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考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。
动名词的.时态(Tense)
以动词do为例:
主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。
例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。
译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?
――那个孩子不承认是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
考研频道。考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。
一、动名词的时态(Tense)
以动词do为例:
主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。
例句: ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。
译文: ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?
――那个孩子不承认是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
二、动名词的用法(Usage)
(一)充当主语
例句: Knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
(选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主语中what you?re good at作knowing的宾语。
译文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅长并且更多地去实践就能创造辉煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (第6题)
分析: 该句是复合句。when引导一时间状语从句。
译文: 做作业是提高你考试成绩的有效之策;对于随堂测试,该方法尤为可靠。
(二)充当表语
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的宾语,短语keep sth. in mind意为“牢记……”。
译文: 我们应切实牢记我们的工作是为人民服务。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 读书是学习,但使用也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。
(三)充当宾语
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (选自Part B)
分析: 该句是简单句。help kids practice...与help them apply...是两并列谓语。
译文: 在家中的讨论可以帮助孩子练习这些事情,也可以帮助他们把这些技能应用到现实的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(第50题)
分析: 该句是简单句。其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
译文: 在应对如此大规模的挑战时,我们可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”。
(四)充当定语
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 该句是复合句。that could drive walking tractor是修饰the only person的定语从句,非限制性定语从句which made most of the villagers jealous修饰的是前面整个句子。
译文: 他过去是村里唯一会开拖拉机的人,这令大多数村民羡慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 该句是复合句。非限制性定语从句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修饰a listening room。
译文: 工人们正在修建的语音室将在本学期末竣工。
三、动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语,表明动名词动作的发出者。能作动名词逻辑主语的词类有:物主代词、名词所有格(即名词所加“’s”,复数名词后以“s”结尾的,在其后加“’”)、名词通格(主格)或人称代词宾格。
例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (第2题)
分析: 该句是简单句。nowhere置于句首引起倒装,owing to...在句中作状语。
译文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游离态的铝,因为它总是与其他元素,即最常见的是氧元素结合在一起。
注意:
(1) 当逻辑主语是无生命名词或较长名词词组时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。
例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。其中动名词的复合结构economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介词about的'宾语,economic recovery作动名词being的逻辑主语,介词短语with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定语修饰anyone。
译文: 任何人只要一看这些失业数据便知关于经济复苏即将来临的言论是不正确的。
例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.
分析: 该句是简单句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的逻辑主语。
译文: 我不愿听到杰克和汤姆在公众场合说彼此坏话。
(2) 当逻辑主语是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词或this,that指示代词时,通常用名词通格(即主格)。
例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.
分析: 该句是复合句。somebody作动名词knocking的逻辑主语。
译文: 我正要入睡时,有人敲门吵醒了我。
例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.
分析: 该句是并列句。指示代词that作动名词being said的逻辑主语。
译文: 我不同意对老师那样的评价,因为他也有他的优点。
(3) 当动名词在句中作主语时,逻辑主语用属格(即物主代词或名词所有格)。
例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.
译文: 掌握法语对于学习英语有很大的帮助。
四、动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式与分词否定形式一样,由动名词前加not构成。
例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.
分析: 该句是简单句。not being able to help you是动名词的否定形式。
译文: 对于未能帮助你,她总是有太多借口。
例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.
