今天小编在这给大家整理了初中英语语法重难点与单选题测评（共含8篇），我们一起来看看吧！同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“罗lin”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
一、初中英语语法归纳
本文归纳了词法、八种基本时态以及三大基本从句，是历年中考英语必考语法点。
(一)词 法
1. 名词
(1)名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
(2)名词复数的规则变化
A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es
D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es
(3)名词的所有格
A. 单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如：the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。
如：This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。
如：the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
2. 代词
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词
(1)人称代词
第一人称单数
I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称
单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
(2)物主代词
物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词;
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
(3)反身代词
反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party. 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself.
(4)指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法：
(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
(5)不定代词
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
3. 冠词
(1)不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.
(2)定冠词的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。
(3)定冠词的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
F. 用在乐器名称前。
G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。
(4)名词前不用冠词的情况
A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。
D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里
4. 数词
(1)数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。
1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。
(2)序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
(3)分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。
(4)hundreds(thousands，millions)of……
5. 形容词、副词
(1)形容词的位置
A. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。
B. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：
We have dug a hole two meters deep.
The hole is about two metres deep.
(2)形容词的比较等级
单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加—(e)r，—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：
popular———more popular———most popular
important—more important—most important
(3)副词的比较等级
单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。
(4)少数形容词和副词比较级/最高级的不规则变化：
原级 比较级 最高级
well —— better —— best
badly —— worse —— worst
much —— more —— most
little —— less —— least
far —— farther —— farthest
farthest furthest
late —— later —— latest
(5)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
6. 介词
(1)表示时间的介词及介词短语
in, at, on, before，after，till，since，for, fromto, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at half past five，at night，in a week，in the morning，in class，at sunrise， in spring/summer/autumn/winter，on Sunday，on Saturday afternoon，on a winter evening，for a long time，for two months，after school，since liberation，before lunch，at the time of，at the age of
(2)表示地点的介词及介词短语
in，at，into，to，on，beside，before，behind，above，under，outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across， off， down， among， past，between，out of，around，in the front of， in the middle of， at the back of，at the foot of，at home，at the gate，at the table，in the sky， on the ground，in a tree， in the south，in the sun，in the bed，on one’s way home，by the side of
二. 八种基本时态
1. 一般现在时
概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如：1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。(表经常)
2) He is always like that . 他总是那样。 (表状态)
构成：1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词/三单动词 + …
2.一般过去时
概念: 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in , two days ago等.
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.
2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
构成: 1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +
3. 现在进行时
概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作.
如: He is singing.
They are watching TV now.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
4. 过去进行时
概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.
如: 1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.
5. 一般将来时
概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.
如: He will go shopping tomorrow.
They are going to play basketball next week.
构成: 1) 主语 + 助动词will + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + be going to + 动原 + ….
6. 过去将来时
概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
构成: 1) 主语(第一人称) + 助动词should + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + would + 动原 + ….
3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原…
用法: 过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态.
如: 1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
7. 现在完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +…
用法 例句
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. ---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (现在我不饿了)
8. 过去完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 +…
用法 例句
表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语,也可用when, before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示.
I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三. 三大基本从句
从句的共同特点
从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。
从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)
1. 宾语从句
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
宾语从句的特点：
①宾语从句有自己的连接词
②宾语从句用陈述语序
③宾语从句的时态
(1)宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
(2)宾语从句的语序：
A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow
B. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.
(3)宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”
A. 主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)
B. 主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。
如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)
C. 客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。
如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.
2. 状语从句
(1)时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语的连接词：when(当…时候) while(当…时候) as(当…时候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自从…到现在) till /until(直到…
才) by the time(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。
举例：when当…的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
(2)原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。
连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导。
举例：I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
(3)条件状语从句：在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。
连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)
举例：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
(4)目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。
结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子
目的状语从句连接词so that, so…that , in order that 引导。
结果状语从句连接词 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。
举例：so…that 如此…以至于
The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
(5)让步状语从句
让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子
连接词：though, although.，whether…or not
举例：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
3.no matter从句
结构：“no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序” 或“特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序”
如：No matter what happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
3. 定语从句
定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。
如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后
如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
定语从句的连接词：
连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that
连接副词：when、where、why
初中英语语法重难点100单选案例
1. Where Uncle Sun yesterday?
A. was B. were C. did D. does
2. They going to see Mr. Sun tomorrow.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
3. Some are in the river and some are games.
A. swiming, playing B. swimming, playing
C. swimming, playing D. swimming, playing
4. Where is Dick? He to the reading-room.
A. has been B. went C. has gone D. goes
5. Mark Twain, an American writer, everybody here.
A. knows B. is known as C. is known to D. is known for
6. I hope he will come to see me before he here.
A. leave B. leaves C. will leave D. left
7. My teacher told me that Australians English.
A. spoke B. speak
C. speaks D. are speaking
8. I think she right now.
A. reading B. reads C. is reading D. read
9. ---- Where are the children?
---- They a good time in the garden.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had
10. ----- Where my glasses? I can't find them.
---- I them on the bookshelf, but they aren't there.
A. you put, put B. you have put, have put
C. have you put, put D. did you put, have put
11. When the police arrived, the man for 10 minutes.
A. died B. was death C. had died D. had been dead
12. By the time this talk is over, we a lot about the earth.
A. will be learning B. are learning
C. world learn D. will have learnt
13. The teachers told me that they me to smooth away the difficulties.
A. helped B. will help C. help D. were going to help
14. ----Have you seen him today?
----Yes, I him this morning.
A. has seen B. see C. will see D. saw
15. He worried when he heard this news.
A. is B. was C. does D. did
16. What's your friend going next week.
A. doing B. do C. does D. to do
17. I don't think that it's true. He's always strange stories.
A. tell B. telling C. told D. tells
18. Have you ever West Hill Farm?
A. gone to B. arrived C. come to D. been to
19. How long he the novel?
A. has, borrowed B. has, kept
C. has, lent D. is, using
20. He to do this lessons at eight every evening.
A. is beginning B. is beginning C. begin D. begins
21. The children a swim this afternoon.
A. are going to has B. is going to have
C. are having D. are going to have
22. There a telephone call for my brother Steven yesterday.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
23. he on well with his friends this term?
A. Does, gets B. Does, get
C. Is, getting D. Is, geting
24. Who away my pen? I can't find it.
A. haven taken B. takes C. has taken D. took
25. Shall we football this Saturday?
A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play
26. The children at school now.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
27. Mr. Smith short stories, but he a TV play these days.
A. is writing, is writing B. is writing, writes
C. writes, is writing D. writes, writes
28. He said he the league for two years.
A. has joined B. has been in C. had been in D. joined
29. She likes watering trees in the garden, she?
A. doesn't B. don't C. isn't D. didn't
30. What you to do to keep the room clean?
A. do, have B. does, have C. did, have D. are, have
31. Some flowers by Kate already.
A. have been watered B. watered C. have watered D. has been watered
32. When winter comes, the leaves fall.
A. are going to B. will C. will be D. would
33. I to the cinema. I there every Sunday.
A. go, go B. am going, go C. go, am going D. am going, am going
34. You about the future now, you?
A. don't think, don't B. aren’t thinking, aren't C. don't think, do D. aren't thinking, are
35. He was afraid that he his way.
A. would lost B. would lose C. is going to D. shall lose
36. We each other since he left here.
A. didn't see B. hadn't seen C. haven't seen D. had seen
37. Mr. Smith out for a walk in the park every day.
A. is going B. goes C. went D. go
38. He from home for a long time.
A. has gone away B. had gone away
C. has left D. has been away
39. You mustn't go too high, or you dangerous.
A. will be B. are C. would be D. is going to
40. We have known each other .
A. since we were young B. after we were young
C. when we are young D. if we are young
41. She promised she do better work.
A. would B. will C. shall D. is going to
42. How long has this shop ?
A. be open B. been open
C. opened D. been opened
43. Mr. Smith here since he moved to his city.
A. had lived B. have live
C. have lived D. has lived
44. ----Have you read the newspaper?
