以下是小编为大家准备的托福写作:频率词类题目巧解(共含6篇),仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“别来无恙”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福独立写作经常考一些非常具有争议性的话题,比如说“Money is the most important aspect in a job.”(钱是工作中重要的因素) “To teach students the importance of a subject outside school is the best way to increase the students’ interest in the subject.”(教学生某门科目在校外的重要性是提升学生对某科目兴趣的办法),像这种具有词类的题目就叫做词类题目
这类题目的主要特点就是观点过于,不严谨。针对这类题目比较简单和常用的写作思路就是让步转折。步承认观点的合理性,第二步反驳观点中的不足。
以“Money is the most important aspect in a job.”这道题目为例,主体段落的段就可以写钱的好处和重要性,例如钱可以满足我们的衣食住行;第二、三段笔锋一转,写工作中其他因素(兴趣,工作环境,同事为人等等)具有同样的重要性,以此来抨击金钱的老大地位。
同样,“To teach students the importance of a subject outside school is the best way to increase the students’ interest in the subject.” 的解题思路就可以是这样:首先,承认告诉学生某科目在校外的重要性这种办法非常有效,因为学生可能为了将来想要找一份好工作而对这个科目产生非常大的兴趣;然后说,这并不能证明它就是有效的办法,因为还有其它办法也非常好用,例如,增强课堂内容的趣味性和生动性或者设置一些奖励措施等,都可以增加学生某个科目的兴趣。
需要注意的是,在写让步转折结构之前一定要先搞明白自己的主要观点是同意还是反对,然后合理的安排让步段和转折段内容的比重,不能本末倒置。如果把让步段写得过于饱满,又因为时间的原因没有把转折段完整的展开,这样头重脚轻的结构会跟自己的主要观点自相矛盾。
让步转折结构主要有两点好处,:同时论述某事物的两个方面,语言减少重复,字数压力减少;第二:逻辑比较严谨,论证更加有力。一边倒结构可以偶尔拿来练习一下自己的雄辩能力,对于大多数题目尤其是此类题目,还是建议大家多用一下让步转折结构。
语言是智慧的结晶,写作是思想的演绎,不同的写作思路体现出不同的思考角度。同学们平时要热爱思考,大胆地表达自己的观点,同时,也要学会论述自己观点的合理性,做一个雄辩而令人信服的人。
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析:适合自己的学习方式
What method of learning is best for you?
People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.
写作思路展开结构分析
最适合自己的学习方式,这个题目的难度较低,因为不同考生完全可以结合自身的实际经历来展开写作。而且题目当中本身也已经给出了3个选择,大家如果不想自己另想答案可以直接从这3种学习方式里挑一个出来展开。当然也可以采用保险起见的it depends策略,比如要看学什么内容来决定等等。
本话题高分范文赏析
There are many different methods that people use for learning. Some people learn with hands-on experience, others learn by reading, and still others learn by listening to discussion of other people. It is generally believed that learning is a subjective process, and it is important to discover the ways in which one learns best. I find that personally, learning by doing things is the best way. First, I find that the hands-on method is right for me because I am a very visual learner. If I can see what is happening, I have a much easier time understanding it. Reading a book does not give me this ease. When I read a book in order to gain knowledge, particularly technical one, I sometimes have trouble visualizing exactly what is being explained. However, when I actually see the process happening, it is much easier for me to understand. I also use a visual method when I am studying English. For example, if I am working on new vocabulary, I will write the words down, and then draw pictures of the words to remind myself of the meaning. Going through the process of drawing the pictures greatly increases my ability to memorize any type of information. When a picture is too simple to be enough or is hard to draw, I will close my eye and draw a mental picture that serves more helpful. It seems as though most businesses prefer people to have this hands-on experience as well. It is rare to find a good job that does not require applicants to have spent a certain amount of time doing a similar type of work in the past. By having this past experience, it shows that they have learnt to do a particular task well, and that they have practical knowledge of the job. In conclusion, I think that hands-on learning is best for me, and beneficial for my future. As stated above, however, everyone learns in a different style, and it is important to find the most efficient method for themselves.
