以下是小编整理的关于理解的英语范文（共含18篇），仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“snabc2000”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
英语阅读理解
英语自主性阅读实施心得
莱州市实验中学李向民
众所周知，对于人类来说，广泛阅读是汲取知识的重要途径之一，一本好书会影响人的一生，同样英语阅读也是中学生一种非常重要的学习手段，它不仅可以开阔学生的视野，陶冶学生的情操，更是培养学生表达能力的重要途径之一。通过大量英语自主性阅读可以培养学生良好的学习习惯，训练学生敏锐的思维方式及迅速捕捉重要信息的本领，实现学生听、说、读、写综合语言运用能力的全面提高。在平日的工作中，我把自己如何培养学生自主性阅读的实施心得总结如下：
一、备课
1备材料：在每周星期五一次的阅读课之前，我常常把课本上的阅读材料事先分类，打破原有的顺序，把故事类、科普类、新闻类、体育类、应用文体类等归类后依次填写到我的阅读备课笔记中，再进行仔细阅读，发现新鲜的词汇或国家、城市等就把它记下来，然后在周五之前布置学生分别上网或到图书馆查找有关资料，准备在课前导读用。
2、备学生
上课之前要设想学生对于本周的阅读材料会产生什么样的质疑，对于这些质疑如何处理效果更好，学生会对阅读材料中哪一篇更感兴趣，怎样更吸引学生主动参与去探究知识领域，都要事前做好充分的思想准备。更重要得是要教会学生合作方法，让学生主动地动起来。我会按照心理、性格、情感和认知等方面不同的群体分为四人一个小组，每个小组都有高、中、低、差四个层次的学生，使组内成员有一定的差异性和互补性，这样既保证了小组间的竞争性，又保证了公平性。同时，以高带中、中领低、低帮差、差再促高，使学生遇到问题学会自己发现、自己讨论、自己解决，尽可能地挖掘学生的内在潜能。
二、上课
1、课前导入
上课后，前5分钟是导读时间，即把本节课要涉及到的内容（如新词、国家、地方等）让学生写在黑板右下角，然后根据查到的资料做阅读前演说报告，争取用汉英结合式、背景介绍式、谈论式、复习式给大家做个粗略的.解释，这对表达能力也是个促进。先由学生从小组中推出一两个代表发言，也可以由别的小
组成员来做补充说明，最后我再把需要补充的地方加上去，让学生对所需阅读的材料做到心中有数，真正起到一个导读的作用，为下面的阅读作好良好的铺垫。
2、课中进行
课中阅读一般分为竟猜、闯关和抢答三步。首先，让学生快速默读阅读材料一遍，尤其是对于“who，when，where，why，how”等要一眼找出，其次要知道文章的中心思想及每一小段的中心句，对于阅读材料所涉及的内容有一个大概的猜想了解，尤其是要鼓励学生大胆进行猜词。并在教师指导下进行小组讨论，首先要讨论自己不会的单词，把意思弄明白，然后一个小组可以为其他的小组出竟猜单词，这一活动中每猜对一个单词得5分，最后由总记录员宣布分数。这样学生参与热情高涨，同时又培养了学生的集体主义观念，从而达到阅读教学目的的完成，培养学生自主阅读的能力；接下来是细读，也是为闯关作准备，教师可以列出一些重要词汇，然后稍作解释，不要喋喋不休，要把“权利”放下去，让学生各小组去读。这时候老师可以察言观色，他的真正任务不是教，而是帮。因为课堂教学必须以学生为中心，让学生占据大部分课堂时间，教师必须充分调动学生的积极性，有效地组织生动活泼的课堂活动，及时发现他们的困难，为他们排忧解难，真正成为学生学习上的组织者、管理者、鼓励者、合作者和解难者。训练学生在读的同时，可以一边让学生分组讨论阅读材料的翻译，然后由总操作员下去进行现场抽签，哪个小组抽到第几段就必须进行口头翻译，至于由谁来翻译，则由总操作员说了算。学生必须把整个的阅读材料弄明白才能作到口头翻译，检查时不用面面俱到，可以由总操作员以点带面，但每个小组成员都要认真活动，才会闯关顺利。如果还有解决不了的问题老师可以引导学生共同体会、共同发现，同时一定要注意知识与趣味的结合，科学与人文的结合，记忆与思维的结合。
3、课末反思
下课前5-10分钟学生可以做一下整理和积累。母语阅读中的好词、好句、好段、新词汇、精彩描述、精彩对话、经典句型等的记录和积累会使学生收益一生。同样英语阅读中整理和积累也是一个升华的过程，学生把自己在阅读当中遇到的美好的东西积累到自己平时的积累笔记上，最后写上自己的感想。然后闭着眼睛去回味一下，背诵一下，总结一下，反思一下，这个过程产生的效果真的可
能影响学生的一生。
三、课外阅读
阅读是一种学习，是一种进步，也是一种能力。具备这种能力，还必须具备丰富的知识结构。一个拥有社会、文化、风土人情、天文地理、历史等各方面知识的人，在阅读有关的英语材料时，会突然激活他的内动力，他读起来更轻松、更透彻。他不仅能够理解文中所说的内容，还能将文中所涉及的内容及与之有联系的未出现在文中的内容做深层次透彻的了解。所以，第一我鼓励学生进行课内阅读与课外阅读相结合，我推荐了好多有益的适合他们课后阅读的书目，既简单又不乏知识性、趣味性，还会粗略了解一些世界名著；第二进行以媒体为载体的英语阅读训练，为了使英语阅读不枯燥乏味，我会定期带领学生一起听英文歌曲、看英文原版精致的电影、或进行名著欣赏。通过类似的活动来调动学生学习英语的自觉性，从另一层次去做进一步的“阅读理解”，然后我们会分小组进行准备，在每周一的“英语角”活动中，进行即兴演讲，别的小组都可以参与擂台赛。擂主就是即兴演讲的冠军。
四、课后作业
我每周定期布置一次对英语阅读理解的改写、扩写或缩写，这比单纯的做阅读理解更深一层，学生必须在理解的基础上进行改、扩、缩写。如果把握不好原有的阅读材料，要想进行改动会是难上加难，所以我会鼓励学生畅所欲“写”，把学生写下来的文章当作作文一样，让学生互相进行批阅，可以在旁边进行旁批，然后要在最后给出总评，提出修改意见或希望，最后打上等级。接下来我会认真复审一遍，仔细批阅之后再还给学生修改。学生通过自己去做作文、批作文、写评语、看评语，最后再据此修改。我还会让学生对一些稍简单的文章进行口头复述或进行调查，写出调查报告，或办手抄报，把调查报告或手抄报放在橱窗里进行展览，以此激发他们进行阅读理解的积极性。
总之，我们要根据学生的实际情况进行限定性阅读和开放性阅读相结合的方式，侧重阅读和理解，同时兼顾听说读写的综合训练，侧重于阅读理解能力和英语文化素养的培养与提高。注重学生的小组合作活动，侧重学生的自主探究能力的培养，发掘不同层次学生的英语潜能，激励整体学生英语学习氛围，让学生
体验学习途径及阅读过程中的成功和乐趣，从而有效地进行自主性阅读学习，提高学生自主学习的能力。所以，我认为“基于母语环境的英语自主性阅读与表达能力的培养”其本身就是对我们所从事的职业的帮助，是让英语阅读理解自己和更多的教师从繁重的、低效的劳动中挣脱出来；让自己的孩子和更多的孩子从沉重的、无止境的压力中解脱出来的一缕春光，这给学生提供了一个展示自我的平台，让我们真诚地、执着地去做，不再重复昨天的故事。
81、（1分）
Have you eaten too much over the holidays? You should try fidgeting for a while. Those around you might not like it, but scratching moving your nails 指甲) against a part of your body) and twitching moving suddenly and quickly when you don’ t want to) is an important way of burning up calories 卡路里).
American researchers have found that some people’s squirming continuously turn your body when nervous) and wigging move in small movements, especially from side to side) equals 等于) several miles of slow running each day.
The scientists, based at the National Institute of Health’s laboratory in Phenix, Arizona, are studying why some people get fat and other stay slim.
In one study 177 people each spent 24 hours in a room in the institute where the amount 量) of energy is measured by their oxygen and carbon dioxide 二氧化碳) levels. By the end of the day, some people had burned up 800 calories in toe-tapping, moving the front part of your foot up and down) finger-drumming hitting your fingers continuously and lightly against something hard) and other nervous habits. However, others had burned up only 100 calories.
The researchers found that slim women fidget more than fat women, but there was no significant difference in men. Heavy people burn up more energy when they fidget than do thin people.
1. Which of the following can be used to explain the meaning of “fidgeting”?
A. scratching and twitching B. squirming and wigging
C. slow running D. moving one’s body nervously
2. We can know from the passage that scientists believe the reason why some people get fat and other people stay slim is that ____ .
A. thin people burn up less calories than fat people
B. fat people burn up more calories than thin people
C. those who burn up more calories than others will be thinner
D. those who fidget more than others will be thinner
3. Scientists found in the experiment that ____ .
A. the energy burned up by fat people when they fidget was more than that burned up by thin people when they fidget
B. some people’s fidgeting burned up more than 800 calories, but some people’s fidgeting burned up less than 100 calories
C. slim women fidget more than fat women but fat men fidget more than thin men
D. thin men fidget more than fat men
4. If someone is thin in a pleasant way, we say they are ____ .
A. skinny B. bony C. slim D. underweight
5. Scientists think a fidget habit to be ____ .
A. a way to lose fat
B. a nervous habit annoying使讨厌) the people around
C. a better exercise than slow running
D. a habit of thin people
82、（1分）
Scientists would like to place a huge mirror in space above the earth. It might be sixty miles wide. It would be used to catch the rays 光线) of the sun. It would direct the sun’s rays upon the earth as a child might do to make sunlight dance on the wall with a hand mirror.
