下面就是小编给大家带来的高考英语陷阱题动词时态详解（共含10篇），希望大家喜欢阅读!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“AKB48青柳未来”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易误选A，认为“忘记”是现在的事。
【分析】仔细体会一下对话的语境：第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”，这个“忘记”应该是现在的情况，即现在忘记了，要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了，故第一空应填 forget;第二个人说“我有他的号码，但我忘记带电话本了”，这个“忘记”应该是过去的情况，即过去忘记带电话本，所以现在电话本不在身上(注意句中的转折连词 but)，故第二空应填 forgot，即答案选应C.请再看一例：
- Oh, I ______ where he lives.
- Don't you carry your address book?
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C，理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【陷阱】容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。
【分析】但正确答案为A，前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请做以下类似试题(答案均为A)：
(1) We had hoped to catch the 10：20 train, but _____ it was gone.
A. found B. had found
C. would find D. would have found
(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
A. didn't B. hadn't
C. needn't D. would not have
(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn't get away.
A. called B. had called
C. would call D. would have called
(5) The traffic accident wouldn't have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
A. was B. is
C. were D. had been
3. Dear me! Just _____ at the time! I _____ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had
C. look, had D. looking, have
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为第一空用现在分词表伴随，第二空填 have 的一般现在时，以保持与前面时态的一致性。
【分析】其实，此题应选C，第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语;第二空应填 had，因为前一句说“看看时间吧”，这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形，“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事，故应用一般过去时态，许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。
4. “Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.” “It's 4331577.”
A. didn't B. couldn't
C. don't D. can't
【陷阱】此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗?”可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。请看以下类似试题：
(1)“Mr Smith isn't coming tonight.” “But he _____.”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
答案选B，“他答应(要来)”应发生在过去。
(2)“Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I'm terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
答案选B，“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事，现经对方一提醒，当然注意到了。
(3)“Oh it's you! I ________ you.” “I've had my hair cut.”
A. didn't realize B. haven't realized
C. didn't recognize D. don't recognized
答案选C.“没认出是你”是说此话之前的事，说此话时显然已经认出了对方。
(4)“What's her new telephone number?” “Oh, I _____.”
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此题应选A，从语境上看，“忘记”的时间应是现在，即指现在不记得了。
(5)“Since you've agreed to go, why aren't you getting ready?” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don't realize B. didn't realize
C. hadn't realized D. haven't realized
答案选B.“没意识到”是对方提醒之前的事。
(6)“It's twelve o'clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really? I ______ it at all.”
A. don't realize B. haven't realized
C. didn't realize D. hadn't realized
答案选C.“没意识到”是在听到的话之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
【陷阱】容易误选B或C.
【分析】此题应选D，这是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B.但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则变为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
A. is, is B. was, was
C. is, was D. was, is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选C，上文说“他”变化很大，即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was(其实第二空也可用 used to be)。请看类例：
“What place is it?” “Haven't you found out we _____ back where we ______?”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
C. are, were D. are, had been
答案选C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我们(现在)又回到刚才来过的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don't know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes
C. will come D. is coming
【陷阱】此题容易误选B.认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(即if≠如果)，而是宾语从句(即if=是否)，句意为“他很忙，我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：
(1)I don't know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
(2)“When _____ he come?” “I don't know, but when he _____, I'll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 疑问副词，用于引出一个特殊疑问句;第二个 when是从属连词，用于引导时间状语从句。
(3)“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from
【陷阱】此题容易误选B或D，认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间，所以应选过去时态，又因为 date from 不用于被动语态，所以只能选D.
【分析】其实此题的最佳答案应是C，因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今”(=have existed since)，它通常用于一般现在时，而不用过去时态(尽管其后接的总是表示过去的时间)。如：
The church dates from 1176. 这座教堂是六世纪建的。
The castle dates from the 14th century. 这座城堡是14世纪建的。
但若所谈论的东西现在已不复存在，则可用一般过去时。如：
The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
注：与 date from 同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。
9. “You've left the light on.” “Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.”
A. I'll go B. I've gone
C. I go D. I'm going
【陷阱】容易误选D.
【分析】A和D两者均可表示将来，填入空格处似乎都可以。但实际上只有A是最佳的，因为根据上下文的语境来看，“我去把灯关掉”这一行为是说话人听了对方的话后临时想到的，而不是事先准备的。而按英语习惯：will 和 be going to后接动词原形均可表示意图，但意图有强弱之分，如果是事先考虑过的意图，要用 be going to;如果不是事先考虑过的，而是说话时刻才临时想到的意图，则用 will.比较：
“I've come out without any money.” “Never mind, I will lend you some.”“我出来没带钱。”“没关系，我借给你。”(句中用will lend，表示“借”钱给对方是临时想到的，即听了对方的话后临时作出的反应)
I've bought a typewriter and I'm going to learn to type. 我买了台打字机，我想学打字。(句中用 be going to learn to type，表示说话人要学打字是事先准备的，并为此买了台打字机)
高考英语典型陷阱题详解•动词时态
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易误选A，认为“忘记”是现在的事。
【分析】仔细体会一下对话的语境：第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”，这个“忘记”应该是现在的情况，即现在忘记了，要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了，故第一空应填 forget；第二个人说“我有他的号码，但我忘记带电话本了”，这个“忘记”应该是过去的情况，即过去忘记带电话本，所以现在电话本不在身上（注意句中的转折连词 but），故第二空应填 forgot，即答案选应C.请再看一例：
- Oh, I ______ where he lives.
- Don't you carry your address book?
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C，理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【陷阱】容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。
【分析】但正确答案为A，前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请做以下类似试题（答案均为A）：
（1） We had hoped to catch the 10：20 train, but _____ it was gone.
A. found B. had found
C. would find D. would have found
（2） We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
A. didn't B. hadn't
C. needn't D. would not have
（3） We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
（4） I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn't get away.
A. called B. had called
C. would call D. would have called
（5） The traffic accident wouldn't have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
A. was B. is
C. were D. had been
3. Dear me! Just _____ at the time! I _____ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had
C. look, had D. looking, have
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为第一空用现在分词表伴随，第二空填 have 的一般现在时，以保持与前面时态的一致性。
【分析】其实，此题应选C，第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语；第二空应填 had，因为前一句说“看看时间吧”，这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形，“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事，故应用一般过去时态，许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。
4. “Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.” “It's 4331577.”
A. didn't B. couldn't
C. don't D. can't
【陷阱】此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗？”可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。请看以下类似试题：
（1）“Mr Smith isn't coming tonight.” “But he _____.”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
答案选B，“他答应（要来）”应发生在过去。
（2）“Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I'm terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
答案选B，“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事，现经对方一提醒，当然注意到了。
（3）“Oh it's you! I ________ you.” “I've had my hair cut.”
A. didn't realize B. haven't realized
C. didn't recognize D. don't recognized
答案选C.“没认出是你”是说此话之前的`事，说此话时显然已经认出了对方。
（4）“What's her new telephone number?” “Oh, I _____.”
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此题应选A，从语境上看，“忘记”的时间应是现在，即指现在不记得了。
（5）“Since you've agreed to go, why aren't you getting ready?” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don't realize B. didn't realize
C. hadn't realized D. haven't realized
答案选B.“没意识到”是对方提醒之前的事。
（6）“It's twelve o'clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really? I ______ it at all.”
A. don't realize B. haven't realized
C. didn't realize D. hadn't realized
答案选C.“没意识到”是在听到的话之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
【陷阱】容易误选B或C.
【分析】此题应选D，这是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B.但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则变为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
A. is, is B. was, was
C. is, was D. was, is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选C，上文说“他”变化很大，即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was（其实第二空也可用 used to be）。请看类例：
“What place is it?” “Haven't you found out we _____ back where we ______?”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
C. are, were D. are, had been
答案选C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我们（现在）又回到刚才来过的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don't know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes
C. will come D. is coming
【陷阱】此题容易误选B.认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句（即if≠如果），而是宾语从句（即if＝是否），句意为“他很忙，我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：
（1）I don't know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
（2）“When _____ he come?” “I don't know, but when he _____, I'll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 疑问副词，用于引出一个特殊疑问句；第二个 when是从属连词，用于引导时间状语从句。
（3）“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairi
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选B.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn't forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话――但事实上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He'd better give up drinking
B. He shouldn't have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D.关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D.
3. “Mary looks hot and dry.” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易误选A或C.选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致;选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D.分析如下：
(1)“so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“......也一样”时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
(2)由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D.
4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But I'd rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.”
A. will come B. is coming
C. came D. had come
【陷阱】容易误选A或B.根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。
【分析】但此题的最佳答案是 C.按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。又如：
I'd rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。
I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。
I'd rather he hadn't told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。
请再做以下试题(答案均为B)：
(1)“Shall I come tomorrow?” “I'd rather you ______.”
A. won't B. didn't
C. don't D. wouldn't
(2)“I've told him about it.” “But I'd rather you ______.”
A. didn't B. hadn't
C. don't D. wouldn't
(3)“He will take you as well.” “But I'd rather he ______.”
A. won't B. didn't
C. doesn't D. wouldn't
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选 C.insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气;若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选C最合适。请做以下类似试题(答案选B)：
(1)The patient insisted that he _______ ill and _______ to the hospital.
A. wasn't, wasn't sent B. wasn't, shouldn't be sent
C. shouldn't be, wasn't sent D. shouldn't be, shouldn't be sent
(2)The man in prison insisted that he _______ nothing wrong and _______ set free.
A. should do, should be B. had done, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
(3)I advised that he ______ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he ______ quite well then.
A. was sent; felt B. be sent; was feeling
C. he sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel
6. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A. Was he given up B. Had he given up
C. Did he give D. If he gave up
【陷阱】容易误选 D.