托福写作:搭建结构
首先由明线入手的思路可以不太讲究结构,这点的评论请看后文;然而由暗线着手的议论却必须注意结构,因为暗线采用的是和题目本身关系不大的视角,写得好是一气呵成发人深省,写得不慎重就会失之毫厘,谬之千里,走题走到天边去。
接上文,仍以题目做示范。笔者第二次拟提纲,以理暗渡,就不能像第一次一样只写论点,而得把首段,论点,甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并写出,才能避免下笔时走题。
首段:民以食为天,食物在人类生活中的重要性不可言喻,就连食物的准备方式也可能极大影响人类文化,进而影响个人生活质量(引入社会心理学,设置暗线,为全文奠定基调)以现代生活实况分析,食品速食化导致人类生活质量下降的趋向比较明显。
第一论证段:(身体健康层面)饮食文化改变,传统有益健康而消耗时间的料理方式被摈弃,垃圾食品大行其市,天人合一,顺应生理规律的文化被断绝。(注:这里因为不是从营养,而是从生物规律论述对身体的影响,所以前文所论的paradox此处可不考虑)
第二论证段:从速食流行原因论证人类行为文化改变, 高节奏的高压生活必然促使身体早衰(身体与心理健康两个层面综合)
第三论证段:(心理健康层面)行为高速化也会导致对情感的无法顾及甚至冷漠,人类情感文化变化,并且朝不利方向。
结尾(这在提纲里其实可有可无,提纲毕竟只是具体化的思路,并不是成文。依照文章具体的论证手法,内容,结尾可以个有千秋,只要把握住一条,符合全文主旨,就可以了,提纲里就算写了,很多时候也是无用功)
用题目分析到这里,文章连雏形都已经出来了,可是究竟什么是结构呢?
回到“文章是被记录下来的表达”这个原则。结构既然是写作的必须注意事项,就必然帮助表达。对于一篇议论,作者必须大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的观点,这其中牵扯着概念的重要性顺序-----用来证明全文立场的概念是论点,是最重要的概念;用来证明论点的概念是佐证,是次等重要的概念。所谓结构,最基本的用途是将文章所有用入的概念分段,一个论点与它的所有佐证为一段,不能佐证证明的是第二论点,却在第一论点的段落。-------这就是所谓的unity.
结构的第二用途仍然是帮助表达,从逻辑思路方面。好的议论能抓住人心,令人信服,首先必须让人能看懂作者的思路,让你说明在学习场所安装电视有无弊端,你却一会说电视节目的差异,一会说学生的素质如何,读者不知所云,自然不会被你说服。每个段落和论题的联系。作者本人知道并没有用,必须表现出来。说完节目差异加一句“不同节目对学生的利弊不同,不可一概而论”,讲过学生素质补充“素质差的学生群体使学习场所吵杂,安不安电视影响都不大”,将论点间,论点和论题间紧密结合起来,保证文章思路流畅,明白易懂,就是结构中过渡句的功效,使得行文达到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具体把结构落实在IBT独立作文上,就是两点。
1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路,知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点,废话不要讲。论证一段一个论点,不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句,其它所有句子都为论证这个点,废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性,映证首段观点,废话不要讲……
2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论点和论题间的关系,而证明论点间的关系,要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的过渡不是为自己的文章过渡,而是帮读者的思维过渡,引领他们走进新的思维,所以必须确认过渡的方向,你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。
从这两点观测,笔者在前文提到的明线(支持论题)贯穿的思路在拟提纲时不需要注意结构,就好解释了。因为明线的论点注定不会跑题,不用太在意过渡问题,只要分段恰当就可以了,而这点,下笔时留神就足够了。
“客观题”问题的一个分支是我们常提到的“绝对词”问题,这类题目往往会使用“best”或者“most”等绝对词。如你是否同意某种方法是最好的,某种行为是最有益的,又或者某种特征是最重要的。大多数情况下考生可以直接选择Disagree的角度答题,因为有两个现成的原因可以供考生使用,举反例和解释题目结论根本不成立。
题目:A person should never make an important decision alone. (TOEFL Official Practice Test 5)
题意:一个人永远不应该独立做重要决定。题目用了绝对词“永远”,考生应论证此结论是否成立。我不同意这一结论,原因是很多情况下你有责任独立做决定或者实际情况不允许你依赖别人的帮助。
范文:
In an ideal world, people could always make optimum decisions which would require them to listen to advice from others. However, it would not be absolutely true to say we should never make important decision independently. On many occasions, you are forced to make decisions alone either because it is your responsibility or you practically cannot rely on other people's support.
开头段:在理想世界中,人们总是可以做理想的决定而这要求他们听取他人建议。但一个人永远不应该独立做重要决定是过于绝对的。总结原因,在很多情况下,你会被迫做出决定,这可能是你的责任或者鉴于现实情况你无法依赖他人的帮助。
First, the highest executives in the business world have the responsibility to make the final decisions especially if she or he is responsible for a large number of employees. It is true that fellow managers often advise their executives about the pursuance of strategic goals, but no one can substitute the decision-makers' role and make decision for them. Decision-makers in large enterprises are held accountable for their actions regardless. I know a business man who used to run a gas station equipment manufacturer, which was one of the top 3 in the country. He has to decide whether or not to sell the company when the business was turning down in the last few years. You can imagine the large amount of advice that he had received during that time, but in the end, it has to be his decision to sell the company although no one could foresee if this would turn out to be the best choice.
