TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析

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下面就是小编给大家带来的TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析（共含10篇），希望大家喜欢阅读!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“紫悠淡坦”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。

TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析

篇1：TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析

托福阅读真题：

The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

TPO托福阅读题目

1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Natural

○Final

○Specific

○Complex

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

○They occur at the end of a succession.

○They last longer than any other type of community.

○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.

○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.

○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.

○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.

○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties

Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.

4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

○Pioneer communities

○Climax communities

○Single-crop farmlands

○Successional plant communities

Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?

○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.

○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.”

○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.

○There are many different answers to ecological questions.

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?

○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.

○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.

○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

○They become less stable as they mature.

○They support many species when they reach climax.

○They are found in temperate zones.

○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Increase

○Ensure

○Favor

○Complicate

9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?

○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations

○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity

○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems

Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Increases proportionally

○Differs

○Loses significance

○Is common

Paragraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.

○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○Foreign

○Stable

○Fluid

○Neighboring

13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.

Answer choices

○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.

○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.

○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.

○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.

○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.

○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.

篇2：TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析

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托福阅读真题译文：

生态系统的长期稳定

植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用“演替”来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到5不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。

现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但一年一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，生态系统自身的性质比组成生态系统的单个生物体更为稳定。

生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的入侵。

不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同“稳定”的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化是最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。

即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。总的来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一般来说，一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。

生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。

现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来于自多样性，而是来自环境的“补缀”，随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。

篇3：托福阅读真题及答案解析

托福阅读真题练习：声音的文本+题目+答案

托福阅读文本：

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The function of the voice in performance

(B) The connection between voice and personality

(D) The production of speech

2. What does the author mean by stating that, “At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and

feelings over and above the words chosen” (lines 9-10)?

(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.

(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.

(C)A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.

(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.

3. The word “Here” in line 10 refers to

(A) interpersonal interactions

(B) the tone

(D) words chosen

4. The word “derived” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) discussed

(B) prepared

(D) obtained

5. Why does the author mention “artistic, political, or pedagogic communication” in line 17?

(A)As examples of public performance

(B)As examples of basic styles of communication

(D) To introduce the idea of self-image

6.According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's

(A) general physical health

(B) personality

(D) vocal quality

7.According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide

(A) hostility

(B) shyness

(D) strength

8. The word “drastically” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) frequently

(B) exactly

(D) easily

9. The word “evidenced” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) questioned

(B) repeated

(D) exaggerated

10.According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?

(A) lethargy

(B) depression

(D) anger

托福阅读答案：

BBADABBCCD

托福阅读真题练习：水彩画的文本+题目+答案

托福阅读文本：

The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the “Industry of All Nations” section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.

The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.

In 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.

托福阅读题目：

1. This passage is mainly about

(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's

(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's

(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's

2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because

(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society

(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City

(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published

3. The word “securing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) locking

(B) creating

(D) acquiring

4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in

Watercolor EXCEPT:

(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.

(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society

(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.

5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in

Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?

(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.

(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.

(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.

6. The word “it” in line 15 refers to

(A) time

(B) group

(D) studio

7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?

(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.

(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.

Colors.

(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of

artists.

8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it

(A) received an important reward

(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting

(D) attracted the interest of art collectors

9. The word “considerable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sensitive

(B) great

(D) planned

10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?

(A) Elements of GraphicArt was republished.

(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.

(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.

11. The word “prominent” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) local

(D) organized

托福阅读答案：

BADCC BACBD C

托福阅读真题练习：霍霍坎的文本+题目+答案

托福阅读文本：

The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.

The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The “hole” at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.

Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.

The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) observations of the stars by ancient people

(B) rock formations of Arizona

(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun

2. The word “obtained” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) acquired

(B) transported

(D) removed

3. The word “attributes” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) changes

(B) characteristics

(D) dimensions

4. The word “its” in line 10 refers to

(A) roof

(B) beam

(D) spot

5. The word “establish” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) create

(B) locate

(D) choose

6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?

(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.

(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.

(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.

7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?

(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east

(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves

(D) The size of the sport of light at midday

8. The word “roughly” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) finally

(B) harshly

(D) approximately

9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT

(A) a calendar

(B) a home

(D) an observatory

10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?

(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.

(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.

(C)After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.

(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.