【分析】正确答案应选B.之所以不能选D，是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。又如：
Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down. = If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。
Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion. = If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。
考研英语基础阶段 动词时态详解
(一)总述
所谓“时态”，可以被理解为“时间”+“动词状态”。
佛家称“过去、现在、将来”，这就是所谓“三世诸佛”。这三者也是大部分人能够想到的时间，但是大家还忘记了一种可能，那就是站在过去的某个点去预测将来。比如狄马克上周预言中国A股即将反弹，再比如我昨天预计明天早上我一定会去上班，这些都是过去谈论将来的例子，也决定了我们的语言当中必然要多出一种时间，那就是“过去将来时”。
至于动词状态，大家联想一下我们已经很熟悉的英语时态，再回到生活中对比一下，就会发现三个比较明显的状态：一般时态、进行时态和完成时态。但在这里，我们又忽略了一种可能性，有的事件是现在已经完成，并且还将一直进行下去，比如说我从现在起，将会在这里和大家分享复习备考的知识，随着这篇文章的刊登，眼下的分享工作已经完成，但以后还会有别的文章陆续跟大家见面，所以这件事还将继续下去，这就是一个典型的完成进行的动作。所以我们的状态也变成了四种：一般、进行、完成和完成进行时。
综上所述，我们有4种“时间”和4种“动作状态”，而时态就是这两者的排列组合，所以我们就很好理解，英语中总共有16种时态，总结为下表：
至此，我们已经清楚英语中所包含的全部16个时态是如何来的，接下来，我们从形式和用法两个方面，来对这16个时态进行梳理。
(二)形式
时态的用法比较多，但形式相对固定，因此，我们先从形式开始考查。
刚才说过，将时态理解为“时间”+“动作状态”，这种方法不仅可以用在对时态的理解上，也可以运用在对于时态形式的记忆上。
“时间”包括过去、现在、将来以及过去将来，是影响动词形式的一个因素。比如发生在“现在”的动作，当主语为第一、第二人称和第三人称复数时，动词均为do，当主语是第三人称单数时，动词为does。
而“动作状态”包含一般、进行、完成和进行完成，也是影响动词形式的一大因素。比如进行时态为be doing的形式，那么不管是过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时还是过去将来进行时，动词均包含be doing这个元素。
下面，我们以动作状态为轴，逐一梳理各时态的形式。
1.一般时态
众所周知，“一般”这种动作状态中，动词均为do。所以，一般过去时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“过去”(did)，为did。一般现在时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“现在”(do/ does)，为do/ does。一般将来时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“将来”(shall/ will do)，为shall / will do。
“过去将来”这个时间比较特殊，严格来说，包含两个时间因素：“过去”和“将来”。 “过去”的动词形式是did，“将来”的动词形式是shall/ will do，这两个合起来形成一个时间概念，为了将它有机融合，就只有寻找“将来时”的过去时态。shall的过去式是should，will的过去式是would，由此，就不难理解，“过去将来时”的形式为should/ would do。
所以，一般过去将来时就是“一般”+“过去将来”。“一般”为do，“过去将来”为should/ would do，合起来就是should/ would do。
2.进行时态
进行时态的形式一般为be doing，这里要注意的是，我们常说的be动词的原形就是be，而非大家最熟悉的am，is，are;相反，后面这三个词是be动词在现在进行时态中根据主语人称变化的变形。所以现在进行时的形式就是“现在”(do/ does)+“进行”(be doing)，为am/ is/ are doing。
在过去进行时中，“过去”(did)+“进行”(be doing)也有两种变形。当主语为第一人称单数和第三人称单数时，过去进行时的形式为 was doing，当主语为第二人称、第一人称复数和第三人称复数时，过去进行时为were doing。
在将来进行时中，“将来”(shall/ will do)+“进行”(be doing)，动词形式为shall/ will be doing。同理，过去将来进行时中，“过去将来”(should/ would do)+“进行”(be doing)，最终的动词形式为should/ would be doing。
3.完成时态
完成时态的形式为have done，现在完成时就是“现在”(do/ does)+“完成”(have done)，最终形式为 have/ has done。过去完成时则是“过去”(did)+“完成”(have done)，最终形式为 had done。将来完成时形式为“将来”(will do)+“完成”(have done)，最终为will have done。而过去将来完成时为“过去将来”(should/ would do)+“完成”(have done)，最终形式为should/ would have done。
4.完成进行时态
毫无疑问，完成进行时态对于大部分同学来说都比较陌生。其含义为一件事情从过去到现在或离现在不远的一段时间内完成的事情，并且会继续进行下去。(在某些句子中，从上下文可以看出，动作已经完成，不会继续下去)
从形式上，完成进行时仍然符合我们前面所用的`方法，用“完成”(have done)+“进行”(be doing)。但是，这里在得出结论的时候需要特别注意，将be doing代入完成时态中，不能取代have的位置，而应与done完美融合。但是，作为进行时态，doing不能改变，所以，只能改变be的形式。be的完成时形态为have been，所以完成进行时的动词形式应该为 have done+ be doing= have been doing。
在此基础上，现在完成进行时的形式为“现在”(do/ does)+“完成进行”(have been doing)，最终形式为have/has been doing。而过去完成进行时的形式应为“过去”(did)+“完成进行”(have been doing)，最终形式为had been doing。将来完成进行时的形式为“将来”(will do)+“完成进行”(have been doing)，最终形式为will have been doing。过去将来完成进行时的形式则为“过去将来”(should / would do)+“完成进行”(have been doing)，最终形式为should / would have been doing。
综合以上，我们可以得出各时态的形式，总结为下表：
(三)用法
上文已经以动作状态为线索，梳理了16个时态的形式，下面开始，以“时间”为线索，梳理16个时态最普遍、最基本的用法。
1.“现在”
“现在”家族包含一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时和现在完成进行时4个成员。在这些时态中，“现在”都限定了，动作发生在当下，或者是从当下起延续的一段时间。
大家最初学英语的时候，大多都是从一般现在时开始的，因为它最简单。
一般现在时，顾名思义，表达现在发生的最一般、最普通的事物。那么，用此种时态来描述日常生活中常常发生的事，就成为题中应有之义。
如：I get up at 7：00 in the morning at home.
由此延伸，如果一件事是随随便便就能做的，那必然说明对于句子的主语来说，做这件事情非常容易，成为了一种能力或者是习惯。所以一般现在时表达的第二种含义就是能力或是习惯。
如：Do you drive to work? (表习惯)
将第一种含义中的“常常”进行推广，日常生活中每时每刻都存在的事物，就是客观存在，或者客观定律，也可以用一般现在时来表达。最常出现的莫过于“I love you”，这就是一个典型的表示客观事实的句子。
总结以上，一般现在时有三种含义：(1)表示日常行为;(2)表示能力或习惯;(3)表示客观存在。
相比之下，现在进行时的内涵就更加单一。现在进行时表示现在正在发生的事情。现在进行时的后面可以与表示现在的时间状语连用，也可以不跟任何状语。
如：what are you doing?
I'm not doing anything at present.
现在完成时是相对复杂的一个，它所包含的含义可以概括为这样三种：(1)过去到现在完成;(2)过去发生对现在有影响;(3)过
高考英语陷阱题总结归纳--动词时态
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易误选A，认为“忘记”是现在的事。
【分析】仔细体会一下对话的语境：第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”，这个“忘记”应该是现在的情况，即现在忘记了，要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了，故第一空应填 forget；第二个人说“我有他的号码，但我忘记带电话本了”，这个“忘记”应该是过去的情况，即过去忘记带电话本，所以现在电话本不在身上（注意句中的转折连词 but），故第二空应填 forgot，即答案选应C.请再看一例：
- Oh, I ______ where he lives.
- Don’t you carry your address book？
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C，理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【陷阱】容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。
【分析】但正确答案为A，前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请做以下类似试题（答案均为A）：
（1） We had hoped to catch the 10：20 train, but _____ it was gone.
A. found B. had found
C. would find D. would have found
（2） We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
A. didn’t B. hadn’t
C. needn’t D. would not have
（3） We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
（4） I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn’t get away.
A. called B. had called
C. would call D. would have called
（5） The traffic accident wouldn’t have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
A. was B. is
C. were D. had been
3. Dear me！ Just _____ at the time！ I _____ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had
C. look, had D. looking, have
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为第一空用现在分词表伴随，第二空填 have 的一般现在时，以保持与前面时态的一致性。
【分析】其实，此题应选C，第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语；第二空应填 had，因为前一句说“看看时间吧”，这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形，“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事，故应用一般过去时态，许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。
4. “Your phone number again？ I _____ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”
A. didn’t B. couldn’t
C. don’t D. can’t
【陷阱】此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗？”可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。请看以下类似试题：
（1） “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _____.”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
答案选B，“他答应（要来）”应发生在过去。
（2） “Hey, look where you are going！” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
答案选B，“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事，现经对方一提醒，当然注意到了。
（3） “Oh it’s you！ I ________ you.” “I’ve had my hair cut.”
A. didn’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t recognize D. don’t recognized
答案选C.“没认出是你”是说此话之前的事，说此话时显然已经认出了对方。
（4） “What’s her new telephone number？” “Oh, I _____.”
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此题应选A，从语境上看，“忘记”的时间应是现在，即指现在不记得了。
（5） “Since you’ve agreed to go, why aren’t you getting ready？” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don’t realize B. didn’t realize
C. hadn’t realized D. haven’t realized
答案选B.“没意识到”是对方提醒之前的事。
（6） “It’s twelve o’clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really？ I ______ it at all.”
A. don’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
答案选C.“没意识到”是在听到的话之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
【陷阱】容易误选B或C.
【分析】此题应选D，这是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B.但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则变为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
A. is, is B. was, was
C. is, was D. was, is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选C，上文说“他”变化很大，即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was（其实第二空也可用 used to be）。请看类例：
“What place is it？” “Haven’t you found out we _____ back where we ______？”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
C. are, were D. are, had been
答案选C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我们（现在）又回到刚才来过的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don’t know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes
C. will come D. is coming
【陷阱】此题容易误选B.认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句（即if≠如果），而是宾语从句（即if＝是否），句意为“他很忙，我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：
（1） I don’t know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
（2） “When _____ he come？” “I don’t know, but when he _____, I’ll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 疑问副词，用于引出一个特殊疑问句；第二个 when是从属连词，用于引导时间状语从句。
（3） “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from
【陷阱】此题容易误选B或D，认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间，所以应选过去时态，又因为 date from 不用于被动语态，所以只能选D.
【分析】其实此题的最佳答案应是C，因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今”（＝have existed since），它通常用于一般现在时，而不用过去时态（尽管其后接的总是表示过去的时间）。如：
The church dates from 1176. 这座教堂是六世纪建的。
The castle dates from the 14th century. 这座城堡是14世纪建的。
但若所谈论的东西现在已不复存在，则可用一般过去时。如：
The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
注：与 date from 同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。
9. “You’ve left the light on.” “Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.”
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone
C. I go D. I’m going
【陷阱】容易误选D.
【分析】A和D两者均可表示将来，填入空格处似乎都可以。但实际上只有A是最佳的，因为根据上下文的语境来看，“我去把灯关掉”这一行为是说话人听了对方的话后临时想到的，而不是事先准备的。而按英语习惯：will 和 be going to后接动词原形均可表示意图，但意图有强弱之分，如果是事先考虑过的意图，要用 be going to；如果不是事先考虑过的，而是说话时刻才临时想到的意图，则用 will.比较：
“I’ve come out without any money.” “Never mind, I will lend you some.” “我出来没带钱。”“没关系，我借给你。”（句中用will lend，表示“借”钱给对方是临时想到的，即听了对方的话后临时作出的反应）
I’ve bought a typewriter and I’m going to learn to type. 我买了台打字机，我想学打字。（句中用 be going to learn to type，表示说话人要学打字是事先准备的，并为此买了台打字机）
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Look at that little boy wandering about - perhaps he _____ his mother.
