下面就是小编给大家整理的托福阅读得分比实际高，托福容错率分析（共含4篇），希望您能喜欢！同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“徐庆华k4”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读得分比实际高，托福容错率分析
托福阅读25分容错率观点罗列
托福阅读25分错几个?网上有这么几种不同的观点：
A：保证托福阅读25分以上最多错6-8个;
B：在总题目44-45分的基础上，对39个错5-6个，托福阅读就可以拿到25分;
C：也有人说在没有空题的情况下可以错3-6个;
D：要看题目难度和考生整体水平即平均分，每次考试容差率不同。
以上几种观点到底是否准确呢?
稍安勿躁。这里，先给大家普及一下，什么是容错率。托福阅读容错率就是指根据题目的难度允许错却不扣分的题目。一般来说除了最后一道题，容错率为一题。
结合数据分析托福阅读容错率
我们都知道，托福阅读有三篇文章，总共42道题。除每篇文章的最后一题每题2分之外，其他题目都是每题一分。所以说托福阅读部分的原始总分是45分。而原始分与最终成绩之间有个对应关系。如表格所示：
根据上面表格的分数对应关系，托福阅读如果想要拿到25分，原始分就要拿到39分，那么，同学们想要拿到39分的原始分，至多可以错几道题呢?
托福阅读25分容错率情况详细解读
首先，在每篇文章最后一道题全部作对的情况下，原始分要39分那么基础题可以错6道题，也就是说在这种情况下托福阅读25分错6个题目。
其次，在每篇文章最后一道题全部做错的情况下，已经扣6分，原始分得分为39分，转换成最终成绩恰好是25分。在这种情况下托福阅读25分只能错3道大题，基础题一道都不能错。
第三种就是比较复杂的情况了。三道“6选3”大题，如果其中一道题选错一个选项即扣一分，而其他两道题没错，那么错5个基础题就能拿到托福阅读25分;如果错两个选项此题没法即扣两分，其他两道题没错，那么错4个基础题也能拿到托福阅读25分。
三道题中一题全对、一题全错、一题错一个选项，或者是每题选错一个选项，都要扣3分，那么基础题则错3个托福阅读即可得25分。以此类推，想要托福阅读25分，原始分必须为39分，错3-6个题，所以说最多可错6道题。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目1
PASSAGE 17
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word They in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler
than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) gradient (line 8)
(C) incubation (line 15)
(D) embryo (line 22)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目2
PASSAGE 18
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.
Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliff Céol lege, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the great women theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on great men. To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of literature in early American histories
(B) The place of American women in written histories
(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women
(D) The great women approach to history used by American historians
2. The word contemporary in line 6 means that the history was
(A) informative
(B) written at that time
(C) thoughtful
(D) faultfinding
3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that
(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage
(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored
(C) only three women were able to get their writing published
(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women
4. The word celebratory in line 12 means that the writings referred to were
(A) related to parties
(B) religious
(C) serious
(D) full of praise
5. The word they in line 12 refers to
(A) efforts
(B) authors
(C) counterparts
(D) sources
6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point
out?
(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities
(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.
(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.
(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.
7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely
have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?
(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results
(B) Biographies of John Adams
(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem
(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college
8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger
Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?
(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia
(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.
(C) They provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers.
(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.
9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century great women EXCEPT
(A) authors
(B) reformers
(C) activists for women's rights
(D) politicians
10. The word representative in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目3
PASSAGE 19
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.
Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.
2. The word they in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the
following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of
North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of
the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the
growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern
cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
答案：BBDDC DCBCA C
托福阅读错题得分容错率数据分析 阅读上25分能错几个?
托福阅读25分容错率观点罗列
托福阅读25分错几个?网上有这么几种不同的观点：
A：保证托福阅读25分以上最多错6-8个;
B：在总题目44-45分的基础上，对39个错5-6个，托福阅读就可以拿到25分;
C：也有人说在没有空题的情况下可以错3-6个;
D：要看题目难度和考生整体水平即平均分，每次考试容差率不同。
以上几种观点到底是否准确呢?
