以下是小编为大家整理的托福写作2个常见案例运用扣分问题指点（共含7篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“和谐睡眠”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福写作2个常见案例运用扣分问题指点 用好例子素材需注意
切忌使用过于本土化的例子
有的同学在表达的时候，没有考虑到中西文化的差异，有的东西中国人很熟悉，很了解，但是美国人未必清楚，这样会导致他们无法理解，比如说有的同学说某个女孩很漂亮，会说她沉鱼落雁，羞花闭月的，但是这样描述美国人是不太懂的，因为这里面包含着中国古代四大美女的典故，与其这样表达还不如说这个女孩非常漂亮，我楼下的邻居张三每次看到她都激动的口水直流，浑身颤抖。这样的表达美国人就非常容易理解了。
例子细节不充分也是大忌
其实同学们都明白，平时身边哪来那么多例子，所以例子基本靠“编”的，虽然是在编造谎言，但是也要努力让谎言看上去比较真实一点，在谎言中增加细节是增加谎言可信度的很简单有效的办法，很多中国学生在写例子的时候会使用“比如说有一个人……”这样的表达，这样的表达看起来底气不足，模模糊糊，考官就很难相信确有其事。同学们可以改用另外的表达“我有一个朋友叫Jason，他在两年前做了X.X事……”这样写就看起来舒服多了。在叙述个人类例子的时候，尽量使用具体的人名、地名和时间。这样能使例子看上去更丰满、富有细节，也更像真实的事件，有说服力。
托福考官对编造例子的容忍度有多高?
对于中国学生来说，很少有学生能够有一个非常宏大的素材库并且任何话题都能从素材库中信手拈来合适的例子，事实上，托福考试仅仅是对于语言能力的测试，只要能用恰当的例子证明自己的观点就可以了，因此，这个为“编造”例子留下了很大的空间，只要“编造”得当，个人的例子或者自己身边的例子对于考官来说也是完全可以接受的。
托福写作9个高分优秀句式分享 写不好长句快来看
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”， the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。
托福写作解析：写作高分技巧
托福写作解析之结构
按体裁划分，独立任务属于议论文，而论点、理由、论据、结论和论证是议论文的五个要素。具体来说，“论点”是文章的核心，“理由”是论点成立的依据，两者构成因果关系;“论据”是对理由的具体解释，多为事例;“结论”是对观点的重申，两者一脉相承、头尾呼应;而整个写作过程就是一个“论证”的过程。
托福写作解析之内容
这篇范文通过通讯、交通和饮食三个方面，共同论证现在的孩子相较其祖父辈生活的更轻松、舒适，每个理由下面都有具体的事例作为细节支撑，让论证更有说服力。
以饮食为例，作者举例说，以前食品由政府分配，数量有限制，人们不能随心所欲买到需要的食品;而现在则大不一样，在超市里人们可以买到任何所需物品。这种新旧对比，更鲜明的表现出现代社会物资丰富、人们的选择权增加，由此可推断人们的生活变得更便捷、舒适，从而证明论点。
托福写作解析之语言
一篇高分作文在语言上，首先要保证语法正确，用词恰当，这样才能准确达意。在此基础上可以追求更多样、高级的表达。例如，托福写作文章开头要表现“社会发展迅速，人们的生活发生了天翻地覆的变化”这一含义，最常见的表达为：
Sample 1: Our society develops quickly, and people’s life has changed greatly.
Sample 2: With the rapid development of society, enormous change has happened in people’s life.
Sample 3: As society progresses remarkably, tremendous changes have taken place in people’s life.
通过三个句子对比可知，其中“迅速”的三种表达方式，quickly 最为平淡，rapid 居中，remarkable 最佳。同样的，要表达“翻天覆地”的含义，tremendous 就要比 great 或者 enormous 好的多，其他替换的词还有 considerable，drastic，significant 等等。
托福写作解析—使用高分句型
托福写作高分句型1、表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
托福写作高分句型2、表示好处
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
托福写作高分句型3、表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmfulto us.
例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also
托福写作高分句型4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
托福写作高分句型5、表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
托福写作模版—好的结尾
托福写作结尾一：重申立场+反方观点的弱点
例如：托福写作题目：When people go on a trip, some like to go with a friend while others like to go alone. Which do you prefer?
我方立场： I would rather to travel with a friend.
托福独立写作结尾： Taking all of the factors above into account, being accompanied by some close friends tends to be a better option when it comes to having a trip. This even makes more sense if one is fully aware of the possible dangers of travelling on one’s own, that is, being helpless when emergencies occur and having no one to share the excitement.
解析：这个结尾采用了重申立场+反方观点的弱点。“考虑到以上所列出的论点，我们可得知当说到旅游时有人陪伴是一个更好的选择。这点更说得通，如果一个人清楚地明白独自旅行潜藏的坏处，即遇到紧急情况的无助感以及无人分享旅途的兴奋感。“语言上的主语替换尤为灵活，I would rather to trav
托福写作结尾二： 重申立场+反问句
例如：托福写作题目：Some people like to live in a small town, while others like to live in a large city. If you had a choice, where would you like to live?
我方立场：I would like to live in a big city.
托福独立写作结尾： Although a growing number of serenity-seekers regard the smaller community as their dream homeland, I still opt for the metropolis for its convenience and dynamic life. When it comes to living, how can one possibly deny that the purpose of life is to explore new things that small towns fail to offer?
解析：这个结尾采用了重申立场+反问句的写法，很大气。“尽管越来越多寻找宁静的都市人把小城市视作自己的梦想家园，但我仍然觉得大城市更胜一筹。当谈到生活，谁能否认生活的目的不就是探索新的东西吗?而这一切都是小城市无法给与 的。“ 反问句写的是反方立场的弱点，这其实在内容和Plan B是相同的，只不过用的反问句来加强语气。
托福写作结尾三：重申立场+补充
例如：托福写作题目： There are people who learn about life by listening to their friends’ or families’ advice. On the other hand, there are those that learn from personal experience. Which one do you prefer?
我方立场：It is better to learn from personal experience.