中间段1:主题句给出原因,在商业世界中领导人有责任做出最终决定特别是那些负担大量员工的公司。虽然领导人的经理会为领导人提出建议,但没人可以替代领导人的位置和替他们做决定。大公司领导人必须为他们的决定负责无论对错。举例,我认识一个商人曾经是一个全国前三的加油机厂总经理,当生意不好的时候,他必须做决定是否出售公司。虽然很多人给他提建议,但他作为最高领导人必须独立做决定,即便没有人能遇见他最后出售公司的决定是否正确。
Secondly, there are extreme situations where you practically have to make decisions alone. In emergency circumstances, owning to the fact that people do not have hours to reckon and organize seminars with a dozen of experts, people have to make choices decisively without any hesitation. Imagine if you are trapped in the mountains and your phone no longer has power. What should you do? Should you keep going in order to reach help or stay in your current location waiting for rescue? There are no other people that could come to you to give you suggestions, individual experience is the only thing you can count on during these critical moments.
中间段2:主题句,而且在极端情况你必须独立做决定。在紧急情况下,人们必须做果断而且毫不犹豫的决定。因为他没有数个小时去找专家商量。举例,想想你如果被困在深山,并且手机没有信号。你是应该继续前行等待救援还是留在原地呢?没有其他人可以给你建议,你只能依赖自己的经验。
Admittedly, decision with long lasting implications should not be formed recklessly. The decisions-makers should weigh the cost and benefit of any possibility carefully before they reach a final decision which inevitably demands contributions made by advisors. But in real world, leaders often need to confront situation by making independent and resolute solutions without unlimited time and resources.
让步段(结论):确实,做有长远影响的决定不应该草率。决策人在做最终决定前应该衡量利弊这要求他听他人的建议。但在真实世界中,领导人往往需要做出独立和坚决的决定因为他们没有无限的资源和时间。
The best way to reduce air pollution is that government to raise the cost of fuel (petrol) of the cars. (4月27日北美考题)
题意:最好解决空气污染的方法是政府提升油价。题目用了绝对词“最好的”,考生应论证此结论是否成立。高老师不同意这一结论,因为还有很多其他方法也能同样有效的解决空气质量问题。
范文:
One of the most popular environmental issues that has been debated in the past decade is whether or not air pollution can be reduced by raising the fuel price for cars. In my opinion, there are many alternatives that are equally effective in terms of controlling or even eliminating air pollution with two examples being the adoption of improved public transportation system and new energy sources.
开头段:背景引出,在过去十年里讨论最热烈的环境问题是是否空气污染可以通过提升油价而被解决。表明观点,我认为有很多其他同样有效的方法也可以用于减轻甚至消除空气污染。总结原因,采用改进的公共交通系统和引进新能源。
First of all, a cost-effective public transportation system is one of the most practical methods to alleviate the air pollution problem. Most private cars are equipped with a combustion-engine which consumes fossil fuel. Unfortunately, the combustion of this kind of traditional fuel is the major contributor to air pollution. If the government or private enterprises can introduce affordable and comfortable public transportations, people may switch to buses powered by clean energy such as natural gas without hesitation.Therefore, the benefit of introducing quality public transportations on the environment is obvious, and people can expect better air quality due to the decrease of fuel consumption as well. Some cities and regions have already been experimenting with new public transportation system. For example, Shanghai, a major city in China, has used the environmentally clean magnet train to transfer passengers between its airport and the city center for the last ten years.
中间段1:高性价比的公共交通系统是缓解空气质量问题最实际可行的办法。论证开始,大多数私家车都使用燃烧传统石化燃料的燃油机。不幸的是,这正是导致空气污染的主要因素之一。如果政府或者私人企业能引进更舒适和便宜的公共交通系统,人们会毫不犹豫的使用清洁能源的公共汽车。这个方法的好处显而易见,减少石化燃料的使用导致更清洁的空气。举例,一些城市已经开始实验新型公共交通系统了。比如上海,他的磁悬浮列车已经往返于飞机场和市中心很多年了。
What's more, the annoying problem of air pollution could also be completely eradicated through the use of new energy sources. The use of eco-friendly “new energy”, which includes solar energy, wind power, nuclear energy, and bio fuels among others, is probably the most revolutionary concept of the late 20th century. Scientists are working vigorously to put them into actual applications that will provide enough energy to power our daily activities with minimal carbon dioxide emission. For example, solar energy is almost 100 per cent pollution free and can support heating systems installed in houses and apartments very effectively.