稍安勿躁。这里，先给大家普及一下，什么是容错率。托福阅读容错率就是指根据题目的难度允许错却不扣分的题目。一般来说除了最后一道题，容错率为一题。
结合数据分析托福阅读容错率
我们都知道，托福阅读有三篇文章，总共42道题。除每篇文章的最后一题每题2分之外，其他题目都是每题一分。所以说托福阅读部分的原始总分是45分。而原始分与最终成绩之间有个对应关系。如表格所示：
根据上面表格的分数对应关系，托福阅读如果想要拿到25分，原始分就要拿到39分，那么，同学们想要拿到39分的原始分，至多可以错几道题呢?
托福阅读25分容错率情况详细解读
首先，在每篇文章最后一道题全部作对的情况下，原始分要39分那么基础题可以错6道题，也就是说在这种情况下托福阅读25分错6个题目。
其次，在每篇文章最后一道题全部做错的情况下，已经扣6分，原始分得分为39分，转换成最终成绩恰好是25分。在这种情况下托福阅读25分只能错3道大题，基础题一道都不能错。
第三种就是比较复杂的情况了。三道“6选3”大题，如果其中一道题选错一个选项即扣一分，而其他两道题没错，那么错5个基础题就能拿到托福阅读25分;如果错两个选项此题没法即扣两分，其他两道题没错，那么错4个基础题也能拿到托福阅读25分。
三道题中一题全对、一题全错、一题错一个选项，或者是每题选错一个选项，都要扣3分，那么基础题则错3个托福阅读即可得25分。以此类推，想要托福阅读25分，原始分必须为39分，错3-6个题，所以说最多可错6道题。
托福阅读备考中的三个注意事项
1.考前没有认真背单词
单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多vocabulary的题目的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。而且，考生考T是为了什么?不就是为了出国吗?从这个根本目标出发，单词的积累也是重要的。或许有人会问，看哪本托福词汇书?实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题。关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。有人或许会问，专业词汇到底看不看，看的话当然最好，不看实际上也不影响理解文章并解答题目。如果考生时间比较紧张的话，还是建议不要背了，毕竟背单词是一个很杀时间的事情。
2.考前没有适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式
其实要想适应托福考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读文章。这里必须要强烈推荐TPO，原因对付阅读需要把ETS出题的角度和考题给出的正确选项都研究透了，才能保证练习的质量，也是真正可以提高咱们阅读能力的途径。
多问自己几个为什么，不要对完答案就把这篇阅读文章扔到一边，否则我们做再多的阅读针对性练习也只是为了寻求一种无谓的placebo effect.
3.注意到TOEFL考试的字体
每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的，某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感，等到考试的时候，看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样，可能会感到很别扭，很不习惯。这种情绪和考试中的紧张一结合可能会影响到考生的临场发挥，影响到最后的成绩。所以，还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial，这样与考试中英文字符的字体一样，到了考试的时候就会感到很亲切。很适应。
怎样提升托福阅读的审题速度
我们对一个句子的理解，有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子，会首先确定单词。这个时间很快，快到我们反映不过来，不过语言学家们已经证实有这个过程。在托福考试中，确定单词后，大脑会反应单词的意思。最先反应的是经常用到的意思。比如Theoldmantheboat.