Why do they want to do this? The sun’s rays could be helpful in many ways. They could light up cities by night. The warm rays could stop frosts霜冻) which might come at might and fruit crops. They could melt 融化) dangerous icebergs in the ocean. Perhaps they could change cloud movements and bring rain where it is needed.
1. The huge mirror would ______.
A. stand 60 miles in height 高度). B. be 60 miles from side to side.
C. cover 60 miles of the earth. D. be 60 miles above the earth.
2. The mirror would be used to ______.
A. reflect 反射)sunlight. B. absorb 吸收) sunlight.
C. see what the earth looks like. D. see how clouds move.
3. The strong light from the mirror could possibly ______.
A. hurt fruit crops. B. set fire to cities.
C. bring longer daytime. D. shine through walls.
4. The huge mirror is ______.
A. something in a story. B. already made.
C. just an idea. D. to be made soon.
83、（1分）
In Denmark, parents are allowed to set up a new school if they are dissatisfied with the school in the area where they are living. Although these schools have to follow the national courses, they are allowed a lot of choice in deciding what to teach. Some of these new schools are called “small schools” because usually the number of pupils in them is only sixty, but a school has to have at least twenty-seven pupils.
Cooleenbridge School in Ireland, is a small school similar to the ones in Denmark, it was set up by parents who came from Holland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, England and other parts of Ireland. They came because they wanted to live in the countryside and to grow their own food. In June 1986, they decided to start a school. They managed to get an old, disused primary-school 小学) building and started with twenty-four children aged from four to twelve.
The teachers say, “The important thing in school is doing, not sitting.”And so the courses includes yoga瑜伽), cooking, knitting, kite-making, music, fishing, drama 戏剧) and environmental环境的) river studies, as well as reading, writing, maths and science.
1. What are the rules for setting up a new school in Denmark?
A. Parents are allowed to set up their own school.
B. The school has to follow the national courses.
C. The school has to have at least 27 pupils.
D. All of the above.
2. The writer tells about the Cooleenbridge School in Ireland because ____ .
A. it was set up by parents who are not people of Denmark
B. it was taken as an example of this kind of “small school”
C. there were only twenty-four children
D. the pupils there were aged from 4 to 12
3. What makes this kind of school special?
A. It is set up by parents not by government.
B. It is free to decide what to teach.
C. The number of pupils in it is only sixty.
D. It has to have at least 27 pupils.
4. “The important thing in school is doing not sitting.” What the teachers say actually means ____ .
A. What we should do is teaching in the classroom, not sitting in the office.
B. Children should do more homework at home, not just sit in class to listen to the teachers.
C. Children should learn by themselves not rely on teachers.
D. Children should learn through practice not just from books.
5. The courses includes ____ .
A. yoga, cooking, knitting, kite-making, music, fishing, drama and environmental river studies, except reading, writing, maths and science
B. either yoga, cooking, knitting, kite-making, music, fishing, drama and environmental river studies, or reading, writing, maths and science
C. not only reading, writing, maths and science, but also yoga, cooking knitting, kitemaking, music, fishing, drama and environmental river studies
D. mainly yoga, cooking, knitting, kite-making, music, fishing, drama and environmental river studies, and supplemental 补充的) reading writing, maths and science
84、（1分）
Sixty-year-old grandmother, Fiona McFee, is going to stop working next year and she decided to realize a childhood dream and sail around the coast of Scotland in a small boat. Although the inside of the boat is very cosy it has no running water or electricity. Fiona says she can live without these things but she plans to take her small CD player, her hot water bottle and a bag of books to make sure life isn’t too uncomfortable.
We asked her if she was afraid of being at sea for so long. She said, “Well, I’m going to take a good compass 指南针). Anyway I’m not afraid of death because I love the sea---I just hope it loves me.” Fiona certainly has plenty of energy; in her spare time, she enjoys playing the piano, rock-climbing, canoeing and dancing. Although she is sixty, she doesn’t want to have a quiet and peaceful life. “I’m looking forward to having fun in the rest of my life and that’s exactly why I’d like to be a sailor for a while.”
1. The underlined word cosy in the first paragraph means ____ .
A. bright B. dirty C. comfortable D. dark
2. When Fiona McFee said “---I just hope it loves me.” What she meant was ____
A. Of course , it loves me , since I love it .
B. If I love it , it should love me.
C. I hope it will bring me a safe sailing as a return for my love of it .
D. I hope it will save my life when I am in time of danger .
3. The reason why she would like to have the sail is that ____.
A. she thinks it will be very exciting B. she likes sports and enjoys canoeing
C. she has decided to realize a childhood dream D. she wants to be still active when she gets old
4. What kind of person would you say the old woman is ?
A. Someone who does not show what she is feeling .
B. Someone who is very proud and sure of her success .
C. Someone who doesn’t use her head much .
D. Someone who is open , honest and brave .
5. The best title for this passage is ____ .
A. Life Begins at Sixty B. A Round Coast Sail
C. An Old Woman Sailor D. An Unusual Hobby爱好)
85、（1分）
Of all the fish we catch in the world, we eat only three quarters of it. The rest goes to glue 胶水), soap, margarine 人造奶油), pet food and fertilizer.
Fishermen usually freeze fish they catch at sea. Back in port, they defrost the fish, make the fish have no bones in it and sell it as fresh fish.
Over ninety-five percent of fish caught is in the northern hemisphere. Thus, only about five percent of all fish caught is from south of the equator.
The Japanese are the world champion fish eaters. They eat twice as much fish as the Scandinavians, and five times as much fish as the Americans.
The Russian sturgeon 鲟鱼) is the most expensive fish in the world. The eggs of the sturgeon are called caviar.
1. What do we do with the fish we catch in the world?
A. We eat all the fish we catch.B. We use some of it to make pet food and fertilizer.
C. We do not use 25% of it. D. We freeze all the fish we catch.
2. We catch most fish ____ .
A. south of the equator B. on or just north of the equator
C. in the northern part of the earth D. in the southern hemisphere
3. In the second paragraph, the word “defrost” means ____ .
A. make the fish dead B. make the fish alive
C. make the fish become unfrozen D. make the fish clean
4. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
A. Americans eat five times as much fish as the Scandinavians.
B. Scandinavians eat five times as much fish than the Americans.
C. Japanese eat more fish only than the Americans and Scandinavians in the world.
D. The Americans do not eat so much fish as the Japanese.
86、（1分）
Robert is nine years old and Joanna is seven. They live at Mount Ebenezer. Their father has a big property. In Australia they call a farm a property.
Robert and Joanna like school very much. At school they can talk to their friends but Robert and Joanna cannot see their friends. They live 100, perhaps 300, miles away and like Robert and Joanna, they all go to school by radio.
Mount Ebenezer is in the centre of Australia. Not many people live in “The Centre”. There are no schools with desks and blackboards and no teachers in “The Centre”. School is a room at home with a two-way radio. The teacher also has a two-way radio. Every morning she calls each student on the radio. When all students answer, lessons begin… Think of your teacher 300 miles away!
1. The children in “The Centre” do not go to a school because ______.
A. they live too far away from one another. B. they do not like school.
C. they are not old enough to go to school. D. their families are too poor.
2. In order to send their children to school, parents in “The Centre” of Australia must have ______.
A. a property. B. a car.
C. a school room at home. D. a special radio.
3. Teachers in “The Centre” of Australia teach ______.
A. not in a classroom but at the homes of the students.
B. by speaking only and not showing anything in writing.
C. without using any textbooks or pictures.
D. without knowing whether the students are attending .
4. When children are having a lesson, they can hear their teacher.
A. but their teacher cannot hear them.
B. and their teacher can hear them too.
C. but cannot hear their schoolmates.
D. and see him or her at the same time.
5. A “Property” in Australia is a
A. house. B. school.
C. farm. D. radio.
87、（1分）
Calories show the energy content of different foods. We all need a certain amount each day to make our bodies work properly. Unfortunately, people in Europe and the US now eat about 20 times as much sugar and at least five times as much fat as they did in 1800. This may have something to do with the increase in heart disease in Western countries .
For wedding feasts婚宴), the Bedouin people sometimes prepare a meal of stuffed roast camel. First, they stuff a fish with eggs. Then they put the fish inside a chicken. They put the chicken inside a whole roast sheep. Then, finally, they put all of this inside a cooked camel!
The avocado contains 165 calories for every 100 grams of fruit. This is more than eggs or milk. It also contains twice as much protein 蛋白质) as milk and has more vitamin A, B and C.
1. Which of the following figures 图表) shows us the correct proportion 比例) of the fat and sugar that the Europeans and the Americans eat in 1800 and 1900.
2. Calories show the ____ .
A. fat content of food B. sugar content of food
C. heat and energy content of food D. protein content of food
3. The writer tells about the “stuffed roast camel” because it ____ .
A. shows how important wedding feast to the Bedouin people
B. serves as an example of a high calorie food
C. is made in a very special way
D. is more tasty than any other food
4. What is special for the avocado ?
A. It weighs 100 grams.
B. It is a fruit.
C. An avocado fruit has 165 calories.
D. It contains more calories and vitamin A ,B and C than milk and eggs .
5. Which of the statements is correct according to the passage ?
A. People eat more sugar in Europe than in the US.
B. People in Europe and the US eat less sugar than ever before .
C. People eat more fat in the US than in Europe .
D. People who eat too much fat and sugar will have some health problems .
88、（1分）
The 17th-century Irish farmer Rober Cook was the most unusual person in County Waterford. he always wore white linen. His underwear, night clothes and shirts were all in white, and so were his suits, coats and hats. He became so famous for his clothes and his love for white that he was known all over Ireland as “Linen Cook”.
He refused to have any brown cows in the field of his farm at Cappoquin and even his horses had to be the same pure white as his clothes.
Cook was a eager vegetarian and refused to eat the flesh of any animal or to wear anything produced by an animal.
