下面小编给大家带来语法复习八：动词时态和语态（共含6篇），希望能帮助到大家!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“Dorr”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
* By the end of they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
动词的被动语态
以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被动语态的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
高中英语语法复习应围绕两大主题展开, 第一: 从句部分(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)；第二：动词部分（动词的时态和语态、情态动词、非谓语动词、虚拟、倒装），其中前三部分为复习的重点。
动词的时态 --- 基本概念
1. 一般现在时
例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.
A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw
正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。
例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。
基本概念: 指经常性的行为或强调东西的特性，而忽略时间概念。
特殊用法: 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时（如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时）。
例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.
2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.
3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.
(注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。)
2. 一般将来时
基本形式:
A. will (shall) do B. be going to do
两种形式有时可以互换，但A 更强调意愿；B更强调计划和安排。
例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.
2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.
其它可表将来时的形式
1) 表运动动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的进行时--- 表计划或安排
* He’s arriving tomorrow.
2) be to do --- 表计划或安排
* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.
3) be about to do … --- “… 马上就要…”
* The train is about to leave.
be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”
* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)
3. 一般过去时和现在完成时
以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？
例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?
2. When did he leave?
3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。）
4. I didn’t know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。）
以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。
5. How many pages have you covered today?
6. I haven’t seen him for many days.
7. I’ve always walked to work.
8. The students have already left.
9. The city has taken on a new look.
10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.
以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是：
1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5---7）
2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8---10），说话人强调的是现在如何。
注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for…; since…短语（从句）
如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.
此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如：
* He has left home for many years.（错误）
* He has been away from home for many years. (正确)
* He has died since 1990. （错误）
* He has been dead since 1990.(正确)
两种时态的比较练习:
1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.
--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
Key:
1. B 前者强调的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now).
2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
3. D didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.
4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).
5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.
6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。
这里需要注意两点：
1）有少数动词（如：work, study, live, teach等）用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如：
* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.
* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.
在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：
2）大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，
* I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
* I’ve written an article. (已完成)
练习：
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
2. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from
C. had heard from D. hears
Key: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果)
2. B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。)
动词的时态和语态(2) 动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
动词的被动语态
以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被动语态的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
动词的时态和语态(3) --- 基本概念检测
(动词的时态和语态)
Choose the right answer
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had
2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. ---Is this raincoat yours?
--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung
6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
7. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.
A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed
9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
11. However much _____, it will be worth it
A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs
12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.
A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won
13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A. finish what I did B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing
14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
21. --- Have you moved into the house?
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
26. --- _______ my glasses?
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?
--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?
--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared
32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
35. --- Have you heard about the new school?
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
36. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.
A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy
39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
41. --- Why did you come by taxi?
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.
A. since B. still C. yet D. then
46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
48. --- How are you today?
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
Key:
1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD
21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC
41---45ABCBA 46---50DDDAD ?
分类说明
高考中对动词的时态和语态的命题不可少，每年都有两、三分。然而，命题一般都是以基础知识为主，把时态与语境结合起来，在复习动词时态和语态时，应特别注意下面一些问题：
1．动词的八种基本时态的形式和意义：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现任进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；现在完成进行时。并且，由此扩充了解将来完成时；将来进行时，将来完成进行时；过去将来完成时等。
2．掌握各种时态的时间状语要求，特别是上下文中所暗含的时间。
3．注意并掌握句子中时态一致性的要求，如：宾语从句中的时态要求：主句若为过去时，从句必须用相应的过去时，但当从句表示客观真理时，又可只用一般现在时；时间、条件状语中的时态要求：当主句为将来时时，从句片j一般现在时；虚拟语气中的时态要求：(见虚拟语气)。
4，掌握各种时态及含情态动词中的被动语态的形式和应用。
(1)分清动词的词性，熟悉并掌握常见的不及物动词happen，take place，occur，exist等，它们不能用被动语态；
(2)分清主语与谓语之间的关系；
(3)变被动语态的动词一般为及物动词，但有些不及物动词与介词所形成的短语动词也可有被动形式，此时，变被动语态后介词不能丢；
(4)熟悉并掌握主动形式表被动意义的情况，如：
A．及物动词read，write，sell，wash等，用作不及物动词，如：．
The pen _________well．
A．writes B．wrote C．is written D．has written
B．做定语不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时。如：
I have much work ________．
A．to do B．to be done C．to be doing D．to have done
但当不定的式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时，则须用被动语态．如：
Do you have any work ________now? I’m free．
A．to do B．to be done C．to be doing D．to have done
C．形容词hard，difficult，interesting，exciting，surprising等后的不定式作语及worth后面的doing。
回放真题
真题1(甘肃、青海卷29)
--Thank goodness，you’re here! What _________you?