分析: 该句是简单句。not asking...作considering的宾语。
译文: 她正在考虑不让母亲送她去机场。
五、常接动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语
常见动词:
admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(预期、企图),defer, delay, deny, detest(厌恶), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促进), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand
动词短语:
can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承认), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to
转化法(Conversion)
转化法是指单词词形不变,而词性却由一种词性转化为另一种词性,转化后的词义与转化前相比有时有联系,有时差异很大。主要体现在以下几个方面。
一、转化为动词
(一)名词转化为动词
slip(n.滑倒;小错)――(v.滑倒;悄悄地塞入)
trumpet(n.小号,喇叭)――(v. 大声宣告或鼓吹)
plate(n.盘子)――(v.镀金)
lap(n.重叠部分)――(v.包扎;拍打;使部分重叠)
(二)形容词转化为动词
coordinate(a.同等的)――(v.使协调)
last(a.最后的)――(v.持续,维持)
firm(a.坚固的)――(v.变稳固,变坚实)
near(a.不远的)――(v.靠近,接近)
(三)副词转化为动词
snap(adv.啪的一声)――(v.厉声说)
forward(adv.向前)――(v.邮寄,传递;提高)
counter(adv.相反)――(v.反对,反击)
dirty(adv.很,非常)――(v.弄脏)
二、转化为名词(一)动词转化为名词
associate(v.联系)――(n.同事,伙伴)
zero(v.瞄准,聚焦)――(n.零点)
warp(v.使弯曲)――(n.弯曲;偏见)
zone(v.划归)――(n.区域)
(二)形容词转化为名词
warm(a.温暖的,热情的)――(n.温和的地方)
bound(a.必定的;受约束的)――(n.跳,跳跃)
bottom(a.最后的,底部的)――(n.底面)
ill(a.不适的,有病的)――(n.恶行,邪恶)
三、转化为形容词(一)名词转化为形容词
relative(n.亲戚)――(a.相对的)
forte(n.特长)――(a.强音的)
drunk(n.醉鬼)――(a.烂醉的,飘飘然的)
initial(n.首字母)――(a.最初的)
(二)副词转化为形容词
sharp(adv.准时地,整点)――(a.锋利的,陡峭的)
stark(adv.完全地)――(a.光秃秃的;严格的)
cheap(adv.廉价)――(a.便宜的,花钱少的)
devilish(adv.很,非常)――(a.邪恶的,恶毒的)
(三)介词转化为形容词
inside(prep.在内,向内)――(a.内部的,从内部得到的)
down(prep.朝向下方,沿着)――(a.往下的,向下的)
given(prep.考虑到,鉴于)――(a.给予的,指定的)
in(prep.在……内,从事)――(a.流行的;亮着的)
四、转化为副词(一)名词转化为副词
light(n.光线,光源)――(adv.轻装地;轻地)
down(n.绒毛,汗毛)――(adv.往低处,向下)
slap(n.掌击)――(adv.直接,正好)
well(n.水井,来源)――(adv.满意地,称赞地)
(二)形容词转化为副词
live(a.有生命的,发着光的)――(adv.从现场,实地)
little(a.小的,短的)――(adv.稍许)
due(a.应支付的,到期的)――(adv.【置于方位词前】正)
express(a.迅速的,清楚的)――(adv.用快递方式)
(三)介词转化为副词
up(prep.上面,沿着)――(adv.向上地,接近)
about(prep.在周围,到处)――(adv.四周地,随处)
around(prep.沿……绕成一圈,包围)――(adv.四方,围绕)
over(prep.在……正上方)――(adv.由上往下,横过)
合成法(Compounding)
合成法是指一个新词由两个或两个以上的词合成,这种单词之间可以用连字符连接,也可直接连在一起。下面着重讲述四种词性的合成。
(一)合成名词
dress?shirt(礼服衬衫)draw?bridge(吊桥)
flash?flood(暴涨的洪水)echo?sounder(回声探测器)
lotus?eater(贪图享乐的人) sky?surfing(空中冲浪)
power?point(电源插座) driving?licence(驾驶证)
(二)合成形容词
trust?worthy(值得信赖的)quick?change(瞬变的)
pug?nosed(狮子鼻的)on?stage(在舞台上的)
mouth?watering(令人垂涎的)strike?bound(因罢工而停顿的)
run?of?the?mill(普通的)stand?up(站立的,单口相声的)
(三)合成动词
rum?mage(搜寻)tip?toe(踮着脚走)
proof?read(校对)counter?act(抵抗)
sight?read(即兴演奏乐曲)over?haul(大修,仔细检查)
short?change(少找钱,亏待)cat?nap(打盹)
(四)合成副词
straight?way(立刻,马上)like?wise(同样地)
never?the?less(尽管如此)there?fore(因此)
not?with?standing(尽管,还是)sky?high(极高地)
scot?free(免受惩罚,免受伤害)some?how(以某种方式)
考研英语语法重难点精解 动词
情态动词+完成时
1. must have done表示对过去的肯定推测“一定发生了”。
例句: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?” (第2题)
分析: 该句是复合句,the moment后引导一个时间状语从句;定语从句I met前省略了关系代词whom。
译文: 当我走进房间时,我的疼痛一定很明显。因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我: “你还好吧?”