A fox which attacked 袭击) his chickens was not killed when it was caught. Instead, he gave it a talk on the evils 罪恶) of murder, then offered it a sporting chance by making it run through a line of his farm workers, who had sticks.
Cook had a long and healthy life and showed that “water for drink, vegetables for food and linen and other plant life for clothing were enough to live on.”
He died in 1726 when he was over eighty years old and was buried in a white linen shroud 寿衣).
1. The man the writer tells us about is a ____ .
A. person who has a strange habit B. famous person all over the world
C. healthy man D. man who lived a long life
2. From the passage we can know that ____ .
A. he wasn’t married all his life
B. he didn’t wear leather皮的) shoes or woolen毛的) clothes
C. he disliked the colour brown most
D. he died at the age of 80
3. “Vegetarians”are people who do not ____ .
A. buy animals B. kill animals C. eat animals D. keep animals
4. We can inferred from the passage that the fox wasn’t killed by Robert Cook, but perhaps ____ .
A. it could understand what it did was bad after Robert gave it a talk on the evils of murder.
B. it had sports together with Robert’s farm workers
C. it was given a chance to run away
D. it had got a beat from Robert’s farm workers
5. “water for drink, vegetables for food and linen and other plant life for clothing were enough to live on.” That is ____ .
A. the conclusion drawn by the writer B. the words of Robert Cook
C. a saying D. the belief of a certain famous person
89、（1分）
A HOLIDAY jet pilot 飞行员) said that he would land and call the police after a woman refused to stop smoking.
He warned Maureen Harkavy, “Put that cigarette out, or I’ll land the plane and have you arrested.”
Maureen, 47, was so shocked she wrote to the airline’s chairman. But his reply was even ruder.
“You seem to think you have a God-given right to pollute your neighbours’ atmosphere,” wrote John Ferriday of Paramount Airways.
a)Said Maureen, “I only found out about it when I was checking in. I’m a nervous flyer so I lit a cigarette during the flight. A stewardess 空姐) asked me to put it out, but I said I wanted to carry on as there was no rule against smoking on the plane.” She was just finishing her cigarette when the pilot arrived.
b) I’ve never seen such an unpleasant letter. She said, “I don’t think I’ll ever fly again.” But there was a funny side. Maureen explained, “We were offered duty-free 免税) cigarette from the stewardess on the plane!”
c) Mr. Ferriday went on; “Believe me, you haven’t. Especially when you travel on my planes.”
Maureen and her husband Michael were moved to Paramount flight just before they left Portugal. But they were not told of the company’ s 公司的) no smoking policy.
d) “He was loud and rude,” said Maureen. “He said if I lit another cigarette he would land the plane at Bordeaux and hand me to the French police.”
Later, from her home in Mosely, Birmingham, Maureen wrote to the company and received the rude reply.
1. The second half of the story has been in wrong order. Parts a-d) Choose the rearranged order which you think is right.
A. a, c, b, d B. c, a, b, d C. c, a, d, b D. d, a, b, c
2. What was Maureen Harkey warned to do by the pilot?
A. The pilot said that she must throw her cigarette out of the plane, or he would get her
off the plane.
B. The pilot said she must stop smoking immediately, otherwise he would bring down the jet
and hand her to the police.
C. The pilot said that she couldn’t lit another cigarette after her first one.
D. The pilot said that he would get her arrested by the police if she kept on smoking.
3. Maureen Harkavy ____ on the plane.
A. accepted the warning
B. agreed to the warning
C. refused to do what she was told to
D. was so shocked that she wrote to the airline’s chairman
4. In the answer letter to Maureen Harkavy, the airline’s chairman ____ .
A. made an apology to her for his worker’s rudeness
B. made sure that he would solve the problem
C. said that she had the right to smoke on his plane because the right is given by God to everyone.
D. actually completely agreed with what the pilot said
5. From the story we can see that the writer probably takes the side of ____ .
A. the pilot B. the airline’s chairman C. the stewardress D. Maureen Harkavy
90、（1分）
Good afternoon, and welcome to England. We hope that your visit here will be a pleasant one. Today, I would like to draw your attention to a few of our laws.
The first one is about drinking. Now, you may not buy alcohol 酒) in this country if you are under 18 years of age, nor may your friends buy it for you.
Secondly, noise. Enjoy yourselves by all means, but please don’t make unnecessary noise, particularly at night. We ask you to respect other people who may wish to be quiet.
Thirdly crossing the road. Be careful. The traffic moves on the left side of he road in this country. Use pedestrian crossings 人行横道) and do not take any chances when crossing the road.
My next point is about litter throwing away waste material in a public place). It is an offence 违法行为) to drop litter in the street. When you have something to throw away, please put it in your pocket and take it home, or put it in a litter bin.
英语阅读理解作文
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
The worlds environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss. If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog(烟雾)to global climate change, from the felling(砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.
After all, the worlds population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 , the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.
But they dont. The reasons why they dont, and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why todays environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.
Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the materials, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards.
作者：张雪云
一、阅读理解是考查学生通过阅读短文而对相关信息的加工情况。解此类题必须掌握两大技巧:
(一)阅读的技巧
1. 阅读时不要出声,要养成快速阅读的好习惯。
2. 阅读时不要逐字阅读,要养成以意群为单位阅读的好习惯。
3. 学会找关键词、关键句。关键句通常位于段落的开头或结尾。
4. 学会根据上下文猜测生词的词义。
(二)答题的技巧
1. 通读全文,了解大意。
2. 带着问题,复读原文。
3. 理解识别,推断归纳。
4. 复核检查,确保无误。
二、中考的阅读理解测试点主要分两大类:
(一)以识别语篇的事实和细节为主的题目。要求学生能综合运用语言和通过上下文抓住关键词句,即抓住事实和细节。此类题大都可以在短文中直接找到答案,相对较易。
(二)以理解为主的推测判断题目。有些题目只靠抓住细节和事实是远远不够的,需要考生深入理解,进行推测,进行判断。这类题难度较大。
Little Tom down the street calls our dog “The keep dog”.Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say“ Seep”, it comes out “keep”. And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them.
Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk.
We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. “What do you think it is?”
“It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry.”
“Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!” I said.“We should take it back.”
“We can't ”.said my sistter.
“Maybe little Tom is right,” Mary said. “Maybe Zip is a keep dog!”
1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.
A.what Zip's first present was
B.how Zip carried its first present home
C.who owned Zip's first present
D.what Zip's first present was made of
2.Tom calls Zip “the keep dog”because ______.
A.the dog likes keeping things
B.the dog likes playing with shoes
C.he doesn't know the dog's name
D.he can't pronounce the word “sheep”well
3.What made the shoe strange was ______.
A.its colour B.its smell
C.its size D.that it was a silk one
4.The word “keep”in the last sentence means “_____”
A.keeping things for itself
B.bringing things for other to keep
C.not letting it run about
D.taking care of a small child
5.We can know from the reading that the dog _____.
A. likes to give presents to people
B.has been kept in at the writer's home
C.has brought some trouble
D.likes to be called “the keep dog”
Key: 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C
(二)
An old lady in a plane had a blanket(毯子)over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”
Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide.
So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I don’t like planes and I am never going to fly again. But I’ll say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean!”
1. An old lady had _________ .
A. glasses B. a blanket over her head C. a coat D. a basket
2. A. She didn’t want to ________ .
A. take it off B. turn it off C. get on D. talk about it
3. _________ spoke to her .
A. The air hostess B. The man next to her C. her husband D. one of her friends
4. The old lady had never been _________ before .
A. abroad B. home C. in a plane D. in hospital
5. The woman didn’t like planes and she was never going ________ .
A. to fly again B. to travel C. to go abroad D. to go home
Key: 1-5 BAACA
Passage 1
If you look at the sky one night and see something moving and shining that you have never seen before, it might be a comet (彗星).
A comet sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a comet has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels.
If a comet isn’t a star, what is it then?
Some scientists think that a large part of a comet is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the comet, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail.
Many people perhaps have seen a comet. However no one knows how many comets there are. There may be millions of comets, but only a few come close enough for us to see.
An Englishman named Edmund Halley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that comets take through the sky. Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times. A big comet that keeps coming back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it would come back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halley’s Comets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You will probably be able to see Halley’s Comets when it comes near the earth again.
1.A comet is like ________.
A. sun B. moon C. sunlight D. the earth
2.A large part of a comet is ______.
A.water and rock
B. water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron
C. ice, iron and rock dust
D. only a few big pieces of rock
3.Maybe many people _______.
A. haven’t seen any comets B. have seen all comets
C. have seen a comet at daytime D. have seen a comet
4.Some comets keep coming back ________.
A. at any time B. at noon C. at regular times D. at daytime
5.Halley’s Comets came back _____.
A. in 1990 B. in 1980 C. in 1986 D. in 1989
Passage 1
【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了有关彗星方面的知识。与地球一样，彗星也是绕太阳旋转的，它本身不发光，靠反射太阳的光而发亮。短文中还介绍了彗星的成因，它拖着的长尾巴是如何形成的以及的哈雷彗星名字的由来。
1.D。“Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but…”是判断本题的根据。
2.C。根据“…is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock.”这句话即能得出答案。
3.D。由第五段的首句“Many people perhaps have seen a comet.”可知。
4.C。“Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times.”一句是答案的出处。
5.C。哈雷彗星每七十六年才能看到一次。再结合“…the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986.”这句话的意思，即可得到答案。
上面的五个问题我们都可以很容易的在原文找到对应的部分，这种题实际上是最不容易出错误的，因为只要你找到了对应句，即使有个别的单词不能理解，也能够答对，下面再来试一文章，看看你的准确率哦。
Passage 2
A farmer had a cow. He took very good care of this cow and one day when it was ill, he was very worried. He telephoned the vet.
“What’s the problem?” The vet asked him when he arrived.
“My cow's ill,” the farmer said. “I don’t know what's the matter with her. She’s lying down and won’t eat. She's making a strange noise.”
The vet looked over the cow. “She's certainly ill,” he said, “and she needs to take some very strong medicine.”