--Traffic jam．
A．keeps B．is keeping C．had kept D．kept
【答案及解析】 D选项A表示一种经常的情况；B表示现在正在进行的事情；C表示过去某时间之前的行为；D表示一般过去的情况。根据前面句子可知，所问的是“你”来这儿之前的情况，故答案选D。
真题2(2004甘肃、青海卷31)
The house could fall down soon if no one ________ some quick repair work．
A．has done B．is doing C．does D．had done
【答案及解析】 C could在题干中表示推测(推测时间为现在)，故从句采用一般现在时，答案选C。
真题3(2004重庆卷22)
The crazy fans _________patiently for two hours，and they would wait till the movie star arrived．
A．were waiting B．had been waiting C．had waited D．would wait
【答案及解析】 B从“they would wait till…”可知，他们在此之前就一直在等，因此用过去完成进行时。
真题4(2004重庆卷23)
She ________her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for an better job．
A．would change B．has changed C．changed D．was changing
【答案及解析】 c本句虽然表示过去的过去，但before连接的两件事情时间联系得很紧密，主句动作是过去做完的动作，不侧重时间对比，故用一般过去时表示。
真题5(2004广东卷21)
All the employees except the manage ________to work online at home．
A．encourages B．encourage C．is encouraged D．are encouraged
【答案及解析】 D根据名词1+介词+名词2作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数由名词1决定的原则，排除选项A、C；根据主语与谓语动词的关系可知为被动语态，故答案选D。
真题6(2004福建卷21)
--You were out when I dropped in at your house．
--Oh，I _________for a friend from England at the airport．
A．was waiting B．had waited C．am waiting D．have waited
【答案及解析】 A根据上下句谈及的是过去的事情，并且wait的动作在drop之中发生，故用过去进行时。
真题7(2004湖北卷22)
He kept looking at her，wondering whether he ________her somewhere．
A．saw B．has seen C．sees D．had seen
【答案及解析】 D根据句子中谓语动词的时态，可排除选项B、c；再根据句子的意思，可知：认为见过她的动作应该在当时看她之前，因此答案选D。
真题8(2004湖北卷33)
--George and Lucy got married last week．Did you go to their wedding?
--No，I ________. Did they have a big wedding?
A．was not invited B．have not been invited
C．hadn’t been invited D．didn’t invite
【答案及解析】 C根据主、谓关系，排除选项D；再根据上旬，婚礼的举行是在上周，那么，应在上周以前邀请客人，须用过去完成时，故答案选C。
真题9(2004辽宁卷28)
It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931) ________the world leading inventor for sixty years．
A．would be B．has been C．had been D．was
【答案及解析】D该题it作形式主语，that引导主语从句，根据句子及各选项的意思，答案选D。
真题10(2004浙汀卷23)
The discussion ________alive when an interesting topic was brought in．
A．was coming B．had come C．has come D．came
【答案及解析】D选项A表示将来的情况；B表示过去的过去；C表示对现在造成的结果或影响；D表示过去某时的情况。
真题11(2004浙江卷34)
Because the shop ________, all the T-shins are sold at half price．
A．has closed down B．closed down
C．is closing down D．had closed down
【答案及解析】 C选项A、B表示已经关闭停业，与后面的“半价出售”矛盾；D表示过去某时之前的事情，句子中不存在；故答案选C，表示商店即将关闭停业。
真题12(2004江苏卷26)
More patients in hospital this year than last veal．
A. treated B. have treated
C．had been treated D．have been treated
【答案及解析】D根据句子的意思，病人接受治疗，而不是治疗他人，故排除选项A、B；再根据句子的时间状语可知，这里并没有表示过去的过去，因此需用现在完成时。意为：今年在医院接受治疗的病人比去年多。
真题13(2004江苏卷34)
Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s，when people ________ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology．
A．begin B．began C．have begun D．had begun
【答案及解析】 B when在此句中指前面主句中的since the early 1990s，为过去时。故本从句应用过去式，答案选B。
真题14(2004广西卷25)
--The window is dirty．
--I know．It ________for weeks．
A．hasn’t cleaned B．didn’t clean
C．wasn’t cleaned D．hasn’t been cleaned
【答案及解析】 D本题主要考查过去时与现在完成时的区别。过去时仅表过去发生过某事，与现在无关。现在完成时表示：1、某一动作虽发生在过去，但影响着现在；2、某一动作或状态从过去持续剑现在。由语境可知，几周以来，窗户一直没有被清洁。即答案为D。
真题15(全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]30)
My mind wasn’t on what he was saying, so I’m afraid I ________ half of it．
A．was missing B．had missed C．will miss D．missed
【答案及解析】 D整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，故用一般过去时，答案选D。
真题16(2004四川卷25)
--Has Sam finished his homework today?
--I have no idea．He ________it this morning．
A．did B．has done C．was doing D．had done
【答案及解析】c根据前句：我不知道，可看出答案选c，表示过去一直在进行的动作。
真题17(2004四川卷30)
I ________you not to move my dictionary-now I can’t find it．
A．asked B．ask C．was asking D．had asked
【答案及解析】 A asked表示过去，与句中的时间状语now相对应。
真题18(2004四川卷34)
According to the art dealer，the painting __________to go for at least a million dollars．
A．is expected B．expects C．expected D．is expecting
【答案及解析】A the painting是物，它自己不能预期、期望，故要用被动。
真题19(2004上海卷29)
The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ________increased enormously ever since.
