的友谊不会长久的。如果友谊失去了平衡，就要说出来。

4.Be a good listener. It can be the hardest thing in the world to do – simply to listen as he or she pours it all out or is seeking your advice or opinion. To be a better listener, follow this advice:

做一个好的聆听者。这也许是世界上最难的事情—只是听他或她的倾诉或是向你寻求建议。做一位好的聆听者，有以下建议：

1)Maintain eye contact. Offer nods and murmurs to indicate that you understand his or her point of view.

保持眼神交流。时不时的点头和低语表明你了解他的观点。

2)Don't finish your friend's sentences. If you catch yourself planning your response while your friend is still talking, gently remind yourself to focus.

不要插话。如果当朋友在讲话时你正准备回应，提醒你自己集中精力。

3)Minimize distractions – don't write or read e-mails, open the mail or watch television while you're on the phone to your friend. He or she will hear the lack of interest in your responses.

尽量减少分心—当你在接朋友电话时不要写或阅读电子邮件，打开邮件或看电视。他或她会在你的回答中听到冷漠。

4)Be careful with advice. Assume your friend wants to let off steam, not necessarily ask for a plan of action.

提供建议需谨慎。假使你的朋友只是想发泄不满，不一定是寻求行动的计划。

5.Be in your friend's corner if he or she's not there to defend him or herself. If you're at a gathering at which someone mentions your friend disparagingly, defend him or her against gossip or criticism. Say, “Mary is my friend, and it makes me feel bad to hear you talk this way.” Sooner or later, news of your loyalty will travel back to your pal, and it will deepen your friendship.

当朋友不在场时要站出来为他们辩护。当你站在一群人中正在说你朋友的坏话，你要站出来为他辩护，说，“玛丽是我的朋友，你们这样说她，我感觉很不好。”早晚，你朋友会知道你对友情的忠诚，而且会加深你们的友谊。

托福阅读背景知识：美国的历史

关于美国的历史

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

篇8：托福阅读事实信息题怎么做正确率更高

托福阅读事实信息题提问方式介绍

方式1：Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (官方真题Official 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists)

方式2：Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (官方真题Official 30 Role of Playin Development)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

篇9：托福阅读事实信息题怎么做正确率更高

Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越精确。)

例：

Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(官方真题Official30 Role of Play in Development)

Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (官方真题Official 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (官方真题Official 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过题干找出题干中唯一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们最怕看到的，因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。

Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位

注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。

Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义最接近的选项

注意：

1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。

2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

托福阅读考试流程应该按什么样的顺序做题

最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题。托福阅读最基本的做题顺序又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。

对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”的托福阅读做题顺序会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。

在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。

托福阅读文段一般都依照老美的思路来成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及过渡段(句)很重要，只要是依据美国人的阅读思路来安排托福阅读做题顺序，那托福阅读就不会像你想象的那样难以拿分。

托福备考经验：阅读推理题解题技巧

托福备考经验之具体解题思路

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

托福备考经验之解答托福阅读推理题需要注意的信息点

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福考试阅读技巧阅读如何把握节奏感

首先，是战略问题

最重要的是找准自己的定位。我们可能都有英语四、六级的经历，但是国外的考试是不一样的。你应该弄清楚是自己真的还可以，还是自己应付国内的考试还可以。弄清楚以后，就去建立自己的自信心，就是暗示自己：“我的阅读部分是很强的”也可以。没有这些前提，什么都很虚，即使模考再好，考试的时候稍有些事故，就慌了。

其次，是阅读材料

如果你已经到了托福阅读备考的后半期，那么你千万不要做不是真题的题，因为阅读最重要的是阅读的节奏和感觉。那些题虽然对你在应付难度上的自信心有所帮助，但是他们毕竟不是真题，不要浪费时间。

建议大家，如果你只想单纯应对托福，也不要挤时间去看英文报纸了(想真正提高自己的英语水平当然另当别论了)，做好真题，反复做，如果可以的话，建议做几套GRE的NO题里面的阅读，但不要多，知道人家的意思就可以了。然后再来做托福，你就会有眼前什么都是小菜的感觉。

有了这两点，你就有了培养阅读感觉的基础武器。

再次，是阅读技巧

托福阅读备考中，关键是培养对一些文章中间一些关键词的敏感，像but， same， in order to， as...as，etc。很多词，甚至是名词、动词，但都非常有用。

还有就是，词汇要及时总结。每次做完语法和阅读，我都把自己看不懂的词抄下来，抄的多了。大脑自己就会归类，发现几类词总是很常见，而这些词看不懂，根本不影响做题。只是知道了，心定一点。

★ 托福真题练习

★ 信息迁移题揭秘