2. can?t have done表示对过去的否定推测“一定没发生”。
例句: You can?t have seen him in his office last Sunday; he?s been out of town for several weeks.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 你上周日不可能在办公室见到他,因为他已经离开本镇好几个星期了。
3. could/may have done表示对过去的肯定推测,语气弱于must have done“很可能发生了”。
例句: Nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager。
分析: 该句是简单句,with a little more training and a better manager相当于一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句,即: If he had had a little more training and a better manager.
译文: 如果尼尔森再多加强训练,再有一个好的教练,他就能赢得比赛。
例句: The current state of affairs may have been encouraged―though not justified―by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. (选自Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,though not justified的完整形式应是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折号前所叙述的内容。
译文: 目前此事的状况可能会被激化,虽然不合理,因为(在美国而不是欧洲)缺乏对信息泄露的法律制裁。
4. couldn?t have done表示对过去的否定推测,语气弱于can?t have done,肯定意味强些,表“可能没发生”。
例句: He couldn?t have been robbed in the street last night, in that he was with me the whole night.
分析: 该句实际是一个复合句,其中短语in that为连词,引导原因状语从句。
译文: 他昨晚在街上不可能被抢劫了,因为整晚他都和我在一起。
5. would have done用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中,表假设。
例句: The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. (选自Text 4)
分析: 该句的谓语形式是虚拟语气,without引导的'介词短语作其条件状语;that引导了一个定语从句修饰clause。
译文: 如果对“特殊体制”没有保护措施的话,南方诸州是不会签署宪法的。“特殊体制”中包括一个议会代表席位的条款,即一个奴隶得按3/5的人头计算。
例句: A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. (19第6题)
分析: 这是两个并列句,根据后个句子可以得知这份安全分析从没有做过,所以前个句子是对过去事实的一种虚拟假设。
译文: 安全分析本可以鉴别出预定目标是个潜在的危险。不幸的是,从未做过这种安全分析。
例句: Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (选自Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句,在主从句中都隐含了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,分词短语leading to an underestimate of fish stocks...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文: 个别的鱼没有被捕捉,是因为没有可用来捕捉它们的带饵的钩,这就导致了过去对鱼类资源的低估。
6. might have done表示本来可能而实际未发生的行为,用在与过去事实相反的假设句中。
例句: We didn?t know her telephone number, otherwise we might have telephoned her.
分析: 该句是两个并列分句,前一分句we didn?t know her telephone number相当于一个与过去情况相反的虚拟语气从句,即if we had known her telephone number...。
译文: 我们不知道她的电话号码,要不然我们就会打给她。
7. should/ought to +have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际未做”。其否定形式表示“本来不应该做某事,而实际上已做了”。
例句: Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (选自20Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句,charging...是分词短语作状语表示伴随;原因状语从句because后又接一宾语从句。
译文: 现在他正在起诉这家赌场,起诉该赌场在知道他已经上瘾的情况下而未拒绝他入场。
例句: It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. (选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,as引导一状语从句,主句中it为形式主语,真正的主语为that this primacy should have narrowed。
译文: 随着其他国家日益富强起来,(美国的)霸主地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
例句:Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world.(选自Text 4)
分析:该句是由but连接的两个并列分句。其中,在前一个分句中,if they shouldn?t have had kids充当wonder的宾语;在后一个分句中,the message后接一个同位语从句。
译文:不快乐的父母很少被激发对“自己是否本不该要孩子”的思考,但不快乐的无子女者会时常被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”这一信息所困扰。
8.needn?t have done表示本来没必要而实际已发生的行为。
例句: As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn?t have dressed up so formally. (第2题)
分析: 该句是复合句,as在句中引导一个状语从句,表示原因。
译文: 原来只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会,我们没有必要穿戴得如此正式。
例句: You needn?t have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
译文: 你本不需要做这些运算!我们有做这类事情的计算机。
另外: must/can?t be+名词,表示对现在肯定或否定的推测,意为“一定是”、“一定不是”。
例句: If no surplus is available, a farmer can?t be self?sufficient.(选自20Cloze Test)
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足。
例句: For there to be successful communication there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (年第8题)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 要达到成功交流的目的,所有在场的人都要集中精神,积极参加讨论。
9.didn?t need to do表示过去不必做,结果也未发生的行为。
例句: He didn?t need to get up so early as usual because of illness, so he stayed in bed till the afternoon.
