下面是小编为大家整理的实例解析托福阅读复合句（共含6篇），仅供大家参考借鉴，希望大家喜欢!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“pwt”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
实例解析托福阅读复合句
实例解析1
The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
这个句子如果乍一看，fact后面的that表示一个同位语从句的开始。
从句什么位置结束，要明白这个问题，首先要知道从句它也是一个句子，句子必须要有完整的主干结构。所以，当它的主干结构完整，后面增加的内容已经和前面的内容不能够搭配的时候，从句就结束了。
这种不搭配，有语法上不搭配和逻辑上不搭配。我们重点关注出现比较多容易辨别的语法不搭配。所谓语法不搭配，就是如果不在该处结束从句，从句写在一起就变成了病句。最常见的这样的语法不搭配就是从句主干中第二个谓语动词义群的出现。因为从句主干里只能有一个谓语，出现第二个谓语显然不对。
怎么识别谓语，当然要看动词。但是，值得注意的是英语里面有大量的非谓语动词，要排除它们。一般定义：动词原型v，动词原型的第三人称单数变化，动词的过去式，都符合谓语动词定义。动词的现在分词、过去分词、不定式不属于谓语动词定义。
再回到上面这个句子：
从句内部are符合谓语动词，thought，inhabit不属于;
当出现does not这个谓语的时候，显然从句已经有了两个谓语，这是病句，必须断句。
可以把从句用括号括起来
The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests) does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
实例解析2
It was in the cities that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism) first appeared.
首先这是一个强调句，里面有一个定语从句。
定语从句在第二个谓语义群前结束。这里之所以用义群，义群包含了谓语动词及其修饰成分。比如这里的first就是修饰appear的。
实例解析3
It became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition (for which there had been no previous effective treatment)might be responsive to vitamin therapy.
这里for which标志从句开始，第二个谓语义群might be前从句结束。
实例解析4
(What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists) is the realization (that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determines what is done).
第一个括号结束处，出现了第二个is，所以what开始的从句要结束了。
后面that开头的定语从句里面，although后面的结构都不是从句的主干，所以里面出现的谓语动词不能算作从句主干里的谓语动词，从句里面主干谓语动词是determine。
从句里面的嵌套从句的谓语动词当然也不能算作从句的谓语动词。这点要值得注意。
实例解析5
As a result，claims (that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health) have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
首先claim是一个动词而不是名词，否则句子就没有主语了。
That引导一个同位语从句。这个从句里面的动词很多，什么时候结束这个从句呢?我们来看这个从句，eating动名词做主语，后面的consisting grown都不符合谓语动词条件，prevents第一个谓语动词，cures仿佛是第二个谓语动词，这里是不是从句结束呢?不是，因为中间有一个or连接，在语法上不构成病句。句子里是允许有多个谓语动词并列的。往后provides还是和它们并列。后面出现have become的时候才是从句结束位置。
所以补加一个小补丁，原来的规律描述变成：
从句主干中不和第一个谓语义群有并列关系的第二个谓语动词义群出现时，从句在第二个谓语动词义群前结束。本质是不能造成从句内部的语法搭配不当。
托福阅读：备考策略
一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小，高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个，这离8千的量就少很多了，所以我们建议两步走。 第一步找一本词汇书背一些，同时因为你词汇量比较小，而且背单词比较枯燥，同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时，大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的，一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中，每篇阅读文章中，如果是英语单词比较差的同学，甚至会发现100个单词不认识。但是我们也发现，在阅读中背单词是特别快，而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合，第一个是背一本单词书，我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章，包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章，同时把里面的单词全部都背下来，这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。
我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学，一般来说，SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量，而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量，从这个比例我们就可以看出来，SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的，托福的文章主要以科普类的为多，而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的，历史类的，所以这一方面需要更多准备。
所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的，但是需要你做一个转变的过程，做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的，所以我建议考完SAT以后，最好再买两本新托福备考的书，大量做一下练习题，尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉。《新托福综合教材》是一本非常不错的书，这本书尽管前面的板块有一点简单，但是这本书有一个特别大的好处，它把新托福的题型介绍的特别细，是备考托福非常好的一本书。而且告诉你一个好消息，目前为止我培训的很多学生都是SAT打高分以后再回来考托福的，他们很多人的托福都是在110分以上。
新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系
有同学曾问过我：新托福阅读的拖入文本题有什么做题技巧?拖入文本题有很多叫法，有的人叫插入文本题，有的叫代入文本题，在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。
然后第三点，我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到“因为”，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。第四步我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。所以做这种题其实非常非常简单，就是读完这句话找到关键字以后，回到原文找到对应点代入进去就可以了，一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。在朗文的综合教程或者是三角洲的模考题当中前面都有一个专门的章节，有大量的练习题会帮我们解决这个问题。
在此也顺便引出一点，我们也发现了一点，新托福阅读中新增加了五点新题型，都在重点考察句子的层面上，对句子的理解和句子之间的关系的层面上，所以我们在备考的时候对所有的新托福的题型中句子的理解，结构的分析，句子结构之间的逻辑关系得分析作为我们备考的重点。
托福阅读：做好复习安排
单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要考生自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在文章中理解使用单词。
句子：在托福阅读材料中，文章中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。
段落：托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章，在学习中，对于段落的安排和段与段之间的的关系问题也是托福阅读技巧中的一部分。对此，大家还是应该选举则一篇文章来一仔细研究，找出其中的关系之后，其他的文章就好办多了。
篇章：像托福的题型之一--小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。
例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land
○Both on land and at sea
○In shallow water
○In a marine environment
例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
○ Cause some deer to hibernate
○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter
托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要掌握考察的重点。那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!