托福阅读答案：

CABCA BCDBA

篇4：11.8号托福阅读真题答案解析

11.8号托福阅读答案解析

阅读部分考试回忆如下：

1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches

shedding剪枝的意义。一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。

词汇题补充：

exposed = unprotected

with no warning = without any indication beforehand

congestion = overcrowding

2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs

冠状棘海星，话题重复.01.08

珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)

词汇题补充：

outbreak = sudden increase

accompany = occur along with

converge = come together

severity = seriousness

原题重现：

The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.

A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.

Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.

Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.

One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.

Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.

Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.

Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.

3.Dorset Culture

格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。这些人发明了工具来面对寒冷气候，后来气候变暖了，另一部落的人迁移过来消灭了这个文明。

词汇题补充：

allowed for = made possible

harsh = severe

duration of sea ice = length of time the ice lasts

annihilated = destroyed

4.Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains

旧题重复：9月25日文章

本篇属于比较规律的一篇生物文章，从森林变化这种现象着手，进而分析背后的原因; 建议大家多多了解相关的背景知识，比如 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii; TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants，从这些文章中我们可以知道植物的产生和进化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每种植物的生长和进化套路相似，所以大家可以仔细分析一下这两篇文章的结构，总结类似的文章结构规律和出题特征。

文章内容：最初被常绿林覆盖的森林，由于气候变得温暖干燥，变成了落叶林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之类的地方树木比较占优势，一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地带(natural firebreak)，但草原被烧毁后依旧能够拥有“野火烧不尽”的势头。然而在大平原地区，森林减少后，接下来又经历了逆袭，数量开始增多，具体的原因主要在于人类的活动，随着农牧业的发展，草原数量逐渐减少，火灾频率也随之降低，所以，森林又得以回归。

词汇题补充：

dense = thick

eased into = slowly entered

retain = keep

inevitable = certain

5.How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands

旧题重复：12月27日文章

6. Early Modern Industrialization

旧题重复：3月11日文章

词汇题补充：

determinants = causes

hastened = rushed

diffusion = dispersal

perfected = completed

7. Birds and Food Shortage

旧题重复：月20日文章

文章内容：

这篇是讲鸟类储存能量的。鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能彻底解决这个问题。越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食：大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量可以撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。还说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳动物冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上都会这样。

词汇题补充：

duration of = length of

enables = allows

in some degree = to a certain extent

8. 古埃及金字塔那些法老，对各个法老的记录来研究埃及历史

9. 恐龙的讨论

10. 北极圈的居民

11. 农业变迁

12. 植物的自我保护机制

13. 昆虫的一种群居行为

14. 密西根和埃及的乡村建设，一个分布均匀，一个分布紧密

托福词汇词以类计之政治场景类

政治类Government

监督 n. scrutiny

监督 v. scrutinize/ monitor

为……拨款 allocate money to sth./ be a patron of/ invest in/ fund/ dedicate money to sth.

预算 n. budget

政府开支 the government spending/ expenditure on sth.

削减 v. curtail

增加 v. augment

废除(法律、制度等) vt. abolish

实施 vt. implement

使……合法化 vt. legalize

首要任务 n. priority

建立 vt. establish

减轻、缓解 vt. alleviate =ease =relieve

当局 the authorities

禁止 vt. forbid/ prohibit

立法 n. legislation

税收 tax revenue

民主的 adj. democratic

高效率的 adj. efficient

优化资源分配 optimize the distribution of res-ources

稳定 n. stability

解决 vt. Combat = tackle = resolve = address = grapple with

严厉的，严格的 adj. stringent

短视的 adj. short-sighted

支出，花费 n. expenditure

社会保险 social security

老百姓 n. citizens/ the citizenry

规范，管理 v. regulate/ monitor/ oversee

严禁 strictly prohibit/ ban altogether

严格的法律 stringent laws/ legislation

强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的 adj. mandatory/ compulsory

当务之急 n. priority

失业 n. unemployment/ joblessness

基础设施 n. infrastructure

公共交通系统 public transportation/ transit system

电网 power grid

石油天然气管线 pipelines

给排水系统 water supply and drainage system

民主与开明的政府 a democratic and progressive government

临时的应急措施 a stopgap measure

把……当作当务之急 give priority to sth.