分析: 该句是由so连接的两个并列句。
译文: 由于生病,他不必像往日那样早起,一直在床上躺到中午。
。考研英语语法重难点精解 副词
副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。
例句: Andrew, my father?s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family?s disappointment. (第3题)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语to the family?s disappointment。
译文: 我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。
一、副词的分类
1. 时间副词,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。
例句: Americans today don?t place a very high value on intellect. (选自Text 4)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 现在美国人不重视智力。
2. 地点副词,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。
例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story,前一个 which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。
译文: 比如说,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事,因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。
3. 程度副词,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。
例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(19第34题)
分析: 该句是复合句,although后面跟的是让步状语从句。
译文: 虽然付给她的报酬丰厚,但她无意去工作。
4. 频率副词,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。
例句: In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built?in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中built?in意为“内嵌式的”。在方式状语中,that need to be served为定语从句,修饰the functions。
译文: 此外,根据需要满足的功能,设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。
5.方式副词,表示动作发生或进行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。
例句: You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.
分析: 该句是复合句,if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。
译文: 如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样,你可能会大吃一惊。
6.疑问副词,如when, where, how, why, who。
例句: So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (选自20Text 3)
分析: 该句是特殊疑问句。动词warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定语,表示一种主动关系。
译文: 那么这次警告人们经济萧条到来的头版新闻又在哪儿呢?
7.关系副词,如when,where,why。
例句: Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.
分析: 该句是复合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定语从句修饰the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定语从句修饰a century ago。
译文: 然而,目前几家石油公司的合并是否再次给竞争带来威胁难以预料。因为美国一个世纪前曾由于合并引发了一场竞争危机,造成了标准石油托拉斯的解体。
8.连接副词,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。
例句: It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (选自年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定语修饰the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一个让步状语从句。
译文: 然而,人们普遍认为,20世纪初出现的'计算机以及随后在20世纪60年代发明的集成电路尽管对传媒的影响没有立即显现出来,但却彻底改变了发展进程。
9.否定副词,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。
例句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna?and?child image on newsstands this week. (选自20Text 4)
分析:该句是简单句。其中,分词短语showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分别作后置定语,修饰cover和mother。
译文:展现“魅力妈妈怀抱可爱宝宝”的杂志封面并非本周报摊上唯一对“圣母与圣子”形象的描述。
例句: Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients―notably, protein―to feed expanding tissues. (选自20Text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修饰主语growth的非限制性定语从句。后面的破折号起补充说明作用。
译文: 20岁后很少有人再继续长高,长高需要热量和营养,特别是蛋白质,以满足身体组织生长的需求。
二、副词的位置
1.修饰形容词、副词,副词常置于它们之前(enough除外)。
例句: The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (年第14题)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作状语表示目的。
译文: 在此起作用的机制显然有此倾向,即这种身体活动会利用应激反应中的潜在有害因素。
例句: The newly?built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词enough作定语修饰形容词substantial。
译文: 新建的科学大楼看上去很坚固,一百年也坏不了。
2.修饰实义动词时,副词常置于该动词后或该动词宾语后面。
例句: The solution works only for couples who are self?employed, don?t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (第8题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为the solution works only for couples, 而who are self? employed,...是修饰couples的定语从句。
译文: 这一解决办法只适用于那些自谋职业、没有小孩子而且大部分时间待在一起和睦相处的夫妻。
3.频率副词和否定副词一般取中间位置,置于实义动词之前、系动词be或第一个助动词之后。
例句: As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really have surprised us all.
分析: 该句是复合句,which really have surprised us all是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 就计算机化的影响而言,其结果在美国比在其他任何地方都明显,这真使我们惊奇不已。
例句: Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (选自2000年Cloze Test)
分析: 该句是一个由but连接的并列句。
译文: 他自然会努力去获取低息贷款,但这种贷款并不是经常能贷到的。
4.有些副词修饰整个句子,常置于句前,并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。
例句: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (20第46题)
分析: 该句是简单句,句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。
译文: 长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里
考研英语语法重难点精解 否定句
一、用否定词表示否定结构
常用的否定词有not, no, never, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, rarely, little, few等,否定词置于句首时,句子要倒装,但否定的名词词组或代词作主语放在句首时,则不需要倒装。
例句: Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. (选自Text 4)
分析: 该句是简单句,nowhere置于句首引起倒装。原句为:1980 Census statistics dramatize the American search for spacious living in nowhere more than the Far West.
译文: 1980年人口普查的统计数字淋漓尽致地表明,没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能凸显美国人想找寻更广阔的生存空间。
例句: Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.