A．is B．was C．has been D．had been
【答案及解析】 C句子后面的ever since意为：从那以后，须与现在完成时态连用。
真题20(2004上海卷30) ；
The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ________ to eat more fruit and vegetables．
A．persuade B．will persuade C．be persuaded D．are persuaded
【答案及解析】 D根据句子意思及结构可知，应该是说服人们而不是人们说服他人，因此应用被动语态；而本题属于真实条件，不是虚拟语气，故排除选项C。答案选D。
真题21(2004天津卷28)
--What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--I had just finished my work and to take a shower．
A．had started B．started C．have started D．was starting
【答案及解析】D用过去进行时表过去将来时。
真题22(2004北京卷22)
--What’s that terrible noise?
--The neighbors ________for a party．
A．have prepared B．are preparing C．prepare D．will prepare
【答案及解析】 B根据语境可知，对方问的是目前的情况，因此，告诉对方邻居正在为聚会作准备而弄出来的声音，故用进行时态。
真题23(2004北京卷25) ：
Now that she is out of a job，Lucy ________going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.
A．had considered B．has been considering
C．considered D．is going to consider
【答案及解析】 B Lucy现在还没决定，一直在考虑重新求学的事，故用现在完成进行时态。
真题24(2004北京卷27)
The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ________by .
A．has been completed B．has completed
C．will have been completed D．will have completed
【答案及解析】 C此题考查时态和语态。by+时间状语，主句谓语用相应的完成时态。by2006意思是：到底前，是将来时，而工作本身不能完成，是被人完成，故用将来完成时的被动语态。
真题25(2004湖南卷31)
--I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday．
--Oh，how nice! Do you know when she ________．
A．was leaving B．had left C．has left D．1eft
【答案及解析】D考查时态。首先根据宾语从句的连接词排除选项B、c；再根据E句的意思：她已经去那，故答案选D。
真题26(2004北京春季卷21)
How can you possibly miss the news? It ________on TV all day long．
A．has been B．had been C．was D．will be
【答案及解析】 A从上句的how can及时态、下一句的时间状语all day long可以看出本题应用现在完成时态。
真题27(2004北京春季卷24)
--Sorry to have interrupted you．Please go on．
--Where was I?
--You ________you didn’t like your father’s job．
A．had said B．said C．were saying D．had been saying
【答案及解析】c本题的语境是两个人在谈话，其中一个的话被另一个打断，然后再问自己刚才说到哪儿了(Where were I?)，因此得到的回答应为“你刚才说到……”(You were saying．．．)，有一些短暂性动词的过去进行时表“刚刚在……”，如：were not noticing(刚刚没注意到)。
真题28(2004北京春季卷30)
I arrived late；I ________the road to be so icy．
A．wouldn’t expect B．haven’t expect
C．hadn’t expected D．wasn’t expecting
【答案及解析】C “我”之所以arrived late，是因为“我”在此之前(即过去的过去)没有料到路上结了这么厚的冰，应用过去完成时。
真题29(2004北京春季卷34)
I ________while reading the English textbook．Luckily，my roommate woke me up in time!
A．had fallen asleep B．have fallen asleep
C．fell asleep D．fall asleep
【答案及解析】 C从第二句luckily，my roommate woke me up in time可以看出在此之前，“我”曾入睡了。故本题应用过去完成时态。
真题30(2004上海春季卷31)
There is no light in the dormitory．They must have gone to the lecture，________?
A．didn’t they B．don’t they C．mustn’t they D．haven’t they
【答案及解析】D must表推测时，反意疑问句的简短疑问部分依must后面的时态及时间状语确定。本题must后面是现在完成时，从前句可知是现在的情况，故答案选D。
真题31(2004上海春季卷33)
Although he has lived with us for years，he ________us much impression．
A．hadn’t left B．didn’t leave C．doesn’t leave D．hasn’t left
【答案及解析】C选项A为过去的过去；B表示过去，与前面从句的内容矛盾；D表过去的事情对现在的影响，均与题意不符，凶此，答案选C，表示现在通常的情况。
真题32(全国卷24)
--Sorry，J0e．I didn’t mean to…
--Don’t call me “Joe”．I’m Mr. Parker to you，and ________you forget it!
A．do B．didn’t C．did D．don’t
【答案及解析】 D 考查感叹疑问句的用法。其形式虽是疑问，实则表示感叹。它多以否定词Don’t开头并以感叹号结尾，其表达的意义则是肯定。译文 “对不起，乔，我的意思不是……”，“不要叫我乔。对你来说我是帕克先生，你可不要忘了!”
真题33(2003全国卷27)
All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor，her nervousness____.
