下面小编给大家整理了高三英语复习与训练十二一--动词的语态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)（共含12篇），供大家阅读参考。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“大西瓜皮”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
高三英语复习与训练十二一--动词的语态
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。
注意：1）感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）.
We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
12.1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
12.3 表示“据说”或“相信” 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
例如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错） The price has been risen.
（对） The price has risen.
（错） The accident was happened last week.
（对） The accident happened last week.
（错） The price has raised.
（对） The price has been raised.
（错） Please seat.
（对） Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对） She likes to swim.
（错） To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）,
get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
责任编辑：李芳芳
动词的时态和语态
【押题依据】动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。在单项填空题中，每年考查动词时态的题不少于两道，动词的语态常和时态放在一起考查。高考命题者常从三个角度进行命题：一是直接给定时间状语。考生能直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出正确判断。
[押题1] -_____ Mr Smith ____ this week?
- No. He is on holiday.
A. Has; workedB. Does; workC. Did; workD. Is; working
【解题关键】解答该题的关键是根据上下文语境判断句子动作的一般式与进行式的用法区别。
【答案解析】根据答句He is on holiday.说明动作处于正在进行状态，而不是完成性的、过去发生的或经常性的动作，故排除选项A、B、C，选用现在进行时，答案为D。
[押题2]-Got your driving license?
-No. I _____ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
A. was B. am C. have been D. had been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文语境中所提供的一般过去时的表示过去时间的对照点，准确判断过去完成时与一般过去时的用法区别。
【答案解析】问句中Got your driving license?为Have you got your driving license？现在完成时的省略表达，该句对选项无影响。决定选项动词时态的是答句中so I didn’t take the driving test last week.分析句意可知，选项动作发生在后一动作之前，表示过去的过去，故应用过去完成时。答案为D。
[押题3]You’d better not call the manager between 7 and 8 this evening, for he _____ an important meeting then.
A. will have B. would have C. will be having D. will have had
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解句意。根据题干中提供的时间状语来判断使用表示将来的多种时态中的哪一种。
【答案解析】根据题干中的时间状语between 7 and 8 this evening可知，选项动作是在将来某个时刻正在进行的，故应选用将来进行时， 口语中常用这种时态表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事。答案为C。
[押题4]-How can you borrow my computer without my permission?
-Oh, I ____ to tell you. I hope you don’t mind.
A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据语境所提供的信息及其句子的意义，判断一般现在时及过去完成时的用法区别。
【答案解析】该句题干中没有提供任何时间状语，但从语境及句子的含义判断，选项动作表示在过去某个时间发生，所以，首先排除选项A、D，由于题干中没有表示过去时间的对照点，故再排除选项C。 答案为B。
[押题5]-Will you please repeat your idea?
-Certainly. But I think it certain you ____ your attention.
A. don’t pay B. didn’t pay
C. weren’t paying D. aren’t paying
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解选项动词动作所发生的时间段，区别一般时态与进行时态的用法。
【答案解析】从问话人请求对方重复已讲内容，答话人认为对方在刚才他讲话时没有注意他所讲内容可知，该选项动作强调在过去某个时刻正在进行，表示说话的当时，故应选用过去进行时。答案为C。
[押题6]-I’m sorry, but the boss isn’t here yet. Shall I have her call you when she comes back?
-No, I’ll call her back. If I call again in half an hour, do you think she ____?
A. arrives B. has arrived
C. will arrive D. will have arrived
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据语境注意区别一般将来时与将来完成时的用法。
【答案解析】一般将来时表示将来某一时刻将要发生的动作，而将来完成时则表示将来某个时间之前已经发生或完成的动作。根据该句语境及其句意可知，该句选项动作表示将来完成的动作。答案为D。
[押题7] -Are we about to have dinner?
-Yes, it ____ in the dinning room.
A. is serving B. is being served
C. has been serving D. serves
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于准确把握动词serve 在句中主动语态与被动语态的使用。
【答案解析】动词serve在此句中意思为“端上、摆出（饭菜）”，为及物动词。根据该句结构可知应使用被动语态，只有选项B为进行时的被动结构，其它选项均为主动形式。答案B。
[押题8]-Joan was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
-Oh, really? I____. I ____ visit her.
A. didn’t know; will go to B. don’t know; will go to
C. didn’t know; am going to D. haven’t known; am going to
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据讲话人的说话意图推断动作所发生的时间点，并注意在语境中区别will 和be going to的用法。
【答案解析】分析语境及讲话人意图可知，第一空强调过去的动作，并不表示现在发生的事，故应用一般过去时；第二空应选will，表示即时决定将要做的事，而be going to表示按计划、安排要做的事。答案A。
[押题9]-Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?
-Yes. I really didn’t think she ____ here.
A. has been B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据上下文语境准确理解选项动作所表达的时间发生点。
【答案解析】根据上下文语境可知，选项动作已在过去发生或完成。但根据I really didn’t think可以判断出从句中的动作是从过去某时间看将来要发生的事，故应选过去将来时。答案C。
[押题10]-Why is the librarian looking so hard at me?
-You ____ to read aloud in the reading room.
A. don’t suppose B. haven’t supposed C. are not supposed D. were not supposed
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据句子含义准确判断动词suppose在句中的用法以及动词所发生的时间。
【答案解析】根据句子意思，应选用be supposed to“应该做……、被要求做……”，故排除选项A、B；分析上文情景，句中动词使用现在时形式，强调现在的状态 ，所以，再排除选项D。答案C。
[押题11]It seems water from this tap for some time. We’ll have to take it apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking
C. leaked D. has been leaking
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握句中的时间状语for some time所强调的时间段以及所使用的动词时态。
【答案解析】根据句中时间状语for some time以及后一分句的动词时态可知，选项动词动作强调到现在为止并仍在继续，故应排除选项A、C。由于选项B现在进行时不可与一段时间状语连用，所以排除选项B，选D现在完成进行时。答案D。
[押题12]-Take this medicine three times a day, Tom?
-Do I have to take it? It ____ so terrible.
A. is tasting B. is tasted C. tastes D. has tasted
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解连系动词taste用主动形式表示被动的意义在句中的用法。
【答案解析】根据选项动词及其句子意思可知，taste在此用做连系动词，后接形容词作表语，在这一结构中，taste常用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义。答案C。
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练七--动词不定式
7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing /
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：
afford aim agree arrange ask decide
bother care choose demand desire determine
elect endeavor hope fail help learn
long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend
refuse tend undertake expect hate intend
例如：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
ask choose expect help beg intend
like/love need prefer prepare want wish
例如：
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：
decide know consider forget learn remember
show, wonder find out tell inquire explain
例如：
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
7.2 不定式作补语
1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint
guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：
（对）To teach is to learn.
（错）It is to learn to teach.
（错）To teach is learning.
（错）Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of）。
He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
7.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3） 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1） ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。例如：
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2）表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
7.15 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练二十一一--情态动词
21. 情态动词
21.1 情态动词的语法特征
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
21.2 比较can 和be able to
1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （过去时用could）, 只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如：
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to的情况：
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，用was/were able to，不能用could。例如：
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意：could有时不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如：
--- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗？
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。
2）在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如：
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
21.3 比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。例如：
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
He might be at home. 他可能在家。
注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语：may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨”。例如：
If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此，我们不妨试一试。
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。
21.4 比较have to和must
1） 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。例如：
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2） have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如：
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。
3） 否定结构中：don't have to表示“不必”，mustn't表示“禁止”。例如：
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他。
21.5 must表示推测
1） must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。
2） must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如：
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3） must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。例如：
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4） must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如：
---Why didn't you answer my phone call? 为何不接我的电话？
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉，肯定在睡觉，所以没有听见。
5） 否定推测用can't。例如：
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
21.6 表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形，表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。例如：
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿，可能在武汉。
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如：
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，想必我们老师正在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。例如：
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如：
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。例如：
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1） may（might） have + done sth, can （could） have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如：
Philip may （might） have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。
Philip can （could） have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2） must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定”，“谅必”的意思。例如：
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了，但她的单车还在这儿。
---She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的。
3） ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。例如：
You ought to （should） have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了。（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4） needn't have done sth表示本没必要做某事，但做了。例如：
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
旅行时，我衣服穿得较多，其实没有必要。那时天很热。
5） would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事，但没做。例如：
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章，但太忙了一直没读。
17.8 21.8 should 和ought to
除了上述的用法，两者还可表示“想必一定，按理应该”的意思。例如：
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能维持了。
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。
21.9 had better表示“最好”，相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。例如：
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。
She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。例如：
You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点。
21.10 would rather表示“宁愿”
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿…而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。例如：
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地，我宁可辍学离开这个学校。
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿，而不愿回家。
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为“宁愿”，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。
21.11 will和would
注意：1）would like；would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。例如：
Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗？
2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。例如：
Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down? 你不坐下吗？
21.12 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No, I needn't
Must you…? No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表“意愿、意志、决心”，本题表示决心，选B。
21.13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to （=must）, be able to，为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have told。
21.14 比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1） 实义动词：need（需要, 要求） need + n. / to do sth
2） 情态动词：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。例如：
Need you go yet? 你要走了吗？
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.是的，我要走了/不，不急着走。
责任编辑：李芳芳
动词时态语态填空题（1）
1. ---Has Sam finished his homework today?
---I have no idea. He ____________(do) it this morning.
2. ---Thank goodness, you’re here! What ___________(keep) you?
---Traffic jam.
3. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________________(consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
4. ― What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
― I had just finished my work and _________________(start) to take a shower.
5. Because the shop_______________________(close down), all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
6. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he________________ (see) her somewhere.