(选自Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句,who are homeless是修饰Americans的定语从句。
译文: 人们对美国无家可归者的人数并不能达成共识。
例句: Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow?belt, census officials says.(选自19Text 4)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 人口普查官员说,并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带地区。
二、一般否定(也称全部否定)
在否定句中用表示全部否定的词,如never, neither, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere是对事实的全部否定。
例句: Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be nowhere near what is needed.
(年第5题)
分析: 该句是并列复合句,but前是一简单句。
译文: 联合国将提供帮助,但这一帮助距所需要的数额还相差很远。
例句: Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today?s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation.
(选自20Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,分词短语writing for...在句中作状语表示时间,相当于when he writes for...。
译文: 罗得里格斯在写给国家移民论坛的`一篇文章中提到,今天的移民既不像以前那样大规模的涌入,也不会拒绝融合。
三、部分否定
否定词not与表示全部概念的词如all, both, everybody, everything连用,不否定全句,而是否定句中某一部分,表示“不全是”、“不都是”、“并非”,也可与always, many, much, often连用。
例句: Yet not all of these races are intellectually inferior to the European races, and some may even have freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race. (年第17题)
分析: 该句是复合句,that can renew...是一个修饰freshness and vitality的定语从句。
译文: 但是,在智力方面这些种族并不一定低于欧洲种族,而且有一些使较先进的种族恢复能量的清新力量与活力。
例句: It is not always easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.
分析: 该句是简单句,it是形式主语,真正的主语是to talk about the role of...。
译文: 谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史上这个具有非凡意义的阶段所发挥的作用并不总是一件易事。
例句: Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Adeline Alvarez describes. (选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中Adeline Alvarez describes是一个修饰stresses的定语从句。
译文: 并不是人人都经历过阿尔瓦雷斯女士所描述的那种长期的高压。
四、转移否定
在主从复合句中,否定词形式上否定主句谓语,其实否定从句谓语,在动词believe, think, suppose, expect, assume, feel, guess, imagine等前加not是否定其所引导从句的谓语。
例句: I don?t think it advisable that he(should) be assigned to the job since he has no experience whatsoever.
分析: 该句是复合句,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是that he(should) be assigned to the job。
译文: 我认为派他做这项工作不明智,因为他没有任何经验。
例句: I don?t suppose that anyone will object to my leaving for Beijing.
分析: 该句是复合句,that后是suppose的宾语从句。
译文: 我认为没人会反对我去北京。
五、持续否定
在同一个句子中重复使用同一否定词,也可用不同否定词来加强语气,这种情况就是持续否定。
例句 : The problem is very difficult and obscure: health?care costs have not been, aren?t, and won?t continue to increase faster than government revenues.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 问题晦涩难懂,那就是在过去、现在和将来健康福利的支出都不会比政府税收增加得快。
六、省略否定
在上下文环境中,否定结构可用省略的形式。
例句: ――Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.
――I hope not. (选自Part C)
分析: 上一分句为简单句,下一分句为省略相同成分的简单句。
译文: ――父母可以为他们的孩子做许多事情来保障他们在步入成年前有一个安全的环境。
――我并不希望如此。
七、转换否定
英语中有些句子形式上是肯定而实际上表示否定含义,也有些句子形式上是否定而实际上表示肯定含义。
例句: Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.
分析: 该句为复合句,其中can?t be too后接形容词意为“越……越好,再……也不过分”,本句中cannot realize too soon同为此结构,另外not nearly意为“远不”。
译文: 年轻科学家应尽快认识到现有的科学知识远不像许多教科书中所描述的那样全面,那样肯定,那样一成不变。
例句: Copernicus showed that―far from being the center of the universe, about which the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage―the Earth is just one of many small worlds.
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为Copernicus showed that the Earth is just one of many small worlds,形容词短语far from being...是宾语从句的主语the Earth的补足语,说明主语情况;定语从句about which...修饰the center of the universe。
译文: 哥白尼证明地球根本不是太阳、月亮及其他行星和星球按顺时针方向绕其转动的宇宙中心,它只不过是许多小小世界当中的一个而已。
八、重复否定
重复否定不同于双重否定,它是在不同时间内,从句或主句中作同一否定。
例句: The expression in his eyes was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments she had been prepared for.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中定语从句she had been prepared for修饰the sentiments。
译文: 他的表情既不是愤怒,也不是惊讶,又不是不满,更不是厌恶,不是她所预料的任何一种表情。
下列情况也是表示重复否定,意为“更不用说,更谈不到,更提不上,休说,莫谈,哪里,何况”,后接名词、动词、介词短语、不定式等。
(一)much less/still less/even less用于否定句
例句: Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport.