----No, I haven't .
A. too B. yet C. just D. already
45. Our knowledge of the universe all the time.
A. grow B. is growing
C. grows D. grew
46. She won't go to the cinema if she the work tomorrow.
A. doesn't finish B. won't finish C. will finish D. finish
47. My grandma for half a year.
A. has been dead B. was dead C. has died D. died
48. She to the Great Wall several times.
A. goes B. has gone C. went D. has been
49. The earth round the sun.
A. move B. moves C. moved D. will move
50. Liu Fengwei three yuan for the lost library book.
A. paid B. spent C. cost D. took
【参考答案】
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C
11.D 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.B 20.D
21.D 22.C 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.C 29.A 30.A
31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.B 36.C 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.A
41.A 42.B 43.D 44.B 45.B 46.A 47.A 48.D 49.B 50.A
关于初中英语语法重难点集汇
（一） 主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致，通常指三个基本原则：一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗邻一致，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。
一、语法一致原则
1、在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式，谓语也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也为复数形式。如：
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个短语练习不容易。
2、在“there be”结构中， “be”的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如：
There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。
3、“one of”结构，位于用单数，“two of”结构位于用复数
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。
3、倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。
二、概念一致
1、主语是抽象概念、短语或从句，谓语用单数形式。如：
To tell lies is wrong.说谎是不正确的。（不定式做主语）
Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。（动名词做主语）
How this happened is not clear to anyone.(从句做主语)
注意：
（1） 用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如：
Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一个？
Which are your seats?你们的座位是哪些？
（2） 单个的分词作主语，不定式作主语，以及主语从句，谓语都用单数，若用连接上述的相同两个成分，谓语才用复数。
2、两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时，谓语用复数形式。
3、and连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语用单数；若有，则用复数。如：
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顾问又改变他的想法了。
My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫苏的同学在教室里。
a. 若and后面加not,谓语用单数。如：
Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei赢了比赛，而不是我。
b. 用and 连接的单数主语，前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时，谓语用单数。
c. 复数主语前加each,谓语仍用复数。
d. no后面名词为单数，谓语用单数；后为复数，谓语用复数。
三、毗邻一致
由not only…but also,neither…nor…,either…or…,or 连接的并列主语，在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的饿主语，在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如；
Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都没错。
Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那儿去。
（详见下册P155~P156）
（二） 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是事实。虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语动词的特殊形式来表现的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中的各种谓语动词的形式变化，是掌握虚拟语气的关键。
一、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
虚拟语气用于简单句中，一般表示祝愿、命令等。谓语动词要用原形。
二、虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法
（1） 在状语从句中的用法
1、条件句中的用法
虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表现与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句中的谓语动词形式以及表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等，只表示不同的虚拟语气，和直陈语气的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等毫无关系。
现将虚拟语气的各种具体形式和用法分述如下；
a. 表示与现在事实相反的情况
①形式
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的.过去式一般用were） I (we) should
You (he,she , +动词原形或：
they,it ) would
所有人称+might(could)+动词原形
②用法：
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
b. 表示与过去誓死相反的情况
①形式；
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词 I (we) should
You (he,she , +have+过去分词或：
they,it ) would
所有人称+could(might)+have+过去分词
②用法：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
c. 表示与将来事实相反的情况
①形式：
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
a. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）通常要与一个表将来的时间的状语连用
b. If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should
+动词原形
c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+动词原形 I (we) should
You would +动词原形或：
he(she,it ) would
they would
I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+动词原形
②用法：
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示 下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)
c. 混合时间条件句的用法：
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的 时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。
1） If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.（从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。）
（fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.）
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)
（fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.）
2、在其他状语从句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though) 引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式（be 变were ）或had +过去分词。”
如：
She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的 英语说得好)
（2）、在主语从句中的用法：
通常由形式主语it引出的主语从句来表达。主语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”；表示“必要”“重要”“奇怪”等意思。
It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必须清扫车间。
It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在中，征求别人的意见是很重要的。
高中英语语法知识重难点
高中英语难点词语使用解释 一,使用代用词one应注意的问题 英语中one可用作代用词.它代替上文出现的名词词组中心词,以避免重复.使用代用词one时需注意以下几个方面: 1.只能代替可数名词,不能代替不可数名词.eg: I haven't got a raincoat.I'll have to buy one. Brown's old car is much better than our new one. 2.复数名词的代用词为ones.eg: He ate all the big cherries and left me the little ones. There was a mother bird in the nest and there were four young ones. 3.代用词one的常用关联情况 1)与前面带有冠词的形容词连用.eg: We are moving from our present house into a smaller one. Have you any knives I need a sharp one. I like a strong cup of tea better than a weak one. I propose in this chapter and in the following one to give an outline of the pioneering work. 2)与形容词性物主代词和形容词连用.eg: Take off your blue dress and put on your green one. 3)其前有定冠词,其后有后置修饰语(形容词短语或定语从句).eg: If you can't find your pen, use the one on the table. Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook. Of the two watches, I prefer the one that you showed us first. 4)与this和that连用,其后可接后置修饰语或定语从句.eg: You sit in that chair,and I'll have this one. The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf. The most valuable ring that l possess is this one I am wearing. 5)其前可用广义序数词,如next,1ast, other,another及疑问代词which等.eg: Let's finish this exercise so we can go on to the next one. Some of the answers were correct,but I don't remember which ones. 6)在口语中,代用词one常与形容词最高级连用.eg: Betty had tens of thousands of Augustus's 1etters. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find. 4.代用词one(或ones)的省略 1)句中形容词表示前后对比时,可以省略代用词.eg: His professional instincts are stronger than his personal (ones). Local political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones). There are,of course,bad architects as well as good(ones). Anglo―Saxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the short word to the long (one). 2)句中只提到两种可能性时,一般省略代用词.eg: The new library will be like the o1d(one). Lean years may be expected to follow the fat(ones). 3)形容词比较级后常省略代用词.eg: I know this is not quite the right word,but I can't be bothered to think of a better (one). There were two tables 1aid…he and Ann were expected to preside at the smaller (one). 