一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等
推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我们再来看一道例题：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
如何应对托福阅读推理题
一、题型分类
对于托福阅读来说，词汇是根本。在阅读中词汇题(vocabulary questions)的数量很多，每篇存在三至五题不等。
接下来就是阅读中的句子。句子细节在托福中的考察形式和内容相比词汇更为深入。有对于单个句子结构和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)。有对于文中明确表述的细节信息的考察和理解，即事实信息题(factual information questions)。还有对于文中明确表述信息真伪的识别和理解，也就是否定事实信息题(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，阅读还会考察对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述的信息的识别和理解能力，即推理题(inference questions)。
在阅读中，对于段落的考察往往侧重于句子之间的关系。句与句之间的连接往往会有名词的重复以及代词的指代，所以有了指代题(reference questions)。内容的衔接除了代词指代之外，还有逻辑关系的递进，所以又有了修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果说指代题和修辞目的题是对于句间关系的识别的话，那么句子插入题(insert sentence questions)则是两者的升级版，是对于句间关系的逻辑的应用。
当然，托福阅读也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段间的关系的考查。若是顺承的关系往往出的是总结题(prose summary questions)，若是对比分类的关系往往出的是表格题(fill in a table questions)。
二、题型难度
通过以上的分类讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读十大题型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大题型里，哪种题型相对比较难呢?如果说其他题型是通过词汇积累或者对于文章里的信息的透彻理解就可以掌握的话，那么更侧重于考察出题人的逻辑思维模式的题型就是推理题了。
我们再来看一下托福官方指南里对于推理题的表述：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解。大家重点关注强烈暗示这几个词，言下之意就是通过一些相关信息的表述来传递内在的意思，所以体会出题人传达相关信息的模式就变成了解题的关键。
三、推理题中的对比取反
解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。
接下来我们通过以下四个例子来层层深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。
1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?
A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.
D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。
2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。
3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…
A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.
B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.
C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.
D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.
同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。
4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…
A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.
B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.
C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.
D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.
通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?
首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。
在托福阅读中，希望考生可以通过分析真题仔细体会出题人的思维逻辑，掌握考试规律，这样才能百战百胜。
例题
Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth 3 points.
Features of Fishes
1. The absence of scales from most of the body
2. The ability to take advantage of eddies
3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming
4. Eyes that do not protrude
5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth
6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open
7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips
托福阅读图表填空题要求：对比文章中的某两个部分的内容
有的托福阅读文章是全文的对照对比，有的则是重点段落的对照对比。这种题目需要先识别要求对比的内容，并且从原文中搜寻对应的文章段落。本题要求对比REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE和INCREASING THRUST，因此我们先通过读每段的关键句来确定对比内容所在段落。
通过检索我们发现以下两个段落对应本题：
第三自然段：Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
本段重点陈述了减少水阻力的几种设计，通过对于本段的精读我们发现阴影处信息可对应选项145.
第八自然段：There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by “pushing off” the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.
本段重点介绍了关于提升推进力的几种设计，通过对本段的精读可对应选项2和7.选项2和7对应原文中如阴影所示的句子，此题要求学生在做题时有快速检索信息的能力。
通过真题分析我们可以看出，图表填空题的解题关键在于明确文章结构类型，理清对比或对照的对象之间大致关系，然后去对应的文章段落中找信息点即可。希望大家在具体备考过程中能够多练习多反思，不断提升自己对文章结构的把握能力和信息分类筛选能力。
托福阅读：玛雅历史背景知识
The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Originating in the Yucatán around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D.250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.
