托福阅读说明文体裁解析

2022-06-24 08:45:29| 收藏本文下载本文作者：Gavagai

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托福阅读说明文体裁解析

篇1：托福阅读说明文体裁解析

托福阅读说明文体裁解析

阅读：官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

留下 these troops had a considerable impact on Britain;也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后2～4句其实交代前提，开始具体的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻，人民不满而反抗，最后军事镇压。

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要

所以总共7句话的段落，分层三个层次，主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的：英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。(要想富，先修路)

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

托福阅读：5种题型的技巧

(1)主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。

(2)列举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。

(3)文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

(4)作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

(5)文章想方设法题。文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。

托福阅读：句意解释题技巧

这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

解决这类题目的三种方法：

第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。

下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：

Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

1. A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.

2. It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.

3. Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.

4. Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.

解题：

首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。

篇2：托福阅读评分标准解析

托福阅读评分标准解析备考前先了解评分规则

一.托福阅读评分标准

新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表：

原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分
45	30	30	16	15	5
44	29	29	16	14	5
43	29	28	15	13	4
42	28	27	14	12	4
41	27	26	13	11	3
40	26	25	12	10	3
39	25	24	11	9	2
38	24	23	10	8	2
37	23	22	9	7	1
36	22	21	8	6	1
35	21	20	8	5	0
34	20	19	7	4	0
33	19	18	7	3	0
32	18	17	6	2	0
31	17	16	6	1	0

二.托福阅读加试也会影响成绩

如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细则如下：

(1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。

(2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。

(3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。

之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数

实例解析托福阅读的排除题目

怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。

排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑中对于四个选项的内容和原文进行四次匹配，才能完成一道这样的托福阅读题目。所以这种题目解题的时候，阅读量较细节题要大，思维活动的次数也比细节题要多，简言之，这种题就是来拖延时间，放慢你的解题速度的。因此同学们会发现，这种题目出现的频率不能高，现在ETS为了提高托福阅读的考试难度，所采用的一种方法就是在文章中增加排除题的出现频率。

解法：定位题干关键词回原文。正确选项应具备：

a 读选项，划ABCD选项关键词(名词)。

b 带着这些关键词到原文对应段落迅速定位阅读。

c. 没有找到对应点的或者和原文说法相矛盾的选项就是答案。

d. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时，优先选择明显矛盾的选项。所以，在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。免费索取：托福考试参考资料

Tips：

此类托福阅读题难度是除文章总结题和图表题外最大的题型。因为它要求我们阅读的信息量超越了其他题目数倍。

做否定列举题的时候，因为答案中有三个正确的，所以内容可能会涉及不同的段落，记住要灵活变通。

通过上面的介绍可以发现这种托福阅读题型说简单也简单说不好做也不好做，那么只要掌握了托福阅读题的解答方法拿分还是很容易的，希望大家以后再做托福阅读时能够克服。

托福阅读的机考模式与考试强度

机考模式

新托福阅读考试分两种模式：Short Format以及Long Format。前者历时60分钟，要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间拉长至100分钟，按需完成60-70道题目。

本来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”，但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电脑操作，这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。也许对大多数人来说看几个小时的网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新鲜事儿，但面对屏幕做上一两个小时的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

建议各位正在准备托福阅读备考的同学，平时要养成习惯通过电脑来阅读，至于阅读的内容将会在第四个点里再作详细介绍。关于这一点的备考和写作的备考策略是一致的，大家可以结合起来一起准备。

考试强度

无论是Short Format还是Longre Format，托福阅读考试强度上对考生的要求都是相当大的，新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而，在新托福阅读当中，对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是要求在规定时间里完成规定的题数。

新托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也有很大区别，因为CET4、CET6与高考的阅读考试都是提供约4-5篇文章，然后出20道选择题，要求考生根据所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练，认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考，而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在托福阅读备考期间一定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习惯，培养自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数，并保证一定的正确率。

托福阅读的做题策略

从题型来看，TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大，涉及的词汇面广。要想考好阅读，要求考生不光有扎实的英语基础，还需要精准的做题策略。

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，做一个简短的scanning，定位文章难易程度，以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右，所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度，同时目测文章的题量分布，这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间，是非常必要的。

第二步：通过阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文，它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。 TOEFL文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题，然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，同时也应该看一下第二句，如果有转折词，则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解，很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则：看完文章，才能开始做题。

做题时，考生们应该明白以下道理：

1、有据可循。每篇文章题目都根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

2、回归原文。做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，同时排除相应的选项。

3、整句分析。遇到难句子时，应该对其进行句子结构分析，排除修饰成分，寻找主干部分，从而迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个的词不放，不然就会因小失大。

4、基于事实。每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。

篇3：托福阅读题型解析

托福阅读题型解析丨阅读最后一题如何做的又快又对?

