以下是小编为大家准备的考研英语 透析翻译题难点（共含11篇），希望对大家有帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“朱砂沉香财神开”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
考研英语 透析翻译题难点
英语是一种“形合语言”
很多同学认为词汇没有掌握，结构不可能懂。其实词汇和结构相对来讲，是两个不同的方面。英语是一种形合语言，即英语比较注重表面上的形式化，比如大家会发现，英语当中的任何从句都有一个共同的特点，就是都包含有连接词，而连接词诸如that，which等都是我们的中小学词汇，因此即使一个长难句有些词汇不懂，你也完全可以将结构划分清楚。在翻译练习的过程中，同学更应该加强包含较多难词的句子的结构分析，这样才能更好训练我们的速度和眼力，达到考场上的“快速透视”。
切割完句子，要进行重组
切割完的句子，我们需要进行翻译转换重组，此为建构。翻译时，在充分理解原文的基础上，需要根据中英文的差别，比如英语多被动，汉语多主动;英语多繁杂，汉语多简短;英语多替换，汉语多重复等，采取适当的方法策略，比如增省词法，重换词法，倒译转译法等灵活处理，最终达到一种归化的翻译形式，准确，通顺。建构过程中，要注意三点：一是翻译首先是理解，其次是传达。准确的理解才能有准确的表达。二是语境的作用。翻译时，有的单词看似温和，实则暗藏杀机。这需要注意的是词义的.选择和引申。三是何为归化翻译，归化旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。这和大纲要求基本是一致的。说白了，就是写出来的形式上是中文，意义上也必须是中文。最后是校对。最后一步，要检查核对一下。比如有没有漏掉信息，表达是否通顺，汉字书写是否规范等。
考研翻译最重要的三元素就是语法，词汇，以及方法。材料选择以真题为主;翻译时重点直译，适当意译。考生如果有欠缺的地方要抓紧时间查缺补漏，这样才能在考场上所向披靡。
考研英语难点词语
questionnaire [kwestin] n.调查表，问卷
[真题例句] In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.[阅读3]
[例句精译] 在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中。
qualitatively [kwliteitivli] ad.质量上
[真题例句] The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.[1995年翻译]
[例句精译] 这样得到的信息，从性质让讲，和其他种类的信息都具有优缺点。
qualification [kwlifikein，kwlfken] n.①资格，合格;②限定，条件;③合格证
[真题例句] Yet the result may be worse qualifications (①), because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.[阅读2]
[例句精译] 然而，(这种情况的)结果可能就是成绩欠佳，因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少，同时当众讲话时的信心也不足。
psychological [saikldikl] a.心理(上)的
[真题例句] The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter noting the “medical /psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.[新题型]
[例句精译] 娱乐场将他的`照片归入了禁止的人员中，并给他写了“停止入场”的信，信中记录了行为问题的“医学的/心理的”状态和性质。信中写道，在重新被接纳可以进入娱乐场消费前，不会对他的安全和财产产生任何威胁。
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” Thecolonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言，语法结构和逻辑思维习惯都不太一样，同学们需要分析句子的语法和逻辑结构。找到句子主干和修饰语，弄清修饰语与主干是什么修饰关系。最后，根据单词和逻辑关系，重新组合成汉语译文。接下来小编告诉你英语二翻译题技巧。
一.增译法
指根据英汉 两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无 主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主 句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使 用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情 况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需 要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完 整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
二.省译法
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。
三.转换法
指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和 语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子 成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把 复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
四.拆句法和合并法
拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较 短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结 构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句 的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序， 顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。
误区一：复习可不可以放在最后?
根据近几年的考研英语出题趋势来看，考研英语对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考查的比重在不断加大，尤其是在英译汉部分，考试主要的考查方向更侧重于考察大家综合运用语言的能力。
大家明白了考研英语翻译的考试趋势，复习的话就要有针对性。所以说考试复习建议大家最好不要放在最后进行，最后一个月时间还要复习备考英语作文。
误区二：英汉翻译不注重意译
建议大家在翻译过程中，注意汉语翻译要根据原文语境去翻译，且避免拖沓，做到通达、准确。对于译文的组合，一定要注意结构。例如强调结构在汉语中，翻译时的独特变化。
误区三：翻译复习多练习模拟题
这简直就是谬论，虽然说翻译不能光看不练，但是一定要注意不能用模拟题进行练习，模拟题出题人的水平参差不齐，所选择的题材和体裁都不一定适合考研翻译，与真题的由较大差异。
真题题目是真正的英语专家经过仔细的筛选，按照考研英语的大纲一一核对，并经过审题人的层层审查，最终形成了考试试卷。建议大家用真题进行练习。
考研英语词法翻译重要方法
1. 省略代词
省略作主语的人称代词
I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.
We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。
The significance of life is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获得的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。
省略作作宾语的代词
Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 取下来扔掉
省略物主代词
I put my hand in my pocket.
2. 代词it的省略
Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
It was 08:00.
It took me a long time to reach the destination.
It is the people who are really powerful.
人民才是最强大的。
3. 省略连接词
He looked gloomy and troubled. 忧虑不安
As it is late, you had better go home. 时间不早了
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了
If I had known it, I would not have joined into. 早知如此
John rose gloomy as the train stopped. 火车停了
4. 省略冠词
The horse is a useful animal. 马是有益的动物。
It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past
有些情况，冠词不能省略：
He left without saying a word. 一句话
This is the book you wanted. 那本书
5. 省略介词
省略表示时间的介词
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
On July 1, , Hong Kong returned to the People’s Republic of China.
?省略表示地点的介词
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.