He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand and said, “Give her these. The pills should make her better.”
“How should I give them to her?” the farmer asked.
The vet gave him a tube (管子)and said, “Put this tube in her mouth, then put the pills in the tube and blow. That'll make it.”
The next day the vet came to the farm again. The farmer was sitting outside his house and looked more worried.
“How's your cow?” the vet asked.
“No change,” the farmer said, “and I’m feeling very strange myself.”
“Oh?” the vet said, “Why?”
“I did what you said,” the farmer answered. “I put the tube in the cow's mouth and then put two pills down it.”
“And?” the vet asked.
“The cow blew first,” the farmer said.
1.In the story, the vet must be _________.
A. the farmer's friend B. a milk factory
C. a hospital for cows D. a doctor for animals
2.The farmer asked the vet for help when his cow _______
A. couldn't lie down B. didn't eat the pills
C. couldn't make any noise D. was ill
3.What medicine did the vet give the farmer?
A. Bottle of pills. B. A long tube.
C. Two pills. D. A small box.
4.The vet taught the farmer how _________.
A. to blow the tube B. to make the cow take the pills
C. to take the medicine D. to put the tube in his mouth
5.Which of the following is true?
A. The farmer ate the pills himself.
B. The cow got better after taking the medicine.
C. The vet came to help farmer change the cow the next day.
D. The farmer waited for the vet outside his house the next day. Passage 2
【答案与解析】这篇令人忍俊不禁的幽默的主要内容是：一个农夫的牛病倒了。兽医给了他一些药和一根管子，并告诉他怎么样用这根管子给牛喂药。第二天，兽医再次到农场时发现那位农夫坐在家门口，一脸的焦虑不安。原来他的牛病情并没有好转。他说自己按照兽医的嘱咐做了，可当他将管子插入牛的嘴里，并放进两粒药丸，正想吹气时，牛却先吹了一口气。
1.D。根据短文内容，很容易推测出该词的汉语意思是“兽医”。答案当然是D。
2.D。由“She’s lying down and won’t eat. She's making a strange noise.”可以排除A和B。C显然不对。
3.C。“He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand…”一句是答案的出处。
4.B。 由“How should I give them to her?”这句话可知。
5.A.根据短文最后一句话，不难想象，没等农夫吹气，牛先吹了一口气，将药丸吹到了农夫的嘴里。
做这样类型的题有一种小技巧，你可以在回答问题的时候同时把答案的相应部分用笔标出来，这样的好处有两个，一是提高准确率，二是当你觉得哪个答案有可能有误差的时候可以只针对那句话和它的上下文来判断，不必阅读整篇文章。
英语阅读理解解析
《孙子兵法》曰：“知己知彼”才能“百战不殆”，对待高考，我们应该首先明白NMET的考试要求，做到“知彼”，然后分析自己的强项、弱项，做到“知己”。阅读理解是NMET的重头戏，能否顺利通过此关影响高考全局，因此考生必须对阅读理解的题型特点、解题技巧等有个清楚的`认识。?
一、推断题?
1.解推断题应注意：?
(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；?
(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。?
2.推断题的常见形式：?
(1) It can be inferred from the text that ______.?
(2) From the text we know that ______.?
(3) The story implies that ______.?
(4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ______.?
(5) The writer?s attitude toward…is ______.?
3.解推断题的方法：?
解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。?
Example 1 One day a man walkedsintosa pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches and two spiders.”?
“What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.?
“Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”?
Q： The passage suggests that when the writer movedsintosthe house， it was ______.
A. very clean?
B. just cleaned by the landlord?
C. tidy and comfortable?
D. dirty and full of insects?
解析：要恢复原样须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫，因此推出答案为D。?
Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK， they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.?
Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. H
如何做好一篇英语阅读理解
当你拿到一篇英语的阅读理解时，第一反应肯定就是烦!如果英语单词积累的比较少的话那就更烦了，简直就是满眼的火星文字!这时候一定要让自己静下心来，因为越是急躁越无法看懂，要有一个好的心态来面对阅读。
首先，拿到一篇阅读理解，如果你没有完全的自信能把文章毫无障碍地看懂的话，就千万不要直接去看文章，如果是考试的话这就是浪费时间。首先要看的当然是题目，在题目中你可以大概了解到这篇文章所要描述的内容，然后尽量将问题都记住。
然后，就是带着问题去看文章，这样当你看到与问题相关的内容是就可以着重地把与问题相关的部分进行更深入的分析和理解，而不用把全篇阅读理解都细细的看一遍，大大减少了做题的时间，在考试时是十分有帮助的。
那如果在看到与问题相关的词句时却发现生词太多无法理解怎么办?别急，如果在考试时没有辞典可以借助，这时候我们就要通过练习上下文来对这几个关键词句进行理解。一般情况下，每一个句子之间都有一定的联系，读懂了上一句和下一句，就很容易可以根据个别认识的单词猜到中间这一句的大概意思，以此类推，理解这几句关键句就变得很简单。
当然，如果你有充分的时间的话，可以带着之前对文章的理解把文章再快速得阅读一遍，了解整篇文章主要讲了些什么，来检验自己之前做的题是否正确。
阅读理解的技巧
1.通读全文，掌握大意
做阅读理解题一定要学会通过，从整体上理解短文的大意及中心思想，领会出题人的意图。切忌人为地将短文搞得支离破碎，逐词逐句地去感知材料，看一句或几句做一个题目，这样会影响答题的正确率。但是对于一些长句和难句要作语法分析，以便掌握短文的大意和每个句子的确切含义。短文的开头和结尾往往是全文内容的概括，对理解、推理都会有很大的帮助。
2.细审题意，获取信息
认真审阅文后的理解题。在审题时要弄清楚试题问的是细节(如人物、时间、地点)。
还是主题大意;是事实还是观点;是从正面问还是从反面问。看清试题后，带着问题再回到正文中去寻找有关的句子、段落，获取重要的信息。然后把所获得的信息点与所给的答案逐一进行认真的比较，以便作出正确的判断。
3.分层推理，正确答题
有些理解题可以直接从短文中找到答案。有些深层次的理解题在短文中找不到直接的。
信息点，要经过分析推理，从已有的信息链中判断文章的意思，即应以短文中提供的间接信息点为依据，根据作者的意图，凭借你们自己的社会文化知识和生活经验，加进短文中所没有明确表述的却又与主题有联系的思想和信息，进行合乎逻辑的推理，从而确定正确的选项。
英语阅读题技巧步骤
1.迅速将整篇文章分解，理出文章结构;
2.迅速抓住文章叙述的主题;
3.迅速找出各部分的中心意思，并找出表达中心意思的句子。
做到这3步，基本上这篇文章不用逐字读完就可以答对接下来的题目。
先说一下，英语文章，尤其是用于考试的阅读文章，其结构都有非常明显的典型性，一般结构为主题段，论述段落，总结及结论段。
I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang. It was an eccentric(怪僻的) farmer. I had never met him before although I had often heard people talk about him. He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything. Even then I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go.
It had been snowing heavily that I didn’t know the way. I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place. He was standing there, waiting for me. It seemed Milly had died. “She meant more to me than anyone… even my own wife!” he said. I could see that he had been crying. I thought something terrible had taken place, a possible scandal (丑闻) . I was even more shocked when he told me he had put her in the barn. “I wouldn’t leave her out in the cold!” he said.
Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his. I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door. He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground. “She was such a good cow! I wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her !” he said, and burst into tears again.
1. The underlined phrase “make out” in the first paragraph means____.
A. expect B. understand C. see clearly D. hear clearly
2. Before he arrived at the farmer’s house, the writer expected to see Milly lying ____.
A. on the ground of a barn B. on the floor of a room
C. in bed in a room D. in bed in a barn
3. What do we know about Milly from the story?
A. She had met with an accident B. She had caused a scandal.
C. She was seriously ill. D. She was hidden somewhere.
4. The farmer wished that the writer might ____.
A. look into the matter B. bring Milly back to life
C. free him from a scandal D. keep the whole thing a secret
5. The person who told the story is probably a ____.
A. farmer B. policeman C. country doctor D. newspaper reporter
The key :
7. B C A B C
英语阅读理解分析
一、推断题?
1.解推断题应注意：?
(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;?
(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。?
2.推断题的常见形式：?
(1) It can be inferred1 from the text that ______.?
(2) From the text we know that ______.?
(3) The story implies2 that ______.?
(4) The paragraph3 following the passage will most probably be ______.?
(5) The writer?s attitude toward…is ______.?
3.解推断题的方法：?
解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。?
Example 1 One day a man walkedsintosa pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches and two spiders.”?
“What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.?
“Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord4 insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”?
Q： The passage suggests that when the writer movedsintosthe house， it was ______.
A. very clean?
B. just cleaned by the landlord?
C. tidy and comfortable?
D. dirty and full of insects?
解析：要恢复原样须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫，因此推出答案为D。?
Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK， they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.?
Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr Neff knows al-most everything. He doesn’t ask questions;he answers q uestions. He never says，“I don’t know.”?
Q： Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude towards Mr Neff??A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand?
B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful?
C. He feels pity for Mr Neff?
D. He does not like Mr Neff?
解析：本文中使用never，还写到Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.故暗示他对Mr Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。?
二、事实题?
在阅读理解题中，又有相当一部分属于事实或细节题，下面仅就这类题的正确解法作简要说明。?
1.直接事实题?
在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。?
A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S. T his dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.?
This huge dam is in the Black Canyon5. It is possible to drive a car from one sid e of the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete6 in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco. Thousands of people worked on this d am for five years.?
This huge dam was called Boulder7 Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor8 of a president of the United9 States. Hoover Dam， one of the highest dams in the world， is situated10 between the states of Arizona and Nevada.?
Q： Hoover Dam lies ______.?
A. between Arizona and Nevada?
B. in the Black Canyon?
C. between New York and San Francisco?
D. both A and B?
解析：由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案。?