A. will lose B. is losing
C. had lost D. has lost
2. It’s good that we _____ to the park because it’s started to rain.
A. don’t go B. hadn’t gone
C. didn’t go D. wasn’t going
3. I _____ for five minutes； why don’t they come？
A. am calling B. called
C. was calling D. have been calling
4. You _____ your turn so you’ll have to wait.
A. will miss B. have missed
C. are missing D. had missed
5. We _____ to move but are still considering where to go to.
A. are deciding B. decided
C. have decided D. had decided
6. I left my pen on the desk and now it’s gone； who _____ it？
A. took B. has taken
C. will take D. had taken
7. They won’t buy any new clothes because they _____ money to buy a new car.
A. save B. were saving
C. have saved D. are saving
8. I _____ your last point - could you say it again？
A. didn’t quite catch B. don’t quite catch
C. hadn’t quite catch D. can’t quite catch
9. You’ll never guess who I met today - my old teacher！ We _____ for 20 years.
A. don’t meet B. haven’t met
C. hadn’t met D. couldn’t meet
10. I feel sure I _____ her before somewhere.
A. was to meet B. have met
C. had met D. would meet
11. They haven’t arrived yet but we _____ them at any moment.
A. are expected B. have expected
C. are expecting D. will expect
12. I think you must be mistaken about seeing him at the theatre； I’m sure he _____ abroad all week.
A. is B. was
C. has been D. had been
13. The students _______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _______ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
14. I tried to phone her, but even as I _____ she was leaving the building.
A. phoned B. would phone
C. had phoned D. was phoning
15. “I suppose you _____ that report yet？” “I finished it yesterday, as a matter of fact.”
A. didn’t finish B. haven’t finished
C. hadn’t finished D. wasn’t finishing
16. -Didn’t the guard see him breaking into the bank？
-No, he _______ in the other direction.
A. was looking B. had looked
C. looked D. is looking
17. How can you possibly miss the news？ It _______ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been
C. was D. will be
18. “I thought you might have got drunk.” “Yes, I ______.”
A. almost have B. almost had
C. almost did D. might have
19. You ______ television. Why not do something more active？
A. always watch B. are always watching
C. have always watched D. have always been watching
20. “I took part in the TOEFL. It was really hard.” “Did you ______ a lot？”
A. Have you studied B. Did you study
C. Had you studied D. Do you study
21. “What’s your opinion on the matter, please？” “Oh, sorry, I _______.”
A. wasn’t to listen B. haven’t listened
C. wasn’t listening D. hadn’t listened
22. “Aha, you’re a chain smoker！” “Only at home. Nobody _______ that but you.”
A. discovered B. had discovered
C. discovers D. is discovering
23. The telephone _______ three times in the last hour, and each time it ________ for my father.
A. had rang； was B. has rung； was
C. rang； has been D. has been ringing； is
24. The thief tried to break away from the policeman who ______ him, but failed.
A. has held B. had held
C. was holding D. would hold
25. When I arrived at the company, the manager ______, so we had only time for a few words.
A. just went away B. had gone away
C. was just going away D. has just gone away
26. “John took a photograph of you just now.” “Oh, really？ I ______.”
A. didn’t know B. wasn’t knowing
C. don’t know D. haven’t known
27. “Mike is not coming to the football game this afternoon.” “It’s a shame！ He _______！”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
28. Please call again. Jim _______ a bath just now.
A. has had B. was having
C. is having D. has
29. “Was Andrew there when you arrived？” “Yes, but he ______ home soon afterwards.”
A. had gone B. has gone
C. is going D. went
30. “Where is Mother.” “She is in the kitchen. She _______ the housework all morning.”
A. is doing B. was doing
C. has done D. has been doing
31. The books, ________ the dictionaries, must be put back where they ________.
A. included； were B. to include； are
C. including； were D. including； are
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选D.根据那个小男孩徘徊的现象，推知他可能是找不到妈妈了。用现在完成时表示结果。
2. 选C.句意为“好在我们（刚才）没有去公园，因为天（现在）已经开始下雨了”。
3. 选D.用现在完成进行时表示持续到现在的一段时间。
4. 选B，用现在完成时表示结果，即你已经错过了机会，其结果是：你只能等。
5. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响。
6. 选B.用现在完成时表示影响或结果，即现在笔不见了，是由于某人已经把它拿走了的结果。
7. 选D.用现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
8. 选A.从下文的语境看，既然现在叫对方重复一遍，说明“没听清对方的最后一点”应发生在过去（即说此话之前）。
9. 选B.用现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的一段时间。
10. 选B.before 用作副词时不与具体时间连用，泛指“以前”，通常与一般过去时或现在完成时连用。
11. 选C.用现在进行时表示目前的一种状态。
12. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响或结果，即他整个星期都在国外，所以你说你在剧院见过他，你一定是搞错了。
13. 选D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
14. 选D.注意even as 的意思，它表示“正当……的时候”或“恰当……的时候”。
15. 选B.注意下文语境--事实上，我昨天就做完了。从该回答的语气上推测，填空处应填现在完成时态。
16. 选A.表示当时正在进行的动作。
17. 选A.表示目前一种持续的状态。
18. 选C.句中的 might have got drunk是对过去情况的推测，故答句所指的情况也应在过去，故选C.
19. 选B.always 与进行时态连用，可以表示高兴、满意、抱怨、厌恶等感情色彩。
20. 选C.根据took的时态可知，“参加托福考试”发生在过去；而对方问“是否努力学习过？”这肯定问的是参加考试以前的事，故用过去完成时。
21. 选C.“没听”肯定是刚才的事，所以应用过去时态。
22. 选C.答句陈述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时态。
23. 选B.按英语语法，“in the last [past]+一段时间”通常与现在完成时连用。
24. 选C.用过去进行时表示当时在持续的一种状态。
25. 选C.由于下文说we had only time for a few words，说明“经理”正准备离开。
26. 选A.“不知道”是对方告诉自己之前的事，故用一般过去时。
27. 选B.根据语境，他“答应”发生在过去，故用一般过去时。
28. 选C.just now 有两个意思：一是表示“刚才”，此时just now 为习语；二是表示“现在”、“眼前”、“就在此时”，此时 just 意为“正好”、“恰好”，用以修饰副词now.根据句子语境，句中的 just now 应取上面的第二个意思。
29. 选D.Andrew“回家”发生在你见到他（发生在过去）之后不久。
30. 选 D.现在完成进行时表示从过去至今一直在持续的动作。
31. 选 C.第一空including不填 included，因为其后带有宾语；第二填 were，是因为它是指“原来放的地方”。
责任编辑：李芳芳
一、高考英语动词时态题设题特点及应试策略
动词时态题是高考英语单项选择题中的一项测试重点。随着单项题设题语境化因素的进一步强化，动词时态题在语境中进行测试的这一特点更趋突出，由此给考生的应试增加了一定的难度。结合历年高考英语试题中动词时态题，现将其设题特点及应试策略分析如下：
一、题干中直接性地给定时间状语，让考生通过对题干中所提供的时间状语及对语境的分析即能作出正确的判断，从而考查考生对动词时态基本用法的掌握情况
例1．How can you possibly miss the news？ It ________ on TV all day long.（高考北京卷）
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be
解析 选A 该题在语境中测试现在完成时的基本用法。根据语境中说话人前一分句所用动词时态（can miss）以及选项中所给时间状语all day long可知，说话人所强调的动作是到现在为止之前一直在进行的动作，而且还要继续下去的动作，故该题应选用现在完成时。选项B、C、D显然不符题意。
例2．All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_____. (NMET )
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown
解析 选C 该题测试一般过去时在由as引导的时间状语从句结构中的运用。分析句意可知，as在此引导时间状语从句，强调“一边……一边……”之意。主句的谓语动词与从句的谓语动词同时进行，且都发生在过去。这种情况下，as引导的主从句的谓语动词通常都用一般过去时。
例3．At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic. (NMET2003北京)
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
解析 选B 该题测试将来进行时在含有将来时间状语的句式结构中的运用。分析句中时间状语at this time tomorrow表示将来具体某一时刻，说明句中谓语动词是在将来某一时刻要发生的事，且强调正在进行的动作，故应选用将来进行时。
例4．John and I _______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _______ each other a couple of times before that. (NMET 春)
A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen
解析 选D 该题题干长，信息量大，但题干中提供了具体时间状语，降低了测试难度。根据上下文语境，第一空句中谓语动词的动作强调到现在为止已有8年，故应用现在完成时；第二空句中时间状语before that，that代指的是we first got to know each other at a Christmas party，强调在过去某点时间之前所发生的事，故应选用过去完成时。
应试策略
解答该类动词时态题型首先要求考生要加强基础训练，夯实运用动词时态的基本功，要正确认识不同的时间状语在不同的动词时态中运用。考生在解答该类题型时，应充分利用题干中所给时间状语及所提供的语境，准确把握各个时间状语在各种不同动词时态中的运用，正确区分同一个时间状语在多种时态中的用法，最终作出正确选择。
实战演练
1. -How are you today？
-Oh, I ________as ill as I do now for a very long time .
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
2. -Was the driving pleasant when you were in Shanghai last summer？
-No, it ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. have rained D. had been raining
3. The last time I _______ Jane, she _______cotton in the field.
A. had seen; picked B. had seen; was picking C. saw; picked D. saw; was picking
4. -Sorry, I’m late because driving here was slow because of the traffic.
-That’s all right. I ________long.
A. won’t be waiting B. haven’t been waiting C. don’t wait D. didn’t wait
5. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ________ and perfected now.
A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed
二、题干中给定时间状语，但所给时间状语干扰性强、迷惑性大，考生必须根据上下文语境进行判断，才能作出解答。该题型着重考查考生对某些时间状语在特定语境中的动词时态的特殊运用的掌握情况
例5． I _______while reading the English textbooks. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time. （20春季高考北京卷）
A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep
解析 选C 分析该题题干，while reading the English textbooks为现在分词作时间状语，因其没有明确为过去时间所发生的动作，还是现在时间所发生的动作，所以，干扰了考生的思维，让考生产生了定视。不少考生没有继续读完后一分句，没能看到后一分句中的一般过去时，都认为前一分句是现在时间所发生的动作，而误选了选项B、D。实际上，考生在解答该题时，只要能读完整个题干，把握住句中动作所发生的时间段，便能作出正确选择。
例6．Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge？ It will _______fresh for several days. (NMET2003)
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
解析 选B 该题在语境中测试一般将来时、将来进行时以及将来完成时的用法区别。该题的关键是句中所提供的时间状语for several days干扰了考生的思维，不少考生因定势思维的影响，总认为介词for引导的一段时间作状语，用于完成时的结构中，而误选了答案D（将来完成时）。事实上，介词for引导的一段时间作状语既可用于完成时，也可用于将来时和一般过去式，而将来完成时常用于by 或by the end of引导的时间状语的句式结构中。
例7．-You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it？
-I’m sorry I ______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.（NMET 02）
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
解析 选D 该题测试一般过去式在语境中的运用。题干中所提供的时间状语sooner给考生的思维带来了很大的干扰性。通常情况下，考生对时间状语soon理解为“不久，很快”，故很多考生受其影响，都误选了选项C（一般将来时）。而sooner在此意为“先前、早些时候”，强调过去，同时根据答话人的语气I’m sorry，也说明了对过去所发生事情作出的歉意。所以，应选一般过去时。
例8．He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ________from the university next year. (2002 上海)
A. will graduate B. will have graduated C. graduates D. is to graduate
解析 选C 该题测试将来时间状语用于时间状语从句中，从句中的谓语动词使用一般现在时代指将来时态的用法。一般情况下，当题中出现了将来时间状语时，常用一般将来时。但该题中将来时间状语next year干扰了考生的正常思维，给考生产生了定势，误导考生在A、B、C三个选项中徘徊。事实上，当一个状语从句中出现了将来时间状语时，主句常用将来时（一般将来时或过去将来时），而从句则用一般时态（一般现在时或一般过去时）或完成时态（现在完成时或过去完成时）。
例9．Shirley ______a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. (NMET)
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
解析 选D 该题测试过去时间状语与过去进行时态在英语句式中的特殊用法。题中过去时间状语last year导致了考生的定势思维，不少考生因此而误选了选项B（一般过去时）。分析上下文语境可知，选项部分的谓语动词的动作并非在过去某一时间已经完成，而是指在过去某一时间正在进行，故应选过去进行时。注意：在这一句式结构中，只有延续性动词才可与过去时间状语用于过去进行时，强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
应试策略
解答该类题型时，我们要特别注意不能受题干中所给时间状语的迷惑，要注意分析题中所给时间状语在特定语境中的运用，排除干扰，充分运用题干中所暗示的条件，根据上下文语境作出正确判断。
实战演练
1. -Can I help you, sir？
-Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _________.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
2. Many years ago, Jane ________ in a flat with her grandma for a long period of time.
A. had been living B. had lived C. has been living D. lived
3. -Long time to see. Haven’t you graduated from college？
-Yes. I _______English for four years in Nantong.