托福独立写作结尾：In a nutshell, it is quite common for us to seek advice from our buddies or family when faced with life dilemma, but in most cases, more benefits can be available if we pick up some lessons by our own experience. After all, it is our action rather than other people’s words that determine what kind of people we want to be. (62 words)
解析：这个结尾采用的是Plan A，重申立场使用了比较法，这也是托福结尾最常用的一种方法，因为大多数写作题目都涉及两者对比。“总而言之，当面临生活困境时人们往往会向朋友和家人求助，但在大多数情况下，如果我们自己尝试一些事情，往往会学到更多的经验。“语言转换上，使用了换主语和换词的方法，我方立场It is better to learn from personal experience，主语是It, 但在结尾换成了benefits, 整个句子即变成了more benefits can be available if we pick up some lessons by our own experience.结尾第二句话，补充了我方立场的合理性，进行了升华。”毕竟，决定我们将来成为什么样的人的关键点并非是他人的言语而是我们自己的行为。“
el with a friend.转换为了Being accompanied by some close friends tends to be a better option when it comes to having a trip.
托福听力听不准问题汇总
托福听力中比较让考生觉得困扰的地方在于所有解题涉及的信息都要凭自己的耳朵去判断，同时还需要根据听到的信息迅速反映出其对应单词的意思，这个过程中就很容易产生一些根本性的问题，比如：“听音频的时候看不到题目，就担心听见的没考，考的没听到”;“对话实在太快完全没时间记笔记”;“虽然听见考点但是光顾写提示词，后面的就错过了”;“知道怎么听重点单词，但好像听成了发音很像其实是另外一个词”;会出现这些问题大多是因为大家都遇到了“辨音”问题。
首先考生要尝试去给材料分段，一般来说两个段的内容主题是不同的，还有一些提示词帮助大家分段，大家可以在做题时总结一下，找找规律，一旦分好段后找信息就方便多了。
其次，根据句子间的起承转合、句中停顿分析句子中的主谓宾关系，这一点也可以通过听力材料总结经验。
第三，分意群，可以简单理解成词组，在听到特定的动词词组的念法后，如：“as opposed to” 的发音，很多童鞋会听成“I suppose to”，在遇到相似的表达时候就不会懵了。
最后，分单词，看似简单实际最容易出问题的一部分，为什么这么说?因为很多大家喜闻乐见日常使用千百遍的单词，大家自己念和自己意会的是一回事，而在听力材料中的发音甚至意思却不同，这就要求同学们结合听力材料好好研究一下自己的常犯错误。
托福听力发音细节注意要点
有同学表示，以上讲的方法我都懂，我也知道哪句是重点但就是得不到重要信息，这主要是由于自己根深蒂固的错误发音。关于发音一定要注意以下几点：
长音短音
长短音方面在背单词时一定要注意。例如sheep不要听成ship，sheet不要听成sht，类似这种，不然一旦理解错了，整句甚至会把文章理解错。
重弱相宜
第一音节弱化，第二音节重音的单词方面。如：I really appreciate很容易漏掉“a”听成 I really “preciate”。
相近音节
相近音方面，不可以自己加减与音频声音不符的辅音。比如，/i:l/, /ju:/, /ilm/，原句说 “Students have only got limited amount of time. I don’t expect you to be overwhelmed. Focus on just a few.”很多考生会听成film，这就属于自己加上了一个/m/的音节，并且把/ju:/与短音+辅音的组合/il/搞混了。
单词词性
单词词性方面，名词不要听成动词。比方说，如果你听到一个/laɪ/这样的声音，后方出现了/kæn meɪk/的声音，那么想一下应该对应上can make，can后边已经有make这个动词了，前方的/laɪ/就一定不是like了。
语境理解
语境理解方面，联系上下文分析某个词究竟是谁，也是需要通过大量输入练习、跟读+背诵、再到分析输出才能达成的一个能力。举个例子，地质学，讲到湖水形成，提到地表有斜坡，然后听到 lower /bæ+辅音/ 和 higher /bæ+辅音/这样的组合，如果给你选择，这个辅音可能是 /k/, /ŋk/, 你会认为是哪个呢?组合一下，分别应是 /bæk/，即back，与 /bæŋk/，即bank。湖在坡地上，高低背还是高低岸?相信大家在听到时就已有答案了。
托福听力练习：蜜蜂通过味道给花粉排名
Walk through Times Square—you're bombarded with advertising. And it turns out, a bumblebee might have a similar feeling, buzzing through a field of flowers. “So these flowers are these billboards, they're advertising a good, this delicious nectar reward, and bees are very picky shoppers.” Anne Leonard, a pollination biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno.
She describes a flower field as a sort of pollination marketplace. And one way bees choose where to visit? “Bees are nectar experts. They are really good at assessing even really small differences in the sugar concentration of nectar.” They also scope out the shape and size of the flowers, and their color and scent. And now Leonard and her colleagues have discovered that bumblebees are pollen aficionados, too.
They found that out by lacing batches of cherry pollen with either table sugar or bitter quinine. And to display the pollen to bees, “We got really into it—we started 3-D printing flowers in our lab.” And for the anther—the male flower part, which presents the pollen—pipe cleaners. “So we bought out Michael's craft store supplies of these pipe cleaners and used them in our experiments.”
Turns out bees would return again and again to the same color flower that dispensed sweet pollen, and spend more time collecting there. But when confronted with the bitter pollen? They sought a different colored flower for their very next stop. All of which suggests that, in addition to savoring nectar, bees taste pollen too—and judge flowers by it. The results are in the journal Biology Letters.
The finding means that plants have to find a happy medium: “So can you make your pollen attractive enough that the bees will collect it, but distasteful enough that they won't collect too much of it?” And that balancing act, of carefully calibrated chemistry—it's just one of the many transactions that plays out in the buzzing pollination marketplace. Where the object is to make a sweet profit.