A．has grown B．is growing C．grew D．had grown
【答案及解析】C考查动词时态。从题干中可看出(waited)事情发生存过；去，而且主句和从句的动作是同时发生的，选项A、B表示现在的情况，根据前面的时问状语予以排除；选项D表示过去的过去，与题意不符，因而只能选C。译文：整个上午她都在等着大夫的体检报告，不安的心情与时俱增。
真题34(2003全国卷30) ；
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _______fresh for several days．
A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed
【答案及解析】 B考查时态和语态。stay在此为系动词，既没有被动语态，也没有进行时或完成时，与will一起构成将来时，表示即将发生的动作或状态。译文：为什么你没有把肉放在冰箱里?(在冰箱里)它可以保鲜好几天。
真题35(2003北京卷22)
At this time tomorrow _______over the Atlantic．
A．we’re going to fly B．we’11 be flying
C．we’11 fly D．we’re to fly
【答案及解析】 B考查时态。情景提示在句子开头at this time tomorrow，表示将来某一点的时间正在进行的动作，用将来进行时，彤式是shall／will be doing。
真题36(2003北京卷25)
--________David and Vicky ________married?
--For about three years．
A．How long were；being B．How long have；got
C．How long have；been D．How long did；get
【答案及解析】C 考查时态。从答语For about three years判断，该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D选项。get married强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，排除B。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。
真题37(2003北京卷26)
The news came as no surprise to me．I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down。
A had known B．knew C．have known D．know
【答案及解析】A 考查时态。句意：我对这个消息一点都不吃惊，我早就知道这家工厂将会倒闭的。know 这一动作先于came 这一过去的动作发生，用过去完成时。答案为A。
真题38（2003上海卷30）
It believed that if a book is ________ it will surely the reader.
A．interested：interest B．interesting；be interested
C．interested；be interesting D．interesting；interest
【答案及解析】D interesting与interested都是形容词，但interesting主语是物，一般说sth is interesting，interested主语是人，一般说be interested in sth，故前二空格应用interesting；interest是动词形式，意为“吸引，使感兴趣”。故选D。
真题39(2003上海卷32) ．
I thought Jim would say something about his school report，but he ________lt.
A．doesn’t mention B．hadn’t mentioned
C．didn’t mention D．hasn’t mentioned
【答案及解析】c根据作者的语气判断，这里描述的是一种过去发生的情况，并未强调对过去或现在造成什么影响，因此用一般过去时态。
真题40(2003北京春季卷26)
--When will you come to see me，Dad?
--1 will go to see you when you ________the training course
A．will have finished B．will finish
C．are finishing D．finish
【答案及解析】D考查从句中的时态。英语中状语从句通常用一般现在时或现在完成时表示一般将来时。同理，用一般过去时或过去完成时表示过去将来时，其它如主、定等从旬不受限制。在when引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词要用一般现在时。
真题41(2003北京春季卷27)
--How long ________at this job?
--Since 1990.
A．were you employed B．have you been employed
C．had you been employed D．will you be employed
【答案及解析】B since后可加过去时间，也可加从句，从句中要用一般过去式，而主句要用现在完成式。根据Since 1990可确定为现在完成时。
真题42(2003安徽春季卷21)
With the rapid growth of population，the city ________in all directions in the past five years.
A spreads B. has spread C spread D. had spread
【答案及解析】 B根据时间状语in the past five years可以知道这个动作发生在以现在为立足点的时间轴的过去，且这个动作对现在有影响，故用现在完成时。
真题43(2003安徽春季卷33)
The silence of the library ________only by the sound of pages being turned over．
A．has been broken B．breaks C．broke D．was broken
【答案及解析】D从题意可看出图书馆的安静是被翻书声打破的，要用被动，排除B、C，再从being turned over可看出不必用完成时，排除A。
真题44(2003上海春季卷27)
By the end of last year，another new gymnasium ________in Beijing．
A．would be completed B．was being completed
C．has been completed D．had been completed
【答案及解析】D by意为“到……为止”。by后加过去时间，主句用过去完成时；如by后加现在时间，主句用现在完成时；如by后加将来时，主句要用将来完成时。by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用。表示到过去某个时期前已完成的动作。
真题45(2003上海春季卷28)
When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________yet。
A．are not decided B．have not been decided
C．is not being decided D．has not been decided
【答案及解析】D 根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时，故排除A、c；不定式,动名词及从句作主语，谓语动词按单数处理，when and where to do sth．表示单数，要用has not been decided。
真题46(全国卷23)
--You haven’t said a word about my new coat，Brenda．Do you like it? I
--I’m sorry I ________ anything about it sooner．I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A．wasn’t saying B．don’t say C．won’t say D．didn’t say
【答案及解析】D由于在问句中既使用了现在完成时，又使用了一般现在时，使一些考生产生了误解。现在完成时表示过去发生的事对现在造成的影响，过去对新大衣没作任何评价，造成的影响是对方不知道究竟对新大衣是什么看法，所以要用一般过去时didn’t say。sooner表示“快，早”，不表示“将来”所以不能选won’t say。
真题47(2002全国卷29)
I wonder why Jenny ________us recently．We should have heard from her by now。
A．hasn’t written B．doesn’t write
C．won’t write D．hadn’t written
【答案及解析】 A时间状语recently常与现在完成时连用。We should have heard from her by now的意思是“目前我们应该收到她的信了。”一些考生把should have heard from her理解成“本来不该收到她的信而收到了”，发生了错误。should在这里用于表示可能性、估计、猜测或推论，答案为A。
真题48(2002北京卷21)
The little girl ________her heart out because she ________her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it．
A．had cried；lost B．cried；had lost
C．has cried；has lost D．cries；has lost
【答案及解析】B 根据所提供的情景 she wasn’t ever going to find it可以确定 哭”的动作发生在过去。丢失玩具熊发生在“哭”之前，所以用过去完成时。
真题49(2002北京卷23)
--Excuse me．sir．Would you do me a favor7
--Of course．What is it?