A. study B. have studied C. am studying D. studied
4. The computers made by our company sell best, but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the market that they _________.
A. were playing B. were to play C. had played D. played
5. -Hello, Jim. I_____to see you today. Jane said you _____ ill.
-Oh, I’m OK.
A. don’t expect; were B. haven’t expected; are
C. am not expecting; are D. didn’t expect; were
三、题干中不直接给定时间状语，句中动词时态的确定必须完全根据上下文的语境来判断。着重考查考生对动词时态在语境中进行使用的分析判断能力和灵活运用能力
例10．-Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
-Where was I？
-You _________you didn’t like your father’s job. （年春季高考北京卷）
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
解析 选C 该题测试过去进行时在特定语境中的运用。根据题干所提供的情景，题干中没有明确的表示过去进行时的时间状语，考生仅能通过上下文语境及说话人的意图所指动作发生时间，才能判断出该动作并非指现在，而是发生在过去且强调在过去某段时间持续的状态。实际上，答话人说话时，省略了状语从句(When I interrupted you, ) you were saying you didn’t like your father’s job.故应选用过去进行时。
例11．I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it. (2003上海)
A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned
解析 选C 该题测试一般过去时在特定语境中的用法。提干没有提供任何时间状语，但分析上下文语境可知，前一并列分句强调在过去某一时刻“认为将要发生的事”，说明后一并列分句也在过去某一时刻发生（首先排除选项A、D）。该动作又存在在前一并列分句的动作之前发生，故再排除选项B，选答案C（一般过去时），说明与前一分句中主句的谓语动词thought同时进行。
例12． Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _______ so rapidly. (NMET )
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
解析 选A 该题测试现在进行时在特定语境中的用法。题干中没有提供表示进行时的时间状语，考生只有通过上下文语境，才能作出选择。题干中主句为一般现在时，分析从句意义可知，句中谓语动词为现在且强调正在进行的动作，故应选现在进行时。
例13．I _______ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
解析 选D 该题测试一般现在时在特定语境中的运用。从题干中可以看出，没有明确的用于一般现在时的时间状语，考生在解答该题时，只有通过分析上下文语境，才能得知选项动词的动作并非发生在过去或将来，也没有任何完成之意义，而是强调动作现状的一般行为，故应选一般现在时。
例14．-You have left the light on.
-Oh, so I have. ________and turn it off. (NMET)
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
解析 选A 该题不仅测试一般将来时在特定语境中的运用，同时还测试了will do 与be going to do的用法区别。题干中没有表示将来的时间状语，但分析上下文语境可知，该动作并非已经发生，而是表示将要发生的事，故应选一般将来时。但选项A、D都为将来时结构，考生必须在弄清两者之间的区别，即will do强调临时决定将要发生的事，而be going to do强调过去已计划过的将要发生的事，才能作出正确选择。
例15．The price _______, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (NMET)
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was gone down
解析 选C 该题测试现在完成时在特定语境的运用。分析题干，尽管句中没有表示现在完成时的时间状语，但根据后一并列分句句意可知，选项部分动词动作是强调从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在或可能还要继续下去，故应选现在完成时。
应试策略
解答该类题型时，要注意根据上下文中所给特定语境条件，分析说话人的意图，推断句中动作所发生的时间段，充分利用题干中所提供的其他动词时态暗示条件，结合四个选项动词时态，进行综合分析，作出正确判断。
实战演练
1. -Don’t smoke, Victor. You are a student anyway.
-Well, no one ________me but you at home, Mum. Just this time, OK？
A. saw B. is seeing C. has seen D. sees
2. Hurry! The train ________. You know it _________ at 8:30a.m.
A. leaves; leaves B. is leaving; leaves C. leaves; is leaving D. is leaving; is leaving
3. I don’t really work here; I ________until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. has just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
4. -who is Jerry Cooper？
-________？ I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
5. -Oh, it’s you! I ________you.
-I’ve just had my hair cut, and I’m wearing new glasses.
A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recognize
Key: 一、1-5 DDDBC 二、1-5 DDDBD 三、1-5 DBCDA
二、研读高考试题，掌握被动语态
被动语态多年来一直是高考考查的重点，近几年来以考查其与动词的各种形式相结合的题型为主，并且体现在上下文语境当中，这就增加了试题的难度。因此，要做好被动语态试题除了掌握被动语态的基本含义、基本构成之外，还要注意将被动语态的用法放在具体的语言情境中去运用。本文将对近几年高考考查的被动语态问题，作一简单的分析，希望能对同学们有所帮助。
与一般现在时的联合考查
If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A．are not kept；will have to B．are not kept；have
C．do not keep；will have to D．do not keep；have to
解析：
这是一个由if引导的条件状语从句构成的复合句，表示目前的情况，故从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时，排除B、D项，然后根据句意，选A项。
与现在进行时的联合考查
A new cinema ____ here．They hope to finish it next month．
A．will be built B．is built C．has been built D．is being built
解析：
只要明白本句的意思，可知答案为D项。
与过去时态的联合考查
When ____ the education system of China and Britain，the professor gave no answer．
A．asking to compare B．asked him to compare C．asked to compare D．asked him to compare
解析：
从本句结构来看， when引导的时间状语从句为一省略结构，补全从句应为：When the professor was asked to compare．．．故选C项。
与完成时态的联合考查
- ____ the sports meet might be put off．
-Yes，it all depends on the weather．
A．I've been told B．I've told C．I'm told D．I told
解析：
“我”只能“被告知”，可排除B、D项；又据下文来看“我被告知”的动作已发生，故选A项。
与不定式的联合考查
He claimed ____ in the supermarket when he was doing some shopping yesterday．
A．being badly treated B．treating badly C．to treated badly D．to have been badly treated
解析：
当claim表示“声称”时，后面跟不定式结构，故排除A、B项。又根据上下文语境推断出选项中的动作已完成，故选D项。
与动名词的联合考查
What worried the child was ____ to visit his mother in the hospital．
A．his not allowing B．his not being allowed C．his being not allowed D．having not been allowed
解析：
动名词在句中作表语，且从语法上讲，在这里应使用动名词的被动语态形式，故选B项。
与过去分词的联合考查
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ next month．
A．carried out B．carrying out C．carry out D．to carry out
解析：
该句中关系代词that引导一个定语从句修饰先行词the plan，carry out与plan之间为被动关系，故选A项。
三、近年高考中的时、语态题
1. --- You've left the light on.
--- Oh , so I have .________and turn it off. （2000全国）（A）
A．I'll go B．I've gone C．I go D．I'm going
2. --- How are you today?
--- Oh , I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time. （2000全国）（D）
A．didn't fell B．wasn't feeling C．don't fell D．haven't felt
3. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it. （2000全国）（A）
A．was travelling B．travelled C．had been traveling D．was to travel.
4. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ________ to his old ways. （2000北京春季）（A）
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
5. --- You're drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ________ me but you. （2000北京春季）（C）
A. is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. saw
6. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology_________ so rapidly. （01全国）（A）
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
7. I _________ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
（01全国）（D）
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
8. Visitors_________ not to touch the exhibits. （01全国）（D）
A. will request B. request .C. are requesting D. are requested
9. The men will have to wait all day______ the doctor works faster. （01北京春季）（B）
A．if B．unless C．whether D．that
10. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, _______ was true. （01北京春季）（C）
A．he B．this C．which D．who
11. -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? （01北京春季）（B）
-Yes, I gave it to her _______ I saw her.
A．while B．the moment C．suddenly D．once
12. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _______ it was? （01北京春季）（D）
A．where B．what C．how D．which
13. - You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
- I'm sorry I _________ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you.
（02全国） 【D】
A．wasn't saying B．don't say-ぃ茫畐on't say D．didn't say
14. I wonder why Jenny _________ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
（02 全国） 【A】
A．hasn't written-ぃ拢甦oesn't write-ぃ茫畐on't write-ぃ模甴adn't written
15. The little girl ______ her heart out because she ______ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t
ever going to find it. （02北京）（B）
A. had cried; lost B. cried; had lost
C. has cried; has lost D. cries; has lost
16. ― Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?
― Of course. What is it?
― I ______ if you could tell me how to fill out this form. （02北京）（B）
A. had wondered B. was wondering C. would wonder D. did wonder
17. John and I friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we each other a couple of times before that. （02北京春季）（D）
A. had been; have seen B have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D have been; had seen
18. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He trying to save a child in the earthquake. （02北京春季）（C）
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
19. - How are the team playing?
- They’re playing well, but one of them hurt. （02北京春季）（A）
A. got B. gets C. are D. were
20. - Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to…
- Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr Parker to you, and you forget it! （03全国卷）（D）
A．do B．didn’t C．did D．don’t
21. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness . （03全国卷）（C）
A．has grown B．is growing C．grew D．had grown
22. At this time tomorrow ______________ over the Atlantic. （03北京）（B）
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
23. --- ______David and Vicky __________ married?
--- For about three years. （03北京）（C）
A. How long were … being B. How long have … got
C. How long have … been D. How long did … get
24. The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. （03北京）（A）
A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know
25. Come and see me whenever _______. （03北京）（C）
A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient
C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient
26. - How long at this job?
- Since 1990. （03北京春季）（B）
A．were you employed B．have you been employed
C．had you been employed D．will you be employed
27. - When will you come to see me, Dad?
- I will go to see you when you the training course. （03北京春季）（D）
A．will have finished B．will finish
C．are finishing D．finish
28. --- What’s that terrible noise?