一.托福阅读小结题难度解析

文章小结题，很多同学都觉得难，难就难在选项多而且时间紧迫，之前做题花费的时间过长，以至于在做到最后一题的时候还没来得及仔细甄选，页面已经变成了“时间到”的提示，所以就很悲催的进行了下一项的作答，相当影响心情和对后面的考试产生不利影响。其实文章小结题题目本身并不难，只要我们掌握做题的一些方法，这道题会变成性价比很高的。

二.托福阅读小结题做题步骤

第一步

要在最快的速度内拉出文章构架：即在做所有题之前先快速跳读一遍文章。通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首尾句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。读首尾句的原因我们大家都很理解，那么读转折句的意义何在呢?文章的首句说了一件事，如果下面没有转折的话，那下面的话肯定是在解释上一句话，或者顺着上一句话往下说，最后可能在总结一下，那我们只读首尾句就可以概括出这段话的主旨，但是如果出现了转折，也就是说后面说的事情和之前讲的不一样，也就是说文章的意思有两层，转折句就是第二层意思的概括。读的时候做笔记是非常有必要的，看似在浪费时间，实则节省时间，因为免去了后面做题还要再看原文的痛苦，托福阅读中的文章架构都是很清晰，一般我们看段首尾句和转折句就可以抓住文段的中心。

第二步

判断选项，做文章小结题。我们要谨记选出来的选项是要能概括文章大意的，所以一些细节性的，和文章表述相矛盾的，或者是文章中未提及的选项都可以借助排除法进行选择。那什么是细节性的呢?细节就是不需要被解释的内容，也就是说陈述的是一件事实，我们判断一个句子是不是细节，就要看它前后有没有解释。和文章表述相矛盾或者是原文中没有提到的信息要排除，为什么呢?因为我们选的要是能表达文章主要意思的选项，跟原文表述都相反怎么可能入选呢?有很多同学觉得自己分辨不出那些是文章没提及的，那些是跟文章相违背的，其实这都是关于细节性的考察，我们之前做的题目就是积累细节的过程，要是一个选项中出现了我们没看过的内容，虽然不能很断定的说文章有没有提及，但绝对不是文章的主旨，因为主旨不可能只提一次，而且在不显眼的地方出现的，借助我们记的笔记，总结出各段的大意，我们很容易判断出那些是段落主旨大意那些是细节性或者无关的信息。

托福阅读小结题是托福阅读所有题型中难度比较高的一类，但是如果掌握正确的做题方法，并多加练习，这类题目也就不会那么难了。大家在做题的时候要先看文章架构，然后再根据文章主旨判断选项，这样才能快速判断出选项的正误。

托福阅读技巧之指代关系题型

例题1：

Passage： “…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides， they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns， so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”

The word they in the passage refers to

A. applied-art objects

B. the laws of physics

C. containers

D. the sides of pots

正确答案是A.

例题2：

Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia， 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution， if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”

The word which in the passage refers to

A. distribution

B. sale

C. newspaper

D. postal service

正确答案是D

托福阅读的十大出题原则是什么

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： FirstFirst,……Second,……Third,……等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . Except 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ???

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如年 10 月第 48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出： (1) 主题性问题 (2) 细节性问题 (3) 结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：

(1) 破折号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(2) 括号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4) 引号，表示引用，考细节性问题：

(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。

综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;同时作为出题规律，检验自己所选答案的正确性。

遇到托福阅读中的学术词汇如何处理

什么是学术词汇

在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇，会大大拖慢阅读速度，影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中，所有的单词可以被归为两类：一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景，比如：animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物，像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟);某一个生物结构，像是nerve cord(神经索)，或者某一个历史时期，像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词，托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。

具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面：第一，我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇;第二，学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测;第三，我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道，例如：托福阅读中出现过一种叫Kittiwake的鸟，汉语叫三趾鸥，这个中文名词，我们可能也没有听过。如此，陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度，也影响我们的心理状态。

为什么会有学术词汇

那么既然托福是一门语言考试，那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇?而这所有的学术词汇，为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢?

首先应该相信，作为世界范围内英语最为权威的考试之一，考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。

托福的确是语言考试，但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语，但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生)，对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里，一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢?显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求，托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂，理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成，含有大量的学术词汇。这样，托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。

一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多，可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本;但是，如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。

“量”的问题--考前储备学术词汇

考前储备学术词汇，首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，自然科学，人文科学，社会科学，艺术等等无所不包，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的，也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时，我们只需在练习时，把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写，会听，会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物)，动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。

“质”的问题--考场理解学术词汇

当我们在考场上时，对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次，也就是“质”是不同的。主要可以归为两类。

第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们“是哪类事物”就可以。

例如：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.