--I _________if you could tell me how to fill out this form．
A．had wondered B．was wondering C．would wonder D．did wonder
【答案及解析】 B在这个句子中用过去进行时表示在对方问话之前自己已在思考着这样一件事。What is it?用了一般现在时，给试题增加了一定的难度。按常理答案应为I wonder if．．．，但无此选项。A,C不合题意；D项用了did作强调，从上下文看没此必要，这里用过去进行时表示提出请求前的想法。
真题50(2002上海卷23)
He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ________from the university next year.
A．will graduate B．will have graduated C．graduates D．is to graduate
【答案及解析】C by the time后接定语从句，省略了关系副词when。在这种定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。译文：到明年毕业之前，他已经学了八年英语。
真题51(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷25)
John and I ________ friends for eight years．We first got to know each other at Christmas party．But we ________each other a couple of times before that.
A．had been；have seen B．have been；have seen
C．hadbeen：had seen D．have been；had seen
【答案及解析】D 前者与一段时间状语for eight years连用，用现在完成时；后者表示在一次晚会上认识之前就见过，是过去的过去，用过去完成时。
真题52(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷27)
This is Ted’s photo．We miss him a lot．He ________trying to save a child in the earthquake．
A．killed B．is killed C．was killed D．was killing
【答案及解析】C从句意知Ted已经死了发生在过去，对于动词kill来说，应用被动，所以要用被动语态的一般过去时。
真题53(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷31)
--How are the team playing?
--They’re playing well, but one of them ________hurt.
A．got B．gets C．are D．were
【答案及解析】 A one of+名词复数或代词复数作主语时，谓语用单数，所以排除C和D，got hurt“受伤”，get后接过去分词表被动。受伤的事发生在过去，用一般过去时。
真题54(2002上海春季卷30)
Rainforests ________and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future．
A. cut B．are cut C．are being cut D．had been cut
【答案及解析】 c这句话的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉以至于在不久的将来它们将会消失。”从句子的语境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可判断，要用被动语态的现在进行时。表示现正在发生的事对将来可能造成的影响。
真题55(2002上海春季卷31)
How I wish every family ________a large house with a beautiful garden!
A．has B．had C．will have D．had had
【答案及解析】 B wish后接从句常用虚拟语气，表示这只是说话人的一种愿望。具体用法：如果从句中动作与现在事实相反应用过去时；与将来事实相反用would／could+动词原形；与过去事实相反用过去完成时或would／could +have done。译文：我多么希望每个家庭都住上带有漂亮花园的大房子。
真题56(2002上海春季卷36)
It ________long before we ________the result of the experiment．
A．will not be；will know B．is：will know
C．will not be；know D．is：know
【答案及解析】 C这句话的意思是“我们将在不久知道试验的结果”。所以要用一般将来时。It will not be long是主句，意思是“不久”；在before引导的时间状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。
真题57(全国卷24)
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ________ so rapidly．
A．is changing B．has changed C．will have changed D．will change
【答案及解析】 A句中的谓语动词部分．．．is no easy task，谓语动词表示一种 “含此刻在内的广泛意义上的现在时间”，状语从句中说明原因为“技术更新变化迅速”，应采用现在进行时，表示一种“持续变化”的状态，体现了“变化；趋势；发展和进展”。
真题58(2001全国卷30)
I ______ping-pong quite well，but I haven’t had time to play since the new year．
A．will play B．have played C．played D．play
【答案及解析】 D从常识看，一个人一旦获得了某种技能，这种技能就会保持很长一段时间，而不因短期内不训练而失去，虽然“我”今年没有时问训练，但乒乓球一直打得很好，要用一般现在时态。
真题59(2001全国卷32)
Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits．
A．will request B. request C．are requesting D．are requested
【答案及解析】D request意为“要求”，是及物动词(及物动词的特点是：要么带宾语，要么用被动(无宾语时))。这句话的意思是参观者被要求不能触摸展览品，所以用被动。
真题60(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷12)
Hundreds of jobs ________if the factory closes．
A．lose B．will be lost C．are lost D．will lose
【答案及解析】B在if引导的状语从句中，从句用现在时，主句用一般将来时；而且主语是jobs，所以谓语动词要用被动语态。
真题6l(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷15)
I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida．I ________my mum．
A．am taking B．have taken C．take D．will have taken
【答案及解析】 A用现在进行时表示将来的情况。答案为A。
真题62(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷17)
A new cinema ________here．They hope to finish it next month．
A．will be built B．is built C．has been built D．is being built
【答案及解析】 D They hope to finish it next month．说明电影院还在建设之中，所以从时态上讲是进行时；另外从语态上讲为被动语态。
真题63(2001上海春季卷26)
The new suspension bridge ________by the end of last month．
A．has been designed B．had been designed
C．was designed D．would be designed
【答案及解析】 B在含有by引导的时间状语的句子中，谓语动词要用过去完成时。译文：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计。
真题64(2001上海春季卷35)
If a man ________succeed，he must work as hard as he can．
A．will B．is to C．is going to D．should
【答案及解析】B状语从句中不能用将来时，如强调意愿，可用will；如强调某种决心、意向，要用be to do sth．表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性等。译文：如果一个人想成功，他必须尽力而为。所以要用is 10 succeed的形式。
真题65(全国卷13)
--You’ve left the light on．
--Oh，so I have．--and turn it off．
A．I’ll go B．I’ve gone C．I go D．I’m going
【答案及解析】A先排除B，因它与and后的turn it off讲不通；从句意知灯还没关，所以他将去关掉它，故C排除；A和D均表将来，但will注重纯粹时间上的将来，而be goingto则强调计划和打算，再说和turn off不并列，只有A最准确。答案为A。