7. ―George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
―No, I________________ (not invite). Did they have a big wedding
8. More patients ___________________(treat) in hospital this year than last year.
9. ―You were out when I dropped in at your house.
―Oh, I _________________(wait) for a friend from England at the airport.
10. －Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
－Where was I?
－You ___________________(say) you didn't like your father's job.
11. She has set a new record ,that is ,the sales of her latest book ____________________(reach) 50 million.
12. The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people_________________ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables.
13. According to the art dealer, the painting ____________________(expect) to go for at least a million dollars.
14. The silence of the library __________________(break) only by the sound of pages being turned over．
15. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _________________(complete) in Beijing.
16. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_________________(not decide) yet.
17. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _________(grow).
18. Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It ____________(stay) fresh for several days.
19. At this time tomorrow, we ___________________ (fly)over the Atlantic.
20. ---How long __________ David and Vicky _____________ ? (marry)
--- For about three years.
Answers:
1. was doing 2.kept
3.has been considering 4.was starting
5. is closing down 6.had seen
7. had not been invited 8. have been treated
9. was waiting 10. were saying
11. have reached 12. are persuaded
13. is expected 14.was broken
15. had been completed 16. has not been decided
17. grew 18. will stay
19.will be flying 20. have…… been
动词时态语态填空题（2）
1. --- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
--- Sorry. It __________________________(repair).
2. Excuse me, I ______________________(not realize) I was blocking you r way.
3. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they __________________ (do) for me.
4. 一Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
一No. I _____________________ (read) the book, so I already knew the story.
5. --Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
--How nice! You ______________________________(experience) a different culture then.
6. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ___________________ (do) it. Was it you?
7. -Why, Jack, you look so tired!
---Well, I _______________________(paint) the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.
8. ---Peter , where did you guys go for the summer vacation?
---We _______________________ (be) busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.
9. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he _______________________ (focus) more on its culture.
10. Joseph ________________________(go) to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name?” in Russian.
11. Up to now, the program __________________________(save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
12. It is reported that many a new house _________________________(build) at present in the disaster area.
13. When I talked with my grandma on the phone ,she sounded weak, but by the time we _______________(hang) up, her voice had been full of life.
14. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _______________(come) on the market in 1973.
15. Daniel's family _________________________(enjoy) their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
16. Edward, you play so well. But I _______________________(not know) you played the piano.
17. Would you please keep silent? The weather report __________________________(broadcast) and I want to listen.
18. My parents have promised to come to see me before I __________________(leave) for Africa.
19. This is the first time we ___________________(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
20. She stared at the painting ,wondering where she ______________________(see) it.
21. -I’ve got to go now.
-Must you? I ________________________(think) you could stay for dinner with us.
22. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future __________________(belong) to the well-educated.
Answers:
1. is being repaired
2. didn’t realize
3. had done
4. had read
5. will be experiencing
6. had done
7. have been painting
8. had been
9. would focus
10. has been going
11. has saved
12. is being built
13. hung
14. came
15. will be enjoying
16. didn’t know
17. is being broadcast
18. leave
19. have seen
20. had seen
21. thought
22. belongs
动词时态语态填空题（3）
1．Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ____________________(change) so rapidly.
2．I________________ (play) ping-pong quite well ,but I haven’t had time to play since the new year .
3．Visitors ____________________ (request) not to touch the exhibits .
4. -You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
- I'm sorry I________________ (not say) anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you.
5. I wonder why Jenny_____________________ (not write) us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
6. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ______________________ (graduate) from the university next year.
7. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ________________(take) off at 18:20.
8. The little girl ___________________(cry) her heart out because she _________________(lose) her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it.
9. ------Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?
-----Of course. What is it?
-----I _______________________(wonder) if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
10．Nowadays with the development of Our society, more and more hi-tech products ____________________________ (introduce) to our life．
11. My money _________________(run out) , so I must go to the bank to draw some of savings out before I’ve none in hand.
12. The meat price __________________(rise) in the past two months and I don’t know if it will continue.
13. My headache __________________(kill) me．I thought it was going away, but it’s getting worse and worse．
14. He would have come here on time, but he ________________(keep) by the heavy traffic on the way.
15. He ___________________(learn) more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
16. Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science __________________(show) that people who don't sleep well soon get ill.
17. This new method of teaching __________________(experiment) for the time being in our school. It will be carried out all over the city.
18. --- Did you hear anything strange in the building at ten last night?
--- No, I _________________(watch) a movie on the Internet.
19．- Has your former classmate come back from America?
- Yes, he _________________ (stay) there for eight years
20．-Why were you not at the concert last night？
- I ____________________ (watch) a close game between Seattle Sonics and Miami Bucks.
21. --_________ you ______________(meet) the editor at the airport?
--No, he __________________(drive) away before my arrival.
22. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ________________(leave) for London to attend a meeting.
23. About 87.5% of the Chinese people feel that their living burdens are heavier than ten years ago, but their incomes __________________(increase).
24. -- I hear you have an experience in the Roya1 Air Force. Is that true？
-- Yes. I ____________________ (serve) in the Royal Air Force for six years.
25. -Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
-No, sir. I __________________(read) a newspaper.
Answers:
1．is changing 2．play 3．are requested 4. didn’t say 5. hasn' t written 6.graduates 7. takes 8. cried; had lost 9. was wondering 10．have been introduced 11. is running out 12. has been rising 13. is killing 14. was kept 15 . had learned
16. has shown 17. is being experimented 18. was watching 19．stayed
20．was watching 21. Did; meet; had been driven 22. will have left 23. have increased 24. served 25. was reading
动词时态语态填空题（4）
1. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _________________(give)to half a dozen other groups.
2. --- Where did you put the car keys?
--- Oh, I ____________________ (remember)I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ___________________ (come)in.
3. The moment the 28th Olympic Games ____________(declare) open, the whole world cheered.
4. Although medical science ____________(achieve) control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.
5. My cousin went to Canada two yours ago. He _____________(work)there for a few months and then went to America．
6. It is said that the early European playing-cards ______________(design)for entertainment and education.
7. Although the causes of cancer ________________________(uncover), we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
8. What we used to think _____________ (be) impossible now does seem possible.
9. This machine ________________ (not; work ) . It hasn’t worked for years.
10. I ______________________(live)in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
11. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____________________(expect) to become a world champion by his coach and parents.
12. Energy drinks are not allowed ____________________(make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.
13. -- If the traffic hadn't been so heavy, I could have been hack by 6 o'clock.
-- What a pity! Tina _________________(be) here to see you.
14. Scientists think that the continents _________(not;be) always where they __________(be)today.
15. -Why did you leave that position?
-I ________________(offer) a better position at IBM.
16. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____________________(decide)that they won't support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
17. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn't want her parents to know what she __________________(do).
18. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _____________(call) the Pacific, and we met no storms.
19. --- What's wrong with your coat?
--- Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ____________(sit) on it.
20. --- What are you going to do this afternoon?
---I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film__________________(finish) quite early, so we___________________(go) to the bookstore after that.
Answers
1.had given 2.remember;was coming/came 3.were declared
4.has achieved 5.worked 6.were designed
7.are being uncovered 8.was 9.doesn’t work
10.lived 11.was expected 12.te be made
13.was 14.weren’t; are 15.was offered
16.have decided 17.was doing 18.is called
19.was sitting 20.finishes;are going
责任编辑：李芳芳
高中英语动词的时态和语态专题训练题
【网络构建】
动词时态与语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴，构成了英语语法的基本框架。因此时态与语态也是高考中出现频率最高的语法项目。英语有十六种时态，但常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。语态一般不单独设题，通常结合时态进行综合考查。
（一）时态概念
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式。英语中有十六种动词时态形式，但常见的有九种，见下表：
时态名称 表示
时间 表达的意义 例 句
一
般
现在
时
现
在习惯于或经常性动作 Class begins at eight every morning .
状况 He looks very pale .
瞬间动作 There comes the school bus .
过
去 描述过去的事实，以求描述的生动性 The river rises higher and higher , breaks the banks and fills all low places .
将
来 固定不变或不易变的动作或状态 Tomorrow is Sunday .
（在时间或条件从句中）表示将来的动作或状态 When he arrives ,we’ll go out to meet him .
It will be 3 hours before I come back .
不受时间限制的动作或状态 The sun rises in the east .
Practice makes perfect.
一
般
过
去
时
过
去 某时（或某段时间内）的动作 He traveled in France last year.
状态 He was in Shenzheng some years ago .
习惯动作 When I was at college , I wrote home once a month.
先后一连串动作 He went to town ,bought some books and visited his daughter.
现在或将来 非真实的动作或状态，属虚拟语气范畴 It’s time we had supper.
If he arrived tomorrow , I should meet him at the airport.
一
般
将
来
时
将
来 某个时刻（或某段时间内）将要发生的动作，更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中 He will come next week . I’ll ask her as soon as she comes.
状态 Your dress will be ready soon.
现
在 预测现在某事可能要发生了 It’s ten o’clock . Mary will be in bed by now.
现在的习惯 A lion will never attack an elephant .
现在的需要 Shall I help you ?
对将来的事情现在作出决定 ---Which shirt do you want ?
---I’ll take the red one, please.
现
在
进
行
时
现
在 某时（或某段时间内）正在进行的动作 He is writing a letter now. She is visiting Shanghai this week .
婉转口气 I’m hoping to hear from you soon.
带有感情色彩的叙述 The boy is always talking in class.
将
来 按计划一般不易变更的动作 The train is leaving at 11:00 p.m..
（在时间或条件从句中）表示将来的动作 When you are cycling along the street , don’t’ forget the traffic light.