句中“common murres”, “Atlantic puffins”, “black-legged kittiwakes”, 和 “northern gannets” 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们，我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以，然后利用首字母缩写，分别可以用“C” “A” “BK” 和“N”来替代标记，之后在做到相关题时，比如：

According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(D) Northern gannets

其中 B、C、D选项直接对应“A”、 “BK” 和“N”即可。

第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们“是哪类事物”，还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有：定义从句，同位语从句，插入语，破折号，括号等。

例如：

1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice.

这篇文章主题是冰川，句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语，后面的破折号之间的部分，即是对cementation的解释定义。

2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands).

这一句中，Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇，括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中，

All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。

正确的态度面对学术词汇

学术词汇固然有一些难度，但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发，它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中，在阅读课本的过程中，肯定有很多术语是陌生的，没见过的，而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习，才掌握了那些学术词汇，才学到了知识。

同样，做托福阅读时，不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出解释定义的，而这些也是学习的重点，要着重理解。与课本不同的是，真正的课本上，概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示，而在托福阅读中，我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇，理解的“质”也不需要那么高。

只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质，平时适当积累，掌握正确的应对方法，再加上正确的面对心态，相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。

篇4：托福阅读推理题解析

托福阅读推理题解析

推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。

推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

解答这里题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们在来看一道例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

提高托福阅读答对率有技巧

一、新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系

在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4 个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。

然后我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到“因为”，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。

我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。

二、多选题的关键在于题干

iBT的听力和阅读的多选题应该如何把握?这也确实是中国同学比较容易错的一个地方，新托福iBT中的多选题是这样的，即一部分题型，每道题当中都有几个选项是正确选项，也就是我们说的多选题。比如说，阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题，多选题分两类，一类叫图表题，给你一个图表，让你6选3或者 8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题，文章内容概述题，什么意思呢?先给你一句话，这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想，请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。

这样的话，这个题目是我们的第二个问法，这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题，这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理，因为这类题目分值也比较高，一般是2 分或3分。我们即使答错一个空，3分题还会拿到两分，不会给你扣掉所有的分。

第二，这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上，当你把之前其他的问题都答完了，你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了，再做这个题的话，基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多，这种题多少都会有分的。第三，这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心，做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解，因为这句话就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的，或和这句话有关联点的，跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项，所以要求我们特别细心，越细心越好。

托福阅读真题1

In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.

Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. ?

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves

(B) Various marine conservation programs

(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments

2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) repetition

(B) approval

(D) revision

3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) managed

(B) recognized

(D) justified

4. The word these in line 11 refers to

(A) sites

(B) candidates

(D) sanctuaries

5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an

example of a sanctuary that

(A) is not well know

(B) covers a large area

(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status

6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?

(A) before 1972

(B) after 1987

(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established

7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine

Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT

(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms

(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species

(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life

8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) depth

(B) landmass

(D) outer edge

9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United

States?

(A) limitations in financial support

(B) the use of marine species as food

(D) increases in tourism

PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD

托福阅读真题2

In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.

Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.

Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.

The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.

1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy

(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century

(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century

2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who

(A) maintained their businesses at home

(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology

(D) would employ only family members

3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) recovered from

(B) depended on

(D) contributed to

4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that

occurred in the United States before 1914?

(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States

(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances

(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force

5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracted

(B) assigned

(D) attached

6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other

(A) adults

(B) promises

(D) social opportunities

7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) nonproductive

(B) unacceptable

(D) unprofitable

8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that

industrialization

(A) increased the price of farm products

(B) limited the need for new farm machinery

(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work

9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming

capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?

(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.

(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.

(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.

10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers

(A) were required to be more creative

(B) worked extensively with raw materials

(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only

PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD

篇5：托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文结构讲解

一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析：

官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

通过上文实例讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读说明文的基本结构和解题思路也有了一定了解。之后大家在通过一些练习加深对说明文的认识和解题方法，以后面对这类高频阅读文章类型就能顺利解答确保得分了。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870's, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.

Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.

Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.

Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.

1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainly

discuss?

(A) The influence of science on literature

(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers

(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism

2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) dominated

(B) transformed

(D) generalized

3. The word they in line 8 refers to

(A) authors

(B) dialects

(D) relationships

4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist and

naturalist literature was

(A) the Civil War

(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular

(D) an economic depression

5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT

(A) human relationships

(B) characteristics of different regions

(D) social and historical theories

6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) emphasized

(B) described

(D) classified

7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?