--- The neighbours ______ for a party. （04北京）(B)
A have prepared B are preparing C prepare D will prepare
29. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. （04北京）(B)
A had considered B has been considering
C considered D is going to consider
30. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ______ by . （04北京）(C)
A has been completed B has completed
C will have been completed D will have completed
31. --- What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--- I had just finished my work and ______ to take a shower. （04天津）(D)
A had started B started C have started D was starting
32. The crazy fans patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. （04重庆）(B)
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
33. She her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job. （04重庆）(C)
A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing
34. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. （04江苏）(D)
A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
35. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people_____to enjoy the advantages of this new technology. （04江苏）(B)
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
36. The discussion ____ alive when an interesting topic was brought in. （04浙江）(D)
A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came
37. Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （04浙江）(C)
A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
38. - You were out when I dropped in at your house.
- Oh, I _______ for a friend from England at the airport. （04福建）(A)
A．was waiting B．had waited C．am waiting D．have waited
39. - The window is dirty. - I know. It _____ for weeks. （04广西） （D）
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
40. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ______ advertisements showing happy families （04湖南）（A）
A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen
41. --- I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
--- Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ______ ? （04湖南） （D）
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left
42．He kept looking at her , wondering whether he her somewhere . （04湖北） (D)
A．saw B．has seen C．sees D．had seen
43．-George and Lucy got married last week . Did you go to their wedding ?
-No , I . Did they have a big wedding ? （04湖北） (C)
A．was not invited B．have not been invited
C．hadn’t been invited D．didn’t invite
44．It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931) the world leading inventor for sixty years . （04辽宁） (D)
A．would be B．has been C．had been D．was
45. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945. and their power ______ increased enormously ever since. （04上海） (C)
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
46. The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly it people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables. （04上海） (D)
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
47. Let’s keep to the point or we ______ any decisions. （04全国I） (A)
A will never reach B have never reached
C never reach D never reached
48. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying, so I’m afraid I ______ half of it. （04全国I） (D)
A was missing B had missed C will miss D missed
49. --- Has Sam finished his homework today?
--- I have no idea. He______ it this morning. （04全国II） (C)
A did B has come C was doing D had done
50. I ______ you not to move my dictionary---now I can’t find it. （04全国II） (A)
A asked B ask C was asking D had asked
51. According to the art dealer, the painting______ to go for at least a million dollars. （04全国II） (A)
A is expected B expects C expected D is expecting
52. --- Thank goodness, you’re here! What______ you?
--- Traffic jam. （04全国IV） （D）
A keeps B is keeping C had kept D kept
53. How can you possibly miss the news? It _______ on TV all day long. （04北京春季）（A）
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be
54. － Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
－ Where was I?
－ You ______ you didn’t like your father’s job. （04北京春季）（C）
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
55. I arrived late; I _____ the road to be so icy. （04北京春季）（C）
A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected
C. hadn’t expected D. wasn’t expecting
56. I ______ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time! （04北京春季）（C）
A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep
57. Although he has lived with us for years, he __ us much impression. （04上海春季）（C）
A. hadn't left B. didn't leave C. doesn't leave D. hasn't left
58. He _________ more that 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15? (05北京卷) (D)
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
59. Scientists think that the continents __________ always where they _________ today. (05北
京卷) (C)
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
60. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when __________ and see him. (05北京卷) (A)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
61. --– Why did you leave that position?
--- I __________ a better position at IBM. (05北京卷) (D)
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
62. Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science ______ that people who don't sleep well soon get ill. (05广东卷) (B)
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
63. The policeman's attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed under the Minister's car. (05广东卷) (C)
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
64. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house ,the sun _____ itself behind the mountain. （05湖北卷）(A)
A．started ;had already hidden B．had started ;had already hidden
C．had started ;was hiding D．was starting; hid
65. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ______ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. （05湖北卷）(B)
A．were deciding B．have decided C．decided D．will decide
66. -– If the traffic hadn't been so heavy, I could have been hack by 6 o'clock.
--- What a pity! Tina _____ here to see you. (05湖南卷) (B)
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
67. They _______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we ________ it as no good results have come out so far. (05江苏卷) (A)
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working
68. - Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
- Oh! I thought they ______ without me. (05江西卷) (D)
A．went B．are going C．have gone D．had gone
69. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language ___________? (05全国卷3) (C)
A．did they speak B．were they speaking
C．are they speaking D．have they been speaking
70. － Did you tell Julia about the result?
－ Oh, no, I forgot. I ________ her now. (05全国卷3) (B)
A．will be calling B．will call C．call D．am to call
71. - What would you do if it ______ tomorrow?
- We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready. （05全国卷1）(B)
A．rain B．rains C．will rain D．is raining
72. The hero’s story differently in the newspapers. （05全国卷1）(A)
A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D．reported
73. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I _____ before. （05全国卷1）(C)
A．was having B．have C．have ever had D．had ever had
74. More than a dozen students in that school _______ around to study medicine last year. （05上海卷）(B)
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
75. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _______ down to eat our picnic lunch. （05上海卷）(D)
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
76. My brother is an actor. He _________ in several films so far. （05浙江卷）(C)
A．appears B．appeared C．has appeared D．is appearing
77. - Are you still busy?
- Yes, I _________ my work, and it won’t take long. （05浙江卷）(C)
A．just finish B．am just finishing C．have just finished D．am just going to finish
78. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______ each year. （05山东卷）(D)
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
79. - What’s wrong with your coat?
- Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ____ on it. （05重庆卷）(D)
A. sat B. had sat C. had been sitting D. was sitting
80. - What are you going to do this afternoon?
- I am going to die cinema with some friends. The film_____ quite early, so we____ to the bookstore after that. （05重庆卷）(C)
A. finished; are going B. finished ; go C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go
81. Millions of pounds' worth of damage _____ by a storm which swept across the north of England last nigh （05重庆卷）(A)
A. has been caused B. had been caused
C. will be caused D. will have been caused
82. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______for London to attend a meeting. (05天津卷) (C)
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
83. The manager had fallen asleep where he ______, without undressing. （05安徽卷）(B)
A. was laying B. was lying C. had laid D. had lied
84. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she __________. （05辽宁卷）(C)
A．has done B．had done C．was doing D．is doing
85. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms. （05辽宁卷）(B)
A．was called B．is called C．had been called D．has been called
86. They have a good knowledge of English but little _______they know about German. （05天津卷）(D)
A. have B. did C. had D. do
87. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn't stopped ringing. People _____ to ask how I am going to spend the money. （05湖南卷）(D)
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
88. When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He ________ her before.
（05北京春季）（B）
A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen
89. After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment ________ . （05北京春季）（D）
A. is damaged B. had damaged C. damaged D. was damaged
90. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. ________ ? （05北京春季）（A）
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
91. ________ my sister three times today but her line was always busy. （05北京春季）（C）
A. I’d phoned B. I’ve been phoning
C. I’ve phoned D. I was phoning
四、时、语态强化练习
1. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ＿＿ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing
2. - We ＿＿ that you would fix the TV set this week.
- I’m sorry. I ＿＿ to, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected； had intended B. are expecting； had intended
C. expect； intend D. expected； intend
3. He will stop showing off, if no notice ＿＿ of him.
A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken
4. - It is said that another new car factory＿＿now.
- Yeah. It ＿＿one and a half years.
A. is building； takes B. is being built； will take
C. is built； will take D. is being built； takes
5. - I’m sorry, but I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
- You ＿＿ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing
6. - Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
- Mum, I ＿＿ my storeroom downstairs。
A. cleaned B. have worked C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning
7. They won’t buy new clothes because they＿＿money to buy a color TV set.
A. save B. are saving C. has saved D. were saving
8. Good heavens! There you are! We＿＿anxious about you, and we ＿＿you back throughout the night.
A. are； expect B. were； had expected
C. have been；were expecting D. are； were expecting
9. I’ve finally finished my paper and it ＿＿ me an entire month.
A. takes B. took C. was taken D. had taken
10. The traffic in our city is already good and it ＿＿even better.
A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting
11. - Has Jack finished his homework yet?
- I have no idea；he ＿＿it this morning.
A. was doing B. had been doing C. has done D. did
12. - I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
- I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I＿＿my guests in my office.
A. is being met B. will meet C. will be meeting D. will have met
13. - Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
- Really ? Where ＿＿ ?
A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone
14. John and I＿＿friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we＿＿ each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been； have met B. have been； have met
C. had been； had met D. have been； had met
15. I ＿＿ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
16. I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I ＿＿ my mum.
A. take B. am taking C. have taken D. will have taken
17. - You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
- I’ m sorry I ＿＿ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
18. - Where ＿＿?
- I got stuck in the heavy traffic. I ＿＿ here earlier.
A. did you go； had arrived B. have you been； would have been
C. were you； would come D. are you； was
19. I know Mr Brown；we ＿＿ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. have been introduced
C. were introduced D. had been introduced
20. -Where do you think＿＿he＿＿the computer?
- Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has ； bought B.／ ； bought C. did ； buy D. had ； bought
21. - I＿＿to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
- Why don’t you have a dress made for the party?
A. was asked B. will ask C. have asked D. have been asked
22. I didn’t like Aunt Lucy, who＿＿without warning and bringing us presents.
A. always turned up B. has always turned up
C. was always turning up D. was always turned up
23. - What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ＿＿ in Shanghai?
- Well, I don’t care such things.
A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made
24. - Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion?
- No, he＿＿, but he happened to have fallen ill.
A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to join
25. - Did he notice you enter the room?
- I don’t think so. He＿＿to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
26. The plane ＿＿ at 7:00 p.m., so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left B. is to leave C. will have left D. leaves
27. The train ＿＿＿＿＿ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o’clock tonight.
A. went B. is going C. goes D. will be going
28. Look at this! I＿＿some magazines and＿＿this letter.
A. was looking through； found B. am looking through； find
C. looked through； had found D. had looked through； finding
29. - ＿＿you ＿＿ the editor at the airport?
- No, he ＿＿ away before my arrival.
A. Have...met； has driven B. Had...met； was driven
C. Did...meet； had been driven D. Have...met； had driven
30. - Can you give me the right answer?
- Sorry, I ＿＿.Would you repeat that question?
A. hadn’t listened B. haven’t listened C. don’t listen D. wasn’t listening
31. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ＿＿coffee.
A. prefer B. preferred C. have preferred D. am preferring
32. - Was the driving pleasant when you went to Mexico last summer?
- No, it ＿＿ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. had been raining C. would be raining D. rained
33. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They＿＿too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cooked C. had cooked D. cooked
34. - Remember the first time we met, Jim?
- Of course I do. You ＿＿ in the library.
A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read
35. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ＿＿ the cloth ＿＿ well.
A. have told； washes B. have been told； washes
C. was told； washed D. have been told； is washed
36. - What were you up to when your parents came in?
- I＿＿for a while and＿＿some reading.
A. was playing； was going to do B. played； did
C. had played； was going to do D. had played； did
37. - Sorry, I forget to post the letter for you.
- Never mind, ＿＿ it myself tonight.
A. I’m going to post B. I’ve decided to post C. I’ll post D. I’d rather post
38. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ＿＿.