4)“不定冠词+原级形容词”后的代用词一般不省略.eg: Have you any knives I need a sharp one. 5.不使用代用词的场合 1)one不可用来代替不可数名词或集合名词.以下各句中省略的均不是代用词one.eg: I'd prefer the red wine to the white (wine). It is cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new (furniture) made. 2)one一般不能与own连用.eg: I can't write properly with your pen;I'd rather use my own.(不能用my own one) Mrs Smith is both 1oved and respected in many countries besides her own.(不能用 her own one) 3)one不能置于所有格名词或形容词性物主代词之后.eg: As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed John's.(不能用John's one) Is this my pen,or is it yours (不能用your one) 如需连用,所有格名词或形容词性物主代词与代用词之间必须有一形容词,如John's old one,your new one,my best one等.eg: You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best one. My humble fate is curiously bound up with John's illustrious one. 4)one不能与these和those连用.eg: I don't care for those flowers;I would rather have these. These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 5)one不能与基数词连用.eg: You have three book; I have only two.(不能用two ones) 但在口语中有时可以例外.eg: There were a 1ot of artistic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BBC. 二,“to...to”结构之肯定意义的语域 及其成因研究 “too…to”是英语中常见的,以其肯定形式表示否定意义的结构.但是,并不是所有的“too…to”结构都表示否定意义.在某些情况下,“too…to”结构也表示肯定意义.下面将从“too...to”结构的语义特征分析其肯定意义及其语域和成因. 一,“too...to”结构的肯定意义在“
某些特殊副词+too…to”结构语域中的体现及其成因研究: 1.语域研究 “too...to”结构之前带有“but,only,all,simply,just”时,该结构表示强烈的肯定意义,汉译为“非常/十分/实在/真是太……”等.eg: They are but too glad to do so.他们非常喜欢这么做. The patient was only too willing to be operated upon.病人非常愿意接受手术. We are all too satisfied to take your advice.我们非常乐意接受你的建议. We shall be simply too glad to help you.我们很乐意帮助你. I am just too glad to help you.能帮你的忙,我真是太高兴了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,too前面的“but,only,all,simply,just”等副词只起到了加强语气的作用.因此,用于“too...to”结构前面的这几个副词可以互换,而不定式,to则表示原因,有肯定意义.另外,该用法中的too只表示程度深一些,所以不会对其后的形容词产生否定意义,反而更强调了其肯定意义. 二,“too...to”结构的肯定意义在“否定副词+too...to”结构和“too...+not to”语域中的体现及其成因研究 1.语域研究 “too...to”结构前也可以加否定副词not或never构成“not/never too…to”和“too...not to”结构.该结构不表示否定,而表示肯定,译为“不太……可以……,决不……能……,非常(很,太,那么)……不会不(必定能,所以能)……”.eg: He is not too weak to carry the bag.他不太弱小;可以背得动那个书包. The box is not too heavy to lift.这只箱子不太重,可以抬得起来. It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢,犹未晚也. One is never too old to learn.活到老学到老. He is too careful not to have noticed that.他那么小心,肯定会注意到那一点的. You are too kind not to help me.你很善良,肯定会帮助我的. 2.成因研究 当too表示“太,过分”意义时,它是一个表示超量的程度副词,对其后所跟的形容词起一种消极作用,含有否定意义,因此就导致了“too…to”结构含有否定意义.但如果在too前加否定词not或never,形成双重否定,则能使原来具有否定意义的“too...to”结构转化为肯定意义. 三,“too…to”结构的肯定意义在“too+特殊形容词+to”结构语域中的体现及其成因研究 1.语域研究 有时可以在too之后加表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词,表示肯定意义.这类形容词有“glad,pleased,happy,satisfied,ready,apt,incline,kind,eager”等.eg: He is too ready to help others.他十分乐意帮助别人. He is too inclined to be cheated.他很容易上当受骗. Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar.初学者极易犯语法错误. He is too eager to know the result of his experiment.他迫切想知道他所做的实验结果. It is too kind of you to repair the car for me.你为我修车真是太好了. He is too p1eased to receive the pretty gift.收到这件漂亮的礼物,他真是太高兴了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,表示心情或描绘性的形容词和to引导的不定式结合成一个表示不可分割的状态,态度,心境或倾向,并且具有明显的动词意义或感情色彩.因此,句中的不定式“to...”表示肯定(不表示结果)含义. 可见,在“too...to”结构表示肯定的句型中,too的逻辑意义为…'extremely'(很,十分),强调其后的形容词具有肯定意义;这与“too...to”结构表示否定时,too的含义和作用完全相反. 三,as用法小结 as一词在SEFC新教材中多处出现.它词性多,词义广,用法灵活.现将其用法归纳如下. 一)as作副词,表示程度,意为“同样地”.在“as...as...”,“not as...as...”结构中的第一个as是副词,作“和/与...(不)一样”解.eg: Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高. He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利. 二)as作介词. 作“如,像”解.eg: They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样. She spoke of me as her dearest friend,她谈起我犹如我是她最亲密的朋友. 2.作“充当,作为”解.eg: As a writer,he was famous.作为作家,他是很有名的. English is spoken as the first language by most people in Australia.在澳大利亚,大多数人把英语作为第一语言. 三)as作连词,常用来连接主句和状语从句. 1.引导时间状语从句,作“当...的时候”解,有“随着...”之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生.eg: He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊. I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门,我吓了一跳. We get wiser as we get older.随着年龄的增长,我们会变得更聪明. as作连词,相当于when.eg; As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.
他小时候就开始学弹钢琴. As a child (When he was a child),he lived in the countryside.他小时候住在农村. 2.引导原因状语从句,作“因为,由于”解,与because的用法相近.eg; As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因为很晚了,我们很快就回来了. I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做. 3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作“正如,(如)像”解.例eg: As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像)你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米.(方式状语从句) When at Rome,do as Romans do.入乡随俗.(方式状语从句) They always work as hard as we do.他们工作总是像我们一样努力.(句中第二个as是连词,引导比较状语从句) 此外,在“as…as possible”结构中第二个as也起连词的作用.eg: Read the story as quickly as possible.(=Read the story as quickly as you can.)尽快地阅读这个故事. They watered the trees as often as possible.(=They watered the trees as often as they could.)他们尽可能经常给树浇水. 4.引导让步状语从句,作“虽然,尽管”解.这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语,状语或动词原形放在as之前.eg; Strange as it may seem,it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的. Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境. Child as she is,she knows a lot.她虽然年幼,但却懂得很多东西.(注意;child前不带不定冠词a) 四)as作关系代词. 1.引导限制性定语从句,用在“such...as”,“the same...as”,“as...as”等结构中,常译作“像...一样的人(或物)”,“凡是...的人(或物)”.例eg: He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了. As many people as are present will be given a present.所有在场的人都将得到一份礼物. 2.引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句),意思是“这一点”.这个分句可以位于句首,句中或句末.eg: As is well known,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上. This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.谁都看得出来,这头大象就像一条蛇. 五)含as的固定词组的用法 1.as soon as作“一…就”解,引导时间状语从句.eg: As soon as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you.我一到北京,就给你写信. 2.as/so long as作“只要”解,eg; As/So long as you study hard,you'll make progress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步. 3.as if/though常用来引导方式状语从句,作“好像,仿佛”解.如果从句中讲的是非真实情况,则用虚拟语气.eg: She loves the child as if/though he were her own.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子. They talked as if/though they had been there,他们谈起话来就好像他们真的到过那里似的. As if/though也可用来引导表语从句,常用在“It appears/looks/seems...+as if/though”句型结构中.eg; It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了. It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知. 4.as to作“关于,至于”解.eg; There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的. 5.as much/many as作“多达...”,“达到...之多”解.eg: The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250000.无家可归的人数 达25万之多. He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month.他每月能挣5000美元. 6.so/as far as I know作“就我所知”解,在句中作插入语.eg: As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来. 7.as a result,as a result of表示“由于...的结果”.eg: We follow up the suggestions,and have had satisfying experiences as aresult.由于我们按照建议办事,因此一直得到满意的结果. She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果. 8,as well为“也,还”之意.eg: Come early,and bring your brother as well.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来. as well as也可以作“和,同”解.当其连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语在数上保持一致.eg: My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy music. 比较:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母亲和我姐姐都喜欢音乐. 9.so as to,so...as to若跟动词原形,表示目的`或结果.eg: He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试.(表示目的) He was