过去进行时
过
去 某时（或时间段内）进行的动作 I was doing my homework this time last night.
故事发生的背景 The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
带有感情色彩的叙述 He was making trouble all the time .
过去说话前不久的动作 I was telling him his mother was ill .
婉转口气 I was hoping you could help me.
过去将来时
过去 间接引用某人过去的话和想法 He warned us that the journey would be dangerous .
习惯性动作 At dusk , these old ladies would sit in rocking chairs and talk.
现
在 非真实的动作或状态 If I were you , I would study French .
客气的请求 Would you mind helping me ?
愿望 I would like a cup of tea.
现
在
完
成
时
完
成
用
法 现在时间前完成的动作留下的结果或影响 He has turned off the light .
I have been to Japan .
现在时间前已做的动作 He is reading the book that he has bought recently .
（在时间或条件从句中）表示在将来某个时间前先要做完的动作 I’ll return the book to you as soon as I have finished it .
未完成用法
直到现在为止尚未完成的动作 He has lived in Wuhan since last summer.
过
去
完
成
时 完成用法 过去某一时刻或某一事件前完成的动作或状态 By the end of last term we had learned 3000 English words.
未完成用法 过去某一时刻或某一事件前已发生但未完成的动作 By December last year , he had worked in Beijing for five years .
其他用法
表示非真实的,想象的过去动作或状态 I wish I had told him about it . If she had worked harder , she would have succeeded.
They had meant to see me off at the airport , but they got there too late.
（二） 时态的运用
1．现在时等表示将来时
【重点提示】 用现在时表示将来时往往出现在以下状语从句中：if , unless , even if 等引导的条件状语从句；when , before ; after ; once ; until ; till ; as soon as ; (the moment ;immediately )等引导的时间状语从句；no matter what/ who/ which/ when/ where/ how 或whatever/ whoever/ whenever/ wherever/ however/ whichever引导的让步状语从句。
在上述从句中如果主句是将来时（往往出现will , shall , can , must 等情态动词或祈使句），从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如：
I’ll not go to his birthday party unless I’m invited.
Tell him the news as soon as he comes back .
有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中带有时间状语），但限于少数动词如begin , come , leave, go arrive , start , stop , return , open , close等。如：
The meeting begins at seven .
The train starts at nine in the morning .
当主句是过去将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。如：
He said he would go for a holiday when he finished his work.
上述从句中还用现在完成时表示将来完成时，此时强调从句动作在主句之前发生。如：
You can’t go out until you have finished your homework .(先完成作业再出去玩。)
2．过去时在语境中的运用
【重点提示】在没有明确时间状语的情况下，考生对过去时的判定往往会失误，原因是只凭汉语直译而不看语境。语境中的过去时往往表示“刚才、刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。如：
I never thought he would do that .
3.现在完成时与一般过去时
【重点提示】考生很容易将现在完成时误用为一般过去时，原因是没有深刻领会“现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响”这句话的含义。一般过去时仅仅说明动作在过去，不强调对现在的影响。如：
---Where have you put the recorder? I can’t find it anywhere!
---I put it right here , but now it’s gone .
问句用现在完成时，表明说话者在找录音机，希望对方告诉他录音机在哪里。而答语用过去时，因为“录音机已经不见了”。“刚才”把录音机放这儿与“现在不见了”没有直接关系。
4．某些固定的句式中的时态
【重点提示】在某些固定的句式中，其时态是固定的、约定俗成的。
1） This / It is / will be the first / second ---time +that 从句一般用现在完成时，若主句be动词用was ,则that 从句用过去完成时。如：
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
2） It is / has been + 一段时间+since 从句。Since 从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的is 改成was ，则since 从句中用过去完成时。如：
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time .
3) be about to do ---when ---意为“即将------（这时）突然------”。如：
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
4) be (was / were ) doing--- when ---意为“正在干------（这时）突然------”。如：
They were playing football when Jack shouted in pain .
5) Hardly had ---done ---when--- ; No sooner had --- done ---than---
when 和than 从句里也用过去时，表示“刚刚------就------”。如：
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down .
No sooner had the villagers left the burning building than it fell down into pieces .
6) It + be +一段时间+before 从句
该句式分两种情况：若主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；若主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：
It wont’ be long before he succeeds.(=He will soon succeed.)
It was ten years before they met again .(=They met again ten years later.)
5.现在完成进行时
【重点提示】 现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时，一直持续到现在，当然中间动作有时并非无停顿。事实上现在完成进行时除了表示动作“已完成”的概念外，也可以表示动作“未完成”概念，一般可换用，但口语中更倾向于用现在完成进行时。如：
He has taught English for 10 years.
也可说成: He has been teaching English for 10 years .
下列最好用现在完成进行时，因为带有一定的感情色彩。如：
Where have you been ? I’ve been telephoning you the whole morning !
He’s been talking to me since this morning .
6.非延续性（终止性）动词怎样表示一段时间
【重点提示】 非延续性动词有mary , die , close , arrive , post , come , fall , leave, go , break , give , join , jump , receive, buy , borrow , become , start , begin , graduate等。这些非延续性动词如果用于现在完成时，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语for ---, since ---连用。如：
可以说：I have bought an Audi car.
不可以说：I have bought an Audi car for a year.
如果要表示一段时间，句中不能用终止性动词，一定要用相应的延续性动词。如：
I have had an Audi car for a year.
也可以用以下方式：
I bought an Audi car a year ago .
It’s / has been a year since I bought an Audi car.
二、 语态
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由be动词+动词过去分词构成，时态通过be 的变化形式来体现。如：
The bridge is being built now .
He was asked a lot of questions at the meeting .
动词say , believe , report , announce , suppose ,know ,consider ,hope 等以it 作主语时用被动语态，后面接that 从句。如：
It is said that our football team has won the game .
【重点提示】 英语中有时用主动形式表示被动含义，主要有以下三种情况：谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词短语。
(一) 用谓语动词的形式表示被动含义
1． 表示状态特征的连系动词look , sound , feel ,smell , taste , prove, appear+形容词/ 名词构成的系表结构。
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved (to be )practical .
2.表示“开始”、“结束”、“运动”的动词，如begin , finish , start , open , close , stop , end , shut , run, move.
Work began at 7 o’clock this morning .
The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day .
3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write ,act , sell , wash , clean ,open , cook,lock ,shut ,dry ,eat , drink.这类动词一般不单独使用，常加上一个修饰语。如：
This coat dries easily .
The pen writes smoothly.
4.少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如 ：print , build , cook , fry , hang ,make .
The books are printing .
（二）用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义
1. want , need , require 作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义，这时动名词同句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：
The house needs / wants / requires repairing .
2. 形容词worth 后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义
This problem is well worth considering .
The close game is worth watching .
3. 不定式在某些形容词（difficult ,easy ,hard ,comfortable , pleasant , fit ,unfit , light , heavy ,good , safe ,dangerous ）后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 如：
The question is difficult (for me )to understand .
She is easy (for people )to get along with .
4. 不定式作名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语后宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动式表被动含义。如：
I have a lot of work to do this evening .
5. 在there be 句型中修饰主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式皆可。在口语中多用主动形式。如：
There are many things to do / be done .
6. 不定式to let , to blame 等表示被动意义。如：
The car is to let. (汽车出租。)
（三） 介词in , on , under 等+n. 构成的介词短语表示被动意义
The house facing the lake is in the possession of John.
=The house facing the lake is possessed by John.
The question is under discussion .=The question is being discussed .
【命题趋势】
历年来高考中时态题一般要求考生能够根据上下文捕捉和体会动作发生的时间信息，充分注意题干中语境，准确判断时态，弄清句子主语和谓语之间的主动关系和被动关系；熟练掌握英语动词的各种时态，并侧重区别一般过去时与现在完成时、一般过去时与过去完成时的用法。一般来说考进行时和完成时的频率更高一点。语态一般很少单独设题，往往穿插在时态中进行综合考查，要求考生掌握各种时态的被动形式尤其是现在进行时的被动语态和过去完成时的被动语态。
【点击真题】
【例1】---Sorry to have interrupted you . Please go on .
---Where was I ?
--- You ____ you didn’t like your father’s job. (北京春)
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
【答案】 C。
【点拨】本题考查过去进行时与过去时及过去完成时的区别。
【解析】本题是一组对话。第二句意为“我刚才讲到哪里了？”对方回答说“你刚才正讲到你不喜欢你父亲的工作那个地方。”应该指刚才正讲到------，所以用过去进行时，选C。
【例2】 How can you possibly miss the news ?It ____ on TV all day long .
has been B. had been C. was D. will be (2004北京春)
【答案】A.
【点拨】本题考查时态用法。
【解析】从句意来看，“你怎么可能会没听到这个消息呢？电视上整天在播放该消息。” 而且句中all day long 表示该动作或状态一直在进行，因此应该用完成时态。
【例3】All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor , her nervousness ___.
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown (NMET)
【答案】C.
【点拨】本题考查时态用法。
【解析】 先排除A、B两项，因为从从句看，说的是过去的事，与现在无关；再排除D项，因为“她”不可能在等候医学报告之前就增加了紧张感了。故应选C表明“等候”与“增长”两个动作都在过去同时发生。
【例4】At this time tomorrow ____ over the Atlantic .
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly (2003北京)
【答案】B。
【点拨】本题考查将来进行时shall (will )be +现在分词的用法。
【解析】shall (will )be +现在分词的用法可表示“纯粹的将来”，说话者仅陈述一个事实。或表示某种可能的推测，有“我料想，我估计”的含义。本题中的时间状语at this time tomorrow很明显是个将来进行时，故选B。
【例5】---____ David and Vicky ____ married ?