走过纽约时代广场，你会被广告不断侵扰。事实证明，熊蜂在嗡嗡地飞过花田时，可能会有类似的感觉。“因为这些花朵就像是那些广告牌，它们在为这些美味可口的花蜜打广告，而蜜蜂就是那些非常挑剔的消费者。”内华达州立大学雷诺分校的传粉生物学家安妮·伦纳德说道。
她将花田描述为一个授粉市场。蜜蜂选择去哪里采集花蜜的方法是什么?“蜜蜂是花蜜专家。它们很擅长评估花蜜，即使花蜜糖的浓度存在微小的区别它们也能感觉到。”它们还能确定花的形状、大小、颜色和气味。现在伦纳德和她的研究团队发现，熊蜂也是花粉爱好者。
他们通过给不同批次分别含有甜蔗糖和苦奎宁的樱桃花粉系上标签的方法进行研究，并得到了上述结论。为了向蜜蜂展示花粉，“我们进行了非常深入地研究，我们开始在实验室用3D技术打印花朵。”在花药部分，也就是呈现出花粉的雄花部分使用清管器。“所以我们购买了迈克尔工艺品店的清管器，将这些清管器应用到我们的实验中。”
实验证明，蜜蜂会在含有甜蔗糖花粉的相同颜色花朵间重复往返，并且花费更多的时间来采集。那它们遇到含有苦奎宁的花粉时会怎样呢?它们会在下一次停留时寻找一种与之颜色不同的花朵。所有这一切表明，除了品尝花蜜，蜜蜂也会品尝花粉的味道，并且通过花粉来对花朵进行评估。该研究结果刊登在《生物学快报》杂志上。
该研究结果表明，植物必须找到一个折中的办法：“你能让你的花粉有足够的吸引力，让蜜蜂来采集，但是又让花粉不太合口，确保蜜蜂不会采集太多吗?”这一精确校准化学的平衡做法，只是蜜蜂授粉市场上进行的众多交易中的其中一种。该市场的目标是获得“甜蜜”的利润。
重点讲解：
1. be good at 擅长的;精通的;能干的;
例句：The conductor is good at keeping the players together.
乐队指挥善于使表演者奏协调。
2. buy out 买下…的股权(或产权);
例句：The bank had to pay to buy out most of the 200 former partners.
银行不得不花钱买下过去200名合伙人手中的大部分股权。
3. be confronted with (问题、任务或困难)降临，使面临;
例句：There is always turmoil when humans are confronted with change.
当人类面对改变的时候，总是有混乱。
4. in addition to 另外;加之;除…之外;
例句：In addition to the radio, newspapers were also a main source for information.
除了无线电广播外，报纸也是一种主要信息来源。
5. play out (使)(戏剧性的事件)逐渐发生;(使)展开;
例句：We play out an imaginary confrontation in our mind.
我们的脑海中浮现出一种想象的冲突。
2020托福听力练习：高脂饮食因肠道细菌致肥胖
Think it's your inability to resist cheesecake that's making it tough to fit into your skinny jeans? Well, your bacteria may share some of the blame. Because a new study in mice shows that the response of intestinal microbes to a high-fat diet ends up triggering the release of a hormone that makes mammals feel hungry, causing them to eat even more. The finding is served up in the journal Nature.
Previous work has shown that the types of bacteria in the gut in diabetic or obese individuals are different from the bacteria in healthy people. But does this bacterial makeup contribute to these disorders? Or is it just a side effect?
To unravel this mystery, researchers put mice on a high-fat diet. The animals experienced a buildup of a chemical called acetate, particularly in the large intestine.
That location points to gut bacteria, which can produce acetate, as a possible culprit. So the researchers wiped out the microbes using antibiotics or a simple saline wash. And acetate levels plummeted.
Okay, so the gut bacteria in fat-fed mice make acetate. What does acetate do? Well, it gets the involuntary part of the nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, to put out the call to produce more insulin. Unfortunately, in this case, acetate also gets the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate production of a hunger hormone called ghrelin. And the more fats an animal consumes, the more acetate it makes — which means the more ghrelin it produces and, of course, the more it eats. And bacteria make the whole sequence happen.
The researchers are now investigating whether the same biochemical events happen in humans. If they do, it's possible that obtaining a better assortments of gut bacteria could help us control our weight. Of course, the best way to get those good bacteria is from a fecal transplant — in which bacteria-rich feces come out of one person and into you. The very thought of which could help curb your appetite.
设想一下，你很难穿上紧身牛仔裤是因为你无法抗拒奶酪蛋糕吗?其实，你体内的细菌可能要承担部分责任。一项在小鼠身上进行的新研究表明，肠道细菌对高脂饮食的反应会最终引发荷尔蒙的释放，使哺乳动物感到饥饿、吃得更多。该项发现刊登在《自然》杂志上。
此前的研究表明，糖尿病患者或肥胖群体肠道中的细菌类型与健康人的不同。但是这种细菌组成会导致这些疾病吗?还是只是一种副作用?
为了解开这个谜团，研究人员让小鼠食用高脂饮食。因此，醋酸酯这种化学物质在这些动物的大肠内积累起来。
该位置指向肠道细菌，这种细菌能产生醋酸酯，是潜在的罪魁祸首。因此，研究人员用抗生素或简单的生理盐水来消灭微生物。这同时也使醋酸酯浓度下降。
食用高脂饮食的小鼠，其体内肠道细菌可以产生醋酸酯。醋酸酯的作用是什么?它可以使神经系统、副交感神经系统中的无意识部分发出信号，产生更多的胰岛素。不幸的是，在这种情况下，醋酸酯也会使副交感神经系统刺激饥饿激素的产生。同时，脂肪消耗的越多，体内产生的醋酸酯就越多，这意味着体内产生的饥饿激素越多，当然就吃的越多。而且细菌会使这一整个序列发生。
研究人员正在研究相同的生物化学反应是否会在人类身上发生。假如人类也会这样，那么对肠道细菌更好的分类也许可以帮助我们控制体重。当然，摄取这些有益细菌的最佳方式是通过粪便移植，即某人含有大量细菌的排泄物进入到你的体内。想到这里可能会有助于抑制你的食欲。
重点讲解：
1. end up 最终;结果;到头来;
例句：If you speak too slowly, you might end up sounding unnatural.
但如果说得太慢，就有可能导致发音不自然。
2. be different from 与……不同;
例句：My style of writing is very different from yours.
我写作的风格和你很不同。
3. contribute to 促成;促使;是导致…的原因之一;
例句：Exercise contributes to better health.
锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。
4. wipe out 摧毁;毁灭;使灭绝;
例句：The plague once could wipe out a village.
鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。
2020托福听力练习：城市灯光欺骗树木
The Earth's temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first bloom of flowers—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor. Urban light pollution is also quickening the coming of spring. “So temperature and light are really contributing to a double whammy of making everything earlier.” Richard ffrench-Constant, an entomologist at the University of Exeter.