so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很强壮,能搬动这个沉重的箱子.(表示结果) 四,keep,1eave,find,feel和make 在S V O C中的用法 SVOC是一种基本句型.其中S-Subjeet,V-Verb,O-Object,C-Complement. 宾语补语可以是形容词(Adjective),名词(Noun),现在分词(Present participle),过去分词(Past participle),介词短语(Prepositional phrase)和副词(Adverb),也可以是动词不定式(Infinitive),或是从句(Clause).SVOC结构在SEFC中运用很广泛,而且动词make, keep,leave,find和feel在新教材中出现频率很高,也是学习中的难点.下面分别谈谈这些词在SVOC中的用法. Keep keep在SVOC中的释义是“使某人或某事保持在某一状态”. 1.keep+O+Prepositional phrase I'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.我会把这个盒子一直放在阴凉地方,这样太阳就不会把幼苗晒枯. 2.keep+O+Past participle We'll keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jiang River.我们将随时让你知道长江水灾的情况. 3.keep+O+Adjective Please keep the room clean all the time.请始终保持房间清洁. 4.keep+O+Present participle Mother kept me studying during the summer holiday;for I failed my maths exam. 母亲让我暑假一直学习,因为我数学考试不及格. 5.keep+O+Adverb You must keep this medicine away from the child.这药要放在儿童够不到的地方. Leave leave在SVOC中的释义是“让某人或某事处于某种状态”. 1.1eave+O+Clause Leave her where she is.让她留在原地. Don't touch my writing table;leave it as it is.别碰我的写字台,就让它照原样放着. 2.1eave+O+Past participle Before the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考试前,他已做好了一切准备. 3.1eave+O+Adjective Fear left her lips stiff.恐惧使她张口结舌. 4.1eave+O+Present participle Don't leave water running to clean vegetables.洗菜时不要开着水龙头让水直淌. 5.1eave+O+Infinitive Leave the fnture to take care of itself.让未来自然发展吧. 6.Leave+O+Adverb Someone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了关浴室的水龙头. Find find在SVOC中的释义是“发现,觉得”或者“发现...处于某种状态”. 1.find+O+Adjective ...but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.但是我觉得习惯用语和有用的词语很难学. 2.find+O+Noun I find him a very clever man.我发现他是一个很聪明的人. 3.find+O+Present participle Dusk found him crying in the street.黄昏时,他在街头叫喊. 4.find+O+Past participle He found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡发生了巨大的变化. 5.find+O+Prepositional phrase They found him already in the care of a doctor.他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他了. 6.find+O+Adverb He hurried there,but found them all out.他赶到那里,但发现大家都出去了. find在SVOC中的宾语如果是动词不定式或者是动名词,就必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后. 7.find+it+adj.+doing sth. We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我们发现劝他和我们一起去是没用的. 8.find+it+adj.+to do sth. She found it hard to keep a diary in English.她发现用英语每天写日记很难. Feel feel在SVOC中的释义是“感到,认为”,如果其宾语是动词不定式,也必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后. 1.feel+it+Noun+Infinitive They feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他们认为保持教室干净是他们的职责. 2.feel+O+Past participle He felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取这个行动. 3.feel+O+Bare infinitive (不带to的动词不定式) While I was cooking something in the kitchen I felt the floor move.我在厨房煮饭的时候,感到地板在动. 4.feel+O+Present participle I felt my heart beating faster when I entered the lonely house.当我走进这幢孤零零 的房子时,我感到我的心跳加快. 5.feel+O+Adjective We feel the idea quite impractical.我们觉得这个想法很不实际. 6.feel+O+Noun Mike felt himself a person of importance.迈克觉得自己是一个重要人物. Make Make在SVOC中的释义是“使得某人或某物怎么样”. 1.make+O+Adjective We must make the buying of tickets easier for our passengers.我们一
定要让旅客们更容易买到机票. 2.make+O+Noun All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,弄得孩子会变傻. 3.make+O+Bare innnitive Man must make the earth support more people.人类必须使地球养活更多的人. 4.make+O(oneself)+Past participle If Dr.Baker is in the hall,will he please make himself known to me 如果贝克博士在场的话,请自我介绍一下好吗 Exercise: Fill in the blanks with feel, find, make, leave, keep using the proper for高中英语语法知识重难点m. 1. It's dangerous for you the horse running too fast. 2. He it an honor to be invited to the party. 3. The death of the president __ the country sad. 4. His English is so poor that he can't __ himself understood. 5. At the time of the earthquake, you __ the ground shaking or moving. 6. You'd better all the windows open. 7. If the government _ _ the factory polluting the river, there would be no fish here. 8. He returned home __ his father lying sick in bed. 9. They _ _ him the right man for the job. 10. The weather us indoors that day. 五,英语中“许多”概念的表述 英语中“许多”概念的表达方法很多,用起来较灵活.本文对其用法分类浅析如下. 一,修饰可数名词.表示“许多”的词和词组有:many,a great/good many,a great/large/small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg: There are many people in the park.公园里有许多人. I'm quite busy;I have a great many things to do.我非常忙,我有很多事情要做. A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的许多朋友都认为我应该休假. There were a large number of patients outside waiting to see the doctors.外面有很多 人等着看病. Up to now only a small number of schools have been built in this area.到目前为止,这个地区仅仅建了少数几个学校. She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning.她昨天上午买了许多鸡蛋. I have heard that scores of times.那件事我已听过很多遍了. 注意:1.many用作代词,表示“许多人,许多”的意思. Many of them have left for the countryside.他们中有许多人到农村去了. 2.Many a/an也表示“很多的,许多的”的意思,后接可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数形式. Many a young man wants to speak English.许多年轻人想说英语. 3.a great/good many用作代词,表示“很多东西/人”的意思. A great many of them are out of work.他们中的很多人失业了. 4.the number of...表示“...的数目”'谓语动词用单数形式. The number of books missing from the school library is large.学校图书馆丢失书的数目很大. 二,修饰不可数名词.表示“许多”的词和词组有:much,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of. “Do you have much money with you ”“No,I never carry much money with me.”“你身上带了很多钱吗 ”“不,我身上从来不多带钱.” There is a great deal of snow on the ground.地面上有很多雪. I have spent a good deal of time/money on stamp collecting.我在集邮上花费了很多时间/钱. A million dollars is a large amount of money to me.100万美元对我来说是一笔巨款. There is only a small amount of food.只有一点食物. 注意:1.much用作代词,表示“许多,大量”的意思. I couldn't write much into day's exam.在今天的考试中我没答出多少. 2.a great/good deal用作代词,表示“很多,大量”的意思. He ate a great deal.他吃了很多. 3.a great/good deal用作副词,作状语,修饰形容词,特别是形容词比较级,意思是“非常,...得多”;也可修饰动词,意思是“很多”. He ran a good deal faster than I.他跑得比我快得多. “Do you walk much ”“Yes,a good deal.”“你常步行吗 ”“是的,次数很多.” We see each other a great deal.我们多次见面. 4.the amount of...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式. The amount of money spent on the bridge was large.这座桥耗资巨大. 5.1arge amounts of...作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.建这座桥花费了大量资金. (比较:A large amount of money was spent on the bridge.) 三,修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词.表示“许多”的词组有;a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a great/1arge/small quantity of,great/large quantities of. A lot of/Lots of people went swimming yesterday.昨天很多人去游泳. A lot of/Lots of work is to be done this week.本周将有许多工作要做. We have plenty of cakes.Take some more.我们有很多蛋糕,多吃些吧! Don't hurry.There is plenty of time.不用急,还有充足的时间. We need
a large quantity of 'food for the winter.我们需要大量的食物过冬. There are large quantities of tractors in the farm.农场里有许多拖拉机. 注意:1.a lot用作名词,表示“很多,多数”的意思. He knew a lot about it. 关于那件事他知道得很多. I have a lot/lots to do to day.我今天有很多工作/事要做. 2.a lot用作副词,修饰形容词和动词,表示“非常,相当”的意思. He is feeling a lot better today.他今天感觉好多了. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.我比你犯的错误多多了. I like him quite a lot.我非常喜欢他. She laughed a lot.她笑得很厉害. 3,plenty of只用于肯定句,在疑问句或否定句中一般用enough表示“足够”. Do you have enough time 你的时间够用吗 They don't have enough time.他们没有足?