真题66(2000全国卷20)
--How are you today?
--0h， ________as ill as I do now for a very long timc．
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling
C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt
【答案及解析】D现在完成时表示从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。从句子的意思可知，从过去某个时候开始，已经病了很长时间了。
真题67(2000全国卷25)
The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when he saw it．
A．was travelling B．travelled C．had been travelling D．was to travel
【答案及解析】 A叙述报告者当时看到UFO的情景，要用过去进行时。答案为A。
真题68(2000上海卷24)
My uncle ________until he was forty-five．
A．married B．didn’t marry C．was not marrying D．would marry
【答案及解析】 B选用句型“…until”或“not…until”的关键是判断谓语动词是否可延续，如可延续就用“．．．until”；反之，用“not…until”。动词nmn-y(与……结婚，要……嫁给…)是非延续性动词，所以要用didn’t marry。
真题69(2000上海卷36)
If only he _________quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now．
A．1ies B．1ay C．had lain D．should lie
【答案及解析】C “If only…”表示虚拟语气；“he would not suffer so much now中“now“表示现在的状况。这样，条件部分就是与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时表示。
真题70(2000京、皖春季卷9)
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while，but soon ________to his old ways．
A．returned B．returns C．was returning D．had returned
【答案及解析】A比较两个并列句的时态可知，都表过去发生的事，所以用一般过去时。
真题71(2000京、皖春季卷14)
--You’re drinking too much．
--Only at home．No one _______me but you．
A．is seeing B．had seen C．sees D．saw
【答案及解析】 C从句子的意思可知，此人爱喝酒是一种习惯，表示经常性的动作，所以要用一般现在时。故排除B、D；又从only at home可知他总是在家喝．所以每次喝时就只有“你”看见了。
真题72(2000京、皖春季卷19)
All the preparations for the task ________，and we’re ready to start．
A．completed B．complete
C．had been completed D．have been completed
【答案及解析】D现在完成时表示过去所做的事对现在的影响。从后句and we’re ready to start的意思可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。
语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）
一、动词的分类和形式：
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。
1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种
2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。
4、五种不同的短语动词：1）“动词+介词”；2）“动词+副词”；3）“动词+副词+介词”；4）“动词+名词（或代词）+介词”；5）“be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。
二、动词的时态：
1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）
2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。
3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）
5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。
9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
练习一：动词时态与语态（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. ”Has he seen this film?“ ” Yes. He ______ it several days ago. “
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. ” When ______ school begin?“ ” Next Monday. “
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. ”How long haven't we seen each other? “”Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. “
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. ”Have you seen the art exhibition?“ ”No, _____ there. “
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. ”Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere.“ ”I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. “
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. coming
30. ______ you ______?
A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married
31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.
A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold
32. ”This cloth _____well and _____ long. “”Ok. I'll take it. “
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
33. ”Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. “ ”Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. “
A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting
34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.
A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted
35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.
A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived
36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.
A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned
38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding B. fell/were riding
C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding
39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.
A. was going to be B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be
40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.
A. are B. were C. will be D. would be
41. After a while an agreement _____.
A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived
42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.