分析: 该句包含while引导的并列句,其中much less置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 一般情况下,美国人不会在这种轻松的环境中通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的来访者,更不通过把来访者带到外面吃饭或去高尔夫球场来建立信任和融洽的关系。
(二)much more/still more/even more用于肯定句
例句: He could solve much more difficult questions, still more simple ones.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 他连再难的问题都能解决,更别说这些简单问题了。
例句: We are ready to give our lives for our motherland, much more to suffer some hardships.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 为了祖国我们随时贡献我们的生命,更不必说吃点苦了。
(三)let alone适用于肯定句或否定句
例句: For the new country to survive, let alone for its people
考研英语语法重难点精解 代词
连接代词
连接代词包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他连接代词也可作关系代词,其区别在于连接代词引导的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句,而关系代词引导的是定语从句。
(一)引导主语从句
例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
分析: 该句是复合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充当主语。
译文: 太阳是我们行星系的中心(而不是地球)这一概念在中世纪是很难让人明白的。
例句: It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (第46题)
分析: 该句是由转折连词but连接的并列句,其中第一个分句中it作形式主语,真正的主语是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的后置定语,in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定语。
译文: 或许可以说,要衡量任何一种社会制度的价值就要看它在丰富和提升人们经验方面的影响,但是这种影响并不是其最初动机的一部分。
(二)引导宾语从句
例句: He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (20第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,that引导的宾语从句结构是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引导的定语从句,in noticing things与in observing them carefully是并列结构。
译文: 他又自谦地说,或许自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。
例句: I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3题)
分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中短语assure sb. that...意为“向某人保证某事”。
译文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保证那不是故意的。
(三)引导表语从句
例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (选自Text 1)
分析:该句是复合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一个定语从句,修饰reasons,however作插入语,介词短语as such a surprise作状语,修饰came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。
译文: 然而,该任命显得如此突然的原因之一就是吉尔伯特比较不为人知。
例句: The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (选自年Text3)
分析: 该句是复合句,that people have failed to...changes是一个表语从句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定语,because后引导一个原因状语从句。
译文: 这个概念是说人们没有注意到发生在海洋里的巨大变化,因为人们只是回顾了过去很短一段时间。
(四)同位语从句(通常由that引导,也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引导,进一步说明其前名词的具体内容和含义)
例句:Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share―that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts―and reveal its erroneous nature. (20第46题)
分析:该句是复合句,主干部分是Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一个定语从句,修饰assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一个同位语从句,与assumption为同位语关系。
译文:爱伦的贡献在于他提出了一个公认的假设并揭示了其错误本质,即“我们不是机器人,因此我们能控制自己的思想”。
例句: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (20第48题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干结构为the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的.同位语从句。
译文: 新闻记者应该比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律,但这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。