A. I’m not invited B. I was not invited
C. I have not been invited D. I had not been invited
39. - Is Tom still smoking?
- No. By next Saturday he ＿＿ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will go B. will have gone C. will have been D. has been going
40. All but one ＿＿ take part in the conference ＿＿ tomorrow.
A. is going to； that is to take place B. are going to； that is about to take place
C. are going to； that is to be taken place D. are going to； which is to be held
41. - Are you a visitor here?
- That’s right. I＿＿round the world and now my dream of coming to China＿＿true.
A. have traveled； has come B. was traveling； had been come
C. am traveling； has come D. have traveled； has been come
42. - ＿＿ Betty this morning?
- Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen B. Will you see C. Do you see D. Did you see
43. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never＿＿ him talk so much.
A. I heard B. did I hear C. I had heard D. had I heard
44. The children ＿＿very quiet；I wonder what they ＿＿up to.
A. were； are being B. are being；are C. are；do D. are being；do
45. - Look at the black clouds. It ＿＿ soon.
- Sure. If only we ＿＿out.
A. is raining； didn’t come B. is to rain； won’t start
C. will rain； haven’t started D. is going to rain； hadn’t come
46. He ＿＿articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ＿＿about forty articles.
A. has been writing； has written B. has been writing； wrote
C. is writing； has been writing D. has written； has written
47. She ＿＿ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got
C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got
48. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ＿＿from practice and he gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming B. had come C. comes D. would come
49. In this experiment, they are woken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they＿＿.
A. had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming
C. have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt
50. - What’s the matter?
- The shoes don’t fit properly. They＿＿＿＿my feet.
A. are hurting B. will hurt C. have hurt D. are hurt
1 ~ 20: DAABC DBCBD ACBDD BDBCB
21 ~ 40: DCBCB DDACD ABAAB CCBBD
41 ~ 50: CADBD ADCCA
动词时态、语态专练50题参考答案及简析
1.D。can guess 这一现在猜测是建立在眼前所见情景的基础上的，故用现在进行时。
2.A。expect, intend, want, wish, hope, plan 等动词的过去完成式可表示过去未曾实现的想法、愿望、打算等。
3.A。如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。又因if 从句是take notice of...的被动语态结构，故选A。
4.B。根据主语与build之间的被动关系和now， 可知要选现在进行时的被动语态；因工厂正在修建，花费一年半应指将来。
5.C。shouldn’ t have done 表示“过去本不应……”。You did lose your temper 是You lost your temper 的强调形式。
6.D。现在完成进行时表示从过去某时到现在一直在进行的动作。
7.B。句意为：他们（现在）不愿买新衣服，因为他们在攒钱买电视。由此可见，攒钱是现阶段正在进行的动作。
8.C。担心是从过去某时到说话时为止一直在进行的动作，用现在完成时；expect 是在过去某一段时间里（整个晚上）正在进行的动作，故用过去进行时。
9.B。论文已完成，花费一个月时间应指过去；某事花费某人多少时间用sth.takes sb.some time 结构。
10.D。交通现在已经好了，在此基础上正在变得更好。
11.A。题干没有构成“过去的过去”，不可选B。如选C、D则表示动作已完成，与have no idea相矛盾。过去进行时表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作，不涉及结果，正好附合题干语境。
12.C。by then 是指将来的时间状语，排除A。再由句意可知，meet指的是到了十点钟时将正在进行的动作。
13.B。问句问的是前天回来之前去了哪儿，故用过去完成时。注意had gone表示人未回来，与第一句相矛盾。
14.D。for＋时间段表示从过去某时延续至今的动作或状态，用现在完成时；meet发生在got to know 这一过去动作之前，用过去完成时。
15.D。用一般现在时表示现在的特征或状态。
16.B。come, go, leave, arrive, take 等动词常用进行时表砂将来。
17.D。表示过去没有做某事应用去时。又因句子没有“过去正在进行 ”之意，帮排除A。
18.B。问对方“去了哪里”，指的是从过去某时到现在为止的动作，用现在完成时；第二个空格是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气和主句，条件状语从句If I hadn’ t got stuck in the heavy traffic 被省略。
19.C。在一个国际会议上被介绍显然发生在过去。
20.B。此句为复杂特殊疑问句结构，即“疑问词＋do you think (believe, suppose, expect, imagine, say, consider, guess等）＋其它（陈述语序）?”。
21.D。由but 分句中的现在时和答语所提建议内容，可知应选现在完成时的被动语态。
22.C。 always, often, constantly, forever, all the time 等副词与现在（过去）进行时连用，表示某种反复发生的动作，往往带有厌恶、不满、责备或赞扬等意味。
23.B。这种电视产于上海是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
24.C。C项是was to have joined us in our discussion 的省略形式。was／were ＋ to have done表示原来计划、安排要做的事，而实际上并没有做。
25.B。当时他在听收音机。
26.D。表示按时刻表或日程安排要发生的事,应用一般现在时。
27.D。从句用的是一般现在时，故主句要用将来时。将来进行时表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
28.A。Look at this!说明东西已找到。紧接着说是怎样找到的。
29.C。根据答语，问句中的meet是过去发生的动作，可排除A、D。但不能选B，因为没有构成“过去的过去”。答语中用过去完成时的被动语态表示在我到达（过去动作）之前他已被人用车接走。
30.D。“没听”发生在对方（过去）问问题时，故用过去进行时。
31.A。此题选A表示现在的特征或状态。prefer属表示心理状态的动词，不能用于进时。
32.B。表示在过去某一动作之前一直在进行，并有可能继续下去的动作，要用过去完成进行时。
33.A。cook发生在didn’ t taste very good 之前，且与主语之间有被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
34.A。read 发生在the first time we met之时, 故用过去进行时。
35.B。动词wash, lock, sell, wear, write read, open, shut, clean等动词的主语是物，且又表示主语的特征或状态时，要用主动形式表示被动意义。
36.C。play 在came in 之前已完成，而do some reading 的动作则即将开始。
37.C。will／shall ＋v.表示临时的决定，而be going to 表示已决定或安排要做的事。
38.B。would ／ should like ＋ to have done表示过去未曾实现的愿望，故“未受邀请”应用一般过去时的被动语态。
39.B。by 后跟将来的时间状语时，主句要用将来完成时。go without 意为“在缺……的情况下对付”。
40.D。all but one 主语是all，且all在此指人，故谓语动词用复数；take place 属不及物动词短语，无被动语态；be about to后面不能跟具体的时间状语。
41.C。由对话情景可知，“周游世界”是现在正在进行的动作，而“实现”是到说话时为止已完成的动作；come true不能用于被动语态。
42.A。询问到说话时为止一段时间内某动作是否发生，要用现在完成时。
43.D。hear 发生在talked这一过去动作之前；never是含有否定意义的副词，放在句首时，句子应用倒装语序。
44.B。be用于进行时可表示一个暂时的特点或表现。What they are up to相当于What they are doing。
45.D。根据目前迹象判断将要发生的动作用be going to；if only 意为“但愿”，其后的句子用虚拟语气。
46.A。由these three years可知应选现在完成进行时，表示“写”从过去一直延续至今，并有可能继续下去；“写了40 篇”用现在完成时，表示到现在为止已完成的动作。
47.D。no sooner...than和hardly(scarcely)...when 均表示“一……就……”，且主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
48.C。宾语从句表示的是客观事实。
49.C。dream是从过去某时开始一延续到are woken up...and asked to report...这一现在动作之前的动作，故用现在完成进行时。
50.A。由What’ s the matter 和don’ t fit 可知，hurt是现在正在进行的动作。
情态动词的区分 情态动词可以广泛分为四大类。第一类只能做情态动词，包括may、might、must等。第二类既能做情态动词，又能做实义助词，包括need、dare、can等。第三类既能做情态动词，又能做助动词，包括shall、should、will、would等。第四类是指具有情态动词特征的短语，包括have to、used to、ought to等。Can/could通常代表许可的意思，能够广泛用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，而且could的表达效果通常要更加委婉。Cannot是指“禁止”，通常用于警告和告示。May/might的意思与can/could相似，用法也没有明显区别，不过其与后者相比大多用于正式文体，通常含有尊敬之意，其中，might较may表达的效果更加委婉，但不是很常用。Shall通常用于表示征求意见，常用于疑问句中。而will/would同样是表示请求，其中would的表达效果更为客气委婉，且大多用于第二人称。Must则是表示必须、必要。
重点学习：will ( would), can (could), may (might)。will 1.客观情形
主语自己不能做决定，不要受客观情形支配。如I will be 18 years old next month. 下个月我就要18岁了。这里的will和将来时态连用表明是受时间客观规律支配的，不以主观意志来做主的。因此可以和一个词组be going to do 区别开来。be going to do 也是将要的意思，用法和will有很大区别。当be going to do 的主语是人的时候，意思为“打算，计划”;只有当其主语是物的时候才可以和will等同表示马上要发生，但是依然不可以用于表示自然规律的情形。It is going to rain soon.= It will rain soon. 马上就要下雨了。If heated up, ice will turn into water. 如果加热，冰就会变成水。这是自然现象和规律。不可以使用be going to。自己不能做主，需要争求意见的时候——问询别人是否需要本人提供的帮助时。如Will I cook noodles for you? 我给你煮点面吃好吗?
2.主观态度 (1)表意愿。 Will you marry me? 你愿意嫁给我吗?Yes,I will. 我愿意。will 的名词意思是意志，意愿，和遗嘱。At will 随心所欲，想怎么样就怎么样。willing就是派生出来的形容词，be willing to do= be ready to do乐意去做。(2)主观判断，表示非常肯定的判断和认同 Boys will be boys. 男孩子毕竟是男孩子。Master will be master. 大师就是大师。(3)表示对能力的估计 Having enough money, I will travel around the world. 如果有钱了，我就可以周游世界了。(4)希望和请求 Will you turn down the TV volume a little bit? 你把电视音量调小点好吗?一般来说，用will原形的时候多用于熟人朋友间，和第一次见面的人说话，要注意礼貌，因此would you turn down the TV volume a little 更合适。can 1.客观情形 A.主语自己不能做决定，不要受客观情形支配。By the end of next month, we can have learned words. 到下个月底的时候，我们就会学完2000个词汇了。这里的can和will都可以表示受时间的支配。Water can turn into ice when frozen. 水如果冰冻就会结冰。自然规律和will 一样可以替换。B. 自己不能做主，需要争求意见的时候——问询别人是否允许自己是否可以做什么的时候。Can I use your phone?我可以用一下你的手机吗?Yes, you can. 当然可以。No, you can’t. 你不能(你不被允许)。此时也可以用may来替换。May I use your phone? 我可以用一下你的手机吗?Yes, you can. 当然可以(注意 回答的时候用can居多)，No, you can’t. 此时不可以回答may not.2. 主观态度 (1)意愿。 I can help you if you give me 100 dollars. 如果你给我100元，我就愿意帮助你了。但是这是属于非正式的用法，如果正式场合问询别人意愿的时候还是应该选择will.(2)主观判断，猜测。 A. 把握并非很足的判断 相当于may。This upcoming exam can be difficult, for the teacher gives us an extra review class on it.马上到来的考试可能会很难，因为老师为了考试给我们加了额外的复习课。此处可以用may取代。B. 用于may 和must 表示猜测时候的否定。(3)表示对能力的估计。 这种能力往往都是先天获得的，或者已经具备很久的。而be able to 表示能力的时候，一般是可以用于具体时态中，而can只有一般时和过去时，而且不和具体时间状语连用。I can sing quite a few English songs. 我可以唱好多英语过去。表示的含义是我学过很多英语歌曲，任何时候都可以唱出来。The candidates are able to have the chance to meet the HR manager after winning the first interview.在初次面试成功后，求职者能够有机会和人力资源的经理见面。此时Be able to 用于具体时刻前。
could 希望和请求 和will 一样，和熟人用can, 和陌生人用could更礼貌。Can you give me a hand? 你可以帮助我一下吗?Could you please give me a hand? 您可以帮助我一下吗?(更客气)may 1.客观情形 主语自己不能做决定，不要受客观情形支配。May I come in? 我可以进来吗?No, you can’t. 否定形式只可以是can’t, 不可以是may not.这是因为：根据词源学(etymology)may 来自于might(权力，权威，威严)。may not 的意思有两个：1. 权威迫使下，不能做……2. 表示猜测，表示不可能。2.主观态度。 A. 把握并非很足的判断。It may not be his fault. 这也许不是他的错。B. 严格禁止。may not do= mustn’t do = shouldn’t doStudents mustn’t / may not bring cellphone into campus. 校园内严禁携带手机。
语法 | 情态动词的用法整理，非常实用!