责任 n. duty/ responsibility/ obligation

军备竞赛 n. arms race

自卫 n. self-defense

国土安全 national security/ homeland security

缺乏远见的政策 short-sighted policy

扩张 n. expansion/ aggression

谋求霸权 seek/ pursue hegemony

恶性循环 a vicious circle

地区不稳定因素 destabilizing factors

规章制度 rules and regulations

太空竞赛 space race

武器 n. arms/ weapons/ armaments

下岗工人 laid-off workers/ downsized workers

托福词汇分类之医生

1. medical specialist 专科医生

2. physician (internist) 内科医生

3. surgeon 外科医生

4. paediatrician 儿科医生

5. ophthalmologist 眼科医生

6. pharmacist 药剂师

7. general practitioner 全科医师

8. clinician 临床医师

9. gynecologist 妇科医生

10. plastic surgeon 整形外科医生

11. dentist 牙医

12. psychologist 心理医生

13. therapist 理疗师

14. cardiologist 心脏病科医师

15. dermatologist 皮肤科医生

16. podiatrist 足病医生

17. allergist 过敏症专科医生

18. obstetrician 产科医生

19. ENT doctor 耳鼻喉科医生

20. orthopedist 骨科医生

21. veterinarian 兽医

22. houseman 实习医生

篇5：TPO5托福阅读真题原文及答案解析Part2

托福TPO5阅读真题文本：Part2

The Origin of the Pacific Island People

The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.

Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

Paragraph1: The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

托福TPO5阅读题目：Part2

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:

○ Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania.

○ These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.

○ Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.

○ Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.

Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, theoverwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

2. By stating that the theories are “mutually exclusive” the author means that

○ if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false

○ the differences between the theories are unimportant

○ taken together, the theories cover all possibilities

○ the theories support each other

3. The word “overwhelming” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ powerful

○ favorable

○ current

○ reasonable

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt?

○ Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.

○ Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.

○ Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.

○ Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.

5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?

○ They were generally based on solid evidence.

○ They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.

○ They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.

○ They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.

Paragraph 3: The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

6. The word “implements” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ skills

○ tools

○ opportunities

○ practices

7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages

○ a variety of fishing techniques

○ navigational skills

○ knowledge of plant cultivation

8. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide information about the types of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000 B. C. E.?

○ To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples

○ To illustrate the effectiveness of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient times

○ To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islands

○ To demonstrate that people from this region had the skills and resources necessary to travel to and survive on the Pacific islands

Paragraph 4: Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

10. The word “undisputed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ mysterious

○ unexpected

○ acknowledged

○ significant

11. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?

○ As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.

○ The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.

○ The political situation at home made emigration desirable.

○ They found exploration challenging and exciting.

12. Why does the author mention the views of “Patrick Kirch”?

○ To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl's idea about American Indians reaching Oceania

○ To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world

○ To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl's theory has an alternative explanation

○ To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania

Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.

Where could the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer c

14. hoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or

15. are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.

●

Answer Choices

○The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands' original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.

○It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.

○Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.

○New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.

○Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing.

○Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought

托福TPO5阅读真题翻译：Part2

参考答案：

1.○4

2.○1

3.○1

4.○2

5.○3

6.○2

7.○1

8.○4

9.○4

10.○3

11.○2

12.○3

13.○4

14. The first Europeans to…

It is now believed that…

Using linguistic and…

托福TPO5阅读翻译Part2

参考翻译：太平洋群岛居民的起源

广义的太平洋地区，传统上被称作大洋洲，由三块文化区域组成：美拉尼西亚，密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚。美拉尼西亚在西南太平洋，包含了新几内亚岛、所罗门、瓦努阿图和新喀里多尼亚的广大岛屿。密克罗尼西亚在美拉尼西亚的北边，主要由一些分散的岛屿组成。波利尼西亚是太平洋中心地区，位于由夏威夷、复活节群岛和新西兰的三大岛屿组成的三角区域中。在欧洲人到来之前，最大的波利尼西亚和密克罗尼西亚岛屿群一共有差不多70万人口。