这里，眼睛定位单词后，大脑迅速把oldman认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看，感觉不对，才会回头去分析这个句子。
这个理论标明，大脑中的高频词，直接影响对句子的理解。应用到IBT考试中，各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下，比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢，地理的地壳、X.X.X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词，副词。说起来很多，其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇，可以发现这些词语重复率很高。
另外，人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子)，只能理解句子的越前面，造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。中文不行，其他各种语言本人水平有限，不知道)
从小孩子的实验来看，3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如：Puttheforgontheredpaperinthebox.孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到，阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了，没有看完。是，非常有趣的现象是，这句话说给小孩子听的时候，100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择-即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。语言学给出了解释，影响人们认知句子的，还有语音。
根据这个实验推出了一个有理论依据的猜测：阅读时候习惯读出声来的，会对句子的理解偏靠语音。从而对直接阅读句子的能力下降。很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读，感觉这样可以加深理解。但是，如果花了30分钟在阅和读上，那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过看的时间。
许多同学喜欢边看边读，结果习惯了，看文章的时候，眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语，很熟悉很熟悉，但是语音还没读到那个单词上，思维就卡住了，直到读出了那个单词才知道这个单词的意思。可以看到，对语音很依赖了。这个现象非常危险。
朗读的速度太慢了，浪费时间。而且ETS给出的文章中有大量故意制造的难句，就像刚才的例子：Theoldmantheboat，肯定要导致回头重读。时间是不够的。所以，托福阅读审题的时候，千万不要边看边读，或边看边读的时间超过了阅读时间。
托福阅读的复习规划是什么
托福阅读考试中许多考生认为阅读文章时必须要读懂每字每句，事实上这是不必要的。托福阅读考试中，即使遇到陌生的词，但是根据上下文的意思以及自己的一些常识判断，也不太会影响对文章的理解。
在托福阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位(locate)信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于复习的时间安排，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习。复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求(requirement)，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences，Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。
还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。
托福阅读得分总是比听力高?问题不在难度问题而在学习方法
托福听力得分低于阅读问题在学习方法
托福分数当前已经处于89-100分数段的同学，一般来讲英语基础都很不错，89-100分已经算是托福的高分，只是这个分数还不够有竞争力，所以大家还不能就此止步。国内体系(非国际部国际学校)培养出来的学生，通常更擅长托福阅读，因为教学体系不重视听力，分数上阅读远远比听力更有竞争力。阅读比听力高，这说明大家的基础语法和词汇没问题，但是存在在相当量的阅读能看懂的信息，听力是听不懂的。但是有阅读成绩打前锋，意味着听力一定可以追上阅读。
提升听力得分要建立词汇听觉形象
那么解决方案第一步，再过一轮托福词汇，这一轮必须校准发音，而且背诵的时候，要一边大声读，一边背。声音要大，自己低声嘟囔不算。只有背词的时候建立听觉形象，听到的时候才可能听懂。
全文跟读提升听力语感
解决方案第二步，每次只要刷完托福官方模考真题，改完错后，必须进行全文跟读。听一句原文，眼睛看着文本读一句，再听下一句。如此往复，旨在校准发音，建立语感。
通过上述方法，小编相信大家都能把托福听力的水平和得分提高到阅读的水准，这样一来大家的托福考试成绩也就能获得长足的进步了。
托福听力：听力考试的精彩句子
具体的句子如下：
leave no stone unturned 不遗余力;全力以赴
——Lynn left no stone unturned in her research, and handed in an excellent paper.(Lynn全力以赴做她的研究，交了一篇优秀的论文。)
eg：on cloud nine 沉浸在幸福之中;非常高兴
——Marcia looks like she's on cloud nine.Do you know what made her so happy? (Marcia好象沉浸在幸福之中。你知道她为什么这么高兴吗?)
——She just had a paper accepted for publication.(她有一篇文章要发表了。)
eg：on the tip of one's tongue 一时想不起来，话到嘴边又忘记
——Are you sure you can't remember the name of that record? (你肯定记不起来那张唱片的名字吗?)
——It's just on the tip of my tongue! (我就是一时想不起来了。
eg：reach the bottom of the barrel 用完，弹尽粮绝
——Don't you have any other clean shirts? (你还有其它干净衬衫吗?)
——I guess I've reached the bottom of the barrel.(我想我已经用完了。)
eg：rub sb.the wrong way 使(某人)有点恼火;惹怒;引起反感;烦扰，打搅
——What do you think of our new economics instructor? (你觉得新经济学老师怎么样?)