---For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have ; got
C. How long have ; been D. How long did ; get （2003北京）
【答案】C.
【点拨】本题考查1.延续性动词的用法.2.动词短语be married ,get married 的区别.
【解析】 根据回答 “For about three years .”可知应提问两人结婚(到现在)已多久了,须用现在完成时,排除A、D两项；再排除B项，get married 当作非延续性动词使用，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，不能用How long 来提问。Be married 表示延续的状态，是延续性动词。
【例6】 The news came as no surprise to me .I ____ for some time that the factory was going to shut down . （2003北京）
A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know
【答案】A.
【点拨】本题考查动词时态的用法知识。
【解析】本题的第一句是关键“对于那消息我不感到惊讶”，原因就是在这之前已经知道了内容。第一句用了一般过去时，在一过去动作之前的事情，应选过去完成时。
【例7】 I ____ ping-pang quite well , but I haven’t had time to play since the new year .
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play (NMET)
【答案】D。
【点拨】该题考查动词时态。
【解析】But 后的并列分句用在现在完成时的否定表示到现在为止未完成的动作，由此可推断出一个并列分句表示的是经常性的或习惯性的动作，须用一般现在时，故答案为D。
【例8】 I arrived late ; I ____ the road to be so icy. (2004北京春)
A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected
C. hadn’t expected D. wasn’t expecting
【答案】C。
【点拨】本题考查的是时态用法。
【解析】本题由两个分句组成。前一个分句用一般过去时。后一个分句中的动词expect 实际上是发生在前一个分句中动词arrived之前，指在此之前没有料到路面会那么的滑。因此应该用过去完成时。故答案选C。
【例9】Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ___ so rapidly . (NMET2001)
A. is changing B. had changed C. will have changed D. will change
【答案】A.
【点拨】本题考查动词的时态用法。
【解析】题干为一个含有原因状语动句的主从复合句，主句陈述的情况是一客观事实，原因状语从句强调一直正在进行的动作，故答案为A。又如：
Don’t turn off the light because I am reading a report now.
【例10】Come and see me whenever _____.
A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient
B. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you (2003北京)
【答案】C。
【点拨】本题考查1.whenever “任何时间”引导的时间状语从句2.convenient 一词的用法.
【解析】 1.先排除B、D两项，因为状语从句中一般将来时需用一般现在时代替。2.convenient “方便的,合适的”,be convenient to sb.(对某人来说)如果方便的话.排除A 项.
【拓展演练】
【基础过关题】
1.---You’re drinking too much .
--- Only at home .No one ___ me but you .
A. is seeing B. had seen C. saw D. sees
2.---Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I ____ your advice .
--- Don’t worry . Try again .
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
3.The telephone ____ three times in the last hour , and each time it ____ for my father.
A. had rung ; was B. has rung ; was C. rang ; has been D. has been ringing ; is
4.---John took a photograph of you just now.
--- Really ? What a pity ! I ____ .
A. didn’t look B. wasn’t looking C. hadn’t looked D. haven’t looked
5. After the class , the students went out of the classroom one by one , but only Mary___.
A. left B. had left C. was leaving D. was left
6. The Olympic Games ____ in Sydney , a city of Australia.
A. were taken place B. was held C. were held D. had been held
7.The teacher told his students that they ____ to be useful men to the country .
A. were all expected B. were all expecting C. all were expected D. all expected
8.--- You’ve agreed to go , but why aren’t you getting ready ?
--- But I ____ that you ___ me to start at once .
A. don’t realize ; want B. don’t realize ; wanted
C. didn’t realize ; wanted D. haven’t realized ; want
9.Will these flowers be watered _____?
A. every few days B. after hours C. within a few hours D. the other day
10.Nobody knew when the fire ____ , but they knew it ____ the next morning .
A. broke out , was put out B. was broken out ; was put out
C. broke out ; put out D. was broken out ; went out
11.I have no idea what ____ while I was asleep .
A. has happened B. was happened C. happened D. had happened
12.---Look !Somebody has broken a glass.
--- Well , it ____ me . I ___ that .
A. wasn’t ; didn’t do B. isn’t ; haven’t done C. wasn’t ; hadn’t done D. isn’t ; didn’t do
13.The thief ____ when he was stealing a wallet from a woman .
A. happened to notice B. was taken place to notice
C. was happened to be noticed D. happened to be noticed
14.---Do you know anyone in Paris ?
--- No , I’ll make friends once ____.
A. I’m settled B. I have settled C. I’ll be settled D. I’m settling
15.---Come on , Shella . I want to show you something .
--- Oh, how nice of you . I ____ you ____ to bring me a gift.
A. didn’t think ; were going B. never think ; are going
C. never thought ; were going D. hadn’t thought ; were going
16.It will be a long time ___ Frank ____ back from abroad .
A. before ; comes B .since ; has come C. when ; has come D. after ; came
17.---I’ve heard Bob ____ from his journey to Africa .
--- What about visiting him tonight ?
A. had come back B. coming back C. come back D. is back
18.Unfortunately when I arrived she ____ , so we only had time for a few words .
A. just left B. has just left C. was just leaving D. had just left
19.---How do you usually go to work ?
--- If it is fine , I ___ on foot .
A. will go B. go C. have gone D. won’t go
20.He ___ and was made to repeat it .
A. didn’t understand B. didn’t be understood C. wasn’t understand D. wasn’t understood
21.The pupils here ____ all kinds of exercises every day in the past four weeks.
A. kept busy doing B. keep on doing
C. have kept busy doing D. have been kept busy doing
22.---What were you doing when Tom came to see you ?
--- I____ on my coat and ____ .
a) have just put ; leaving B. was put ; was left
C. had just put ; was leaving D. was putting ; left
23.---You haven’t said a word about my new coat , Brenda . Do you like it ?
--- I’m sorry I ___ anything about it sooner . I certainly think it is pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
24.---I am sorry ,but I shouldn’t have been so rude to you .
--- You ____ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing
25.---Is Tom still smoking ?
--- No, by next Saturday he ___ for a while month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will go B. has gone C. will have gone D. has been going
26.---What were you up to when your mother came in ?
--- I ___ for a while and ____ some reading .
A. was playing ; was going to B. played ; did
C. had played ; was going to D. had played ; did
27.---____ you ___ the editor at the airport ?
--- No , he ___ away before my arrival .
A. Have ; met ; has driven B. Had ; met ; was driven
C. Did ; meet ; had been driven D. Have ; met ; had driven
28.---What’s the matter ?
--- The shoes don’t fit properly .They ___ my feet.
A. are hurting B. will hurt C. have hurt D. are hurt
29.--- ___ Betty this morning ?
--- Not yet , but she is sure to be here before noon .
A. Have you seen B. Will you see C. Do you see D. Did you see
30.---Alice came back home the day before yesterday .
---Really ? Where _____?
A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone
【能力提高题】
1.I can guess you were in a hurry .You ____ your sweater inside out .
A. had wear B. were C. were wearing D. are wearing
2.I really don’t’ think Rosemary will be upset , but I will go and see her in case she ___ .
A. is B. does C. will be D. has been
3.My money _. I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I’ve none in hand .
A. has run out B. is running out C. has been run out D. is being run out
4.Until then , I ___ for him for five hours in his office.
A. waited B. was waiting C. have been waiting D. had been waiting
5.The foreign friends you referred to ____ looking forward to ____ around our university .
A. are ; being shown B. being ; being shown C. being ; showing D. are ; be shown
6.The door ____ . Better send for a workman to repair it .
A. isn’t open B. isn’t be opened C. hasn’t been opened D. won’t open
7. I don’t mind ____ alone , but I want a good book ____ .
A. leaving ;reading B. being left ; to read C. to be left ; to be read D. being left ; to be read
8.The shop assistant promised me that the material ____, and what she said ___ to be true .
A. would be dried easily ; was proved B. will be dried easily ; was proved
C. dried easily ; proved D. dried easy ; proved
9.---Sorry , I ___ to post the letter for you .
--- Never mind . ____ it myself after school.
A. forget ; I’d rather post B. forgot ; I’m going to post
C. forgot ; I’ll post D. forget ; I’d better post
10.---What happened to the postman ?
--- I don’t know . He ____ around here for a long time .
A. hasn’t seen B. didn’t see C. wasn’t seen D. hasn’t been seen
11.---Did you write to Mary last month ?
--- No , but I’ll ___ her over Christmas Day .
A. be seen B. be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing
12.They said good-bye , little knowing that they ____ again.
A. were never met B. will never meet C. never met D. were never to meet
13.---Don’t you know I make the decision here ?
--- ____, not until you ____ me .
A. Yes , have told B. No , have told C. Yes , tell D. No , are telling
14.It won’t be long before such a thing ____ again .
A. will happen B. happens C. is happened D. happened
15.The boy whom you lent the bike to ___ by a car.
A. hit B. be hit C. having been hit D. was hit
16.By the time the speaker entered the hall , all the listeners ____ .
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
17.We can not use the bridge now , because it ___ .
A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired
18.The room ___ cool in summer and warm in winter.
A. is being felt B. is felt C. feels D. has been felt
19.In warm weather fruit and meat ____ long .
A. don’t keep B. can not be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
20.It’s the third time you ___ late for school this week .
A. have been B. had been C. are D. were
21. Once you ___ used to the weather here , you ____ this place.
A. had got ; probably liked B. will get ; probably like
C. get ; probably liked D. get ; will probably like
22.They ____ for long when a message came .
A. had drunk B. drunk C. had not drunk D. were drinking
23.Perhaps ____ several years ____ back from abroad .