考研英语语法重难点解析
一、人称代词
（一）人称代词的主格、宾格
人称代词的主格在句中作主语、表语，宾格作及物动词或介词的宾语，主格和宾格不可混用。
例句： When school was over， Jack and me went home together.
分析： me应改为I，因为它处在主语的位置上。
例句： Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. （第14题）
分析： 该句是复合句，其中which a person smokes是修饰each cigarette的定语从句，he指代前面的`a person。
译文： 一个人吸的每一支烟都对他的身体有害，最终他将因吸烟患上一种严重的疾病。
（二）it的用法
1． 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物（可代替单个词、词组或句子）。
例句： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. （第19题）
分析： 该句是复合句，其中he composes是省略了关系代词which/that的定语从句，修饰the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作状语修饰enjoys。
译文： 理想的听众是当音乐奏响时既能置身其中又可超然其外的人，并且几乎可以像作曲家在创作音乐时那样享受音乐。
例句： You have saved my life and I will never forget it.
分析： it指you have saved my life。
译文： 你曾经挽救过我的生命，我决不会忘记这件事。
2． 表示时间、距离、天气等自然现象。
例句： It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.
译文： 现在是时候告诉美国人他们走错路了。
例句： She didn?t come back until it was 12:00.
译文： 直到12点她才回来。
例句： It is about 50 miles to school.
译文： 到学校大概50英里。
3. 作形式主语（真正的主语为动名词、不定式或主语从句）
例句： But it?s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress?free， happiness?enhancing parenthood aren?t in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience. （选自Text 4）
分析： 该句是复合句。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是to wonder if the images aren?t contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience；we see every week of stress?free， happiness?enhancing parenthood是一个定语从句，修饰the images；介词短语in some small，subconscious way作状语，表示方式。
译文： 我们想知道每周看到的“毫无压力、提升幸福感”的为人父母形象是否在以某种细微的、潜意识的方式加剧我们对现行生活体验的不满呢？这很有意思。
4． 作形式宾语
例句： The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. （选自20Text 2）
分析： 该句是简单句。其中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one，more acceptable作宾语补足语。
译文： 金融危机已经使得等待工作机会或者辞去糟糕的工作这种行为更容易被人接受了。
例句： There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. （第7题）
分析： 该句是简单句。no matter what he does在句中作状语，表示让步，分词短语making...作over 100 night schools的补足语。
译文： 这个城市有100多所夜校，这使得专业人员无论从事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。
5． 引出强调句（强调谓语以外的其他成分）
用强调句型： It is/was+被强调部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分，被强调部分常为主语（从句）、宾语（从句）、状语（从句），强调状语时不能用when或where，要用that，翻译成汉语时被强调部分常用“是”、“正是”等来表示强调含义。判断是不是强调句的标准是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”，如果余下部分是一个完整的句子，说明原句是一个强调句，否则就是一个由it作形式主语的句子。
例句： It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th?century world of the motor car and the airplane. （选自Use of English)
分析： 该句是复合句。分词短语beginning with...作主语the communications revolution的补足语，该强调句强调状语during the same time。
译文： 与此同时，通讯革命也在加速发展，从交通运输、铁路开始，发展到电报、电话、无线电和电影再到20世纪的汽车和飞机。
例句： Perhaps it is humankind?s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. （选自19Text 1）
分析： 该句是简单句。句子主干为humankind?s long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短语at the mercy of...意为“听凭……摆布，完全受……支配”。
译文： 也许正是由于人类长期听任旱涝之灾的摆布，才使得让洪水听从人类的调遣这种理想令人如此痴迷。
二、物主代词
（一）物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词只能修饰名词而不能代替名词，而名词性物主代词可以代替名词词组，即“形容词性物主代词+前面所提到的名词”。
例句： All the off?shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. （年第35题）
分析： 该句是复合句。出现了as引导的时间状语从句。
译文： 海洋石油勘探队员们读情深意浓的家书时个个情绪高涨。
例句： He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.
分析： 该句是并列句。第一部分是个复合句，出现了as引导的原因状语从句。
译文： 他因为糟糕的发音而不够资格当英文老师，但她的发音却非常好。
（二）不同性别的形容词性物主代词修饰名词。
如：不同性别的形容词性物主代词同时修饰一个名词时，男性物主代词置于女性物主代词前。
例句： Who do you like best， his or her friends?
译文： 你最喜欢他的还是她的朋友？
（三）名词性物主代词（除its外）可与介词of搭配，构成双重所有格
a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名词+of+名词性物主代词。
如：
a book of mine
no fault of hers
that pen of his
三、反身代词
反身代词在句中作宾语、表语和同位语，使用时注意反身代词与其指代对象在人称、数和性上保持一致。
例句： According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it． （第3题）
分析： 该句是复合句，其中had better+ do意为“最好做某事”。
译文： 按照一种观点，真理若想众人皆知，真理就应该显而易见，所以人们最好是等待而不是去探寻它。
例句： Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English. （第35题）
分析： 该句是简单句。avail oneself of...意为“利用（机会等）”。
译文： 我敬爱的导师怀特教授经常提醒我抓住每个机会提高英语水平。
例句： The house belongs
小学英语语法重难点知识大汇总
一、语法易错点
1. a, an的选择: 元音字母开头的单词用an,辅音字母开头的单词用a.
2. am , is , are的选择: 单数用is , 复数用are. I 用 am , you 用 are.
3. have , has 的选择: 表示某人有某物.单数用has , 复数用have. I ,you 用 have .
4. there is, there are 的选择:表示某地有某物,某人.单数用there is , 复数用there are.
5. some, any 的选择:肯定句用some, 疑问句和否定句用any.
6. 疑问词的选择:what (什么) who (谁) where (哪里) whose (谁的) why(为什么)when(什么时候)which(哪一个)how old (多大) how many (多少)how much(多少钱)
二:形容词比较级
当我们需要对事物作出比较时,需要用到比较级.比较级的句子结构通常是:
什么 + 动词be (am , is , are ) + 形容词比较级 + than(比)+ 什么 ,如:
I'm taller and heavier than you. (我比你更高和更重.)
An elephant is bigger than a tiger. (一只大象比一只老虎更大.)
形容词的比较级是在形容词的基础上变化而来的,它的变化规则是:
① 一般的直接在词尾加er ,如 tall - taller , strong - stronger ,
② 以e结尾的,直接加r ,如 fine – finer ,
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的,先改y为i再加er,如funny - funnier
④ 双写最后的字母再加er,如big – bigger, thin – thinner ,hot – hotter
☆注意☆
比较的两者应该是互相对应的可比较的东西.
典型错误:My hair is longer than you.(我的头发比你更长.)
比较的两者是我的头发,你(整个人),那么比较的对象就没有可比性.
应该改为:My hair is longer than yours. 或My hair is longer than your hair.