2.间接事实题?
解此类题需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。?
Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian， host of the well?received TV programme“Stars Tonig ht”， Miss Luo Lin， Miss Asia of 1991， appeared as the guest hostess on the Shan ghai TV screen last Sunday.?
Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air?hostess. Before she took part in the competition， she had been an airhostess in Cat hay11 Airline for seven years. However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage， dancing， singing， making-up and other proper manners12， designed by the Asia TV Station.?
“It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow， I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare13 since I won the title. This time， in Shanghai， I'd love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，“ said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.?
Q： Which of the following is NOT true??
A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.?
B. Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.?
C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.?
D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.?
解析： A、C和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。?
3.词义理解题?
做此类题时，学生应尽可能地利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用我们所熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。?
Another source14 of knowledge is the vast15 store of traditional practices handed do wn from father to son， or mother to daughter， of old country customs16， of folklor e. All this is very difficult for a college student to examine， for much knowled ge and personal experience is needed here to separate17 good plants from wild gras s. The college student should learn to realize and remember how much of real val ue science has found in this wide， confused18 wilderness19 and how often scientific discoveries of what had existed in this area long age.?
Q： In the last paragraph the phrase“this wide， confused wilderness”refers to ______.?
A. personal experience?
B. wild weeds among good plants?
C. the information from the parents?
D. the vast store of traditional practices?
解析： D。划线部分指的就是上文的another source of knowledge，即： the vast store of traditional practices。
英语解题技巧阅读理解
一、结合提问者描述的情况，除了词汇和题量练习的问题，主要还是阅读技巧的缺少。要想提高英语阅读理解，建议采用以下三种方法：
1、抓主题，正确分析文章的中心思想
要抓住文章的中心思想，就要找它的主题句，一般文章的主题句，在第一段的第一句，有时也有可能在第二段或最后一段，所以阅读时要特别注意文章的开头和结尾，但也有可能主题句不明显，难找，这时就应注意句子间的逻辑关系。如果文章所表达的意思是对某个句子进行说明，描写或解释，那么该句肯定是主题句，从而明确文章的中心思想。
2、使用不同的阅读方式找寻信息
在阅读考题中，常有关于主要事实与细节的题目可采取寻读法，找寻有关信息，迅速判断所查内容的大概位置，认真读所要的信息。对于与题目无关的内容，可采用略读法，以减少阅读时间，提高阅读效率。
3、利用已知信息进行判断推理
做阅读理解题时，往往会要求判断一些没有直接表达的观点或作者的态度，这样的考题虽没有直接的答案，但在通读全文的基础上，可根据已知的信息，进行由此及彼，由表及里的推断，从而得出准确答案，做这样的题目时，要理解和遵照作者的意图，有时作者直截了当表明观点，更多时候，借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场，或通过转折词来提出与前面相反的观点，因此确定作者的观点时，必须联系全文，通篇进行考虑分析。
二、提高英语阅读理解的重要性
英语学习，包括听、说、读、写多种技能的培养，其中最基本的应是阅读能力了。在现在的英语考试中，对阅读能力的要求很高。阅读题的分数在整个试卷中占有很大的比重，而这一部分得分的多少，往往决定了学生考分的高低。英语的阅读内容涉及的范围较广，有关于历史的也有关现实生活的，有故事性的文章，也有经济、科技、军事等方面的文章，这样的阅读内容要求学生有比较广泛的知识面、兴趣和较强的分析理解判断能力。
英语阅读理解学习方法
资料的选择
首先，历年考试真题是必备的资料，真题是一个标准，做真题可以把握试题难度，出题角度，了解命题重点。其次，考研阅读辅导书，这种资料贵精不在多。做完后，我们应该反复的研读真题，思考不同类型文章的出题风格，从中摸索规律以提高阅读水平与做题技巧。
积累词语
要提高阅读水平，词汇量与短语量非常重要，打个比方：造房子要砖瓦材料，词汇就是阅读英语的砖瓦材料，没有相当量的英语词汇，阅读英语是无法进行的。所以要提高阅读水平，我们就得学会积累词语。我们不妨这么做：在通读全文后看第二遍，遇到生词尽可能根据上下文来猜，仍猜不出意思的，就把这些生字查好词典，然后抄写在一本可随身携带的小本子上。每天有空时，就拿出这小本子背诵记忆，这样做不费时，效果却很好，因不断接触，反复记忆，词汇量增加得很快。
阅读能力的提高
阅读能力的测试包括阅读速度，理解程度以及记忆能力等。要想获得满意的英语成绩，最根本的方法就是提高词汇量，加强阅读训练，同时熟悉一些阅读技巧和做题方法也是至关重要的。每个人都有自己习惯的做题方法，不能说哪种方法更高明，要大家纷纷仿效。一种方法是先快速浏览问题，然后带着问题通读全文，了解文章的大概内容，这一遍要快，不理解的地方跳过，然后做题。这时我们心中已大概知道答案的分布，跳过无关部分，快速找到答案所在处，仔细阅读，反复推敲，直到选出正确答案。可以用直接法和排除法相结合选择答案，排除法是四个选项都看，逐一排除选项，选出正确答案。这种方法可提高正确率，但花费的时间较长。
英语阅读的解题步骤
第一步，略读全文，浏览大标题，分析小标题
浏览大标题的目的是为了对文章内容有大致的了解。而分析小标题则是为了把握文章的总体结构，了解文章内容的基本构成。如果阅读理解的篇幅较短，考试中可以直接用题目中的关键词汇定位，但是面对长篇累牍的快速阅读，考生首先应当留意文章当中是否有小标题。如果有，一定要先读小标题，因为小标题的作用如同目录，可以帮助考生宏观地把握文章框架，迅速寻找到有效信息的范围。
有时文章没有小标题，这时须按下列顺序浏览全文：第一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句——以下每一段的第一句——最后一段的第一句和最后一句。这种方法，意味着已经开始阅读，所以花的时间要长一些，但应该控制在两分钟之内。
第二步，仔细读题，划出标志词或关键词
标志词指的是专有名词(人名、地名、组织名、国名等)和数字等有标志性的单词，根据这些单词，我们可以对试题涉及的内容在文章中的位置进行快速定位。
如果试题中没有标志词，那么就根据试题中的名词、名词词组、动词、动词词组、形容词和形容词词组确定试题提问的内容，然后再确定试题在文章中的位置。
第三步，答题
在答题时，首先要根据标志词或关键词确定试题所在的部分，即在哪一个小标题下。如果文章没有小标题，也可以对试题在文章中的位置进行模糊定位。因为真题的出题顺序与原文的相关位置是一致的。也就是说，第四题答案的位置绝不会在第三题前面(但模拟题远非如此，所以模拟题较难)。因此我们答题时，不要一道题一道题地答，而要两道两道地做，前后呼应，能更好地定位。
英语阅读考试的答题方法
1、通读全文，抓住中心：首段原则(第一段非常总重要)首末句原则
a. 文章论述的主要内容是什么?
b.作者的态度有没有?
c.有没有一些核心的概念?
2、仔细审题，返回原文(搜索题干中的时间地点人物概念，然后去原文中对照找出相应的地方)
3、重复选项，得出答案( 选一个选项要有选它的理由，不选一个选项要有不选它的理由)
一般来说，阅读目的不外乎分为那么几种：要么是为了了解文章的大意，或者掌握具体细节，要么是寻找某些问题的答案，或者是为了学习语言。针对不同的阅读目的，你必须采取相应的阅读策略，只有这样才能真正做到有效的阅读。
如果你是为了了解文章的大意，建议你不妨首先研究一下文章标题，看看是否可以从中找到有用的信息;如果文章中还含有小标题的话，可以把它们结合起来加以综合考虑。接着，你可以采用类似浏览的略读策略(skim)，从主要部分(如文章的首段和尾段，及每一段的首句和末句等)寻找关键内容，从而快速准确地把握文章大意。
为了及时把握文章细节，你可以运用寻读策略(scan) 。所谓“寻读”， 就是要求你在阅读的时候，不过分强调对文章内容的整体理解。只要按照文章顺序，跳跃式地寻找有关的具体内容加以阅读理解即可。换句话说，就是只阅读你认为重要的细节部分，其他可以略过不读。
浅谈英语隐喻的理解
隐喻是一种常见的语言表达形式,是一种人们熟知的`生动语体.但由于隐喻的意义取决于词汇的创造性运用,且有赖于一定的想象力和具体的语境,这给准确理解英语隐喻句子造成了一定的困难.笔者对英语隐喻的理解及其教学作了探讨,希望对学习者和教师起到借鉴作用.
作 者：张文 作者单位：长江大学外国语学院,湖北荆州,434023 刊 名：科技创新导报 英文刊名：SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION HERALD 年，卷(期)： ”"(33) 分类号：H31 关键词：隐喻理解 想像力 词汇运用如何学好英语阅读理解
高中英语阅读占了高中英语考试中的很大一个部分，因此拿下了阅读，其它的也就不成问题了。文章从阅读材料的特点和教学策略两个方面分析了该如何提高高中英语阅读能力。
一、高中英语阅读教材的特点
1.体裁多样
高中英语阅读材料体裁多种多样，有记叙文、说明文、小说、传记，还有书信、日记戏剧、诗歌等，体裁的多样性能让学生在对比中了解英语的差异，有助于培养学生的语感。
2.题材广泛
现行高中英语阅读材料所占的比重较大，题材范围广泛，涉及到了天文、地理、历史、人物、日常生活、文学艺术、科学技术、环境保护、体育卫生等各个领域。广泛的题材有利于拓宽学生的知识面，培养学生的兴趣。?
?