He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked the first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution—from streetlights in cities, and along roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier. Way beyond what rising temperatures could achieve. This disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem.
“The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the maximum number of caterpillars.” So earlier buds could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and beyond. The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The world's becoming increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which ffrench-Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths—could help. “Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how light affects this bud burst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of street lighting that has less red components, and therefore less early bud burst.” Thus keeping springtime an actual springtime phenomenon.
地球温度正在上升。因此，花儿首次盛开等春季现象的出现时间会越来越早。但是，不断升高的气温并不是唯一的影响因素。城市光污染同样加快了春天到来的脚步。“因此，在温度和光线的双重冲击下，一切都提早到来。”理查德·费伦奇·康斯坦特是英国埃克塞特大学的昆虫学家。
他和他的同事对英国公民科学家统计了的数据进行编制，这些科学家对四种常见树木进行追踪，观察它们第一次萌芽的时间。结果发现，城市及道路两边的路灯造成的光污染，会使树木的发芽时间提前整整一个星期。除此以外，不断上升的气温也会施加影响。这种破坏性的时机会对生态系统造成影响。
“以树木为食的毛毛虫正试图将自己的孵卵时间与树木的发芽时间相匹配。因为毛毛虫要以最多汁、最少受化学物质保护的树叶为食。不仅毛毛虫是这样，当然，这一点很重要。这种连锁反应体现在筑巢鸟类身上，它们试图在毛毛虫数量最多的时候孵化鸟蛋。”因此，提前发芽最终可能会影响鸟类的生存，甚至产生更加深远的影响。该项研究结果发表在《英国皇家学会学报B》上。
世界越来越城市化，光污染的范围也在逐渐扩大，费伦奇·康斯坦特表示这种情况会欺骗树木，使其发芽的时间越来越早。但是LED这样的智能灯光会调低特定的波长，这可能会有所帮助。“也许令人感到兴奋的是，如果我们对灯光如何影响发芽有更多了解，我们也许能设计出发出更少红光的智能路灯，这样就可以使发芽时间少提前一些。”进而让春天呈现出实际的春天现象。
重点讲解：
1. contribute to 促成;促使;是导致…的原因之一;
例句：Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.
诚实加苦干有助于成功和幸福。
2. turn out 原来是;结果发现;
例句：I'm sure things will turn out all right in the end.
我确信最终一切都会好的。
3. at the same time 同时;
例句：The crash took place at the same time as he left.
就在他离开时，车祸发生了。
4. dial down 下调;降低;
例句：The retreating gasoline price helped to lift consumer spirits this month and dial down their inflation expectations.
本月汽油价格的回落提升了消费者信心，并降低了他们的通胀预期。
2020托福听力练习：公路噪音掩盖鸟类求救信号
It may not be the most melodious bit of birdsong you'll ever encounter. [Titmouse alarm call]. But this particular call, issued by a tufted titmouse, conveys important information about the presence of potential predators. But only if other birds can hear it.
Unfortunately, near a highway, traffic sounds can drown out such alarm calls. Scientists have long observed a decrease in wildlife populations in habitats adjacent to major roadways. And many figured it was the noise that drives creatures to hightail it someplace more remote. But it could be more than mere annoyance that keeps animals away. The inability to hear potentially life-saving calls could also be a factor. That's according to a study in the journal Biology Letters.
To test that theory, Aaron Grade and Kathryn Sieving at the University of Florida recorded that titmouse alarm call, produced by a captive individual that had spotted an owl. They then played this alarm call from speakers mounted in different locations in Florida state parks. Some of the spots were noisy, along Interstate 75 or U.S. Route 441. Others were more secluded and relatively quiet.
The scientists then observed the reactions of cardinals to these broadcasted declarations of danger. Because cardinals and other birds often eavesdrop on the talk of titmice for news of impending peril.
In the quiet areas, cardinals clearly responded to the titmouse alarms. They froze in place, stopped singing and scanned the area for predators. But in the noisy places, cardinals paid the warnings no heed and continued their regular activities.
It's not completely clear whether the cardinals could not hear the calls or if they were simply too distracted by the traffic to respond. Either way, looks like some birds should seek the road less traveled—or travel the regions less road-ed. Whereas hungry owls should hit the highway if they're looking to sneak up on an unexpecting snack.
(山雀的警报信号)可能不是你听过的最悦耳的鸟鸣声。但是这种由簇山雀发出的特殊呼叫，传递了重要的信息——可能存在捕食者。但前提是其他鸟类得能听到这一警报。
不幸的是，在高速公路附近，交通声音会淹没这种警报信号。经过长期观察，科学家发现栖息地靠近主干道的野生动物种群数量在减少。许多人认为正是这种噪音迫使动物们逃到了更偏远的地方。但使动物远离的可能不仅仅是打扰这一个因素。无法听到潜在的救命信号也可能是因素之一。这一研究结果刊登在《生物学快报》杂志上。
为了验证这一理论，佛罗里达大学的亚伦·格雷德和凯瑟琳·西温录下了簇山雀的警报信号，这是在它发现猫头鹰的时候发出的。然后他们用设置在佛罗里达州立公园不同地方的扬声器播放这一警报信号。75号州际公路和441号美国国道沿线的一些地点噪音很大。而其他地方则更加隐蔽且相对安静。
然后科学家观察了红雀对所播放危险信号的反应。因为红雀和其他鸟类为了得到即将到来危险的消息，经常偷听山雀的对话。
重点讲解：
1. drown out 盖过，淹没(声音);
例句：Her voice was drowned out by a loud crash.
她的声音被一声响亮的撞击声所淹没。
2. eavesdrop on 偷听;窃听;
例句：It is not polite to eavesdrop on the conversation of other people.
偷听他人说话是很不礼貌的。
3. respond to 应对;作出回应;作出反应;
例句：The horse responds to the slightest pull on the rein.
只要缰绳稍稍一拉，这匹马就有反应。
4. either way (两种情况中)不论发生哪一种情况;
例句：Was it his fault or not? Either way, an explanation is due.
是他的错不是?无论是不是，都得有个解释。
5. sneak up on 偷偷地走近;偷偷地挨近;
例句：I managed to sneak up on him when you knocked on the door.