三:动词过去式
动词的过去式的构成规则有:
A,规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play,stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B,不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate , see – saw , have – had , do – did , go - went , take - took , buy - bought , get - got , read - read ,fly - flew , am/is - was ,
are - were , say - said , leave - left , swim - swam , tell - told , draw - drew , come - came , lose - lost , find - found , drink - drank , hurt - hurt , feel - felt
四:动词现在分词详解
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
五、人称代词主格及宾格
人称代词分为主格和宾格，主格和宾格区别：主格和宾格汉语意思相同，但位置不同。
Eg:I(主格)“我”-- me (宾格)“我”
主格在陈述句中通常放句首，宾格通常放在动词后或介词后，也就是说宾格，不放在句首。
Eg :I have a new car.( I 主格)
Excuse me (me 宾格)
I ask him to go (him 宾格)
They sit in front of me (me 宾格)
主格(8个)：I 我you你 he他 she她 it它 we 我们you 你们they他(她、它)们
宾格(8个)：me我 you你 him 他her她 it它 us我们 you你们 them他(她、它)们
六:句型专项归类
1.肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,
如:I'm a student.
She is a doctor.
He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom.
2,否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,
如:I'm not a student.
He does not (doesn't) work in a hospital.
There are not (aren't) four fans in our classroom.
☆注意☆ 小结:
否定句主要是在肯定句的基础上加上了否定词 “not”.有动词be的句子则“not”加在be后面,可缩写成“isn't,aren't”,但am not 一般都分开写.没有动词be的句子则要先在主要动词的前面加上一个助动词(do,does,did),然后在它后面加上“not”,你也可以把它们缩写在一起如“don't , doesn't , didn't ).这三个助动词要根据人称和时态来选择,其中”does“只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况,而”did“只用于一般过去时,不论主语是什么人称和数,都用”did“ .
3,一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用”yes“,或”no“来回答.
如:Are you a student ?Yes, I am No, I'm not.
Is she a doctor? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Does he work in a hospital ?Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
Did you watch TV yesterday evening? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
☆注意☆ 小结:
一般疑问句是在肯定句的基础上,
①把动词be调到首位,其他照写,末尾标点符号变成问号即可.
②没有动词be的句子则要在句首加上一个助动词(do,does,did)再把紧跟在后面的动词变回原形,末尾标点符号变成问号即可.
这三个助动词也要根据人称和时态来选择,其中”does“只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况,而”did“只用于一般过去时,不论主语是什么人称和数,都用”did“ .一般疑问句有个重要的原则就是问和答要一致,即问句里的第一个单词(助动词)和简略答句里的这个词是一致的.
4,特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子.此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用”yes ,no“来回答.如:
What is this?
Where are you going?
Who played football with you yesterday afternoon?
When do you usually get up?
Why do you like spring best ?
How are you?
☆注意☆ 小结:
其中how又可以和其他一些形容词连用组成特殊疑问词组用来提问,如: how many(多少(数量)), how much(多少(钱)), how tall(多高), how long(多长), how big(多大), how heavy(多重)
例句:How many pencils do you have ?
How many girls can you see ?
how many 用来提问可数名词的数量,主要有以上三种搭配,
How many + 名词复数 + do you have 你有多少……
How many + 名词复数 + can you see 你能看见多少……
How many + 名词复数 + are there… 有多少……
七:完全,缩略形式
1、简缩形式的变法：把倒数第二个字母，通常是元音字母变成' 但are除外，are要把a打成' 。Eg:he is=he's they are=they're
2、简缩形式和完全形式的汉语意思相同。
3、把完全形式变成简缩形式时，一定要注意第一个字母的大小变化。Eg:What is =What's
4、记住一个特殊变化;let's =let us 让我们(不要把' 变成i)
5、记住：this is 没有简缩形式this's(错误)
6.常见的缩略形式：
I'm=I am he's=he is she's=she is
they're=they are you're=you are
there's=there is they're=they are
can't=can not don't=do not
doesn't=does not isn't=is not
aren't=are not let's=let us
won't=will not I'll=I will
wasn't=was not
小学英语自然拼读法基本规则和小窍门
自然拼读法，想必各位家长早已耳熟能详，但很少有家长对自然拼读的真正作用有清楚的了解。
自然拼读法是英美国家的孩子学习英语读音与拼写，提高阅读能力的教学方法。掌握自然拼读后，孩子不仅“看到单词就能读出来”，还可以在不借助字典的情况下，读出大约70%的英文词汇!
人们总结出了很多发音规律，这些规律对于绝大多数英文词汇都是适用的。英语是拼音文字，所有的词汇都是由26个字母拼出来的，而在成千上万的不同拼法中，基本发音因素却只有39-47个，这说明26个字母与基本音素间是有着一定的关联的。
有什么关联呢?跟着小编一起学习吧~~
1字母与发音一一对应的辅音
b -- ball
d -- dog
f -- fish
h -- hat
j -- jump
k -- kite
l -- leg
m -- man
n -- not
p -- pen
q – quick
r -- run
s -- sun
t -- ten
v -- vest
w -- water
z -- zoo
(注意q与u总是连在一起的)
2有多个发音的辅音：
字母 发音 例词
c字母c后面接a，o，u的时候，c的发音与字母k发音相同，叫做“hard c sound”cat, cap, call, coat, cup
当字母c后面接e，i，或y的时候，通常c的发音与字母s发音相同，叫做“soft c sound”city, ice, rice, face, cell, cent, voice, pencil, juice
有时在e或i前面，c会发/sh/音 ocean, racial, social
g字母g后面接a，o，u的时候，所发的音叫做“hard g sound” girl, gas, get, give, go
当字母g后面接e，i，或y的时候，有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同，叫做“软g音”age, change, ginger, Egypt, gentle, giraffe, badge
特例：forget, give, girl中的g发hard sound
x x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音 box, next, mix, six, fox
x在单词中间时有时发/gz/音 exit, exam, exact
x在单词起始位置时发/z/音 xylophone, Xerox
y y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音 yes, you, yard, year, yell
y在单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音
y在结尾，单词只有一个音节时y发长/i/音，
y在结尾，单词有两个或以上音节时y发长/e/音
y在单词或音节中间时，发短/i/音
3辅音字母组合
辅音字母组合的发音很简单，就是把每个辅音字母的发音连在一起就可以了。之所以要把它们单独列出来，一个重要的原因就是，每个辅音字母组合是作为一个整体来看待的，在划分音节的时候是不能把这些辅音字母组合分开的。音节的划分对于一个单词的读音至关重要，我们所学的自然拼音法发音规律，其实都是针对单个音节的，对于多音节的单词来说，要先把单词划分为一个一个的音节，然后再对每个音节应用自然拼音法发音规律。音节的划分规律在后面我们会讲述，目前只需要熟记这些字母组合，以备后用。