——I don't know.Something about him rubs me the wrong way.(不知怎么的，他有点让我反感。)
eg：scratch the surface 只懂皮毛，很不了解(通常和限制性副词如only, hardly等词连用)
——You've certainly done a lot of research for your project.(你显然对你的课题做了不少研究。)
——It seems like a lot, but actually I've only scratched the surface.(看上去不少，但事实上我只懂一些毛皮。)
eg：up in the air 尚未决定的;捉摸不定的;悬而未决的
——Her plans for the weekend are still up in the air.(她尚未决定如何度过这个周末。)
eg：wear and tear 磨损;消耗
——Why do you always put on slippers when you go into your apartment? (为什么你老是一进公寓就穿上拖鞋?)
——It saves wear and tear on the carpet.(拖鞋不磨损地毯。)
eg：with flying colors 大获全胜;胜利地
——How did Ellen do on her Ancient History exam? (Ellen古代史考得怎么样?)
——She passed with flying colors.(她考得好极了。)
eg：get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利;一开始就犯了个错误
Model：[1995.5.]
——I hate to get off on the wrong foot.(我讨厌一开始就犯错误。)
eg：get on someone's nerves 使人不安，使人心烦
Model：[.8.]
——Why did you come to the meeting late? I left a message with your roommate about the time change.(为什么你开会迟到?我让你的同屋告诉你改时间的事了。)
——She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerves sometimes.(她记性不好，有时真让我心烦。)
eg：give someone a break 不要去管，饶了某人吧
Model：[1994.5.]
——Give me a break.I'm nervous enough as it is.(不要管我，我已经够紧张了。)
eg：head and shoulders above (在…方面)强于某人
Model：[1991.10.]
——In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.(在计算机编程上，Susan比我们强。)
eg：in the red 赤字，负债
Model：[1996.5.]
——So far the clubs are about three hundred dollars in the red, and we still have four months to go before membership renewal.( 到目前为止，俱乐部有300元赤字，然而还有4个月才到交会员费的时间。)
——Well, we may have to raise our dues.(那么，我们必须提高会员费了。)
eg：in the dark 一无所知;不了解情况
Model：[1994.1.]
——Do you have any idea what this notice is about? (你知道这通知讲的是什么吗?)
——I'm as in the dark as you are.(我也跟你一样不了解情况。)
托福听力：精听与泛听的结合
材料的选择
精听的选材很重要，比如托福听力历年的真题，SSS等，就是很好的精听素材。而且精听的练习要选择比较集中的时间，严格按照考试时间进行答题，答完题之后进行详细精听。泛听与精听所不同的是，泛听可以广泛灵活的选择听力素材。每天可以抽出半个小时，新概念英语、托福听力练习，BBC、CNN等都可以拿来听。
练习步骤
精听是指一边听一边看着原文，手上拿着笔，划出自己不认识或似曾相识但反应不过来的词，一边放录音，并且嘴上跟读，反复几遍，一直听到可以不看原文彻底听懂为止。泛听不用像精听那样每个细节都得突破，只需要把握住整体的语流，听懂说话人的大概意思就可以。而高质量的泛听，指的是必须全神贯注的听。
精听泛听相结合