玛雅文明是最富盛名的早期文明之一。玛雅人发展了天文，历法，文字，同时在建筑上包括寺庙、宫殿和瞭望台有很高的造诣，这些建筑均不适用金属。同时他们是经验丰富的种植者，在缺水的地方开辟大型水库储存雨水，同时他们善于编制、制陶，开辟通道与远距离的人们进行贸易往来。
关键词：astronomy, calendrical, hieroglyphic writing, architecture, reservoir, weaver, potter, swamp
Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. It started to decline around A.D. 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.
玛雅人采用君主制。各地自治管理。公元900年，玛雅社会开始走向衰退，而衰退的原因一直是一个谜。公元1200年，玛雅北部团结成为托尔铁克。
关键词：hierarchical, peripheral, thrive
Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others. It could also be described as one of continuity and change, guided by a religion that remains the foundation of their culture. For those who follow the ancient Maya traditions, the belief in the influence of the cosmos on human lives and the necessity of paying homage to the gods through rituals continues to find expression in a modern hybrid Christian-Maya faith.
玛雅文明对后世有着深刻的影响：宇宙观，对上帝的敬仰。
托福阅读材料：人体脑白金
Melatonin, sometimes called “the hormone of darkness,” plays an important role in regulating our daily sleep patterns. This hormone is produced by our bodies and in most organisms melatonin production is higher during the night than during the day.
褪黑素，又名黑素细胞凝集素的荷尔蒙，在调节我们日常睡眠规律中扮演重要角色。人体自身分泌褪黑激素，而且大多数生物夜晚比白天分泌得更多。
In addition to their body’s own melatonin, many people take melatonin supplements in an attempt to help them sleep, fight jet lag or balance out seasonal affective disorder.
此外，一些人通过体外补充褪黑素改善睡眠，缓解飞机时差感、平衡季节性情绪失调。
Melatonin And Memories
褪黑素对记忆的影响
But a study by a group of scientists at the University of Houston suggests that melatonin might have a negative impact on the ability to form new memories.
但是，休斯顿大学的科学家们研究表明：褪黑素阻碍记忆形成。
The researchers were interested in how the body’s internal clock affects the formation of new memories. They found that small striped minnows called zebra fish learned very well during the day but very poorly at night, when melatonin levels are higher.
研咳嗽毕肱宄迥谏镏尤绾斡跋煨律且涞男纬伞Q芯咳嗽狈⑾职呗碛惆滋煅澳芰芎;夜晚却很差，而夜晚褪黑素分泌旺盛。
They wondered if melatonin played a role in learning and memory.
研究人员怀疑褪黑素影响学习和记忆。
Melatonin And Learning
褪黑素对学习的影响
They treated zebra fish with extra melatonin during the day, boosting the hormone levels to night-time amounts.
白天，研究人员喂给斑马鱼褪黑素，促进斑马鱼夜晚褪黑素分泌。
They discovered that high melatonin did not affect learning per se, but dramatically reduced the fishes’ ability to form new memories, or to remember what they’d learned.
研究人员发现大量的褪黑素没有直接影响学习本身，但是却很大程度地使斑马鱼的记忆衰退，斑马鱼不记得学过的东西。
Then the scientists inhibited melatonin activity in the fish. They did this by blocking melatonin receptors with inhibitory drugs. The fishs’ melatonin levels were unchanged, but the ability of melatonin to affect the brain was blocked.
接着，科学家们抑制斑马鱼体内的褪黑素的作用：抑制药物阻碍褪黑素受体。斑马鱼褪黑素分泌量没改变，但是褪黑素不能影响不了大脑。
Blocking Melatonin
阻碍褪黑素
With melatonin activity blocked, the ability of the fish to form new memories was drastically improved, even at night.
褪黑素的作用受阻，斑马鱼新生记忆能力明显改善，夜晚也很好。
This research has potential benefits for humans. For example, the use of melatonin receptor blockers could improve performance of night-time cognitive tasks, helping people such as night-shift workers or students cramming for exams.
该项研究带给人类潜在好处。例如，褪黑素受体的阻碍能影响人夜晚的认知能力，那么对于那些夜班工作者和熬夜备考的学生都有所帮助。
★ 托福口语解析
★ 托福阅读题型解析