字母组合 例词：
带有l的字母组合bl black, blame, bless, blue, blast
cl --clock, class, clap, clue, close
fl --flag, fly, flat, flash, flower
gl --glass, glad, glide, glue, globe
pl --plate, plane, place, plus, plan
sl --sled, sleep, slow, slide, slim
带有r的字母组合br --bridge, break, brave, brown, bread
cr --crab, crack, crop, crown, creek
dr --dress, drag, drink, drive, drop
fr --frog, fresh, free, from, front
gr --grape, grade, grass, grin, grunt
pr --press, pride, price, print, proof
tr --truck, track, true, train, tree
带有s的字母组合
sc --scale, scar, score, scare, scuff
sk --skate, skip, skill, skull, skin
sm --smoke, smile, smog, smell, smear
sn --snake, snap, snore, snow, snug
sp --spoon, spin, spot, spell, sport
st --stop, stack, stay, step, still
sw --swim, swell, swing, sweet, swift
tw --twig, tweet, twist, twin, twine
三字母组合
shr --shrink, shred, shrill, shrimp, shrub
spl --splash, split, splice, splint, splurge
spr --spread, spring, spree, sprain, spray
squ --square, squad, squirrel, squat, squeak
str --string, strip, straw, stream, street
thr --throw, three, throne, thrift, thrill
在结尾的字母组合
ck(只发一个/k/音) --duck, pack, quick, luck, rock
ld --cold, gold, held, mild, bald
lk --milk, silk, elk, sulk, skulk
mp --lamp, damp, champ, hump, dump
nch --inch, ranch, lunch, bench, crunch
nd --hand, kind, bend, stand, mind
ng(这个音比较特别，是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音)--ring, long, sing, wing, lung
nk --sink, bank, trunk, pink, ink
nt --tent, ant, hunt, sent, mint
sh --fish, rash, brush, wish, trash
st --vest, last, test, list, lost
4复合字母构成的单音
简单的说，consonant digraph就是两个(或三个)辅音字母在一起只发一个音，通常指以下四种组合：ch(tch)，sh，wh和th。
ch和sh的发音有点类似中文“吃”和“湿”发音的前半部分，比如下列例词：chair，check，shoe，shop。
wh的发音可能会比较令人混淆，不同的历史时期，不同地方的人wh的发音会有一些不同。但现在在美式发音里，公认的说法是，一般来说wh与/w/发音相同，但在o前面发/h/音，比如when，what，whale，who，whole。
th的发音则需要一些记忆力了，在下面这些常用词里，th发浊音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声带需要振动，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来)：they, them-, their, theirs, the, this, that, these, those, then-,than, though, thus, there-(注意，如果一个单词后面带有小横线，就是指以这个单词开始的所有单词，比如them-包括there，therefore，thereafter等)。其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来，但是声带不振动)，比如think，thank，thirty等。
不发音的辅音字母(Silent Consonants)
在有些辅音字母组合中，其中一个字母是不发音的，该组合所发的音与发音的那个辅音字母所发音相同。下面列出了这些组合：
字母组合 不发音字母 例词
gh h ghost, ghetto, ghastly
gn g gnat, gnarl, gnaw, gnome, sign
kn k knife, knit, know, knock, knee
mb b comb, lamb, thumb, dumb, climb
pn p pneumonia
ps p psalm, psychic, psychology
rh h rhinoceros, rhyme, rhythm
sc c scissors, scent, scene, scenery, scenario
wr w wrong, wrist, wrap, wretch, wrench
gh gh light, high, eight, sigh, night
5元音概述
英语里元音的发音比较复杂，每个元音都可以发多个音，掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。
元音概述(The Basics About Vowels)
常说的元音字母有五个：a，e，i，o，u，另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。
每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音。
每个单词的每个音节里都包含有至少一个元音。
元音是单词的“最强音”。
元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。
一般来说，除了以下几种情况外，元音都发短音：
1. 该元音是元音字母组合的一部分
2. 该元音后面有字母r
3. 该元音在一个单词或重读音节的结尾
4. 单词以字母e结尾
5. 该元音是元音规则的特例
6短元音
短元音 例词
A a-------------- ant, and, cat, fast, map
E e-------------- egg, net, let, bed, tent
I i---------------- inch, bit, stick, pin, pig
O o-------------- ox, hot, top, not, got
U u-------------- up, bus, sum, cup, mud
Y y(在单词中部，发短i音)------------pyramid, lynx, typical, bicycle, symbol
7长元音
如果一个单词以字母e结尾，前面的元音发长音(magic e)。
如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾，该元音也发长音，
所谓长音就是该元音字母的名字，如A的长音发音为/ei/。
当一个单词或音节里只有一个元音时，该元音发短音，
而当这个单词或音节后面加上字母e，刚才的元音就发长音了，而字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用，自己是不发音的。
例如：can，其中的a发短音，如果结尾加上e，变为cane，元音a就发长音了，而e不发音，我们管字母e叫做magic e。下面的例词都是属于这类的：
game, safe, make, gate, whale
Pete, complete, athlete
nine, side, mile, kite, nice
note, rose, globe, those, bone
cube, rule, June, mute, dune (注意元音u的长音听上去有两种，一种就是字母u的名字，另一种则类似汉语拼音u的发音，因为有些辅音与u在一起发不出字母u的音，就以汉语拼音u的音来代替，比如rule。)
当元音在单词或重读音节结尾时，该元音发长音，例如：paper, be, she, legal, fiber, piano, open, future, human等等
注意Y在单词的结尾时被当作元音来使用，
当单词只有一个音节时，Y与元音I的长音发音相同，例如：cry, try, by, my。
当单词有两个或以上音节时，Y在单词结尾与元音E的长音发音相同，例如：puppy, baby, candy, city, sorry等。
上节讲到，当一个单词或音节里只有一个元音时，该元音发短音，而当这个单词或音节后面加上字母e，刚才的元音就发长音了，而字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用，自己是不发音的。这个规律可以扩展到复合元音字母的情况，当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时，通常第一个元音发长音，第二个元音不发音。例如：
ai, ay 发长A音，如sail, fail, day, say等。
ea, ee, 发长E音，如 meal, tea, need, feed等。
ie 发长I音，如 tie, lie, pie等。
oa, oe 发长O音，如 load, coat, toe等。
ue, ui 发长U音，如glue, suit, blue, fruit等。
但是，有一些不规则情况使得phonics的规则变得复杂起来，这也正是学习英语单词有挑战性的地方。在一些特殊情况下，单词里只有一个元音的时候，该元音是发长音的，如：
i后面接gh, gn, ld, 或nd时，i发长音，如sign, high, child, kind等。
o后面接ld, st时，o有时发长音，如cold, gold, most, host等，但接st时有时还是发短音的，如lost, cost.