在准备托福听力的时候可以采用“粗细结合”的方法来解决托福听力的语音问题。所谓的“ 精细相结合“指的是精听和泛听相结合，指在进行大量泛听的同时，选定某些段子进行精听。通过精听可以掌握单词的弱读、连读、爆破和省略等语音规则;而泛听帮助我们处于一个英语的环境之中，练习自己发音的语调和语感。
注意事项
无论是精听还是泛听的练习都要避免以下这七种误区。第一只做题。不可否认的，无论什么样的方法，托福听力水平提高的最后落脚点还是会放在“听”本身上，只有足够的题量用来把耳朵叫醒，才能在考试的时候事半功倍。第二，无解析。只有有了准确精辟的听力材料解析，才能使考生们明白，何处对，和出错，该如何改进才能提高托福听力的实力。第三，贪图量。高质量的听才是提高托福听力能力的唯一标准。第四，没分类。通过对听力进行分类练习帮助同学们对听力的整体有更好的把握。第五，只一遍，对于听力不进行反复的听，只听一遍是没有任何作用的。第六，缺精选。在进行训练的时候一定要针对托福的经典的话题进行，只有对这些熟悉了，对托福听力才有帮助。第七，看不懂。看不懂听力原文要想办法让自己把这些内容都弄懂。
托福阅读压轴大题难度高得分率低?总结题型答题技巧思路精讲
托福阅读总结题(Prose Summary)题型特点分析
想要做好托福阅读总结题，考生需要对这个题型的特点有较为全面深刻的认识。总结题的特点主要有这几点：
1. 必然是最后一题
托福阅读总结题必然是一篇托福文章14道左右题目中的最后一题，只会出现在结尾位置，考生不用担心会在做题过程当中遇到这一题型。
2. 和图表题只会2选1不会同时出现
作为每篇阅读的压底题型，总结题和图表题每次只会出现其中一个题型，两个题型不会同时出现在一篇阅读中。另外，就近期考生反馈来看，总结题出现的频率要远高于图表题，这也是本文重点讲解总结题的主要原因。
3. 分值较高算分方式独特
总结题不同于托福阅读其它题型，在计分方式上其它阅读题每题都是1分，而总结题的满分则是2分。总结题需要考生从6个选项中选出3个正确选项。1个都没选对或者只选对1个选项不得分。选对2个选项得1分，3个选项都选对才能得到2分。
4. 考点涉及整篇文章而非单独段落
总结题的考点涉及整篇文章，一般是对文章整体结构内容主旨提问，不同于其它阅读题型一般只围绕单个词汇表达或者特定段落而提分，这也是总结题的难点所在。
托福阅读总结题解题思路分析
那么，面对这个独特而有难度的题型，考生应该如何思考解题才能保证较高的正确率呢?
1. 调整阅读习惯
从根本上解决做总结题困扰的方式其实很简单，那就是考生需要调整自己的阅读解题习惯，先看完整篇文章再来做题。由于托福阅读考试部分的题量很大时间紧张，因此大部分考生目前采取的主流解题方式是一边看文章一边做题，也就是看完一段文章，把这段文章涉及到的题目都做完再看下一段文章。这种做法适用于阅读中的大部分题型，但惟独不适合总结题。因为这种习惯等于是把完整的文章拆碎来看，考生会缺乏对文章整体大意的理解，所以才会做不好总结题。但调整阅读习惯意味着考生需要花更多的时间来看文章，对于本就不太够用的阅读时间来说可能会带来更大的负担压力，所以为了一道总结题而改变调整阅读习惯是否值得，还需要大家自行斟酌其中得失。
2. 记录段落概要
比起第一种方法来说，通过记录段落概要的方式来做好总结题可能是更加符合大家客观需求的实用做法。具体来说，既然考生目前做阅读题大多习惯读一段做几道题，那么想要做好总结题，大家要做的就是在这个过程中保证自己对全文的把握理解。要做到这一点其实并不困难，考生只需要在每读完一段文章后，在草稿纸上把这段文章的大意直接记录下来即可。大家只要记下这段文章主要讲了什么，到了总结题前把这些记录内容整个看一遍，花不了多少时间，就能提升对文章内容的整体印象，之后再解答总结题，其难度自然就不会太高了。
3. 学会排除选项
最后一个方法其实属于细节技巧，需要考生通过做题来积累，那就是寻找总结题选项的套路来进行排除。这种做法追求的第一目标不是拿到满分，而是获得至少1分。既然总结题的题型是6选3，那么考生如果能够直接在早期就通过选项分析排除掉1-2个错误选项，之后哪怕是猜测答案，也可以保证更高的命中率，拿到1分甚至2分的成绩。而这一点其实并不困难，因为总结题选项中，经常会出现一些存在明显问题错误的选项，比如用词太多绝对武断，或者太过描述细节没有起到概括作用，又或是文章中根本没有提及等等。考生要做的就是多做总结题多观察对错选项的特征，并打磨出一套自己的选项对错判断标准，在考试中应用并排除选项，从而提升总结题的解题准确率和得分。
总而言之，托福阅读总结题作为每篇阅读的“守关大将”，是高风险但也有高回报的题目。如果考生追求托福阅读高分，那么做好总结题也是必须的。小编希望本文内容能够给大家提供一些解题方面的参考帮助。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：学龄前预备项目研究结果
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program,taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.