二、高中英语阅读材料的教学策略
1.用不同方法教授不同材料
针对高中英语阅读材料题材广泛、体裁多样的特点，采取灵活多样的教学方法，激发学生阅读材料的兴趣，作好高中英语阅读前的心理准备。例如，在教American English这一篇阅读材料前，选择几段BBC和VOA的节目录音，对比播放，让学生对英国英语和美国英语的语音差异有一些感性认识，讨论总结美国英语与英国英语在语音上的不同之处，在此之后，学生就会产生一种强烈的求知欲望，想进一步了解美国英语和英国英语的差异，此时进行阅读，可谓水到渠成，事半功倍。美国现代流行音乐和美国乡村音乐有什么特点?选一些美国现代流行音乐和美国乡村音乐的片段，使学生产生阅读Country Music一文的欲望。与学生谈论他们喜爱的动画片《米老鼠和唐老鸭》，他们一定会更想了解Walt Disney
和他创建的Disneyland。兴趣是阅读的原动力，学生对所阅读的材料感兴趣，阅读效果才会更佳。?
2.合理利用标题，预测中心思想，设定阅读目标
在高中英语教材中，每篇高中英语阅读课文都有标题，在教学中，这些标题往往不受重视，一带而过，其实，标题就是课文主题的反映。对标题的分析能预测课文的内容，能了解作者的写作意图和思想倾向，对高中英语阅读材料的深刻理解有所帮助。如Book I lesson26中，Earthquake是阅读文章的标题，它又是该文章的中心和主题，围绕标题我们可以提出以下问题：?
(1)Why do earthquakes happen??
(2)What will the cities be when an earthquake happens??
(3)In what provinces in China did earthquakes happen in the past??
(4)In what other places of the world do earthquakes often happen??
(5)How can we prevent the buildings from destroying in earthquakes?? 就标题创设的`上述问题，既活跃了课堂气氛，又启发了学生的思维，使学生对于earthquake有了一定的了解，更激发了学生阅读该课文的兴趣。待到深入阅读课文时，理解起来就容易了。?
3.分清阅读材料的体裁，了解不同体裁的结构特征，多方位地训练学生的阅读理解能力?
近年来高考英语阅读材料所选择的文章涉及了记述文、论说文和应用文等多种文体。高考题选材多样化的趋向意味着中学英语阅读教学不仅要注重阅读材料的内容，而且要注重高中英语阅读的体裁。不同的体裁从结构和写作手法上都有所不同。如写人，就要写出人物的言行举止和心理感受;如记事，就要记清楚事情的来龙去脉;如议论，则应该有感而发，不要说空话。弄清楚阅读材料的体裁，
在高中英语阅读过程中才会做到心中有数，较快地抓住文章的主旨和重要信息，忽略次要、冗余的信息，直接找到主题句，使高中英语阅读理解更快捷和准确。
4.注意不同高中英语阅读材料中语言与文化的结合
在高中英语教材中阅读教材的内容涉及到了英语国家许多文化背景知识，充分体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。这也是近几年高考试题中所注重的一个方面。事实上，在阅读中缺少必要的文化背景知识，对语言材料的理解就会造成困难。因此，在阅读之前可向学生讲授一些与材料相关的文化背景知识，消除学生对高中英语阅读理解的障碍。?
5.通过高中英语阅读材料注重词汇的学习
词汇能力在基础教育阶段最为重要，它是高中英语阅读训练的前提条件。同时高中英语阅读又是提高词汇能力、扩充词汇量最有效的途径。在高中英语阅读教学中，应该有意识地培养学生根据上下文猜测词义的能力。例如，根据构词法知识推断词义。?
6.补充课外高中英语阅读材料
高中英语阅读能力的提高主要靠量的积累，教材中的阅读材料只是为培养学生的阅读理解能力提供一种范例，从量的方面来说，是远远不够的。所以，学生必须高中英语阅读大量的课外材料，才能有效地巩固和提高阅读理解能力。简写的文学名著、浅显的幽默故事、科普文章、报纸、杂志等都是很好的课外阅读材料。?
最后，想要获得成功，仅从上面的方法是不行的，还要付出时间和努力，通过不断的做题，然后总结经验，才能在高中英语阅读中取得突破。
一、进行快速阅读的必要条件
进行英语快速阅读的必要条件是：基本知识、语言基础、阅读技能、快速阅读不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以了解一定的基本知识为先决条件，以具备一定的词汇和基本语法为基础，还要掌握一些重要的阅读技能。如果没有语言基础，阅读材料通篇都是生词，语法难点很多，即使掌握了一些快速阅读的技能，要快也快不了。反之，如果只有语言基础知识，而没有阅读技能，要想读得快，读得多，也是不可能的。但是，如果对材料的内容缺乏基本常识，即使语言基础好，并具备阅读技能，也不可能“快读”，只能“慢读”。
基本知识主要是指的是所涉及英语的专业知识，没有一定的专业知识，要想把内容理解透是有相当大的难度的。
语言基础知识主要指词汇量和句型结构。要有一定的词汇量。这包括两部分，一是公共部分，二是专业部分。我认为公共英语部分至少要达到4，000个单词量，而专业部分最好要有1，500个词汇量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英语文章最大的语法难点是句型，句型中的难点是定语从句。一个句子很长，往往是由于定语从句连环套在作怪，定语中套着定语。这样的连环从句表达专业概念非常严谨，却给我们阅读带来困难。因此，我们要能够进行层次分析，准确把握各从句之间的关系，才能提高阅读速度。同时，要了解词性的变化，名词的动用和动词的名用。至于时态等其它的语法现象对我们具备一定语法知识的参试人员来说，基本上构不成多大障碍。
二、快速阅读的重要性
所谓的阅读能力主要是指精读和泛读能力。然而，英语阅读中，速度是人们最普遍关心的问题之一。在实际工作和生活中，百分之八十至百分之九十的阅读一般都是快速阅读、通过快速阅读，我们可以更广泛、更大量地阅读资料，猎取知识，增长见识，开阔眼界。通过大量阅读，频繁地接触语言材料，可以自觉或不自觉地学到或掌握大量的词汇和语汇，进一步熟练阅读技术，提高阅读能力，培养阅读兴趣和习惯。
三、快速阅读的速度与理解的关系
现在许多参试人员平时学习中对英语快速阅读的认识不足，他们无论看什么英文材料，都只注重理解而不注意阅读速度，因而阅读的效率、水平都难以提高。这样一来，处理好阅读速度和理解之间的平衡关系是我们值得认真对待的一个实际问题。速度太快，理解上往往出现很大的困难;速度太慢，又浪费很多的时间和精力。
在处理这两者之间的关系中，我认为要分为三个阶段。第一个阶段是筛选阶段。在我们阅读文章的过程中，首先筛选出对我们有利用价值的。每分钟的阅读速度可达800个字符，重点放在文章的标题和每段的第一句和最后一句上，基本上可对文章的中心、作者的意图有个20-30%的了解。在此基础上，进入第二阶段，也就是快速阅读阶段。就是说对我们已筛选出的信息作进一步的遴选，每分钟的阅读速度可保持在500个左右字符，达到70%的理解，再从中挑选出对我们有重要参考价值的内容来，然后进入第三阶段，也就是精研阶段。这一阶段，要达到90%以上的理解，力求准确把握作者的观点，融会贯通，根据其利用价值进行取舍。本文主要讨论第二阶段，限于篇幅，对其它两个阶段不作过多陈述，但也可参照本文的观点。
在提高阅读速度的初期，理解的降低是正常的，不必大惊小怪，只要继续以此速度读下去，就会发现理解会渐渐回升上来，达到原来速度时的理解水平。这里有一点必须注意，在理解水平还没有恢复到正常水平(至少要达到70%的理解)时，不要继续加快阅读速度。这二者的平衡在快速阅读的过程中是很重要的，不能过多的注意其中一项。我们应该明白，一分钟读400字符且达到了70%的理解比一分钟读200字符而达到90%的理解率效率高得多。理解了这一点，我们在阅读的过程中，就可以减少一些不必的担心，从而更好地提高自己的快速阅读的能力。
四、阅读过程中的障碍
1.阅读行为习惯的影响
在阅读过程中，我们要有意识地克服行为上某些不良的阅读习惯。
(1)出声读。因为眼睛的移动速度比舌头动作快。出声读不但影响速度，而且会分散一部分精力去注意自己的发音。
(2)逐字读。许多常见词，如功能词，不需停顿单独理解。
(3)默读。虽然没有大声读出来，但在脑中一字字读，也会影响速度，分散精力。
(4)指读。以手指挨个指着读，有碍理解和速度。除非手指飞速移动，引导眼睛快看。
(5)回读。眼睛回向移动，寻找先前读过的信息，而不是继续读下去以获取完整的概念。
2.阅读中心理因素的影响
阅读时，除了克服不良的阅读习惯外，还要注意克服一些影响阅读和理解程度的不良心理因素：
(1)期望值过高
希望一次阅读就掌握所读材料。这种急于求成的心理状态，不仅影响阅读时的心境，也使得视觉器官和大脑都不能集中于阅读过程本身，阅读的效果自然不好。
(2)过度重视阅读方法和技巧
由于阅读过程中过多思考阅读的方法、技巧等因素，而忽视了阅读材料及阅读本身的过程。从某种程度上讲，这会使我们注意力分散，阅读的兴趣自然大大减弱。
(3)思想开小差
对文字视而不见，翻了许多页，但脑子里仍一片空白。这样就降低了我们的注意力，影响了正常思维。
五、快速阅读的方法
面对繁杂的英语，要提高效率，就要有一定的方法。我认为唯有以泛读为基础，进行快速阅读的培养，才是一个行之有效的好方法。具体说来，要发现对自己有利用价值的信息，需要掌握如下方法：
1.推测(prediction)
阅读正文前，就标题(如果有标题的话)来合理推测资料的大概内容，也可在读了二、三段之后预测下段内容。这对快速理解和整体把握文章内容以及推测出生词的词义范围有积极的意义。因为英语单词一词多义现象太普遍了，一个单词在不同的专业领域往往含有不同的意思，甚至有的单词在同一专业领域在其意义的具体把握上也有细微的差别。
2.关键词句(keywordandtopicsentences)
在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，我们学会抓主要的词句，找出段落中的主题句，从而正确领会文章的主要内容，并注意到是否对自己有利用价值。
3.略读或浏览或跳读(Skimming)