特例：
He stood by the desk. 他站在桌旁。
He stayed in his own house. 他住在自己家里。
6.省略动词
系动词和与具有动作意义的名词搭配的动词。
When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.
气压低，沸点就低。
Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.
必须在购货单规定的时间交货。
修辞角度：
1. 省略重复出现的词或短语
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
...有工作经验的优先。
Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。
2. 省略可有可无的词
There was no snow. The leaves were gone from the trees. The grass was dead.
没有下雪，但叶落草枯。
There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and willl master them all in the end.
第一，重视真题
在考研复习过程中，很多考生会觉得已经考过的翻译不会再考了，复习时往往会忽略以前真题出现的翻译题，这其实是一个错误。
因为真题是代表客观、科学，考生可以从真题中了解出翻译的难度，翻译问题的方向等内容，从而可以掌握自己的复习和分配情况。才能更好地把握回答问题的技巧，能有效检查到自己的情况，做好复习工作。
第二，随时随地掌握更多英语知识
我们都知道翻译问题涉及的内容广泛，这就要求考生加强对经济、社会、科学等方面的涉及。小编分析了近年来的试卷，多侧重社会科学类文章，包括青少年问题、智商问题、素质问题、农业问题。
考生在复习时应加强有关社会科学的内容文章进行阅读，需要大致了解文章的基本内容和主要思想，这样的积累，不仅提高了阅读能力，还扩大了词汇量。
第三，对语法有深刻的理解
许多考生在面临研究生英语入学考试时都处于一种非常迷茫的状态。他们中的大多数人拿着一本翻译书，不断地背诵记忆，这实际上是不可取的。
翻译不仅考查考生们对词汇的积累，而且还考察语法模式的分析。这些都是需要考生慢慢学习掌握的。我们应该从翻译的基础入手，如被动句的翻译、英语中的时态问题、句子的结构、词义的定位等。从这些方面好好复习，以便学成翻译。
第四，把握翻译的灵活性
翻译题是真正考验考生的一动脑的能力,不是简单的记忆和记忆能力,可以说翻译题,不再是一个特定的评论书籍或技能,而是考查考生们日积月累掌握的英语基础,包括词汇和语法的知识积累,以便从根本上取得考研英语好成绩。
代词的处理方法
内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词，比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较少。代词在句子当中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语四大句子成分。代词在种类上分成六大类：人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
(1)人称代词
处理原则：人称代词出现在句首的时候，要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象，名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词，如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方，而且同时指代对象，我们一般可以把他译成人称。如果划线部分有很多个名词，而且指代并不十分明确的.时候，我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译，翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词，表达不清楚的时候译成名词。
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(2)物称代词
物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况：一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它，另一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么，没办法代出代词。如果这个物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达，关键是要清除。
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
(3)指示代词
例：During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
(4)不定代词
不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词
例：However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
(5)疑问代词
例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体rong>
例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
大学网才研频道。考研英语翻译题难点精析
根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。” 其测试的重点是考生对英语的理解能力及汉语表达能力,有关翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就需要考生既要有比较好的英语基础，还要有扎实的汉语功底。翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言;它是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句、组句成段的能力。但是其在评分时有合适标准和可接受的标准，也就是说只要考生所翻译的句子适合于上下文的基本思想而且其译文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定这个句子的翻译符合要求。由于翻译部分的句型结构和阅读理解的较难句型基本类似，考试重点如出一辙，为了让大家更好的理解阅读理解真题文章，提高做题正确率，现在把考研翻译方法进行归纳总结，以便大家复习参考。
被动语态翻译法
1) 变为汉语的主动形式。
Eg:
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
2) 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
Eg:
For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.尽管计算机可以提供那么多的帮助，它却不应该被看作是基本的思维和推理技巧的替代物。
Eg:
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.这些预测将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实取决于所用信息的数量、可靠程度、适宜程度以及用来解释这些信息的技巧与才智。
3) 增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
Eg:
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程想比较，他们并认为这些思维过程必须经过某中专门训练才能掌握。
Eg:
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
分译法
英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。
Eg: It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。
合译法
和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。Eg:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.他们说科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。(将英语的一个句子结构翻译成一个词组)
Eg:
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不是遭到嘲笑。(When that happens, it is not a mistake原来是两个句子，现在组合成一个简洁的汉语句子。)
顺序调整法
一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整(例如采用倒译法)，使其更符合汉语的`习惯。
Eg:
The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.如果我们进入了技术新时代而不首先估价我们对环境所负的责任，我们将遇到公害，这些公害将表明危险真正达到了什么程度。
Eg:
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。(原来的谓语，在译文中变成了在前的主语。)
反译法
一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。
Eg:
I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。
Eg:
Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。(双重否定)
2)肯定译成否定。
Eg:
Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨饿的权利。
Eg:
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的，[来源：考研加油绽]因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。
Eg:
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
几种特殊否定句式的翻译法
“no more…than翻译成汉语“和……一样不”
Eg:
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.脏和胃一样不能思维，都受大脑支配。
Eg:
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理由限定你吃多少维生素，就如同他们不能限定你喝多少水一样。
“not so much …as”翻译成“与其说……，不如说……”
Eg:
It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.与其说他输了比赛是多次被击中，不如说是自己缺乏斗志。
Eg:
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
Eg:
He is the last person I want to see in the world.他是这个世界上我最不愿意见到的人。
定语从句翻译法
1)合译法:把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前，从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。
Eg:
Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的****情况调查报告。
2)分译法:根据定语从句的不同情况，我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。
Eg:
Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.任何人如果停止吸取新知识，就肯定会落后。(译为条件状语从句)
The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸，因为他们需要拖船
★ 英语考研翻译策略
★ 考研英语完型真题
★ 透析工作总结