A. Tom is ; that he comes B. it is ; before Tom will come
C. he will be ; when Tom comes D. it will be ; before Tom comes
24.---Well , here I am at last .
--- Good ! I ___ worried ___ you couldn’t be back on time .
A. got ; about that B. was ; that C. am ; whether D. am ; why
25.--- Have you posted my letter?
--- Sorry , I ___ all about it .
A. had forgotten B. will forget C. forgot D. forget
26.---Jim has been in hospital .
---Oh, really ? I ___ . ____ visit her .
A. didn’t know ; I’ll go and B. don’t know ; I have intended to
C. don’t know ; I intended to D. haven’t known ; I was going to
27.It was twelve o’clock ___ they finished the work .
A . since B. at which C. that D. when
28.---Where ___ the map ?
--- I ___ it right here .
A. did you put ; have put B. have you put ; put
C. had you put ; was putting D. were you putting ; have put
29.---Where do you think ___ he ___ the computer ?
--- Sorry . I have no idea.
A. has ; brought B. / ; bought C. did ; buy D. had ; bought
30.---Are you a visitor here ?
--- That’s right . I ___ round the world and now my dream of coming to China ___ true .
A. have traveled ; has come B. was traveling; had been come
C. am traveling ; has come D. have traveled ; has been come
【高考冲刺题】
1. I didn’t like Aunt Lucy , who _____ without warning and bringing us presents .
A. always turns up B. has always turned up C. was turned up D. was always turning up
2.--- Did he notice you enter the room ?
--- I don’t think so . He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut .
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
3. --- Would you like to visit the temple ?
---- If I _______ a week off.
A. will have B. had C. have had D. would have
4.---Look !How long _________ like this ?
--- Three weeks ! It’s usual here that rain ________ without stopping these days at sea.
A .has it rained ; pours B. has it been raining ; pours
C. is it raining ; is pouring D. does it rain ; pours
5. I ____ to help you but I was not able to spare any time .I ____ a paper last night and I’ll finish it tonight .
A. wanted ;have been writing B. have wanted ; wrote
C. had wanted ; wrote D. had wanted ; was writing
6. The price ______ , but I doubt whether it will remain so .
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
7.In this experiment , they are woken up several times during the night , and asked to report what they _________ .
A. had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming C. have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt
8. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I _____ the cloth _____ well .
A. have told ; washes B. have been told ; washes C. was told ; washed D. have been told ; is washed
9. The car ran down the hill , and the driver __, according to the newspaper , to have been killed.
A. said B. was saying C. was said D. had been said
10.---Was that the first time _____ you ___ England’s coast .
--- Yes . It was .
A. ./ ; left B. when ; have left C. when ; had left D. / had left
11. I should have written to you earlier , but _____ rather busy recently .
A. I’ve been B. I’d been C. I’m being D. I were
12. He will phone ____ he ______ his work .
A. for the moment ; sets about B. the moment ; sets about
C. the moment ; will set about D. for the moment ; will set about
13.---Kate returned home yesterday .
--- Really ? Where ____?
A. has she been B. had she gone C. has she gone D. had she been
14.In such dry weather , the flowers will have to be watered if they ______.
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
15. The TV sets made by our factory sell best , but 10 years ago no one could have guessed the place in the markets that they _______ .
A. were having B. were to have C. had had D. had
16.---Can you give me the right answer ?
--- Sorry , I ______ . Would you repeat that question ?
A. hadn’t listened B. haven’t listened C. don’t listen D. wasn’t listening
17.I _____ violin lessons every two weeks , but I think I’ll make it every week from next month.
A. am having B. have had C. have D. have been having
18.---What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday evening ?
--- I ______ my homework and was starting to take a bath.
A. had just finished B. was finishing C. have already finished D. was going to finish
19.--- Your baby is too thin .
--- It could gain weight , but it _____ much .
A. doesn’t eat B. didn’t eat C. hadn’t been D. couldn’t eat
20.Please call again . Jim ______ a bath just now .
A. has had B. was having C. is having D. has
21. ---Why did you come by taxi?
--- My bike broke down last night and I ____ it repaired .
A. didn’t have B. don’t have C. won’t have D. haven’t had
22. I don’t really work here . I _____until the new secretary arrives .
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
23.You _____ television . Why not do something more active?
A.always watch B. are always watching C. have always watched D. have always been watching
24.--- Can you drive on the free way , Mr. Green ?
--- You can when you ____ a bit more skilled .
A. will get B. are getting C. will have got D. get
25. I _____ at the station half an hour ago , but the train ___ yet.
A. arrived ; hadn’t come B. was arriving ; hadn’t come
C. arrived ; hasn’t come D. had arrived ; didn’t come
26.Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge ? It will ___ fresh for several days .
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
27. The little girl _____ her heart out because she _____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it .
A . had cried ; lost B. cried ; had lost
C. has cried ; has lost D. cries ; has lost
28. I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child .
A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
29.Hundreds of jobs ______ if the factory closes .
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
30. Rainforests ____ and burned at such a great speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future .
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been out
动词时态和语态（解析）
【基础过关题】
1． 答案：D。
解析：从第一句中可知，本题排除与过去时有关的B、C两项，而see 一般不用进行时，故用一般现在时。
2．答案：c。
解析：if only 在句中引导虚拟语气，在含有if only虚拟句中，不能用情态动词，根据语境这里是与过去事实相反的一种情况，所以要用过去完成时。
3． B。
解析：第一句中有in the past hour ，故用现在完成时；第二句中each time 显然是过去的时间，故选B。
4． 答案：B。
解析：先排除D项，然后从语境中可知，不在看（镜头）是指John 给我拍照时的动作，故用过去进行时。
5． 答案：D。
解析：此句中Mary 是被留下来，而不是主动离开。
6． 答案：C。
解析：A项中take place 无被动语态，B项中主谓不一致，D项时态不对。
7． 答案：A。
解析：从本句意思来看,they 应指学生，与expect 之间应是被动关系。Be expected to do意思是：被指望做------。
8． 答案：C。
解析：realize 不是现在的动作，而是在你提醒我之前没有意识到，故用C，主从句时态也一致。
9． 答案：C。
解析：本句用的是将来时，故排除A、D。B项中after hours 一般用于过去时态，只有C正确。Within 相当于in.
10.答案：a。
解析：break out 无被动语态。put out 与fire 之间应体现被动关系。
11．答案：C。
解析：happen 无被动语态，而A项时态与while I was asleep 不符合。
12．答案：A。
解析：答句中说明 “打破杯子的不是我，我没做那事”，故用一般过去时。
13．答案：D。
解析：happen to do 表示“正好，碰巧”，无被动语态，而the thief 与notice 之间是被动关系，故选D。
14．答案：A。
解析：本题考查状语从句中时态，主句是将来时，故在once 引导的条件状语从句中用现在时表示将来时，而be settled 指生活安顿下来，故选A。
15．答案：C。
解析：原句意思是“我压根儿不曾想到你会给我带礼物来”。“没想到”当然是过去的动作，故排除B项，而D项的时态也不对；A项中didn’t think 表示“我并不认为---”与原句意思不符。第二空用were going to 表示过去将来时，与主句时态一致。
16．答案：A。
解析：It will be / was a long time before ------是个固定结构。
17．答案：D。
解析：主句中用现在完成时，若选A，主从句中时态不一致。若选B、C项表示听到Bob 回来或听到Bob 回来了，D项表示我听说Bob从非洲回来了，heard 后省去了that ，主从句时态一致。
18．答案：C。
解析：从句意来看，我到那儿时，她还没离开，而是正要离开，故选C。
19．答案：B。
解析：一般情况下条件从句中用现在时，主句用一般将来时。但本题中问句里有usually 一词，询问的是通常的情况，故用B。
20．答案D。
解析：从后半句was made to repeat it 可知，因为他没有被听懂，故用被动语态。
21．答案：D。
解析：本题中时间状语every day in the past four weeks 表示从过去某一时间到现在的四周里每天进行的动作，故用现在完成进行时，而主语the pupil 与keep 之间是被动关系，故用be kept busy doing 结构。
22．答案：C。
解析：原句意思是“Tom 来看我时我刚穿好衣服，正准备离开。”故选C。
23．答案：D。
解析：答句中用过去时表示在你征询我的意见前我没有及时说，故用D。
24．答案：C。
解析：从I shouldn’t have been so rude to you 一句可看出，对方是为自己在过去某一时候的无礼举动表示歉意，故发脾气这一动作发生在过去，但不用过去完成时或进行时，C项中用did lose 表示强调。
25．答案：C。
解析：由时间状语by next Saturday 可知，时态应用将来完成时，选C。
26．答案：C。
解析：答句中for a while 暗示要用完成时，此处显然用过去完成时；第二空用过去进行时指妈妈进来时我正在看书。
27．答案：C。
解析：从答句before my arrival 可知，本题问句应用过去时，而第二空显然是指过去的过去发生的动作，故选C。
28．答案：A。
解析：用现在进行时表示现在的情况。我此时感到疼痛。
29．答案：A。
解析：句中yet 一词暗示问句应用现在完成时。
30．答案：B。
解析：Alice 现已回来了，人不在外地，故不用have / has / had gone ;而本句第一分句讲Alice 是前天回来的，故问的该是在前天以前上哪儿了，因此选B，用过去完成时。
【能力提高题】
1． 答案：D。
解析：因为现在你身上的毛衣里外穿反了，由此推断当时你很匆忙。
2． 答案：A。
解析：in case 引导的是条件状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用现在时，因为前边有be upset ，故用be 动词is ，后面省略upset。
3． 答案：B。
解析：从后句可知，我手头还有一点钱，但很快要用完了，故用B项，进行时表示将来时。
4． 答案：D。
解析：until then 表示到过去某一时候为止，故用过去完成时。
5． 答案：A。
解析：第一空应填主句的谓语动词，故排除B、C。第二空作介词to 的宾语；foreign friends 与show around 之间是被动关系，故选A。
6． 答案：D。
解析：本题考查的是主动语态表示被动语态的用法。动词open 表示主语的属性特征，类似的动词还有close ,read ,write , sell , wash ,dry 等，一般都用主动式表示被动含义。
7． 答案：B。
解析：mind 后接动名词，故排除C项。I 与leave 之间应体现被动关系，故在B、D中选。第二空不定式作定语，因为句中有执行read 的主语I ，故用主动式。
8． 答案：C。
解析：dry 指主语material 的属性特征，应用主动形式表示被动含义。此时它是不及物动词，故用副词修饰；第二空prove 是连系动词，所以选C。
9． 答案：C。
解析：“忘了为你寄信”是过去的动作，故用B、C。而B项中I’m going to post 表示“打算去寄”不符合上句的语境。
10．答案：D。
解析：从时间状语for a long time 可知到说话时为止很长时间邮递员未被见到了。故用现在完成时。
11．答案：B。
解析：将来进行时will / shall be doing sth. 可用于表达预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作，在一般情况下可和一般将来时换用，用将来时则显得更加委婉。
12．答案：D。
解析：was / were to do sth..表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的事。
13．答案：B。
解析：答语的含义是：“No, I don’t know it until you have told me”. Till / until 从句中常用一般时或现在完成时。
14．答案：B。
解析：happen 是不及物动词，无被动语态，又由于before 引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时，故选B。
15．答案：D。
解析：“男孩被车撞了。”
16．答案：B。
解析：seat 是及物动词，表示“坐下”应用be seated 或seat oneself .