对于太平洋群岛居民起源的思索开始于外来者和岛民们接触的最初，由于缺乏可靠的语言学、考古学和生物学资料，出现了很多奇异并且互斥的理论。之前太平洋岛民曾被认为来自北美洲、南美洲、埃及、以色列、印度以及东南亚。许多古老的理论含蓄地贬低了太平洋群岛居民的航海能力和综合文化创造力。比如说，英国人类学家G. Elliot Smith 和W. J. Perry认为只有埃及人才能熟练地航海和统治太平洋。他们推断埃及人甚至曾经穿越过太平洋去寻找新世界的文明(北美洲和南美洲)。1947年，挪威探险家Thor Heyerdahl为了证明他的太平洋群岛居民是美国本土居民(也被称作美国印第安人)的理论，用一只带有标志的轻质木筏，借助风力和水流从南美洲漂流过了太平洋。后来Heyerdahl表明太平洋人来自三个移民群体：从北美洲西北部太平洋地区漂流到夏威夷的美国本土居民，从秘鲁去往复活节岛的漂流者，还有美拉尼西亚人。1969年，他驾驶一条埃及样式的芦苇船穿过大西洋，证明埃及人在美洲的影响。与这些理论相矛盾的是，有关物理人类学、语言学和考古学的权威证据表明，太平洋岛居民来自东南亚，并且他们有足够的能力来逆着风和洋流航行。

成功地将太平洋群岛殖民地化需要的基础文化条件包括：适当的造船、航行和航海技术以首先到达岛屿;适应贫瘠条件的驯化植物和园艺技术;各种各样的捕鱼器具和技术。现在普遍认为这些先决条件是那些说南岛语(一个有几百种亲属语种的语系)的人所带来的，他们公元前5 0前就出现在东南亚。通过考古学和语言学的重建发现，那个时候的文明拥有广泛的植物储存，包括芋头、纱、香蕉、甘蔗、面包果、椰子、西米和稻米。同样重要的是，当时的社会也具备适应海洋的基础，包括桅杆船和各种各样有利于越洋航行的捕鱼技术。

与那个太平洋人很多都是波利尼西亚人偶然迷失并漂流而定居下来的说法相反的是，这些功绩是通过有意的殖民远征来实现的，他们那些准备周详，出发时满载食物、已培育好的植物和以驯化的动物。通过电脑模拟对风向和洋流进行的详细研究表明，船只漂流是最不可能的殖民太平洋的途径。远征可能是由本土的人口增长、_以及探索未知水域的挑战和兴奋所驱动的。因为所有的波利尼西亚人、密克罗尼西亚人和很多美拉尼西亚人说南岛语，种植的庄稼起源于东南亚，所以所有的这些人最有可能来自那个地方，而不是新世界或者其他地方。甘薯，一种新世界的品种，在哥伦比亚发现美洲大陆前它就在大洋洲的出现，这是无可置疑的，这有时候被用来证明Heyerdahl的太平洋岛民是美国印第安人的理论。然而，这是一种在东南亚培育的植物的长名单之外的植物。正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，比起从南美漂流过来，甘薯更容易被那些到过南美的玻利尼西亚返航者携带来。

篇6：1月9日托福阅读真题答案及解析

原文回顾：恐龙在白垩纪灭绝是被广泛承认的，不过很多物种也是在这个时候灭绝的。恐龙灭绝还有一个原因是他繁殖太慢，有的动物比如鳄鱼就存活了下来。活下来的浮游生物大多有一种能力，不过界线两边的浮游生物化石有变化，浮游生物突然减少，而在这里另一种生物的石化增多了，而且正好在同一沉积层。他们之间可能有某些联系。

篇7：1月9日托福阅读真题答案及解析

原文回顾：相似的语言来自同一种语言体系，语言在某一个时候被分化成很多支，时间越长，变化越大。不一样的地区有不一样的语言，然而一些相似的语言可能来自同一种语言体系。经过漫长的演变，各种语族的语法结构都不同。不过这不影响研究，因为真正能反应人们想法和经历的是词汇。比如词汇里二十多种有关衣服的表达，那么这说明这对他们有特殊意义，而且他们的母语都有这东西。

篇8：官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文+题目+答案解析(原TPO)

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:“ The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that ”since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.“

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

篇9：官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文+题目+答案解析(原TPO)

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

Question 2 of 14

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

A. cause some deer to hibernate

B. make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

C. make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

D. prevent deer from migrating during the winter

Question 3 of 14

The word ”inhibits “ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. consists of

B. combines

C. restricts

D. establishes

Question 4 of 14

The phrase ”in the same breath “ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. impatiently

B. humorously

C. continuously

D. immediately

Question 5 of 14

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

Question 7 of 14

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

B. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

C. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

D. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

Question 8 of 14

The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

A. whose end has not been determined

B. that does not begin when expected

C. that lasts only briefly

D. whose importance remains unknown

Question 9 of 14

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.

B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.

D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

Question 10 of 14

The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. decline

B. recovery

C. exchange

D. movement

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

Question 12 of 14

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

A. A reduction in the number of predators

B. Restrictions on hunting

C. The effects of logging and fire

D. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.