你敲门的时候，我设法悄悄靠近了他。
在安静的地方，红雀对山雀的警报信号做出了清晰的反应。它们僵在原地，停止歌唱，仔细查看周围的区域是否有捕食者出现。但是在吵闹的地区，红雀没有理会这种警报，继续正常活动。
目前并不完全清楚红雀是没有听到警报，还是仅仅是因交通而分心所以没有做出回应。无论怎样，看起来有些鸟类应该寻找旅客少的路段或者寻找公路少的区域生存。反之，饥饿的猫头鹰如果想偷偷靠近一个“点心”，应该到公路附近寻找觅食机会。
托福写作用词扣分问题是什么?高分作文从用词开始
写作词汇准备不充分是扣分主因
大家都知道，托福写作因为词汇扣分的原因大致上可以按照拼写错误、用词搭配错误、重复用词等问题来进行区别，但实际上这些都是表象，真正原因还是在于大家对写作用词的要求没有彻底掌握，从深层次的角度来说，就是考生在背单词时没有专门为写作留出一块空间，虽然看似背出来很多词汇，但其实都无法很好地运用到写作当中，具体分析可能有以下几个问题：
1. 拼写错误是词汇掌握深度不够的标志
拼写错误可以说是考生在托福写作中最不应该但也最容易出现的问题。有些同学拼错是因为打字速度或者一时粗心，但也有些同学则是因为根本没有彻底掌握写作需要用到的词汇。可能大家背单词时更重视数量，对单个词汇的记忆要求不高，大体上记住了词汇的样子和大概意思，却没有真正背熟单词的拼写，对很多拼写相近的词汇都很容易混淆含义，更不用说拼写正确用到写作里面了。小编一直认为考生对托福写作词汇记忆的要求需要制定得更高一些，常用词汇至少要保证正确拼写的水平，这样才能用这些词汇为写作贡献一份力量。
2. 词汇搭配用错是没仔细看用法例句
这个问题同样牵涉到词汇记忆深度的问题。比起那些只记住了表面意思的情况当然要好一些，但搭配用错其实仍然是大家没有把词汇掌握得足够深入的表现，可能考生背单词更重视单个词汇的含义，对于词汇涉及到的常见搭配以及用法例句都没有仔细看过，所以这些词汇看着知道意思，但实际一用半桶水就彻底暴露出来了。和上一条一样，小编仍然建议大家专门花时间背一些托福写作“特供”词汇，这些词汇不仅要掌握意思，也需要了解其常用的搭配方式，并通过实际例句来学习其正确用法，为写作词汇做好充分准备。
3. 眼高手低没实际使用过这些词汇
这个情况比前面两个情况稍好一些，但也同样会造成用词扣分。考生可能的确掌握了一部分写作专用词汇，但在实际写文章的过程中并没有或者很少使用这些词汇，一方面缺乏实际运用的经验，另一方面则是根本想不起来用这些新词，一碰到没词的情况第一反应还是选用那些自己以前用过的词汇，不知不觉中仍然处于排挤新词的阶段，而老词无意识地反复使用也就导致了扣分。解决这个问题的方法再于强迫自己用新词来写作文，大家可以给自己定一个目标，在写作练习时必须把新掌握的专属词汇用到文章里，或者围绕这些词汇来进行造句练习，结合自己的写作习惯把这些新词通过反复练习磨合真正加入到自己的用词储备中，这些到了实际要用的时候就可以及时反应过来，重复用词的问题就能得到解决了。
避免托福写作用词问题本质在于建立专属词汇库
说了这么多，小编相信大家也应该发现了，其实想要避免托福写作的用词扣分问题，本质上来说解决方法在于准备一个专门用于托福写作的词汇库。这些词汇可以是从单词书上发现的词汇，也可以是大家在平时阅读做练习过程中见过的词汇。无论词汇来源如何，大家要保证对这些词汇的深度掌握，从拼写、搭配、例句和实际运用经验等多个方面来彻底掌握这个词汇库。具体词汇库的大小可以因人而异，但考生一定要把这部分词汇的学习记忆独立出来，以更高的要求来背诵和使用它们，不要和其它词汇一起记。这样建立起来的词汇库才能真正为写作所用，彻底杜绝作文用词扣分的问题。
总而言之，托福写作中的用词问题其实都是可以解决的，深度掌握加上考试细心就是最好的应对方法。上文中提到的关于托福写作专属词汇库的概念，小编希望大家能够认真了解一下，相信对于大家的写作提分会很有帮助。
托福写作作文：creat a holiday
Holidays honor people or events. If you could create a new holiday, what person or event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
托福独立写作范文
October 24 is Union Nations Day. This day is noted in the calendars, but not observed as a holiday around the world. I want the entire world to celebrate the birth of the United Nations because of its attempts to promote peace, education, and health around the world.
Peace is the most important thing that we can have today. The sooner that we can stop war the sooner we can all have better lives. There are countries around the world that have been at war for generations. In some of these countries, UN Peacekeepers have temporarily stopped the violence so people can go about their lives. If this peace could be made lasting, the lives of these citizens would be much richer.
The UN actively works to promote education. Universal literacy is one of its important goals. Every child in the world deserves to know how to read and write. The UN is also involved in job training for adults. The age of information technology demands new job skills. The UN works with continuing education programs around the world so workers are not left out of the job market.
The UN has played an instrumental role in the eradication of smallpox. Polio vaccines and AIDS-awareness programs have also helped reduce the incidence of these diseases. There is a lot to be done in these areas.
Much of the work of the UN is unknown and underappreciated. If we want to live in a peaceful world, where every child can attend school and where every citizen has access to health care, we need to support the work of the UN. We need to recognize its importance and celebrate its birthday
托福写作范文背诵之Why do you think people attend college or university
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
范文：
People attend colleges or universities for a lot of different reasons. I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and the world around them.
Career preparation is becoming more and more important to young people. For many, this is the primary reason to go to college, They know that the job market is competitive. At college, they can learn new skill for careers with a lot of opportunities. This means careers, such as information technology, that are expected to need a large workforce in the coming years.
Also, students go to colleges and universities to have new experiences. This often means having the opportunity to meet people different from those in their hometowns. For most students, going to college is the first time they've been away from home by themselves. In additions, this is the first time they've had to make decisions on their own. Making these decisions increases their knowledge of themselves.
Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to expand their knowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many, this will be their last chance for a long time to learn about something that doesn't relate to their career.
I would recommend that people not be so focused on a career. They should go to college to have new experiences and learn about themselves and the world they live in.
托福听力3大常见扣分问题
听力发音扣分问题分析
托福听力备考考生首先要解决的就是发音方面的问题，也就是纠正发音。如果存在自己脑袋里的单词发音本来就是错误的，那你怎么能要求自己能听出正确的发音呢?当录音中读出一个正确的音，而考生还觉得是错的，或者压根听不懂听不出来，那么发音问题就很严重了。举个最简单的例子，receipt中的P是不发音的，但是很多学生仍然认为P是发音的，在这种情况下，考生又怎么能听懂文章呢?所以在托福听力备考中一定要注意词汇的发音问题。
应对方案：
跟读音频(不仅要读对，最好读的速度都跟上)，模仿音频的发音，慢慢纠正自己的发音。
2.听力记不住如何做笔记?
对于托福听力部分是否要记笔记的问题也让很多同学觉得很纠结。记笔记的话怕时间不够或者漏了细节，不记笔记又担心自己没法全部记住，的确很苦恼。那么如何决定做听力是否要记笔记呢?
应对方案：
首先大家要知道笔记只是一个辅助性的工具，笔记本身是没有任何意义的，甚至考试后就会被粉碎。那么到底该不该记笔记?答案是需要，但是也需要因人而异。对于大部分学生来说，在托福听力练习和考试中笔记是需要的，它帮助我们记住框架以及一些细节题，但是笔记要做好是需要时间来练习的。因此建议大家在练习中多进行练习，尽早养成边听边记的习惯。而对于少数听力已经颇有水平，记忆力也足以在没有笔记情况下确保记住听力材料所有内容的高手来说，做笔记其实并非必要。
3.听懂但不理解问题
也有些同学觉得自己的托福词汇量明明足够，而且似乎听懂了这题，但是一选出来答案还是出错，怎么想也想不明白。而这种看似听懂却还没做对的情况最容易出现在托福听力的imply和infer题中。
应对方案：
这类问题其实从本质上来说并非听力问题，而是考生理解方式的问题。简单来说，就是考生的思维方式还没有习惯从native speaker的角度来理解听力内容。建议大家不要根据自己的思维方式去理解外国人的思维方式。想要提升理解力，不妨多做一些托福听力中的暗示推理题，揣摩这类题的出题规律及错误选项的规律从而学会应对。
托福听力：28分考生有什么共性
听力28分的学生有什么特点?
好多学生托福听力取得了28分以上的好成绩，有的是预料之中的必然，有的是预料之外的惊喜。和朋友聊天，谈到了不同分数的考生学习习惯的差异。我觉得很有意思，于是根据带过的高分案例，分析一下听力在28分或以上的考生有什么特点。听力分数还不到28的考生，可以参考一下，说不定，下一个高分就是你。
我把听力高分划分为三个层次:
第1层：必然的听力高分
英语功底非常扎实，首考过100，阅读和听力分数差距很小。
第2层：努力的听力高分
首考成绩低于100，经过长期练习，终破百，阅读和听力差距很小。
第3层：意外的听力高分
分数低于100，听力高于阅读5-10分，但是听力分数非常不稳定。
、二类都是英语功底很扎实的考生。第三类考生，听力分数不稳定，高分有时候有很大的运气成分，比如题目顺手或状态很好，但是遇到不理想的状况时，听力分数会跌破24分。今天，我就以、二类的高分学员为实例进行分析，高分学员比如，30分，听力29分，听力28分.....这些同学分数都在100以上，另外有三个同学110以上。
爱思考，并尝试解决问题
首先要说明一点，高分学员并不是在听力上没有问题，而是遇到问题一定会设法解决，不带着问题上考场。很多时候，大家惊异于他们为什么分数那么高，而往往忽略他们在平时的付出。
许同学，之前听力分数不是太高，上完次听力课后，晚上在家里按照方法做了好几篇练习，半夜，忽然很兴奋的明白了：我之前听讲座时一直没有抓住逻辑链，在后面的时间里，他一直保持练习，不断地弥补自己的不足。紧接着参加考试，听力获得28分，后一次考试取得了29分。
还有一位谭同学，一个狂爱思考的大男孩。遇到不理解的题目，从来不放过，先自己琢磨，琢磨不透时就问老师，总之不留疑点，渐渐地从二十左右攀升至27分。
心态良好，均衡努力
每个人都有惰性，也都有高分梦。但是真正高分的考生都知道高分不是一蹴而就的，需要坚持，也需要合理分配时间。分数高不代表没有惰性，而是有所节制，能分清轻重缓急。严重有惰性但是渴望高分的考生往往都有“速成”的幻想，指望着“名师”，指望着“技巧”帮自己摘得高分。热血上来，通宵且达旦，激情退去，懒散如睡狗，这种忽冷忽热的练习对听力来说，没有什么太大的作用。要保持良好的心态，把练习任务分配到每一天。
今年为了练习听力，每天坚持练习，在首考中分别取得了30分和29分。另外，胡同学听力提升了11分，廉同学听力从20分出头提升到27分，这些孩子平时都很忙，除了忙托福，还要应付学校功课，有的还在学习SAT和ACT，真的是每天挤出时间做听力。
谈到心态，我不得不提一下范同学。起初，孩子并不是游刃有余地备考托福。我印象比较深刻的是他背单词的事情。的孩子不会认为单词是可以一次性瞬间背过的，他们会接受“人类背了单词会遗忘”的事实，并利用零碎时间不断地背诵不断地复习。范同学硬是把托福必背7000词啃了下来。这种韧劲也促成了他后面取得的听力30分。
要想取得听力28分或以上，考生需要的不只是方法，还需要一种能力，一种思考的能力，更需要一种心态，一种良好的心态。如果你自己做不来，就找人盯着你做吧。
托福|听力备考：要重视强调句
1)含义强调
听段子时，要特别注意那些“本身含义上就给我们以震撼或触动的词或结构”。比如：“Especially”一词后面的内容一定是考点，因为它本身就表示“尤其是”，体现了ETS的“求异思想”。再比如：“new theory”周围也一定存在考点，因为这体现了ETS的“求新思想”。
有时ETS 为强调某事，还特意用一些极其显而易见的表达方式提醒我们，例如：“indeed(真正得)”、“certainly(当然)”、“Just remember(一定要记住)”、“And again.(再说一遍)”、“special feature(特殊的特征)”、“Most importantly(为重要的是)”、“One thing I should mention(我应该提及的是……)”、“Make / Be sure to…(一定要……)”等等。更多的含义强调词还靠大家自己积累和体会。
2)解释强调
要特别注意那些“本身含义上带有解释性质的词或结构”。比如：“…, which is / that is…(那就是说……)”显然，“which is / that is…”引导的定语从句是ETS为防止我们考生听不懂前面的内容(生僻的词或概念)，而特意添加上去，用来进一步加以解释的。
所以这种解释性的定语从句理所当然就成了强调考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构如“What I mean is…”、“All that means is…”等等不胜枚举。
3)举例强调
要特别注意那些“带有举例或列举性质的词或结构”。比如：“for example…(例如……)”因为例子总比道理简单易懂得多。ETS清楚地知道：考生明白了后面的举例，自然也就理解了前面的概念，然后再考前面的概念也就顺理成章了。
这点显然跟解释原则类似。所以这种举例或列举式的结构也成了强调考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构如“for instance”、“such as…”“namely…”、“as an example”、“take example for ”等等不胜枚举。
4)级别强调
听段子时，要特别注意那些“带有级别比较(比较级或)性质的词或结构”。比如：“much higher than…(比……高得多)”，因为有比较就有观点，是观点就是考点。
所以这种带有级别比较(比较级或)性质的词或结构也成了表明考点所在的重要标志。类似的结构还有“-er”、“-est”“more”、“most”、“mostly”、“first”、“last”、“majority(多数派)”、“minority(少数派)”、“above all(首要的是)”等等举不胜举。
5)结论强调