(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever
连接代词what+ever指不定数目中无论什么,用于物;who(m)+ever指不定数目中无沦是谁,用于人;which+ever指确定数目中无论哪一个,用于人或物。
例句: Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (选自年Part B)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充实、具体化)的宾语,从句中develop...into意思是“发展成;变成”。前半部分是now that引导的让步状语从句。
译文: 既然你已经将一个主题拓展成了一个初步的论题,那么你就可以整合笔记内容,丰富自己拟定的提纲。
例句: Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage―spying as a“profession”. (选自Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,whatever tools came to...作using的宾语,破折号后的内容是对espionage的解释说明。
译文: 多诺万认为在职业间谍活动这一“伟大事业”中可以利用任何有用的工具。
考研频道。考研英语语法重难点精解 构词法
附录:构词法词是构成任何语言的基本单位,而单词毫无疑问是构成英语的基本单位。英语单词的构成有一定的规律,这个规律就是构词法,掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有着极其重要的意义。英语的构词法主要有三种:合成法、转化法和派生法。本章将逐一论述。
合成法(Compounding)
合成法是指一个新词由两个或两个以上的词合成,这种单词之间可以用连字符连接,也可直接连在一起。下面着重讲述四种词性的合成。
(一)合成名词
dress?shirt(礼服衬衫)draw?bridge(吊桥)
flash?flood(暴涨的洪水)echo?sounder(回声探测器)
lotus?eater(贪图享乐的人) sky?surfing(空中冲浪)
power?point(电源插座) driving?licence(驾驶证)
(二)合成形容词
trust?worthy(值得信赖的)quick?change(瞬变的)
pug?nosed(狮子鼻的)on?stage(在舞台上的)
mouth?watering(令人垂涎的)strike?bound(因罢工而停顿的)
run?of?the?mill(普通的)stand?up(站立的,单口相声的)
(三)合成动词
rum?mage(搜寻)tip?toe(踮着脚走)
proof?read(校对)counter?act(抵抗)
sight?read(即兴演奏乐曲)over?haul(大修,仔细检查)
short?change(少找钱,亏待)cat?nap(打盹)
(四)合成副词
straight?way(立刻,马上)like?wise(同样地)
never?the?less(尽管如此)there?fore(因此)
not?with?standing(尽管,还是)sky?high(极高地)
scot?free(免受惩罚,免受伤害)some?how(以某种方式)
转化法(Conversion)
转化法是指单词词形不变,而词性却由一种词性转化为另一种词性,转化后的词义与转化前相比有时有联系,有时差异很大。主要体现在以下几个方面。
一、转化为动词
(一)名词转化为动词
slip(n.滑倒;小错)――(v.滑倒;悄悄地塞入)
trumpet(n.小号,喇叭)――(v. 大声宣告或鼓吹)
plate(n.盘子)――(v.镀金)
lap(n.重叠部分)――(v.包扎;拍打;使部分重叠)
(二)形容词转化为动词
coordinate(a.同等的)――(v.使协调)
last(a.最后的)――(v.持续,维持)
firm(a.坚固的)――(v.变稳固,变坚实)
near(a.不远的)――(v.靠近,接近)
(三)副词转化为动词
snap(adv.啪的一声)――(v.厉声说)
forward(adv.向前)――(v.邮寄,传递;提高)
counter(adv.相反)――(v.反对,反击)
dirty(adv.很,非常)――(v.弄脏)
二、转化为名词
(一)动词转化为名词
associate(v.联系)――(n.同事,伙伴)
zero(v.瞄准,聚焦)――(n.零点)
warp(v.使弯曲)――(n.弯曲;偏见)
zone(v.划归)――(n.区域)
(二)形容词转化为名词
warm(a.温暖的,热情的)――(n.温和的地方)
bound(a.必定的;受约束的)――(n.跳,跳跃)
bottom(a.最后的,底部的)――(n.底面)
ill(a.不适的,有病的')――(n.恶行,邪恶)
三、转化为形容词
(一)名词转化为形容词
relative(n.亲戚)――(a.相对的)
forte(n.特长)――(a.强音的)
drunk(n.醉鬼)――(a.烂醉的,飘飘然的)
initial(n.首字母)――(a.最初的)
(二)副词转化为形容词
sharp(adv.准时地,整点)――(a.锋利的,陡峭的)
stark(adv.完全地)――(a.光秃秃的;严格的)
cheap(adv.廉价)――(a.便宜的,花钱少的)
devilish(adv.很,非常)――(a.邪恶的,恶毒的)
(三)介词转化为形容词
inside(prep.在内,向内)――(a.内部的,从内部得到的)
down(prep.朝向下方,沿着)――(a.往下的,向下的)
given(prep.考虑到,鉴于)――(a.给予的,指定的)
in(prep.在……内,从事)――(a.流行的;亮着的)
四、转化为副词
(一)名词转化为副词
light(n.光线,光源)――(adv.轻装地;轻地)
down(n.绒毛,汗毛)――(adv.往低处,向下)
slap(n.掌击)――(adv.直接,正好)
well(n.水井,来源)――(adv.满意地,称赞地)
(二)形容词转化为副词
live(a.有生命的,发着光的)――(adv.从现场,实地)
little(a.小的,短的)――(adv.稍许)
due(a.应支付的,到期的)――(adv.【置于方位词前】正)
express(a.迅速的,清楚的)――(adv.用快递方式)
(三)介词转化为副词
up(prep.上面,沿着)――(adv.向上地,接近)
about(prep.在周围,到处)――(adv.四周地,随处)
around(prep.沿……绕成一圈,包围)――(adv.四方,围绕)
over(prep.在……正上方)――(adv.由上往下,横过)
――选自《考研英语语法重难点精解(2013)》 中国人民大学出版社
附录:构词法
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