有些复合元音字母也不遵循上述长音规律，见下表：
字母组合 所发音 例词
ea 短e head, bread, heavy, dead, ready
ei 长a eight, veil, neigh, weight, freight
oo 长u(类似汉语拼音的u) moon, zoo, school, pool, tool
oo 短u(类似汉语拼音的u) book, look, wood, foot, cookie
eu 长u euro, feud, eulogy, sleuth, pneumonia
ew 长u chew, new, few, stew, blew
ie 长e yield, chief, relief, believe, puppies
ey 长e monkey, money, honey, hockey, volley
学习phonics，除了要熟记各种规则外，还应多读，多练，才能把各种不规则发音牢记在心，灵活运用。
8双元音
双元音Diphthong与上节所述的复合元音字母构成的单音(digraph)的区别在于，diphthong是两个元音在一起所发的音是两个元音音素组合在一起的，所以听上去有两个音，尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的，而digraph是两个元音在一起，但是只发一个单音。把什么元音组合划归为双元音有着不同的说法，一般来说下面两种发音肯定是双元音：
1、oi, oy组合，把O 和I 的短音组合在一起连贯发出来，比如coin, voice, toy, boy等。
2、ou, ow组合，发音时先发类似汉语拼音ao的音，然后末尾再加上短促的类似汉语拼音u的音，例如house, found, owl, now等。
带有r的元音(R-controlled Vowels)
元音字母与r结合起来，会发全新的音，如下：
组合 所发音 例词
ar字母r的名字 car, marble, far, large, party
or/or/ fork, or, for, core, more, pork
/er/ worm, word, world, doctor, neighbor
er, ir, ur /er/nurse, girl, ever, sir, purple
特殊元音(Special Vowel Sounds)
字母或组合 所发音 例词
aw paw, law, raw, saw, dawn
all ball, call, fall, mall, tall
au haul, taught, caught, sauce
ou cough, bought, brought, thought
o(后面接ng的时候)song, long,strong, wrong
“broad sound”,比短o音嘴型要小，发音时间长a, e, i, o, u 非重读音(schwa sound)，当一个元音在非重读音节里时，有时会发此类音，非常类似汉语拼音里的e，但发音很轻。 about, elephant, banana, machine, confuse
ce, ci, si, ti 在同一个音节里这些字母组合后面接另外一个元音时，发/sh/音ocean, special, mission, nation, delicious, magician
io 后面接字母n时，i发y音 onion, billion, opinion, stallion
转化法(Conversion)
转化法是指单词词形不变，而词性却由一种词性转化为另一种词性，转化后的词义与转化前相比有时有联系，有时差异很大。主要体现在以下几个方面。
一、转化为动词
(一)名词转化为动词
slip(n.滑倒;小错)――(v.滑倒;悄悄地塞入)
trumpet(n.小号，喇叭)――(v. 大声宣告或鼓吹)
plate(n.盘子)――(v.镀金)
lap(n.重叠部分)――(v.包扎;拍打;使部分重叠)
(二)形容词转化为动词
coordinate(a.同等的)――(v.使协调)
last(a.最后的)――(v.持续，维持)
firm(a.坚固的)――(v.变稳固，变坚实)
near(a.不远的)――(v.靠近，接近)
(三)副词转化为动词
snap(adv.啪的一声)――(v.厉声说)
forward(adv.向前)――(v.邮寄，传递;提高)
counter(adv.相反)――(v.反对，反击)
dirty(adv.很，非常)――(v.弄脏)
二、转化为名词(一)动词转化为名词
associate(v.联系)――(n.同事，伙伴)
zero(v.瞄准，聚焦)――(n.零点)
warp(v.使弯曲)――(n.弯曲;偏见)
zone(v.划归)――(n.区域)
(二)形容词转化为名词
warm(a.温暖的，热情的)――(n.温和的地方)
bound(a.必定的;受约束的)――(n.跳，跳跃)
bottom(a.最后的，底部的)――(n.底面)
ill(a.不适的，有病的)――(n.恶行，邪恶)
三、转化为形容词(一)名词转化为形容词
relative(n.亲戚)――(a.相对的)
forte(n.特长)――(a.强音的)
drunk(n.醉鬼)――(a.烂醉的，飘飘然的)
initial(n.首字母)――(a.最初的)
(二)副词转化为形容词
sharp(adv.准时地，整点)――(a.锋利的，陡峭的)
stark(adv.完全地)――(a.光秃秃的;严格的)
cheap(adv.廉价)――(a.便宜的，花钱少的)
devilish(adv.很，非常)――(a.邪恶的，恶毒的)
(三)介词转化为形容词
inside(prep.在内，向内)――(a.内部的，从内部得到的)
down(prep.朝向下方，沿着)――(a.往下的，向下的)
given(prep.考虑到，鉴于)――(a.给予的，指定的)
in(prep.在……内，从事)――(a.流行的;亮着的)
四、转化为副词(一)名词转化为副词
light(n.光线，光源)――(adv.轻装地;轻地)
down(n.绒毛，汗毛)――(adv.往低处，向下)
slap(n.掌击)――(adv.直接，正好)
well(n.水井，来源)――(adv.满意地，称赞地)
(二)形容词转化为副词
live(a.有生命的，发着光的)――(adv.从现场，实地)
little(a.小的，短的)――(adv.稍许)
due(a.应支付的，到期的)――(adv.【置于方位词前】正)
express(a.迅速的，清楚的)――(adv.用快递方式)
(三)介词转化为副词
up(prep.上面，沿着)――(adv.向上地，接近)
about(prep.在周围，到处)――(adv.四周地，随处)
around(prep.沿……绕成一圈，包围)――(adv.四方，围绕)
over(prep.在……正上方)――(adv.由上往下，横过)
合成法(Compounding)
合成法是指一个新词由两个或两个以上的词合成，这种单词之间可以用连字符连接，也可直接连在一起。下面着重讲述四种词性的合成。
(一)合成名词
dress?shirt(礼服衬衫)draw?bridge(吊桥)
flash?flood(暴涨的洪水)echo?sounder(回声探测器)
lotus?eater(贪图享乐的人) sky?surfing(空中冲浪)
power?point(电源插座) driving?licence(驾驶证)
(二)合成形容词
trust?worthy(值得信赖的)quick?change(瞬变的)
pug?nosed(狮子鼻的)on?stage(在舞台上的)
mouth?watering(令人垂涎的)strike?bound(因罢工而停顿的)
run?of?the?mill(普通的)stand?up(站立的，单口相声的)
(三)合成动词
rum?mage(搜寻)tip?toe(踮着脚走)
proof?read(校对)counter?act(抵抗)
sight?read(即兴演奏乐曲)over?haul(大修，仔细检查)
short?change(少找钱，亏待)cat?nap(打盹)
(四)合成副词
straight?way(立刻，马上)like?wise(同样地)
never?the?less(尽管如此)there?fore(因此)
not?with?standing(尽管，还是)sky?high(极高地)
scot?free(免受惩罚，免受伤害)some?how(以某种方式)
语法一致原则
1、在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式，谓语也为单数形式;主语为复数形式，谓语也为复数形式。如：
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个英语短语练习不容易。
2、在”there be“结构中， ”be“的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如：
There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。
3、”one of“结构，位于用单数，”two of"结构位于用复数
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。
3、倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。
完形填空
1.充分利用首句信息
完形填空题首句往往不设空，往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，要充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维。
2.多角度的逻辑推理
完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程，必须把握作者的思路，通过联想、推测等方法，多换角度去思考问题，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。
3.从上下文寻找线索
通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年高考试题逐渐摈弃单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格而言，体现了以实词为主、虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中所表达的陷含信息大都无法只凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面理解获知。因此，只有借助于上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定才能够准确作出判断。
4.利用语法分析解题
对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。对于这种题，要针对地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。
5.利用文化背景和生活常识解题
做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺理成章地选出正确的答案。
6.习惯用法和词语辨析
对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法是英语中某些固定的结构形态，不能随意变动。而在众多的习语当中，介词往往扮演最活跃的角色，其次是副词。词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势，多为常用词、词组。
7.语篇标志的利用
语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，如：表示结果层次的语篇标志firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示逻辑关系的有thus,therefore,so等;表示改变话题的有bytheway等;表示时间关系的有before,sofar,yet,now,later等。如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
完形填空四句话口决：
把握全文明主线;
固定搭配记心间;
原词再现莫错过;
上下求索是关键。
2013考研英语语法重难点精解 动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词，它的形式与现在分词相同，具有名词和动词的某些特征，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语，在句中不能单独做谓语。
动名词的.时态(Tense)
以动词do为例：
主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出，动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同，而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同，用法却大相径庭，动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
例句： Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake， for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)
分析： 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语，it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
译文： 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了，因为他后来发现是自己的过错。
例句： ――Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
――That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
分析： 前一分句是一复合句，who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语，后一分句是一简单句。
译文： ――你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?
――那个孩子不承认是他干的。
例句： I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)
分析： 该句是简单句。
译文： 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
考研频道。★ 英语语法重要吗