17．答案：D 。
解析：D项表示“正在被修复”。
18．答案：C。
解析：feel 为连系动词，作“摸上去，觉得”解，无被动语态。
19．答案：A。
解析：keep 表示“（水果、食物）保质，保持新鲜”，在此处是不及物动词。
20．答案：A。
解析：It is the first (second / third---)time that 后从句中用完成时态，主句是现在时，故从句用现在完成时。
21．答案：D。
解析：once 引导的是条件状语从句，故用现在时，主句应用将来时，因此选D。
22．答案：C。
解析：原句意思是“他们才喝了一会儿的酒，这时就捎来了口信。”came 是过去时，drink 是到came 动作为止一直进行的动作，故用过去完成时。
23．答案：D。
解析：D项是固定结构。
24．答案：B。
解析：在“Here I am at last”之前“我很担心”。所以用一般过去时。Be worried 后可跟that 从句，注意：在be worried about 后不可跟that 从句。
25．答案：C。
解析：对“寄信一事我忘了”，用一般过去时即可。
26．答案：A。
解析：前一空应用didn’t know 表示以前不知道，后一空为目前的决定，要去看望她，所以用will .
27.答案：D。
解析：本句中的it 是代词，指时间，when 引导的是时间状语，而不是定语从句。若选C，则应在twelve o’clock 前加介词at ,这样构成强调句式。
28．答案：B。
解析：“你把地图放在哪儿啦？”侧重我现在找不到它了，是过去的动作对现在的影响，回答是“我把它就放在这儿的。”但现在我也不知道它在哪儿。就是一个过去的动作，对现在没有影响。
29．答案：B。
解析：此句为复杂特殊疑问句，即疑问词+do you think (believe / suppose / expect / imagine 等)+其他（陈述语序）？
30．答案：C。
解析：说话时动作正在进行，come true 为不及物动词，不能用被动语态。
【高考冲刺题】
1． 答案：D。
解析：always 常与进行时连用，表示某种反复的动作，往往表示不满、责备、赞扬等。didn’t like 发生在过去，故选 d。
2． 答案：B。
解析：当时他在听收音机。
3． 答案：B。
解析：if 引导的虚拟语气的从句。
4． 答案：B。
解析：表示从过去直到现在持续不断的动作。
5． 答案：D。
解析：had wanted to do 表示过去打算做某事但没有做成，过去进行时表示过去某段时间正在做的事情。
6． 答案：C。
解析：价格到说话时已下降，故用现在完成时。
7． 答案：C。
解析：dream 是从某时开始一直延续到现在还在进行的动作。
8． 答案：B。
解析：本句还是考查主动语态表示被动语态的用法。
9． 答案：C。
解析：“据说------”在英语中可用“ It is / was said that sb. / sth. --- ”句型来表示。该句型可变成：sb. / sth. is/ was said to --- 句式。因此本句应填不定式结构，drive 与kill 之间是被动关系，故选C。
10．答案：D。
解析：固定句式。因主句为过去时，所以从句用过去完成时。
11．答案：A。
解析：recently 一词一般用在现在完成时态，故选A。
12．答案：B。
解析：the moment 可作为连词词组引导时间状语从句，并且从句中用现在时表示将来时。
13．答案：D。
解析：Kate 昨天就到家了，所以打听她在此以前去哪儿，用D项。
14．答案：B。
解析：be to do 结构在条件状语从句中表示“如果想，如果要---”，故选B。
15．答案：B。
解析：were to 在此句中表示相对于十年前来说将要发生的事，相当于过去将来时。原句的意思是“十年前没有人可能会料到我们厂的电视机会在市场上占有如今这个地位。”
16．答案：D。
解析：从Would you repeat that question ?一句可知“我刚才不在听”。故选D。
17．答案：D。
解析：每两周上小提琴课是到目前为止一直进行的动作，而且是反复做的习惯动作，该动词还需要延续到本月底，所以应用现在完成进行时。
18．答案：A。
解析：做完作业是在你昨晚打电话时刚完成的动作，故选A。
19．答案：A。
解析：宝宝平时一直吃得不多，所以显得太瘦。
20．答案：C。
解析：从语境来判断，本题中的just now 指此时，现在=right now 或at this moment .故用现在进行时。
21．答案：D。
解析：我自行车还没修好，因而对现在造成的影响是现在还不能用，我只好打的过来。因此本题应用现在完成时，而不用一般过去时。
22．答案：C。
解析：现在进行时指现阶段正在进行的动作。根据题意：“我只是在帮忙，直到新秘书到位为止。”故用C项。
23．答案：B。
解析：always 用于进行时表示一种感情色彩，此处表示“抱怨”。
24．答案：D。
解析：时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来时。
25．答案：C。
解析：到车站是半个小时前的动作，yet 表示到现在火车还没到，故选C。
26．答案：B。
解析：stay 在此处是连系动词。
27．答案：B。
解析：cry 是过去的动作，而lose 是在此以前的动作，故用过去完成时。
28．答案：A。
解析：be to blame 一般表示主语与blame 之间的被动关系，若选D项，应用被动语态should be blamed.
29．答案：B。
解析：条件从句中是现在时，主句应用将来时，job与lose 之间是被动关系，故选B。
30．答案：C。
解析：首先，cut 是及物动词，与主语间应体现被动关系，故排除A。 文中 “at such a great speed that they will disappear ---in the near future”,表示目前正以惊人的速度被砍伐，因此应用现在进行时的被动语态。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）
一、动词的分类和形式：
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。
1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种
2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。
4、五种不同的短语动词：1）“动词+介词”；2）“动词+副词”；3）“动词+副词+介词”；4）“动词+名词（或代词）+介词”；5）“be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。
二、动词的时态：
1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）
2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。
3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）
5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。
9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
练习一：动词时态与语态（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. “Has he seen this film?” “ Yes. He ______ it several days ago. ”
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. “ When ______ school begin?” “ Next Monday. ”
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. “How long haven't we seen each other? ”“Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. ”
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. “Have you seen the art exhibition?” “No, _____ there. ”
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. “Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere.” “I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. ”
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. coming
30. ______ you ______?
A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married
31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.
A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold
32. “This cloth _____well and _____ long. ”“Ok. I'll take it. ”
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
33. “Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. ” “Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. ”
A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting
34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.
A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted
35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.
A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived
36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.
A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned
38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding B. fell/were riding
C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding
39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.
A. was going to be B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be
40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.
A. are B. were C. will be D. would be
41. After a while an agreement _____.
A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived
42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.
A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive
43.______,that step is not safe!
A. Look around B. Look up C. Look out D. Look down
44. “Have you _____ him to give up smoking?” “No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen.”
A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded
45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.
A. take B. make C. put D. send
46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.
A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come
47. How much do you think that vase _____?
A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost
48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.
A. hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping
49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”
“Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.”
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn’t think/ are going D. hadn’t thought/ were going
50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.
A. haven’t got B. hasn’t got C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got
51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?
A. hadn’t she B. didn’t she C. wouldn’t she D. won’t she
52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.
A. became mixed with B. was mixed by
C. mixes with D. has been mixing by
动词时态和语态（2）
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（2）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Iwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （3）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（4）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （5）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（6）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
练习二、动词时态与语态（2）
53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasn't repaired
55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.
A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried
56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.
A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes
57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.
A. is broken B. has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken
58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.
---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.
A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned
59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.
---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.
A. will have finished . B. will has been finished
C. will have being finished D. will have been finished
60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms ______ (by you).
A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean
C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?
A. is about to be written, aren't you B. is about to be writing, isn’t it
C. is about to be writing, aren't you D. is about to be written, isn’t it
62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).
A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left
63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.
A. doesn't be done B. aren't done C. don't be done D. isn’t done
64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents ______ when they are old.