Skim有掠过的意思，又有从牛奶等液体上撇去的意思，转意为“快速掠过，从中提取最容易取得的精华”。用于阅读，或译为略读，或译为泛读，似乎都未把其细微的意思译出。而这种读法却包含有原词的所有意思——快速读过去，取出读物中关键性的东西。因此，我们可以把这种读法理解为快速浏览课文，领会文章大意。一般而言，通过标题可知道文章的主题。对文章的首段和末段要多加注意，以便发现作者的观点。
4.查阅(Scanning)
Scaning的意思是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。Scan就是通常所说的“扫描”。其特点是快，但又要全部扫及。Scan这个词的词义似乎矛盾，它既可以理解为“仔细地审视”，也可以理解为“粗略地浏览”。这种情况倒成了扫读的绝好证明。从形式上看，扫读是粗粗地一扫而过，一目十行，但从读者的注意方面来看，却又是高度的集中，在快速阅读中仔细挑出重要的信息。因此，查阅可以理解为迅速找出文章中的有关事实细节或某一具体信息;有时要找出某一个单词或词组，如人名、地名、日期、价格等;有时要找出文中所述的某一特殊事件，而这一事件可能是由一个词或短语交代的。若不具备一定的能力，这样的细节恐不易发现。
5.速度变换(Readingrate)
我们要意识到阅读的速度是不均匀的。也就是说，即使同一个人阅读同一份材料，但由于阅读是一种有相当心理负荷的脑力劳动，因此在开始、中途和结束时的速度不可能一样。读物的体裁和难度不一样，阅读的速度也不同。我们不要过分焦虑自己的阅读速度，以免造成不必要的心理压力。随着速度的提高，理解的程度都有所降低，所以我们应认识到阅读文章时的速度是可以调节的，只有合适的速度才可能获得快速准确的阅读效率。
6.阅读习惯(ReadingHabit)
从主观上要能克服注意力容易分散即所谓“思想开小差”的毛病，高度集中自己的注意力;从客观上克服各种无意中形成或由来以久的坏习惯，如摇头晃脑，抖动双腿，玩弄纸笔，念念有词等。这些“小动作”，也会分散注意力、影响思考，降低阅读速度。
六、怎样培养快速阅读的技巧
读外文书籍要做到“一目十行”。
1.视幅要宽
意思是每一眼看的词要尽量的多。我们阅读表面是用眼睛看，实际是用脑子读，眼睛只是起了照相机镜头的作用。努力使自己的眼睛变成“广角镜”，把尽可能多的词能一眼“尽收眼底”。
2.视时要短
意思是第一眼和第二眼之间停顿的间隙要尽量短。我们阅读时，若视幅相同，谁的停顿时间短，谁就能读得快。
3.意群要长
即在每个视幅中不是让你把很多的单词都收进脑子，而是要善于从中摄取有意义的词组，这个有意义的词组就是意群。极慢的读者是一个字一个字地读，视幅就很窄，句子中间的停顿就多，而频繁的停顿必然妨碍正常的理解。快速阅读者是半句或一句句地读。视幅大大加宽，停顿的间隙少而短，获取的都是有意义的词组，因而理解全句或全段就能做到水到渠成。
4.利用上下文猜生词
充分利用上下文给出的线索，有些生词的意思是可以猜出来的。下面介绍一些基本方法：
(1)利用定义的线索
在生词出现的上文或下文，有时能找到对它所下的定义或解释，由此可判断其定义。
(2)利用同义的'线索
一个生词出现的上下文中有时会出现与之同义或近义的词，它往往揭示或解释了生词的词义。
(3)利用反义的线索
在某一生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或常用来对比的词语，由它可以推测生词词义。
(4)利用常识猜测词义
有时一句话中尽管有生词，但我们可以利用已有的知识去判断生词的意思。
(5)利用等式或符号猜测生词
一段话后面有时会给出一些等式或符号，如前面的话中有生词，由后面的等式或符号可疑猜出生词的词义。
总之，利用多种方法猜测生词词义，有助于提高阅读速度和学习兴趣，是英语学习者应当掌握的好方法。
七、结束语
英语快速阅读的培养不可能一天就学会和掌握，必须有一个循序渐进的过程。本文的出发点在于平时学习过程中的培养和训练，才能在考试过程中发挥得淋漓尽致，达到满意的效果。因此，在日常学习中，要有意识地按照精英特快速阅读的要求进行大量的训练，制定出计划和严格的要求，一步一个脚印地进行。只要持之以恒，必然会见效。
随着中考英语的改革，阅读在中考中的分值增大，阅读理解的选材越来越广泛，包括天文、科技、地理、历史、任务传记、英美风俗人情等，并且加大了对考生理解、概括、推理能力的考查。
学生在掌握科学、有效的阅读方法和技巧的同时，使用词典、语法等工具书及各种英语教育教学资源的过程中，能掌握全文大意并能根据中文信息找出问题相关答案，逐步提高学生独立阅读的能力。现行初中阅读课文是各单元教学的核心，容量大、密度高、话题广、课时紧，需要采取一种新的教学途径来解决。新的课程标准也提倡任务型的教学途径。任务型教学就是以具体的任务为学习目的，让学生带着任务完成阅读，理清文路，最终完成阅读题。
一、初中英语阅读能力的要求
分析中考题型，整套题加大了阅读量：一篇完形填空(15分)，四篇阅读文章(30分)，一篇任务型阅读(10分)。六篇文章55分，两个小时内完成这么多文章，还有20分的听力，5分补全对话，15分作文，15分单项选择。显而易见，阅读的重要性是不可忽视的。而学生的阅读能力不是一朝一夕能提高的，特别是初中学生需要我们在日常教学中加大对阅读的训练，使学生逐步获得独立阅读能力。
二、操作措施
以下Travels for the environment 为例，对阅读技能训练在教学中的应用加以说明，这篇文章内容含量大，设计到热门话题，人口与环境，所以我把这篇文章放在初中英语后讲，在此之前学生在学习中已谈论到了环保的话题。我在处理这篇文章时，主要有以下几步：
(一)阅读前任务设计
1、用多媒体播放，人多车多造成的交通道路拥挤，城市的大面积扩张造成了大面积耕地被占用，森林面积减少，然后提出如下问题
Who causes such changes?
What should we do?
学生马上热烈的讨论起来，屏幕上的场景迅速激活了课堂，激发了学生的阅读兴趣，使他们产生了强烈的阅读愿望。
(二)阅读中任务(while——reading task)
1、快速阅读，了解主旨大意
使学生在规定时间内默读完课文并找出每段的主题句或段落的中心句。当然，学生也可以用不同的句子来概括每段的中心。只要有自己的观点，都要给予肯定和表扬。
2、精读，获取更多信息
为了帮助学生了解更多的信息，设计如下几个问题，让学生在问中找出相关信息，并小组讨论
1)From the passage we know that our earth has changed much because of ---------
A. its old age B.man’s activities C.the changes of weather D.the natural development
2)Water pollution will become even worse if --------- .
A.birds and fish continue to die B.people continue to built factories
C.people can’t stop factories from sending waste things into water
D.many rivers and lakes are still dead
3.研读，从中受到启发
(三)阅读后任务
通过前面几个环节的教学，学生对课文的信息有了全面的了解和理解，为了让他们成功运用所掌握的语言形式，阅读后再找出几篇相关话题的文章，做快速阅读训练，让学生先看题再看文章，将文中的答案找出。
1) 在日常阅读训练中，让学生能习惯于先审题，掌握题意，带着任务去读文章的方法，一般的阅读问题都可以通过全文找出相关答案或信息，不能让学生单独脱离文章靠印象做题。
2) 有的学生表现出不愿合作或不主动，只顾自己思考，基本上在独立学习的层次上，没有真正的讨论和合作;有的学生表现出对任务不理解;有的学生在交流中过多使用母语等。
3) 部分学生习惯于教师以前的讲授教学方式，认为上课认真听讲笔记就能学好英语。开始他们对语言活动表现得漠不关心，在合作学习中合作不主动、不充分，存有消极、自私、依赖和缺乏责任感等不良心理，使合作学习达不到理想的效果。
中考英语阅读理解
近年来，注重对初中生阅读理解能力的考核已成为中考的一大趋势。阅读理解能力影响并制约听、说、读、写能力的形成和发展，中学英语教学大纲也把培养阅读能力作为一个主要的教学目标。要做好阅读理解，应从以下几方面入手 。
分门别类识别文体
随着信息时代的到来，阅读内容更趋于信息化、时代化，突破了单一的故事、寓言等题材，内容涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等，文章的体裁也从记叙扩大到产品说明、逻辑推理及实际应用等文体。不同的文体阅读的要求与方法不尽相同。
记叙文阅读主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系、表现，从中分析他们思想品质、性格特征等;议论文是阐明作者对人或事的好坏的立场观点，因此在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据，理清论证思路，再进行逻辑推理得出结论;应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简历，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格、地址、网址等，对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章内容。
统览全篇摘录要点
阅读理解是对整个文章的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度以及内在的逻辑关系的理解，而不是断章取义的一孔之见，所以统览全篇和问题是很有必要的，这些问题会给你提供信息或暗示文章中的一些重要细节。
如本市中考试卷C篇阅读并回答问题中，通过对全篇的布局谋篇以及问题的设置看到的不是片言只语，而从中感悟到人文思想的体现，人类和自然界生态相辅相成的关系，从而得出第6小题：From the passage，we learn that___.答案为B：
The rainforest people have done something to protect their home.