A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive
43.______,that step is not safe!
A. Look around B. Look up C. Look out D. Look down
44. ”Have you _____ him to give up smoking?“ ”No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen.“
A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded
45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.
A. take B. make C. put D. send
46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.
A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come
47. How much do you think that vase _____?
A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost
48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.
A. hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping
49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”
“Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.”
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn’t think/ are going D. hadn’t thought/ were going
50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.
A. haven’t got B. hasn’t got C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got
51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?
A. hadn’t she B. didn’t she C. wouldn’t she D. won’t she
52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.
A. became mixed with B. was mixed by
C. mixes with D. has been mixing by
动词时态和语态（2）
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（2）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Iwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （3）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（4）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （5）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（6）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
练习二、动词时态与语态（2）
53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasn't repaired
55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.
A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried
56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.
A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes
57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.
A. is broken B. has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken
58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.
---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.
A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned
59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.
---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.
A. will have finished . B. will has been finished
C. will have being finished D. will have been finished
60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms ______ (by you).
A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean
C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?
A. is about to be written, aren't you B. is about to be writing, isn’t it
C. is about to be writing, aren't you D. is about to be written, isn’t it
62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).
A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left
63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.
A. doesn't be done B. aren't done C. don't be done D. isn’t done
64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents ______ when they are old.
A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of
65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.
A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down
66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.
---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.
A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to
67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.
A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected
68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.
---- Why are all of the______?
A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted
C. mailboxes painted grey D. painted grey mailboxes
69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .
A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer
71. How sweet the music ______!
A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds
72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.
A. don't keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
73. He received a telegram ___ ”Mother Sick.“
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.
A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length
75. Do you remember ______ ?
A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do
76. to have been rich.
A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was said
77. Mathematics is difficult ______.
A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning
78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.
A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it
79. The pencil ______ well.
A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing
80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.
A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves
82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
83. Which girl won the prize? _____
A. By which girl is the prize won? B. Which girl was the prize won?
C. By which girl did she win the prize? D. By which girl was the prize won?
84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.
A. given for us B. a gift to us C. given to us D. a gift for us
85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.
A. named B. known C. spelled D. called
86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.
A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.
A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. to be tried
89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.
A. with B. to C. by D. of
90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.
A. up of, up of B. into, into C. of, of D. from, from
91. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.
A. it was sold B. it's selling C. it's been sold D. it had been sold
93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.
A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter
B. until two centuries more it was used in war
C. not used in war until two hundred years later
D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards
94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.
A. is looked B. has looked for C. is being looked for D. has been looked
参考答案
语法复习八：动词时态和语态
练习一、1~5 CCBCB 6~10 ABCAB 11~15 CBADA 16~20 BBDCD 21~25 DBBCA
26~30 DBABD 31~35 BAAAD 36~40 CAAAB 41~45 ACCAC 46~50 ADBBB
51~52 BC
练习二、53~55 BAB 56~60 BDADC 61~65 DCDDB 66~70 ACCCA 71~75 DACAA
76~80 CABAB 81~85 CADCD 86~90 BBDBB 91~94 CCCC
责任编辑：李芳芳
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on sunday
i leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
the earth moves around the sun.
shanghai lies in the east of china.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
i don't want so much.
ann wang writes good english but does not speak well.
比较：now i put the sugar in the cup.
i am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：now watch me, i switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
when i was a child, i often played football in the street.
whenever the browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
it is time for sb. to do sth ”到……时间了“ ”该……了“
it is time sb. did sth. ”时间已迟了“ ”早该……了“
it is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
it is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
i'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
i thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
mrs. darby lived in kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
mrs. darby has lived in kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
did you want anything else?
i wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
could you lend me your bike?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do：”过去常常“表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
mother used not to be so forgetful.
scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或”习惯于“，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
he is used to a vegetarian diet.
scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
---- your phone number again? i ___ quite catch it.
---- it's 69568442.
a. didn't b. couldn't c. don't d. can't
答案a. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
which paragraph shall i read first.
will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
what are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
the play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
we are to discuss the report next saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
he is about to leave for beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to 表将来
will 表意愿
if you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
i am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
i'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
the train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
when does the bus star? it stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
here comes the bus. = the bus is coming.
there goes the bell. = the bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
when bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
i'll write to you as soon as i arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
i hope they have a nice time next week.
make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
意为：”意图“、”打算“、”安排“、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
i'm leaving tomorrow.
are you staying here till next week?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in october, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this april, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
i saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
i have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
she has returned from paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
she returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
he has been in the league for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
he has been a league member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
he joined the league three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
i have finished my homework now.
---will somebody go and get dr. white?
---he's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）it is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
it is the first time that i have visited the city.
it was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）this is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
this is the best film that i've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
this is the first time (that) i've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---do you know our town at all?