A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of
65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.
A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down
66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.
---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.
A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to
67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.
A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected
68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.
---- Why are all of the______?
A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted
C. mailboxes painted grey D. painted grey mailboxes
69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .
A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer
71. How sweet the music ______!
A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds
72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.
A. don't keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
73. He received a telegram ___ “Mother Sick.”
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.
A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length
75. Do you remember ______ ?
A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do
76. to have been rich.
A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was said
77. Mathematics is difficult ______.
A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning
78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.
A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it
79. The pencil ______ well.
A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing
80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.
A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves
82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
83. Which girl won the prize? _____
A. By which girl is the prize won? B. Which girl was the prize won?
C. By which girl did she win the prize? D. By which girl was the prize won?
84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.
A. given for us B. a gift to us C. given to us D. a gift for us
85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.
A. named B. known C. spelled D. called
86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.
A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.
A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. to be tried
89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.
A. with B. to C. by D. of
90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.
A. up of, up of B. into, into C. of, of D. from, from
91. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.
A. it was sold B. it's selling C. it's been sold D. it had been sold
93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.
A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter
B. until two centuries more it was used in war
C. not used in war until two hundred years later
D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards
94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.
A. is looked B. has looked for C. is being looked for D. has been looked
参考答案
语法复习八：动词时态和语态
练习一、1~5 CCBCB 6~10 ABCAB 11~15 CBADA 16~20 BBDCD 21~25 DBBCA
26~30 DBABD 31~35 BAAAD 36~40 CAAAB 41~45 ACCAC 46~50 ADBBB
51~52 BC
练习二、53~55 BAB 56~60 BDADC 61~65 DCDDB 66~70 ACCCA 71~75 DACAA
76~80 CABAB 81~85 CADCD 86~90 BBDBB 91~94 CCCC
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情态动词
情态动词一般用法，大家都比较熟悉，但是，到了高中阶段，它的用法外延的比较多，很难理解和掌握。这里，就其考点列举如下：
一． 情态动词的现在完成式的用法
情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t; oughtn’t等情态动词＋完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的
1． 表示已经发生的情况。
1） must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定……如：
My pain____apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”
A must be B had been C must have been D had to be
2） can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……”,如：
Mary____my letter; otherwise she would have replied before
A couldn’t have received B ought to have received
C has received D shouldn’t have received
3） may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2．表示虚拟语气。
1) needn’t have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如：
As it turned out to be a small house party, we____so formally.
A needn’t dress up B did not need have dressed up
C did not need dress up D needn’t have dressed up
2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
（我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。）
3) ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如：
You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet..
4) could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如：
What you said is right, but you could have done it better.
5) may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会……”。如：
You may have noticed something while you were doing this task.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型：
1)may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近,意为“最好，还是，不妨”。
You may as well repeat the experiment.
2) cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如：
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。
3) usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。
Tom used not to rise at six every morning.
4）should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。
二． 情态动词被动关系的主动表达法
1． want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。
Your hair wants cutting
The work is worth reading
The floor requires washing.
2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义
The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.
The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.
补充：
had better, should, ought to是重要的情态动词，也是高考重要考点，学习时应注意下列几点：
一、了解相互间关系
had better(最好), should(应该)与ought to（应该）均为提建议、阐述观点的情态动词，其后接动词原形。should 比had better语气强，ought to语气最强。一般情况下should与ought to可通用。
例1：You had better go there at once. 你最好立即去那里。
例2：You ought to / should work hard.你应该努力工作。
值得注意的是：should还有“竟然”之意，表出乎意料。
例：You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady. 你真是难以想象这么一个有风度的先生对一个女子是如此之粗鲁。
二、 掌握句型变换方法
had better, should, ought to作为情态动词，各种句型变换均在自身形式上作变化。
（一）否定句
had better, should, ought to用于否定句时，否定词均位于其后，具体形式为：had better not do, shouldn't / should not do, oughtn't to do。
例1：You had better not start at this time. 此时你最好别出发。
例2：He shouldn't be careless in class. 他上课时不应粗心。
例3：She oughtn't to waste time. 她不应该浪费时间。
（二）一般疑问句
had better, should, ought to用于一般疑问句时，分别将had, should, ought提至句首。
例1：Had he better start early at once? 他最好立即出发吗？
例2：Should you do like this? 你应该这么做吗？
例3：Ought he to go there? 他应该去那里吗？
（三）反意疑问句
陈述句谓语动词含had better, should, ought to时，反意疑问句为：had, should与ought+主格人称代词或hadn't, shouldn't, oughtn't+主格人称代词。
例1：You had better not go home, had you? 你最好别回家，是吗？
例2：You should study hard,
shouldn't you? 你应该认真学习，是吗？
例3：He oughtn't to speak in class, ought he? 你上课不应该讲话，是吗？
三、 掌握其完成式用法
had better没有完成式，should与ought to完成式意义与用法完全相同。
（一）should/ought to have done 意为本来应做但实际没有做，表达遗憾的感情色彩。
例：There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party. You ________ come, but why didn't you?
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
析：答案D。 该空含你本来应来但实际未来之意，应填ought to have。
（二）should / oughtn't to have done，意为本来不应做但实际已做，表达遗憾的感情色彩。
例：I was really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn't leave
B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left
D. needn't leave
析：答案B。 该空含你本不应该一句话不说就离开家但实际已这么做之意，所以应填shouldn't have left。
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高三英语复习与训练五--动词
5. 动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4） 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。
5） 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）
The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）
6） 动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。
5.1 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems （to be） very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
5.2 助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
5.3 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
5.4 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：“What shall I do next week?” I asked. “我下周干什么？”我问道。
可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较：“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
5.8 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
1）不定式
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
5.10 助动词练习
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a..are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
c.need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
b.I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a.need have been working b. may be working
b.ought have been working d. ought be working
60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
b.must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a.ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
b.ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c.oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65.He ______ with us last night.
a.would have liked to go b. should like to be going
b.should be liked to go d. would like to go
66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
b.should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a.must have looked after b. would have to look after
b.had to look after d. should have looked after
74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a.may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c.must miss her train d. could miss her train
75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a.would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a.shall b. should c. would d. may
80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
答案
1 B 19 C 37 C 55 C 73 C
2 D 20 B 38 A 56 B 74 B
3 A 21 D 39 D 57 D 75 B
4 C 22 D 40 A 58 A 76 C
5 D 23 C 41 D 59 B 77 A
6 B 24 A 42 B 60 B 78 B
7 D 25 B 43 B 61 C 79 C
8 B 26 D 44 D 62 B 80 A
9 C 27 A 45 B 63 A 81
10 B 28 B 46 B 64 B 82
11 C 29 C 47 A 65 A 83
12 D 30 A 48 B 66 C 84
13 C 31 D 49 D 67 B 85
14 B 32 B 50 B 68 D 86
15 D 33 B 51 C 69 D 87
16 B 34 B 52 A 70 B 88
17 B 35 B 53 D 71 A 89
18 C 36 A 54 A 72 B 90
责任编辑：李芳芳
考点 6 动词的时态和语态
1. He ______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident _______.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. Was going; had occurred
2. I was giving a talk to a target group of people, the same talk I to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given
3. The house belongs to my aunt but she __ here any more.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
4. The moment the 28th Olympic Games __ open, the whole world cheered.
A. declared B. have been declared C. have declared D. were declared
5. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane .
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
6. - If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I couldn’t have been back by 6 o’clock.
- What a pity! Tina here to see you.
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
7. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else such a beautiful palace.
A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find
8. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuaded C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
9. Now that she is out of job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to considered
10. I with my uncle and aunt because my parents have gone abroad for a holiday.
A. stayed B. am staying C. have stayed D. was staying
11. - What’s the weather like tomorrow?
- Well, I it, for the scenic pictures drew my attention as the weather forecast was going on.
A. was missing B. missed C. will miss D. had missed
12. - Has George returned from Japan yet? I’d like to meet him.
- I’m terribly sorry, but he back here only for last weekend.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
13. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused
14. - Why did you leave that position?
- I a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
15. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year.
A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away
16. According to the art dealer, the painting to go for at least a million dollars.
A. is expected B. expects C. expected D. is expecting
17. The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.
A. was reported B. was reporting C. reports D. reported
18. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which placed under the Minister’s car. A. has been B. had been C. was being D. would be
19. - the Christmas card Mr. White? - No. It’s still on the desk.
A. Has; given B. Was; given C. Has; been given D. Will; be given
20. Only when your identity has been checked, _ .
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in
C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
21. - Do you know anyone in Paris?
- No, but I’ll make friends once .
A. I’m settled B. I’ll be settled C. I’ve been settled D. I had settled
22. The high standard of the nation’s literature and art widespread attention.
A. was attracted B. have attracted C. has attracted D. has been attracted
23. When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
24. Scientists think that the continents _______ where they today.
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
25. Let’s keep to the point or we any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached
26. That was really a splendid evening. It’s years I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
27. The cell phone I I is on the backseat of my car.
A. thought; had lost B. think; had lost C. thought; have lost D. think; lost
28. - Alice, you looked puzzled. Have you understood it?
-Yes. I another problem just now.
A. have thought of B. am thinking of C. had thought of D. was thinking of
29. I toured Zhangjiajie, I was deeply impressed with its beautiful scenery.
A. For the first time B. At first C. It was the first time D. The first time
30. My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working
31. - Hey, boy! Look where you are going! - Oh, I’m terribly sorry, .