听段子时，要特别注意那些“带有结论、总结性质的词或结构”。比如：“I concluded that…(我的结论是……)”，不可否认，结论性言语在哪里都是重要的，所以这种带有结论、总结性质的词或结构也标志着考点的存在。
类似的结构还有“conclusion”、“summarize”、“make a summary(总结)”、“in brief(概括说)”、“in short(简而言之)”、“in a word(简而言之)”、“in a conclusion”、“finally”、“all in all”、“to sum up”等等举不胜举。
6)对比强调
听段子时，还要特别注意那些“带有对比性质的词或结构”。比如：“compare to…(与……相比)”这种带有对比性质的词或结构也标志着考点就在周围。类似的结构还有“unlike(不象)”、“similar to(与……类似)”、“in contrast to(与……对照)”、“differently”、“alike(象)”、“resemble(类似)” “on the other hand” “instead” “likewise” “in the same way”等等。
托福
记住你的举例一定要死死扣住你的GRE作文观点，不要是和观点打擦边球的。
例子一定要从论点出发，再回到论点。不要将你的论点发散，后果很可能就是越写越跑题。所以每次写好一篇文章，都看看，论据里的 key words 是不是和论点里的 key words 一样，论点里的 key words 又是不是和题目里的key words一样。你的 key words 可以比大题里的 key words 更加narrow，但是千万不要更加广泛。
GRE写作高分范文：批判性思维
GRE写作范文：
Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.
I must say that I reject this statement. While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it. Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so. To do so would be tantamount to adopting a fatalistic approach; I think most people would reject that.
Technology has helped, and it has hurt. Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.
Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life
without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?
What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.
Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hosptal, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to
第二段：
(概述科技的两面性)Technology has helped, and it has hurt. (具体讨论科技的贡献)Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. (具体讨论科技的危害)But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. (表明已考虑到科技的危害，但是依然坚持自己立场)And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.
第三段：
(提出反方的立场)Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. (通过具体论据反驳反方的观点)But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?
第四段：
(在第三段驳论的基础上进一步立论)What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.
第五段：
Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. (指出支持观点存在的一点不足)But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. (解决方案)We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hospital, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.
gre满分作文重点：Critical Thinking.当然，提高critical thinking能力的同时，也很有必要包装语言。
GRE写作：短期内怎样提高
Argument句型
开头
In this analysis, the arguer claims that …should …To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of …where …In addition, the arguer assumes that …This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
正文：
For instance …since …what’s more …etc.
and how well it represented the public opinions..
The sample of the survey is not representative.
(样本太小)
the sample is too small to...
(光数字没比例)
the ratio of four to six
there is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?
Insufficient Sample
If the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]
The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.
It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.
有的病人会对抗生素过敏
the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that就算怎样，也不怎样
The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.
循环假设
The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …
结尾：
other possible causes of the …
To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.
GRE
托福独立写作常见扣分原因盘点分析 提升作文成绩先解决2个问题
托福独立写作如何避免论述逻辑出错?
首先要说的是托福独立写作的论述逻辑问题。大家都知道独立写作从文章要求上来看其实是比较标准的立论文，也就是给出一个题目，考生自己选择一个观点进行展开论述的写作要求。而作为论述文章逻辑自然是非常重要的。无论是文章整体的逻辑，还是各个展开段落的逻辑以及段落之间的逻辑，考生都需要把握好才能避免在逻辑论述的环节扣分。中国考生在写议论文时候的思路一般都是按照顺序first, second这样的方式来展开。但开头之后具体内容其实跟这个顺序都扯不上关系。不仅每个段落自己之间无法实现逻辑自洽，段落之间更是没有合理的逻辑联系，这样的论述被扣分一点都不奇怪。
想要避免论述逻辑出错，最好的方法就是进行列提纲的训练。无论是实际动笔还是只看作文题目进行训练，考生都可以尝试先列出自己的思路提纲，然后再进行后续展开。具体来说，每看到一个话题想出自己的观点，接下来大家要做的就是展开这个观点，提出几个分论点，确保分论点能够支持自己的观点，同时分论点之间也需要有相互联系，可以是递进的顺序，也可以是让步或者并列等顺序。总之保持一个整体和个体之间的合理逻辑链，这样通过这种提纲写出来的文章自然就会具备较好的逻辑，因为论述逻辑而产生的作文扣分现象也可以得到有效避免。
托福独立写作怎样减少文章内容扣分?