---no, this is the first time i ___ here.
a. was b. have been c. came d. am coming
答案b. this is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选b。
(2) ---have you ____ been to our town before?
---no, it's the first time i ___ here.
a. even, come b. even, have come c. ever, come d. ever, have come
答案d. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 this is the largest fish i have ever seen. it is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）i have received his letter for a month.
（对）i haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
i have lived here for more than twenty years.
i have lived here since i was born..
my aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
i have known xiao li since she was a little girl.
my brother has been in the youth league for two years.
i have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
i worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
i have worked here for many years.
(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) tom has studied russian for three years.
= tom began to study russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) harry has got married for six years.
= harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 harry got married six years ago. 或 harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
i have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
i have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
great changes have taken place since you left.
considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) it is +一段时间+ since从句
it is two years since i became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
he has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
i've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示”做……直到……“ 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示”到……，才……“
he didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。
he slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. you don't need to describe her. i ___ her several times.
a. had met b. have met c. met d. meet
答案b. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---i'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---oh, not at all. i ___ here only a few minutes.
a. have been b. had been c. was d. will be
答案a. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
she said (that) she had never been to paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
when the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示”原本…，未能…“
we had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
he said that he had learned some english before.
by the time he was twelve, edison had began to make a living by himself.
tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题
the students ___ busily when miss brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
a. had written, left b，were writing, has left c. had written, had left d. were writing, had left
答案d. ”把书忘在办公室“发生在”去取书“这一过去的动作之前，因此”忘了书“这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在”同学们正忙于……“这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
he had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
when she saw the mouse，she screamed.
my aunt gave me a hat and i lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
when i heard the news, i was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
our teacher told us that columbus discovered america in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
they will have been married for 20 years by then.
you will have reached shanghai by this time tomorrow.
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
we are waiting for you.
b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
mr. green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
she is learning piano under mr. smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
the leaves are turning red.
it's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
you are always changing your mind.
典型例题
my dictionary ___, i have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
a. has lost, don't find b. is missing, don't find c. has lost, haven't found d. is missing, haven't found.
答案d. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
i have two brothers.
this house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
i need your help.
he loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
i accept your advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
you seem a little tired.
11.20 过去进行时
1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
my brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
it was raining when they left the station.
when i got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例题
1) mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
a. made b. is making c. was making d. makes
答案c. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，”玛丽在做衣服时“提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) as she ___ the newspaper, granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling b. was reading； fell c. was reading； was falling d. read；fell
答案b.句中的as = when, while，意为”当……之时“。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 ”在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。“句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
she'll be coming soon.
i'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示”意志“，不能说 i'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
soon, tomorrow, this evening，on sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
by this time tomorrow, i'll be lying on the beach.
11.22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
he is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1）he said he________me a present unless i_______ in doing the experiment.
a. had not given; had not succeeded b. would not give; succeed
c. will not give; succeed d. would not give; will succeed.
答案b. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有he said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选b. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
the museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
11.23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )”书上说“，”报纸上说“等。
the newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
11.24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
i hear (= have heard) he will go to london.
i forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 ” it is … since…“代替”it has been … since …"
3) it is (= has been) five years since we last met.
11.25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：here comes… ； there goes…
look, here comes mr. li.
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
we are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
he is dying.
11.27 时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
at that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
he told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
he thought that i need not tell you the truth.
11.28 时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on sunday,
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
动词的时态
(一) 动词的时态
时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有 16 种 时态，但是常用的只有 9 种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完
成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。
1、 一般现在时的用法 (do/does)
1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作; 表示现在的状态、 特征和真理。 句中常用 often, usually, every day, sometimes, every week/year, twice aweek 等时间状语。
例如： a. He goes to school every day. b. He is very happy. c.The earth moves around the sun.
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。例如： 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
例如： a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting. b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.
3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定 按时间表要发生的动作(句中都带有时间,有时这个时态表示按计划、规定, 按时间表要发生的动作，但限于少数动词 状语)，但限于少数动词，如：begin, come,
leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return,open, close 等。
例如： a. the meeting begins at seven.
b. the rain starts at nine in the morning.
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。
a. i like english very much.
b. the story sound very interesting.
5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时的用法:(did) 一般过去时的用法
1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。常与 yesterday,the other day, ….ago, in the past, in +过去时间(1998)。
a. he saw mr. wang yesterday.
b. he worked in a factory in 1986.
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。
例如： I used to smoke. During the vacation i would swim in the sea.
注： ”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。 “would + 动词原形”没有 “现在不再……”含义。
3.一般将来时的用法(shall/will do)一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。
1)其表达形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 动词原 表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。
例如：It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
2)“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
例如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow. Are we to go on with this work?
3) “be about to + 动词原形 表示即将发生的动作，意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。
例如：we are about to leave.
4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
例如：i’m leaving for beijing. 将发生的动作
5) 某些动词 如 come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。
例如：The meeting starts at five o’clock. He gets off at the next stop.
★ 语法-动词不定式