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I am not noticed D. I don’t noticed
32. All the preparations for the task , and they’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
33. The water cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels
34. I think it is necessary for my 19 -year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he home for dinner.
A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come
35. It is said that the early European playing cards for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed
36. In a room above the store, where a party __ , some workers were busily setting the table.
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
37. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 off at 18:20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
38. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ________ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
39. Customers are asked to make sure that they the fight change before leaving the shop.
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given
40. I in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived
41. I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he on it for more than an hour.
A. has been working B. will have worked C. had worked D. will have been working
42. - What’s wrong with your coat?
- Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me on it.
A. sat B. had sat C. had been sitting D. was sitting
43. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
44. - Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
- Oh! I thought they without me.
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
45. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
46. When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
47. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
48. - Why were you not at the concert last night?
- I a close game between Seattle Senies and Miami Bucks.
A. watched B. was watching C. have watched D. had watched
49. He told me that his plane __ at 5 o’clock.
A. will take off B. has taken off C. was taking off D. is taking off
50. - Are you glad that you come to Washington?
- Yes indeed. I going to New York or Boston, but I’ve never regretted my decision.
A. have considered B. am considering C. had considered D. was considering
51. You must do your homework now; you computer games all the evening.
A. have been playing B. play C. are playing D. played
52. It long before the Chinese Space Center Shenzhou VII spaceship.
A. will not be; launches B. is; will launch C. will not be; will launch D. is; launches
53. He ______ always _______ me as a child, so I can’t put up with him any longer.
A. does; treat B. /; treats C. had, treated D. is; treating
54. By the time he arrives here, we here for three months.
A. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed
55. The little boy while watching TV. So his mother sent him to bed at once.
A. had fallen asleep B. fell asleep C. was falling asleep D. will have stayed,
56. The mother often tells her child not to get off a bus until it completely.
A. stops B. will stop C. is stopping D. has stopped
57. - I like a pen which _______ well. - Will this one ?
A. is written; do B. is written; work C. writes; do D. writes; work‘
58. - What’s that unpleasant noise?
- Oh, the road before the main gate .
A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. is repaired D. has been repaired
59. - Hi, Kim. What’s up? - I for someone to go to the movie with me.
A. look B. have looked C. looked D. am looking,
60. Congratulations! I hear you a job. When will you start to work?
A. got B. have got C. will get D. had get
61. - Wow, what a large crowd!
- Yes, and they in the cold wind for hours; You know, George W. Bush is soon to deliver his in augural (就职演说) for his second term.
A. will be waiting B. have waited C. are waiting D. have been waiting
II. 考点小资料（动词）
1．无被动结构的特殊动词：have, own, fit, last, want, suit, fail等；
2．含被动意义的主动语态的动词：feel, smell, taste, sound, prove等；
3．无进行时的动词： (1) 描写智力的：know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean等；
(2) 描写感情状况的：love, like , appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, end, mind, care等；
(3) 表“所有，拥有”的：possess, have, own, belong等；
(4) 描写感官、官能状况的：taste, smell, sound, hear, look feel, see等；
(5) 表“存在”的：be, exist, obtain, stay等。
4．主动形式表示被动意义的情况
(1) 某些连系动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如 look，smell，taste，sound，feel，appear，prove，后面接形容词或名词做表语。如：The roses smell sweet. The theory proved true.
(2) 某些具有及物意义的不及物动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如read，write，translate，record，lock，shut，open，wash，clean，run，sell等。如：Your composition reads well. His voice records well.
(3) 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。如：Work began at 7 o’clock this morning．The shop closes at 6 p．m．everyday．
(4) 少数动词用于进行时，主动形式表示被动含义，如print，build，cook，fly，hang，make等。如：The books are printing. The meat is cooking. My coat is hanging behind the door.
(5) 某些不及物动词(短语)的主动形式表示被动的意义。常见的有：happen，take place，break out， belong to，go out，run out等。如： The Anti -Japanese War broke out in 1937. The fire went out gradually.
5．三个特殊句式的固定时态： (1) This/It is the first/second … time + that从句。从句中一般用现在完成时，前面的is为was时，则用过去完成时。如：This is the first time I have come to the famous city. / It was the forth time he had made the same mistake. (2) It is/has been + 一段时间 + since从句。since从句中一般用一般过去时，如果前面是was，则since从句中用过去完成时。如：It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time．(3) It + be + 一段时间 + before从句。如果主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来，意思是多长时间后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意思是多长时间后发生了某事。如：It won’t be long before he succeeds．(要不了多久他就会成功) / It was ten years before they met again．(十年后，他们又见面了)
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练九--分词
9. 分词
分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）：
do go
主动 被动
现在分词 doing being done going
过去分词 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
9.1 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
9.2 分词作状语
分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
9.3 连词+分词（短语）
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如：
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分词作插入语
分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
9.7 分词的时态
1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：
He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练十六一--虚拟语气
16. 虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。
2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：
句 型 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
祈使句
情态动词一般现在时
例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句
1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。
a. 与现在事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be用were） should（would）等 +动词原形
例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。
含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.
b. 与过去事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词
例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形
例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
16.3 混合条件句
有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。
16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。
Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。
16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should
1）在主语从句中的应用
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
It is 可用的词有三类 that （should）do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2）在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：
I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.
（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.
（对） I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。
16.6 wish的用法
1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
主句 从句
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were） 现在时 过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形
例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。
I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。
16.7 比较if only与only if
only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
16.8 It is （high） time that
It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：
It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
16.9 need “不必做”和“本不必做”
didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为“本不必”，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, “不可能已经”。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
16.10 虚拟语气练习
1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a.will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
b.would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a.you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c.you will have met John d. you would have met John
3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a.to be further reduced b. was further reduced
b.be further reduced d. should further reduced
15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
a. isn’t going b. weren’t going c. will not going d. could have gone
17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.
a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone
18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.
a. that you won’t speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn’t speak
19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent
20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil
21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning
22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.
a.is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed
c.be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed
23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?
a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made
24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.
a.be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told
25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.
a.If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help
c.Should they offer to help us d. But for their help
26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.
a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got
27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was
28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.
a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand
29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a.whether they are future physicists and chemists
b.they are future physicists of chemists
c.they should be future physicists of chemists
d.be they future physicists or chemists
30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.
a. I’ll get b. I’ll have got c. I’d have got d. I’d get
31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.
a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited
32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given
33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.
a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat
34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”
“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”
a.did b. have c. would d. had
35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus station.
a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met
36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.
a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled
37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.
a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d . will have died
38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.
a.Was he leaving b. If he is leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leaves
39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.
a.could be not solved b. could not be solved
b.could not have been solved d. could not have solved
40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.
a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like
41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. go wrong c. went wrong d. would go wrong
42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. But for
43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.
a. might have gone b. ought have gone c. could have gone d. should be gone
44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.
a. fails b. may fail c. should fail d. would fail
45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.
a. can see b. saw c. had seen d. might see
46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.
a. had happened b. will happen c. might happen d. may be happened
47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.
a. hadn’t run b. shouldn’t run c. didn’t run d. haven’t run
48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.
a. would get b. got c. might have got d. should get
49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.
a. Had it been b. Had it not been c. It had not been d. It not had been
50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.
a. would never be b. could have been c. would never have been d. didn’t have
51.If only I ______ there.
a. have not been b. would not been c. will not be d. had not been
52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.
a. had b. has c. had had d. has had
53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
a. was b. were c. had been d. went
54.It is time we ______ up our results.
a. sum b. summed c. will sum d. would sum
55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.
a. never had felt tired b. had never felt tired c. never felt tired d . was tired never
56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.
a. have read b. should have read c. am reading d. had read
57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.
a.will happen b. happens c. should happen d. happened
58.If she could sew,______.
a.she make a dress b. she would have made a shirt
c.she will make a shirt d. she would had made a coat
59.“Did you notice John was not at work today?”
“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”
a.I’d be b. I wasn’t c. I’d been d. weren’t
60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”
“I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”
a.would explain b. will explain c. explain d. would have explained
61.“Your performance was very good.”
“I could have done better if I ______ more time.”
a. have had b. had c. had had d. will have had
62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”
“______.”
a.No, but I wish she wouldn’t b. No, but I wish she had
b.Yes, I wish she drank d. yes, I wish she could
63.I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.
a. will leave b. may leave c. leave d. leaves
64.The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.
a. would be discussed b. will be discussed c. be discussed d. may be discussed
65.______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.
a.If he went b. Were he gone c. should he had gone d. Had he gone
66.______ the work, he would do it some other way.
a. Was he going b. If he does c. Were he to do d. If he is doing
67._____,I hardly think I would have recognized him.
a.Should his name not be mentioned b. Had someone not mentioned his name
c.If someone did not mention his name d. If someone had mentioned his name
68.I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.
a. not going b. not to go c. not go d. that I won’t go
69.At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.
a. remains b. remain c. remained d. would remain
70.The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
a. it being b. be it c. was it d. it was
22.14虚拟语气练习答案
1 D 19 A 37 B 55 B
2 D 20 A 38 C 56 D
3 C 21 B 39 C 57 C
4 B 22 C 40 B 58 B
5 B 23 B 41 B 59 C
6 C 24 A 42 D 60 A
7 D 25 D 43 C 61 C
8 C 26 C 44 C 62 B
9 C 27 A 45 D 63 C
10 A 28 B 46 C 64 C
11 C 29 D 47 A 65 D
12 C 30 C 48 C 66 C
13 C 31 B 49 B 67 B
14 C 32 C 50 C 68 C
15 A 33 A 51 D 69 B
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 B
17 D 35 D 53 C 71
18 D 36 A 54 B 72
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★ 高三英语复习(情态动词、虚拟语气) (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
★ 高三英语复习教案