A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.

B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.

C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.

D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.

E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.

F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.

篇10：官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文+题目+答案解析(原TPO)

Question 1 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。A说反，white-tailed deer现在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A说的来源于;B的比较关系原文无提及;C的replace没有提及。

Question 2 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：段落倒数第二句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应B选项。很多同学会错选C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且还说风会leafy branches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A在原文物体及;D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错。

Question 3 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：inhibit: 阻止，阻拦。A是组成;B是结合;C是限制，约束;D是建立。根据词意，C正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。

Question 4 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D的immediately对。A是没有耐心的;B是幽默的;C是连续不断地;D是立即地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。

Question 5 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。

Question 6 of 14

正确答案：C

题目解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句：A recent Douglas biographer states:” The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对;作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对;A没说。

Question 7 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。

Question 8 of 14

正确答案：A

题目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B没有如期开始，C非常短，D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。

Question 9 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错。

Question 10 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B rebound: 反弹。A是下降;B是恢复;C是交换;D是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是B。

Question 11 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发现了browse in open areas更加有营养。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰(同位语成分)。B选项将主要内容复述了出来。A错在随意篡改语句的注意，原句根本没提到这个人的family;C错在biologist like E，这改变了原文的主语，而且it is important原句没有说;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，而且遗漏了主干内容，错。

Question 12 of 14

正确答案：D

题目解析：D，排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明了三个原因，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。

Question 13 of 14

正确答案：B

题目解析：B 有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词重叠的原则，B对D错。

Question 14 of 14

正确答案：BCE

题目解析：The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错 Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确。in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确。because选项太细节，不选。although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确。wildlife选项原文没有提及，错。

托福阅读通读有用么

在《孙子兵法》上有一句话总是被世人朗朗上口的传颂着：知己知彼，百战不殆。那么就我们学术来讲就是要在任何问题上抱着知其然，知其所以然的态度。所以，首先，我们要明白出题人(ETS)的出题意图。

一、考试界面的设置。

参加过考试的或是用模考软件做过练习的“托儿”们都清晰的记得：当一篇托福阅读文章问题出现的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出现的，左边并没有显示题目，只有将文章右边的滚动轴拉至最低端，界面才会自动转换为我们做题的界面，即左边是问题，右边是对应的文章。那么，我们就分析一下为什么ETS有这样的设置?ETS有什么样的意图?ETS想让考生怎么做?这样的设置显而易见ETS是希望考生们可以在做题前将文章大致整体看一遍。就ETS出题的严谨性和科学性而言，这样的设置毋庸置疑是帮助考生提高其做题的速度和正确率的。

我们已经分析完出题人的意图，那么接下来就是要解答界面设置导致的整体阅读有哪些好处，如何帮助考生们答题，如何提高做题速度和正确率的。

二、整体阅读对summary questions的帮助

对于阅读速度不高，英语水平中等或中等以下的“托儿”们普遍反映的一个问题就是：没有时间做最后的summary questions，或是做summary questions的时候不知道到哪里找答案或是正确率低。

我们先来分析一下summary questions，大家都知道这个题型出现在阅读文章的最后一道题，而且是对全文观点的总结。那么，既然是对于全篇文章观点的总结，那么它考察的内容是文章的分论点，即一段或是几段的主要内容。如果是时间不够，考生要直接选，很容易选错，为什么?因为前面的12道题考察的基本上是文章的细节内容。我们都知道细节信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以，凭做题印象直接解题，那么就受前面解题思路的影响，很容易被误导。但如果这时你在做题之前对整篇文章有了一个整体的阅读，并在演草纸上做了大致的笔记，那么summary questions就可以轻而易举的攻破。

为什么?怎么做?

首先，整体阅读不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，了解文章框架。

其次，在演草纸上简单快速的写下文章的主论点，若干个分论点(一段或是几段的主要内容)，即大纲。(没必要是完整的句子，可以参照听力记笔记的方法，符合，中英文结合的方法。)

这样，整体阅读的步骤结束后，在演草纸上就能出来一片文章的框架，并且这个框架大纲可以在最短时间能基本解决summary questions中80%。而且可以帮助考生轻松排除summary questions中的错误选项。

综上所述，做题前的整体阅读是极其必要的。并希望这篇文章对大家解决托福阅读问题上有所帮助。

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