中间段2:主题句,恼人的空气污染可能被通过使用新能源的方式彻底根除。论证开始,新能源可能是20世纪末最令人激动人心的概念了。这新新能源包括太阳能,风能,核能和生物能源等等。科学家正在努力把他们用于实际使用,那将会为我们的日常生活提供足够能量,但只产生最少的二氧化碳排放。举例,太阳能是100%的零污染,它可以有效支持我们房屋的供热系统。
In conclusion, there are many other effective options available to eliminate air pollution and improve our air quality other than raising fuel price as we have discussed in this paper. Their successful development and implementation can insure that air pollution will no longer be a problem for mankind in the future.
结论:有很多比提升油价更有效的办法也可以用于治理空气污染。他们的成功发展和实施会保证空气污染对未来人类不再是威胁。
Access to education is an indispensable part of one’s privilege regardless of one’s gender, culture, and family background. When it comes to the availability of educational resources, some believe that it is more difficult for kids from common household to get decent education due to the wide gap between rich and poor and the ever-increasing tuitions, while others claim that it is much easier for people to have access to different educational resources than ever before. I, personally, tend to argue that multiple educational resources are more accessible to modern people based on the following reasons.
First off, the advent of technological gadgets makes it possible for people from common family backgrounds to gain access to education. To be more specific, with the appearance of smart phones, tablets and computer laptops, it is easier for people of all age groups, including adolescents and teenagers, to get access to all kinds of education resources. For example, with internet access and a laptop, which is basically a necessity for everyone, people of all age groups can get proper education especially with the establishment of massive on-line open course like courser, Edx, etc. These massive on-line courses covers a wide range of topics ranging from computer science, coding, to language learning and soft skill development. In sharp contrast, a few decades ago, people from poverty-stricken areas had never dreamed of attending the lectures offered by world-renowned professors, however, with the above-mentioned resources, it is absolutely possible for those people to realize their dreams. Thus, state-of-the-art technology makes if possible for people to have full access to high quality educational resources.
Additionally, governments have put so much financial and human resources to provide education at different levels so that people enjoy a better chance to be educated. For instance, Chinese government spared no effort in this regard since education from kindergarten to twelfth grade is fully subsidized and such educational experience is accessible to children from both rural and urban areas. Besides, institutions of higher learning and various research centers receive state fund, and the figure is so phenomenal that it is not exaggerated to claim that it is in billions of U.S. dollars. Such foundations can be for multiple purpose, like purchasing advanced science equipment, attracting bring young researchers and scientists, funding cutting-edge research to improve people’s livelihood, directly and indirectly. All of these institutions and universities are in a better position to provide education resources to people.
In conclusion, it is much easier for people to get education of all level ranging from kindergarten to tertiary education since education comes in handy with advanced technological tools like these massive on-line courses and governments’ effort to improve people’s educational experience. (By Meng, Yan ;565 words)(
托福写作范文:演艺明星的高薪
2016年托福写作真题题目:
Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Do you think these people deserve such high salaries? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
托福写作范文:
Nowadays, the annual incomes of many sports stars and film stars come to millions of dollars. Some people claim that their salaries are too high. Yet, in my opinion, such salaries are well deserved. They work hard to become famous, provide entertainment for us, and win honors for their countries.
First, famous athletes and entertainers make painstaking efforts to achieve fame. Fame is a wonderful thing to have, but it seldom appears overnight. Famous people have worked hard for years to achieve their fame today and they have to continue their good work to maintain it. For their hard work, sports and entertaining stars deserve to be generously rewarded. Unfortunately, people tend to focus on the huge amounts of money made by them. They rarely appreciate the efforts that athletes and entertainers have to make in order to achieve the fame that they have today. For example, in order to win the first place in a 100-meter dash, an athlete has to cover hundreds of miles during training. Famous stars deserve their high salaries because they have worked hard.
Second, sports and entertaining stars provide us with good entertainment. On weekends, many of us attend a football match that includes Beckham, see a movie that stars Julia Roberts, or go to a concert that features Celine Dion. These people help us make good use of our free time by entertaining us. As a result, we feel inspired as well as relaxed. In other words, we feel energetic again after attending the events. We even feel that we have more to enjoy in life and have new aspirations. For such reasons, these people are worth their high salaries.
Third, athletes and entertainers win honors for their countries. For example, after four years’ hard work, many athletes win gold medals at the Olympics Games. They are able to make millions of dollars a year after the games. Such high salaries are justified, because these athletes have won honors for their countries in the most competitive arena and have made their people proud, something few people can even dream of. This is true for entertainers as well. Many actors and actresses receive high salaries after they have won Oscars or prizes at Cannes Films Festival. Those people also deserve high salaries, because they have made a name in films for their country and have made their country better known by people elsewhere in the world.
All in all, famous athletes and entertainers merit their high salaries, for their hard work, entertainment they provide, and their contribution to their country. If I had a chance, I would be a famous star who can make millions of dollars a year.
★ 巧解的成语
★ 巧解难题叙事作文
★ 托福写作以及技巧
★ 托福写作经典句型
★ 托福写作例证素材