情态动词
定义:
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。
分类：
情态动词有四类：
①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征：have(had) to,used to
位置:
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。
I can see you. Come here.
我能看见你，过来吧。
He must have been away.
他一定走了。
What can I do for you?
我能帮你吗?
How dare you treat us like that!
你怎能那样对待我们!
特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
He could be here soon.
他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.
我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.
对不起，我帮不上你。
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体，本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1) 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：
Still, she needn't have run away.
5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
用法
首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写，读，跑)，而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能，也许，敢)。
用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形
例句：I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗?
You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
功能
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1) 构成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
一. can和could
情态动词 用法 例句
can/could
表示能力(体力、知识、技能)
(表示过去有能力用could)
1.“I don’t think Mike can type.”
2.I can speak fluent English now , but I couldn’t last year.
3.Can you lift this heavy box?(体力)
4.Mary can speak three languages.(知识)
5.Can you skate?(技能)
6.Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
7.Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
在肯定句中，表示客观可能性，(客观原因形成的能力)。并不涉及具体某事会发生，常用来说明人或事物的特征。要表达具体某事实际发生的可能性时，不用can，需用could，may，might。1. As a human being, anyone can make a mistake.
2. I’m confident that a solution can be found.
3. He can be very forgetful sometimes.
4. I may stay at home this weekend.(实际可能性)
5. Peter might come to join us.(实际可能性)
6. It will be sunny in the daytime ,but it could rain tonight.(实际可能性)
7. 7.They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
8. 8.This hall can hold 500 people at least.
9. The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.
气温可降至—60℃，也就是零下60℃。
10. 11..He can?t (couldn?t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
11. 12 You mustn?t smoke while you?re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. (实际可能性)
12. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。
表示请求和允许。表示请求，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更委婉。
用can和 may来回答，不能用could或might。1.Can we turn the air conditioner on?
2.Any police officer can insist on seeing a driver’s license.
3.In soccer, you can’t touch the ball with your hands.
4.Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please?
5.I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.
6. Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you can.
No, I'm afraid not/No,you cann’t/No,you may not.
表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。1. It can’t be easy caring for a man and a child who are not your own.
2. Can the man over there be our head master?
3.If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中。1. Can this be an excuse for not giving them help?
2. This can’t be true.
3. How can you be so crazy.
4. 4.Can this be true?
5. 5.How can you be so careless!
6. 6.This cannot be done by him.
7. Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
8. He can?t (couldn?t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
9. How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
10. 特别说明：
(1) could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can(即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如：
——Could I use your dictionary?
——Yes, you can.(否定回答可用：No, I’m afraid not.)
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,
might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
(2) can和be able to辨析
can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。如：
I’ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.
Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you’ll be able to carry them on your own?
但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。could：有潜能，但并未做到
这时，was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。如：
After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.
I can sing many English songs.我会唱许多英文歌曲。
We were able to return to our campsite before the heavy rain.我们在下大雨前设法会到了野营地。
He was able to swim across the river and escaped being caught.他游到了河对岸，没有被抓住。
在否定句中，can/could与be able to几乎没有什么差别，两者可以互换。例如：
She wasn’t able to/couldn’t cook French dishes.她不会做法国菜。
(3) 惯用形式“cannot …too…”表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”。如：
You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好。
惯用形式“cannot but+ 不定式(不带to)”表示“不得不，只好”。如：
I cannot but admire her determination.我不得不钦佩你的决心。
二．may和 might
情态动词 用法 例句
may/might表示允许、请求。否定回答一般用must not/mustn’t,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not(不可以)，语气较为委婉。 1. May I come in and wait?
2. ——May I smoke here?
——No, you mustn’t(或No, you’d better not.)
在表示请求、允许时，might比may语气更委婉些。而不是过去式，用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气，在日常用语中，用Can I征询对方意见更为常见。
否定回答时可用can’t
或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
或者
肯定回答可以用 yes,please. / Certainly.1.Might I borrow your pen?
2.I wonder if I might speak to your son.
3. Might/ May I smoke in this room?
4. ---- No, you mustn’t.
5. 4. May/Might I take this book out of the room?
---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
You may drive the car.
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可能”之意;用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定。1. It may rain this afternoon.
2. She might come to join us this afternoon.
3. I suppose he might have missed the train.
4.He may /might be very busy now.
5.Your mother may /might not know the truth.
may用于祈使句表示祝愿1. May you succeed.。
2. May you have many more days as happy as this one.
3. May she rest in peace.愿她安息。
惯用句式：
“may well+ 动词原形”，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to
“may as well或might(just)as well+动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如,不妨“,”，相当于“had better或there is no reason to do anything else.1. It may well change forever the way you look at Greek art.
2. There may well be a real problem here.
3. There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.
4. You may as well tell us now, we’ll find out sooner or later.
5. I suppose we might as well go home.
6. And if you have to plough the field anyway, you might as well plant it at the same time.
7.If that is the case, we may as well try.
might 间接引语中指过去。表可以。1. He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
二． must和have to
情态动词 用法 例句
must表示“必须，应该，一定”之意，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式mustn’t表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意.1. You must come to school on time.
2. Everybody must obey the law.
3. You mustn’t drive so fast in the street.
4. We mustn’t waste any more time.
5. I must finish my work today.
6. Must I return the book tomorrow?
7. 7.The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
在回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustn’t.1.—Must I come back before ten?
—Yes，you must.(No, you needn’t)
2.Must we hand in our exercise books today?
— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是、想必”，只用于肯定句中。
它的否定或疑问式用can代替must1. This must be your pen.
2. You must be hungry after a walk.
3. There must be a hole in the wall.
4. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best.
5. 5.Your mother must be waiting for you now.
6. He must be staying there.
7. 他现在肯定呆在那里。
试比较和第一种用法的区别
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
have to
也可拼做have got to。
8. “必须，不得不”，意义与must相近。但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要,有被动接受的意思。无疑问句形式，疑问句用must 代替。
9. 10. The film is not interesting. I really must go now.
11. I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.
12. My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
13. 4. Must I clean all the room?
14. 5. I must go over the test paper again to see if there are any mistakes.我必须再检查一遍试卷看看是否有错误。
15. 6. The teacher said that there were many mistakes in my test paper, so I had to go over it again.老师说我试卷中有很多错误，所以我只好再检查一遍。
16. must只有一种形式，即现在式与过去式都是一种形式，在间接引语中must可用于表示过去时间.而have to则涉及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形式。
17. 18. 7..I had to work hard when I was your age.
19. 8..I will have to learn how to use a computer.
20. 9.In order to take the exam, we’ll have to finish the whole book by the end of this month .
21. 10. told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
22.
两者的否定意义不同，mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”，don’t have to表示不必。1. You mustn’t go there.
2. You don’t have to go there.
四．shall和should
情态动词 用法 例句
shall用于第一，三人称构成的疑问句，表示征求对方意见或请求指示1. Shall I open the window?
2. Shall we say 6 o’clock, then?
3. What shall I get for dinner?
4.Shall we begin our lesson?
4. 5.When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
5. Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、决心、允诺或威胁。1. Don’t worry, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允诺)
2. He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. (警告)
3. You shall do as I say. (命令)
4. If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shall not go to the party. (威胁)
5. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告)
6. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)
7. He shall be punished.(威胁)
8.You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
9.You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
10.He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。(警告)
11.Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
should表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to1.What should I do?
2.Should I trust him?
3.You should read his new book.
4. You should go to class right away.
5.Should I open the window?
You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
You shouldn?t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的情况或可能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想必，大概，或许”1. It should be a nice day tomorrow.
2. Try phoning Robert, he should be home now.
3. He should be around sixty years old.
4.The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors.
这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
5.They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语用should+动词原形构成，主句都一定用虚拟语气1. Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. (你万一见到汤姆，请让他给我打个电话)
2. Should I be free tomorrow, I’ll come. (万一我明天有时间，我就过来)
3. If things should change suddenly, please let me know. (万一情况突变，请通知我)
4. Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。
5. If you should change
your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。
6.Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。
用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与why，what，how，who连用，如果是疑问句。则不需要回答。1. Why should anyone want to marry Tony?
2. Don’t ask me. How should I know?
3.Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚?
4. — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里?
— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢?
5.I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。
② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。
五．will和would
情态动词 用法 例句
will/would用于表示意志，愿望或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。1. He is the man who will go his own way. (他是个自行其是的人。)
2. They said they would meet us at 10:30 at the station.
3. I will never do that again.
4. They asked him if he would go abroad.
5.He said he would help me.
6.I’ll do my best to catch up with them.
7.I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
8.None is so blind as those who won?t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
9.If you will read the book, I?ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
表示请求、建议等，will接近命令的口气。用would比用will委婉、客气。Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配
否定句用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。1. Will you please take a message for him?
2. Would you please tell me your telephone number?
3.Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?
4 Would you like to go with me?
5. Would you like some cake?
6 Won't you sit down?
表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯于”。Will指现在，would指过去。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作,不表示状态和情况。
1. Fish will die without water.
2. People will talk. (人们总会说闲话。)
3. When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.
4. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.
5. The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。
6.He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
7.She used to be fat. 她过去很胖
表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。will表示推测比should把握大，比must把握小。1. These things will happen.
2. That will be the messenger ringing.
3. It would be about ten o’clock when he left home.
4. It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.
表示功能，意为“能，行”。惯用形式：will do/would do表示“解决问题”、“就行”。1. That will be all right.