结构划分：
(In addition), results (from other types of preschool readiness programs)indicate that those (who participate and graduate) are less like to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program, (for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.)
深度分析：
这个句子的主干：results indicate that
后面从句是一个并列结构：those are less like to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete schoolthan readiness program
修饰一：(In addition)，介词短语
中文：另外
修饰二：(from other types of preschool readiness programs)，介词短语
中文：来自其他类型的学龄前预备项目
修饰三：(who participate and graduate)，从句，修饰those
中文：参加并且毕业
修饰四：(for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.)，从句
注意从句里面还有一个从句，即by the time+从句 the graduates reached the age of 27，此处的by the time可看成连词，像anytime/every time/the moment一样。
中文：因为花在这个项目的每一美元，在毕业生27岁时，纳税人可以节约7美元
参考翻译：
另外，来自其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果表明：那些参加过学前项目并毕业的人重读可能性更少，他们更愿意完成学校而不是预备项目，因为花在这个项目的每一美元，在毕业生27岁时，纳税人可以节约7美元。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：罗马居住点的丰富性
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds(fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.
结构划分：
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) (where the labor (that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases ofexcavation).
深度分析：
这个句子主干就是：
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements
这个句子理解的难点在于，where从句里中间有一个定语从句，把the labor和constitute隔开了，大家注意这样一个问题。这个问题只要能够理解，速读就不是问题了。
修饰一：(where the labor constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation)，从句
中文：在这些地方劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例
修饰二：(that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) ，从句，修饰labor，难点就在于这个从句的理解，其实就是put the labor into the washing and storing of pots herds
中文：考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动
参考翻译：
这种丰富性在罗马居住点(尤其在城市)很明显，在这些地方考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：释放水的所有动能
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency , the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy.
词汇讲解：
blade /bleɪd/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分
kinetic /kɪ'netɪk/ adj. 运动的，运动引起的
结构划分：
They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).
深度分析：
这个句子主干就是：
They revealed output powers and confirmed that
宾语从句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed
中文：水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走
修饰一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非谓语动词
中文：输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力
修饰二：(for the largest wheels)，介词短语
中文：对于最大水轮
修饰三：(for maximum efficiency)，介词短语
中文：为了达到最高效率
修饰四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非谓语动词
中文：释放水的几乎所有动能
参考翻译：
它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到最高效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走，释放水的几乎所有动能。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：嗅觉交流的重要性
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
The importance of olfactor y communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approach ed.
词汇讲解：
olfactory /ɒl'fækt(ə)rɪ/ adj. 嗅觉的
document /'dɒkjʊm(ə)nt/ vt. 用文件证实或证明(某事)
captive /'kæptɪv/ adj. 被捕获的，被俘虏的
twig /twɪg/ n. 嫩枝
approach /ə'prəʊtʃ/ vt. 接近, 靠近
结构划分：
The importance (of olfactory communication) (using odors to communicate) (in the way of life of deer) was documented (by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago), (which noted)(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs), (especially as autumn approached).
深度分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
The importance was documented
修饰一：(of olfactory communication)，介词短语
中文：嗅觉交流
修饰二：(using odors to communicate)，非谓语动词
中文：使用气味去交流
修饰三：(in the way of life of deer)，介词短语
中文：在鹿群生活方式中
修饰四：(by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago)，介词短语
中文：一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究
修饰五：(which noted)，从句
中文：研究提到
修饰六：(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs)，从句
中文：雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额
修饰七：(especially as autumn approached)，从句
中文：尤其当秋天临近时
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参考翻译：
嗅觉交流(使用气味去交流)在鹿群生活方式中的重要性，被几十年前一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究证实，这个研究提到：尤其当秋天临近时，雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额。
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