在统览全篇的同时要注意要点的摘录，因为一些显性的答案是可以从要点中直接回答，而隐性的答案则是要通过对全篇的理解才能得出。统览全篇，摘录要点亦有利于检查时节省时间。
开动脑筋推测词意
初中英语学科教学基本要求规定，学生能根据上下文推测词义，并能不借助词典读懂含有3%生词的语言材料，换言之，这就是促使学生的知识内化的过程，学生要通过知识内化将内隐的心理活动转换为外显的行为，可以借助以下的几种方法完成内化过程：
根据上下文猜测词意
如闸北区中考模拟题，阅读B篇中passed away，根据上文的An illness had kept the boy home和下文写给Rick的信中可以猜测出意为“去世”。
根据构词法猜测词意
前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。
后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。
后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，science、scientist，art、artist等。
用知识和生活经验理解短文
如根据化学知识，可以理解科普读物Water is made from oxygen and hydrogen1.;根据生活经验可以理解Green plants let out oxygen and breathe in carbon dioxide.。根据逻辑推理理解短文
逻辑推理实际上就是文章的“弦外之音”、“言下之意”。如闸北区中考模拟卷阅读C篇回答问题中，根据Have the police taken your driving licence2 away，too?可以推断问题6：Why was the other man riding a bicycle instead of diving a car?的答案为：Because the police had take his driving licence away.。
再如Then they cam e to the second picture. The assistant was going to draw the cloth ashe did before.As soon ashe touched the cloth，he cried，″Wonderful It’s the best picture I have ever seen!″据此可以推断出第二张画画的是一块布。
条分缕析理解长句
长句是初中生阅读理解的难点之一，长句中通常包含并列、复合、倒装等结构，对于这类句子要分清主次，先找出句子的主、谓、宾、定、状、补，再找出修饰它的从句或短语等。如，Parents whose children show a special interest in a particular sport have a difficult decision to make about their children’s career.先找出本句的主、谓、宾为Parents have a cision.，再找出修饰语W hose3 children show a special interest in a particular sport为Parents的定语从句，difficult修饰decision，to make about their children’s careers为不定式做decision的定语。经过分析，化整为零，化繁为简，此句就不难理解了。
1. According to the cover of the National Enquirer, the longtime couple “split,” their $130 million fortune is “at stake,” and Russell walked out on Hawn, who’s had a “secret lover.” Inside the magazine, however, is a different story. A “source” tells the publication, “They love each other, but they’ve just accepted they can’t be together 24/7. Their relationship has been volatile at times.
也有把source换成insider来说的：
2. A so-called “insider” is quoted as saying, “The timing makes perfect sense. Johnny finalized his nasty divorce from Amber Heard in January. And while Angie’s divorce battle with Brad seems to have calmed down, privately she’s still angry.”
在大量体验英语的基础上，现在你对英语“爆料”用词，印象肯定很深的了。你的“新知”是来自于英语的体验，而不是直接来自中文答案。
还有，其实我们直接说tips，就可以表达“爆料”了。Tips用词很广泛啊!什么“贴士”，“攻略”，“透露点剧情”，“小道消息”等等，都是tips一网打尽。
知己知彼：弄清命题理念
要知道做题的秘诀，首先要知道命题人的思想。高考的目的就是分个等级，把大家区别开来，所以在能够区别的地方设置题目“为难”大家。因此命题老师会挖空心思来出题。高考英语阅读选中择题答案就两种：right or wrong。题支命题的构成方式就是“干扰+陷阱”，陷阱就是下面的错误类型。掌握了操作技巧，做阅读理解既迅速又正确。做题技巧归纳起来就是：找出“right answer”，毙掉“wrong answers'。
做题四部曲：步骤1-4
做题步骤很重要!英语非常牛的人，先后顺序影响不大，但不要相信你非常牛。可能大家有自己的做题习惯与步骤，但是这里推荐的步骤为：读阅读题题干并勾关键词——读题支并勾关键词——读文章勾出对应的句子——返回问题，选出答案。具体操作见图。步骤很重要，能够提高做题的正确率和效率。
例如：以英语高考全国卷A篇阅读理解为例。第一步：读36题题干“What dose the author say about doctors in general?”——勾出黑体字的关键词”;第二步：读题支“A.They like flying by themselves.B.They are unwilling to take advice. C.They pretend to be good pilots.D.They are quick learners of CRM——勾出这里标记的黑字体关键词，如法炮制完成36-39题;第三步：阅读文章(文章见图片)——勾出文章中与题干、题支像匹配、类似的词语、句子，如“Doctor、don't listen 、CRM”等;第四步：返回到题中，将题支中的句子与文章中对应的句子对比，得出答案。如果还没清楚，请看图片。
无中生有：
顾名思义，就是文章中没有写，但题支中却出现了。绝大多数情况下，这种题支就是是错误的，因为文章没有提及。这种考题较常见于简单的模拟考试、出题简单的省份。但是有2种情况下是正确的：推理的+归纳的，具体解释见第三部分“正确答案的特征”。
例如：13年全国卷中，A篇阅读理解中，A答案关键词含“like flying”，而文中根本未提到like,就连近义词enjoy/love等都没有;D答案中关键词“quick learners ”，对应的句子中就没有提及quick，就连同义词fast/rapid都没出现，同理C答案也一样。所以遇到这种无中生有的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
超前判断：
所谓超前判断指的是文章中还没有得出结果，明确得出结论，在题支中就得出了结论/结果，弄错时态，把现在的说成将来的，把过去的说成现在的，把将来完成的说成现在完成的，把可能的说成已经的等不一而足。当然别把它和推理出来的答案搞混了，推理归纳的见后面详解。
例如：2013高考英语上海卷C篇73题问的是“It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that therobotic fly _____”,D答案是“has been put into wide application”，而文中对应的句子为“so that it might someday perform…”。所以遇到超前判断的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
喧宾夺主：
喧宾夺主也就是主次颠倒，没有弄清主次关系。通俗讲，就是在阅读理解中，对于问题中的题支，能够在文中找到相对应的部分或者是句子，但是只有一个是最主要的，其他表述都是次要的，这个主要的就是围绕问题展开叙述的。这种类型的错误常见于：归纳短文意思、给短文选择最适合的标题等类型的问题中。
例如：2013英语上海卷C篇75题，问题是：“Which of the following might be the best title of thepassage?”，题支为：A.Father of Robotic Fly B.Inspiration from Engineering Science C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study。根据文章每个答案都有提及，看起来都好像是正确的。通过文章，找出原来是围绕Robotic和life来讲的，这就是最主要的主体，因此正确。而A中father、B中Inspiration、D中Breaks Through都只是辅助部分甚至没提到。所以遇到喧宾夺主的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
答非所问：
这个相比大家都懂了，人家问西你答东。题支中的回答和题干不相符。这种问题应该是最简单的，相信不少人火眼晶晶就能够看出来。比较准确地说是就是不相关。由于高考想区别出等级，所以需要难度，这种类型的题就比较少了，最为常见于初中英语题中以及高中平时模拟练习中。
例如：比如2013高考山东卷73题B答案。问题是“For what purpose did Pearson start the advertisingcampaign?”，答案中为“A. To build a good relationship with the public B. To stress the unusual tradition of Sparrow C. To lean about customers; ”B、C答案关键词为unusual tradition、customers，文中并没有围绕这个来说(当然这里这个例子是不够精确)。所以遇到答非所问的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
强加因果：
强加因果就是本来两件事情就没有因果关系，却在题支中说出两个的因果关系，这都是错误的题支。这种类型的错误是比较少见的，但是一旦出现，不容易发现，尤其是逻辑性比较强的问题。应对方法是，对于有因果叙述的问题，需要自习推敲一下，看看是否是真的有因果关系。
例如：文章中讲了全球气候变暖( global warming)，文章中可能讲乱砍乱伐、汽车尾气、燃烧秸秆等等问题，在问题中，问你造成全球变暖是由什么造成的，题支中给你一个选项就是乱砍乱伐，可能你就会想：乱砍乱伐——树木减少——光合作用减少——二氧化碳消耗减少——大气中热、二氧化碳增多——所以全球气候变换，这就是典型的想多了! 所以遇到这种强加因果的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
颠倒是非：
把肯定的说成否定，把否定的说成肯定，这种类型的错误还是比较容易看出来的。但是如果通过同义转换，就不是很好看出来了。或者是把不是很明确的说的十分肯定，就较难看出这种颠倒是非的关系。
例如：2013上海卷74题问的是“Which of the following can be learned from the passage”，B答案为“Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.”而原文对应的句子为“You can start thinking about using them to answeropen scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would bedifficult with the animals, but using these robots instead” 。就是明显的同义转换后颠倒是非。所以遇到颠倒是非的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
以偏概全：
以偏概全指的是文章中说的是一个范围，问题中悄悄将题支的叙述范围给你改了，很久都看不出来。文章是由几部分组成的，每个部分肯定有自己的中心范围，而这些部分就组成了整篇文章，整片文章又只有一个中心，如果是用某部分的来表达整个文章的思想，就是以偏概全。
例如：2013上海卷C篇75题，问的是“Whichof the following might be the best title of the passage?”;题支为“A. Father of Robotic Fly B. Inspirationfrom Engineering Science C.Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect D.Harvard Breaks Through in InsectStudy”。根据黑体关键词，A的是一个部分的，B的描述的是下一个部分的,D也是，文章中说的也不是很明确，这种类型的常见于概括文章、给文章起标题概括中心思想的题型中。对于以偏概全的答案可以：直接判为错误答案!
张冠李戴等
错误的类型主要是这几种，另外还有张冠李戴，也就是说张三做的事情，说成李四做的，比如文章中为jack did the work ,题支中却说成了Jackson;再如he won the prize，却说成she won the prize等。
近些年英语貌似变得简单些了，不过如果题出难了的话，还有几种不容易发现的错误类型如：逻辑推理、大小关系不清楚等等，这类似数学的真包含假包含一样。比如说Jack planted some big trees near his home, the air around getting fresher after that。题支中的描述成“ what jack did prevent the global warming” 这样就是属于逻辑上的混乱和错误。
★ 初三英语阅读理解