2. Either pen will do.
3. It would not do to work too late.(工作太晚不行。)
用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不乐意”1.I won’t listen to your nonsense.
2.No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.
Will用于叙述真理时1.Oil will float on water.油能浮在水面上。
2.Man will die.人总会死的。
用于表示具有某种功能时1.The door will not open.门打不开。
2 The car will not start.车子启动不了。
特别说明：would与used to辨析
would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：“she would be a quiet girl.”
另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble.
I used to get up at six in the morning.
Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.
In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.
六．need和dare
情态动词用法例句
need用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，(在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。
)只有现在时， 1.—Need we leave soon?
—Yes, you must.(No, you needn't)
You needn’t come so early.
2. ---- Need I finish the work today?
---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
3.--Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要来吗? --需要。
4You needn?t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。
5.I don?t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。
6.She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
7.How dare you say I?m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?
Not one of them dared mention this. 他们谁也不敢提这件事
做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同，有人称、时态和数的变化，后接带to的不定式或者名词。,过去式用needed、did you need?和didn't need,肯定式用needs/needed/need,疑问式用do、does、did提问，否定式要在前面加don't、doesn't、didn't
(need doing = need to be done )表被动1. A job like nursing needs patience and understanding.(need+名词，need understanding=need to be understood,需要被理解)
2.He needs to see a doctor.(need to do)
3.Do you still need volunteers to help clean up after the party?(need somebody to do something)
4.They didn't need to start so early.(do not need to do)
5.You don?t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
6.We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
7.The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
8.We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
9.He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
10..I dare day he?ll come again. 我想他会再来的。
dare用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。过去式形式为dared。
1.—Dare you tell her the truth?
—Yes, I dare. /No, I daren’t.
3. How dare you accuse me of lying!
4. He daren’t admit this.
5. How dare you say I’m unfair?
6. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
7. If we dared not go there that day， we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.
用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare后接带to的不定式;否定句中，dare后既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。1. Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.
2. He doesn’t dare (to) go there alone.
3. Don’t you dare (to) touch it?
4.dare to swim across this river.
5. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
6. He needs to finish his homework today.
7.I dare to swim across this river.
8.He does not dare (to) answer.
9 .Don't you dare (to) touch it!
10.I wondered he dare (to) say that.
11. He needs to finish it this evening.
七．ought的用法：
情态动词 用法 例句
ought to do表示“应该”之意1. You ought to take care of him.
2. —Ought I go now?
—Yes, you ought to. /No, you oughtn’t to.
3You ought to bring the child here.
表示推测。注意与must表示推测是的区别1. He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)
2. He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)
3. This is where the oil must be. (比较直率)
4. This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄)
had bette表示”最好“
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
would rather
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
would sooner,
had rather
had sooner表示”宁愿,宁可"If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
说明：should与ought to 表示“应该”时的区别
should 表示自己的主观看法，
ought to的语气中，含有“按道理应该……”之意。(客观推测)，若要反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用ought to。ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
must(主观推测)。如：
1.You should help them with their work.
2.You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.
3.He must be home by now.
4.He ought to/should be home by now.
5.This is where the oil must be.
6.This is where the oil ought to/should be.
7.I should help her because she is in trouble.
8.You ought to take care of the baby.
2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
1. You should / ought to go to class right away.
2. Should I open the window?
八．“情态动词+have done ” 用法
情态动词+have done用法例句
must have done表示主观上对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，准是，一定做了某事”肯定句中。否定句用can 代替must1. She must have gone through a lot.
2. He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.
3.Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
may/might have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经(没有)……“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。1. You may have learnt the news.
2. He may not have heard his name called.
3. Sorry I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
can…have done
cannot have done表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。(can换成could时语气委婉)
否定句表示：过去一定不。。。1. Where can she have gone?
2. Could he have done such a foolish thing?
3. The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.
could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经……”之意，几乎等于may/might have done。后者更委婉一些。此外，还可以表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。
或”过去可能。。。
或本来能。。。而实际没有
1. He could have killed himself driving at a dangerous speed.
2. You could have been more considerate.
3. You could have done better, but you were too careless.
4. She could have been his wife.
她以前可能是他的妻子。
她本应该是他的妻子。
might have done表示“本来可能……，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。1. You should not swim in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.
2. He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.
should/ought to have done用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做;用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。1. He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
2. You shouldn’t have done it so carelessly.
3. You ought to have returned the book earlier.
4. You ought not to have refused his offer.
5. 5.She should have finished it.
6. 6.I should have helped her, but I never could.
7. 7. You should have started earlier.
8. You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.
needn’t have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。注意：didn’t need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”1.You needn’t have watered the plants, for it is going to rain.
2.I didn’t need to buy the dictionary. I had a copy at home.
3.You needn't have waited for me.
had better have done用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含义。1.You had better have started earlier.
2.You had better not have scolded her.
would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示相反的含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。1. 1.I would rather have taken his advice.
2. 2.I would rather not have told him the truth.
must to have been doing等
表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测
情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在……”，“可能正在……”，“应当正在”等意。
1--Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
2. It?s twelve o?clock. They must be having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。
3.They may be discussing this problem. 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。
4.He can?t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话。
5.She shouldn?t be working like that. She?s still so weak. 她不应当那样干，她身体仍那么虚。
n 情态动词表示猜测
肯定：must>should>could>may>might
n 否定：can’t>shouldn’t>couldn’t>may not>
n 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
必须掌握情态动词表示推测语气时的反意疑问句。例如：
The road is wet. It must have rained, hasn’t it?
The road is wet. It must have rained last night, didn’t it? (多了过去时的时间状语)
I met him on his way home. He can’t be in the library now, isn’t he?
The coat is too close to the fire. It might get burnt, doesn’t it?
情态动词的基本用法归纳
情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。
一、 can, could
1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。
Can you lift this heavy box?(体力)
Mary can speak three languages.(知识)
Can you skate?(技能)
此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。如：
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
2) 表示请求和允许。
-----Can I go now?
----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。
They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度)，用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。
Can this be true?
This can’t be done by him.
How can this be true?
二、 may, might
1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
----Might/ May I smoke in this room?
---- No, you mustn’t.
---- May/Might I take this book out of the room?
---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
用May I...?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I...?在口语中更常见。
2)用于祈使句，表示祝愿。
May you succeed!
3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。
might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。
1.He may /might be very busy now.
2.Your mother may /might not know the truth.
三、 must, have to
1) 表示必须、必要。
You must come in time.
在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn’t(禁止，不准)，而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).
---- Must we hand in our exercise books today?
---- Yes, you must.
---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.
2) must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。
1. he play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.
2. I had to work when I was your age.
3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)
1. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best.
2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.
四、 dare, need
1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。
1. How dare you say I’m unfair?
2. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. If we dared not go there that day， we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.
2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。
1.You needn’t come so early.
2. ---- Need I finish the work today?
---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
3) dare和 need作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
1. I dare to swim across this river.
2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
3. He needs to finish his homework today.
五、 shall, should
1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。
What shall we do this evening?
2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告)
2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)
3. He shall be punished.(威胁)
六、 will, would
1) 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。
Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?
2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。
1. I will never do that again.
2. They asked him if he would go abroad.
3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.
2. The wound would not heal.
4) 表示估计和猜想。
It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.
七、 should, ought to
1) should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
1. I should help her because she is in trouble.
2. You ought to take care of the baby.
2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
1. You should / ought to go to class right away.
2. Should I open the window?
3) 表示推测
should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)
2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)
3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)
4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)
八、 情态动词+不定式完成式（have done）
1) can / could + have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做而实际上能做某事”，是虚拟语气;在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定, 表示推测。
1. You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. (虚拟语气)
2. He can’t have been to that town.(推测)
3. Can he have got the book?(推测)
2) may / might +不定式完成式(have done)
表示对过去行为的推测。不能用于疑问句中，没有虚拟语气的用法。Might所表示的可能性比may小。
1. He may not have finished the work .
2. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
3)must +不定式完成式(have done)
用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必”。其疑问、否定形式用can，can’t代替。参看1) can / could + have done表示推测。
1. You must have seen the film Titanic.
2. He must have been to Shanghai.
4)should +不定式完成式(have done)
用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。
He should have finished the work by now。
表示“本应该做而实际上没有做某事”，其否定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。可以与ought to +不定式完成式(have done)互换。
1. You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didn’t.)
2. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.
5) needn’t +不定式完成式(have done)
表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事”。
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
6) will +不定式完成式(have done)
主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。
He will have arrived by now.
破解高考英语非谓语动词陷阱
有这样一道试题：_______ the road round to the right and you’ll find his house.
A. Follow B. Following C. To follow D. Followed
许多同学一看题目选项便想当然地认为，这是考查非谓语动词的用法区别，于是便在B、C、D三个选项上下工夫比较，但事实上，此题不是考查非谓语动词的`，答案既不是B，也不是C，也不是D。
做对此题的关键是要注意句中的连词and，它表明整个句子是一个并列句，即 and 前后应各是一个独立的句子，而不应是一个非谓语形式的短语，所以此题的正确答案应选A，即 and 前是一个祈使句。请将此题与下面两题比较：
1. _______ the road round to the right, you’ll find his house.
A. Follow B. Following C. To follow D. Followed
【分析】此题应选B，现在分词短语表条件(注意句中没有并列连词)。
2. _______ the road round to the right, the blind man asked a boy to guide him.
A. Follow B. Following C. To follow D. Followed
【分析】此题应选C，不定式短语表目的。
请做以下各题，它们是考查非谓语动词吗?答案是选A，还是B，或C，或D?
1. ______ the milk and set a good example to the other children.
A. Drink B. To drink C. Drinking D. Having drunk
2. _____ me, and don’t just stand there laughing.
A. Answer B. To answer C. Answering D. To be answering
3. ______ me, and then try to copy what I do.
A. Watch B. Watching C. To watch D. Have watched
4. _____ through this book and tell me what you think of it.
A. Look B. Looking C. To look D. Having looked
5. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. Leave B. Leaving C. If you leave D. When left
【分析】以上各题答案均选A，因为各题句中均有一个并列连词 and，即填空句为祈使句。
注意，有时可能不用连词，而用破折号，如以下两题答案均选B，填空句也为祈使句：
1. _____ down the radio ― the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn
2. _____ some of this juice ― perhaps you will like it.
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Having tried
请做以下各题，它们是考查非谓语动词吗?答案是选A，还是B，或C，或D?
1. ______ him enough time to get home before you telephone.
A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Given
2. ______ left when you get to the end of the street.
A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Kept
3. ______ your hand over your mouth when you cough.
A. Put B. Putting C. To put D. To be putting
4. ______ until the lights have turned to green.
A. Wait B. To wait C. Waiting D. Having waited
5. ______ the pieces of cloth with a loose stitch before finally sewing them together.
A. Join B. To join C. Joining D. Joined
【分析】以上各题答案均选A，原因是每句中均包括有从属连词(如 when, before, until 等)，即整个句子为一个主从复合句，而填空句仍为祈使句。
★ 高考英语陷阱题总结--短语动词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