文章内容扣分其实是一个比较笼统的说法，具体来说词汇、语法、句式、举例等等从小到大的扣分都可以属于内容方面的扣分。比如最基本的拼写错误和语法问题，按照ETS给出的独立写作评分标准来看，少量的出错都不会造成扣分，但如果数量较多且集中出现在开头结尾段这样明显的地方，那毫无疑问就会被扣掉一些分数。另外句式和论据素材的错误使用也会造成扣分。
为了避免各类文章内容的扣分，考生需要掌握不同问题的应对方法。比如词汇拼写错误，考生可以通过写完文章后检查的方式来发现错误及时改正，而语法问题也可以通过及时检查来避免。另外句式和素材方面的问题其实考生都可以在备考过程中就发现和避免。大家可以提前背出一些比较优质的精选句式和论据素材作为储备，结合具体作文题目使用，这样就能避免临时用一些自己没把握不熟悉的句式论据所造成的错误扣分问题了。
对于上述两种在托福独立写作中比较常见的扣分问题，避免应对的方法小编就为大家介绍到这里。考生如果还在苦恼于自己的写作成绩难以提升，那么不妨参考学习一下本文内容，也许会给你带来一些启发和帮助。
托福写作考试会遇到的难点
一、英语基本功
在写作备考中要有计划地、合理地增加词汇量。多读范文，如果考试时间临近，可以选用背诵范文的方法，虽然辛苦一点，但是还是有效的。曾经一位哲学家讲过这样一个故事，说人的一生都会面对以下五个名词：爱人、家庭、工作、健康、朋友 (lover, family, career, health, friend )。打个比方，如果把这五个方面比喻成为五个球的话，只有健康是玻璃球，其他四个全都是橡皮球，即使不小心弄掉了，还是会反弹回来，而健康却是一旦落地，满盘皆输，没有任何办法补救。听过这样的故事，你不但很容易弄懂其中的道理，这几个英文单词也不会离你远去了。
二、中文式的翻译
有的句子恐怕只有中国人才能理解是什么意思，究其原因就是生硬地翻译了汉语表达方式。受汉语文化影响，我们博大精深的语言在我们的头脑中已经根深蒂固，人的逻辑思维很奇怪，一旦我们每天的思维习惯已经养成，你很难在短时间内进行改变。外国人开始崇拜汉文化，开始学习我们的语言，孔子学院也应因而生，这对推广我们的文化是好的，但是托福考试是对英语的测试，只有26个字母。我见过很多有趣的中文式的翻译，比如把“黑社会”翻译成“black society”，还有把“八卦”说成“eight hang”的，等等。
建议：多听。当然是听英文，这里做个广告，重点推荐friends系列。学语言的顺序一定是听说读写，听就是对语境和语感的最好提高，考生可以尽可能地找一些英文的短片来欣赏，学到英语的同时也娱乐了自己，一举两得。
三、套路化痕迹明显
这里的套路，就是templates。很多老师授课过程中刻意突出写作套路，学生也千方百计背诵写作套路，导致展现在阅卷官面前的作文框架甚至很多语句千篇 一律、如出一辙，从而极大地损害了得分。模板固然有用，但是针对first draft的观念，文章的亮点就看不到了。
建议：考生可以暂时抛开托福考试，从blog或者日记开始，每天用英文进行托福写作练习，尽情地把你对社会的情绪和对学校的不满写出来，发泄出来。这个练习会让你的文章逐渐符合first draft的要求。
四、通篇框架散乱
这个需要在练习中逐步提高。我们在写作之前，尤其是针对task2，最重要的工作就是构思。一般来说，在3-4分钟时间之内，我们需要一个相对合理的构思和一个绝对稳定的结构，如果两者都做到了，整个文章的框架就自然很清晰了。
一般考生出现文章框架混乱有以下原因：有的是没有进行完整的审题和构思练习，文章写的内容和结构都凌乱不堪;还有的是文章结构很好，但是构思的时候过于匆忙或者紧张，论证不够完整，举例也不合理。这些也是一般中国考生在考试中最常出现的问题。
托福写作题目解析：学生交友的最佳方式
本周题目
Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends?
1) Joining a sports team
2) Doing community activities
3) Travelling
参考范文
I think that joining a sports team is a wonderful way to make friends. Members of a sports team are working towards a common goal and share at least one interest, so there is a greater chance that they will want to do things outside of the sport together as well.
Students on a sports team need to work together for a common goal, which is usually winning games against other teams. Therefore, it is best for the team if everyone works together and helps each other improve. To do so, it is necessary to talk and find out the strengths and interests of other members. In other words, communication is necessary for a team to succeed.
Communicating is the first step in becoming friends, because once the ice is broken, it is possible to extend the conversation to other areas of interest. Members of a sports team may be friendly to new players because they want the new person to be just as committed to the goal; success is only possible when members trust each other. Therefore, the need to work together encourages positive interactions.
To become friends, though, takes more than conversations; friends need to have interests in common. Members of a sports team have at least one interest in common, the sport. If it is a school team, then the students are about the same age and share the same school. From these starting points it is possible to find other similarities. Those similarities make it easier to become and maintain friends. For example, members of the team might go out for pizza after a game and talk about their performance, and people who are morealike will sit together and become friends. By contrast, two people with nothing in common could politely share a meal, but they will not pursue the relationship once the meal is over.
The other advantage of making friends in sports team is that the chances of other contact are greater. Members of a team may go to the same school or live in the same neighborhood. Therefore, it is possible to meet the friend outside of the sports activity, allowing the relationship to grow. Compare the opportunities of team members who live nearby to the opportunities of friends who live far apart. It is harder for people who can only meet once a year or so to establish a new, deep friendship. Even with new technology, a conversation will not be the same online as it is in person.
Therefore, joining a sports team is one of the best ways for a student to form new friendships. A sports team offers the opportunity to meet people with at least one similar interest who are all working towards a common goal. Sports team members need to meet regularly to practice, so they also live close enough to meet regularly outside of the sport. These factors are all essential for developing new friends.
词句积累
a common goal 共同的目标
be committed to 致力于
positive interactions 积极的互动
be about 大约
be alike 相似的
pursue the relationship 继续维持关系
in person 亲自