(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers

(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors

(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style

8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?

(A) Ellen Glasgow

(B) Sarah Orne Jewett

(D) Mark Twain

9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he

(A) was the first realist writer in the United States

(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach

(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech

10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) most difficult

(B) interesting

(D) leading

11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?

(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.

(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.

(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.

PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C

篇6：托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析从结构开始学习解题思路

托福阅读说明文结构讲解

官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

托福阅读：词汇题分析整理

例题1 Passage:

“In the animal world the task of moving about is fulfilled in many ways. For some animals locomotion isaccomplished by changes in body shape…” The word locomotion in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.evolution

B.movement

C.survival

D.escape

正确答案是B。

例题2 Passage:

“Some poisonous snake bites need to be treated immediately or the victim will suffer paralysis…” In stating that the victim will suffer paralysis the author means that the victim will

A.lose the ability to move

B.become unconscious

C.undergo shock

D.feel great pain

正确答案是A。

托福阅读：易混淆的词组

1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地

2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响

3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

4) angel 天使 angle 角度

5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记

6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛

7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则

8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的

9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文

10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打

11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下

12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水

13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近

14) costume 服装 custom习惯

15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的

16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的

17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)

18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变

19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓

22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式

23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续

24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物

25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房

26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴

27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳

28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉

29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏

30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物

31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从

32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照

33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事

34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛

35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹

36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水

篇7：新托福阅读评分标准解析

新托福阅读评分标准解析

一. 阅读评分标准解析

其实阅读题分数是有一个转化过程的，阅读题的原始分值和转化后的对应分值。新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。

那么具体对应的分值转换又是怎么样的呢?我们一起来看看下面的表格就明白了：

原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分
45	30	30	16	15	5
44	29	29	16	14	5
43	29	28	15	13	4
42	28	27	14	12	4
41	27	26	13	11	3
40	26	25	12	10	3
39	25	24	11	9	2
38	24	23	10	8	2
37	23	22	9	7	1
36	22	21	8	6	1
35	21	20	8	5	0
34	20	19	7	4	0
33	19	18	7	3	0
32	18	17	6	2	0
31	17	16	6	1	0

二. 影响阅读成绩的其他因素

(3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。

之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数。

托福阅读长难句：建筑学结构

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)

大家先自己理解，多想想，先别看解析，看不明白，再看下面的解析。

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )

老邪分析：一个句子重点在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。以下主干为句子中红色部分，括号里均是修饰成分。

修饰一：(In order for the structure)，介词短语

修饰二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非谓语做形容词性修饰structure

修饰三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入语，插入语记得先跳过去，断句别出问题，that和have changed是在一起的。

(老师，啥叫插入语?嗯，好问题，改天我专门讲讲这些概念。上过课并认真听的同学，你懂的。)

修饰四：(that have changed little sincepeople first discovered them.从句修饰support

修饰五：(even while building materials have changed dramatically. )，从句

括号外面的是主干：architectureemploys methods of support，注意support这里是名词。

已经拆成这么短了，你再试试看，应该能看懂了吧?其实在理解句子的时候比较容易犯错在于断句和语序，语序和中文有差异，下次我讲修饰成分的时候一并讲。

参考翻译：为了使结构达到必要的大小和强度去满足它的目的，建筑学上使用了一些支撑的方法，因为这些方法都是基于物理定律，所以尽管建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化，这些方法却自人们发现它们以来就没有什么变化。

看明白之后，别只看一遍，给我看几十遍!!没事就拿出来欣赏欣赏，直到你想吐为止。

读书百遍，其义自现，阅读最强的就是阅读。嗯，特别好!

托福阅读长难句100句是不断积累而来的。每个人英语水平不一样，你觉得这个句子有点难，你就记录下来，然后反复阅读，当你平时看得都是这样长句子的时候，再回去看TPO中正常的句子，你就会发现怎么一个句子两行就结束了，因为你平时看得都是五六行的句子，豁然开朗。)

托福阅读长难句：大气引擎

This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. (43, TPO6)

embody /?m'b?d?/ v. 体现(想法﹑ 感情等)，使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物

revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ adj. 革命的

employ = make use of sb/sth 使用

我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。

This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been designed.) (43, TPO6)

老邪分析：

修饰一：(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ，插入语，修饰this “atmospheric engine”，大家注意这里的断句，This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了，断句很重要

中文：由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的

修饰二：(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ，从句，so…that结构

中文：不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用

修饰三：(for which it had been designed.) ，从句，修饰coal mines

中文：引擎被设计

参考翻译：

这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理，但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用，尽管原来是这么设计的。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和插入语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

其实状语从句不是特别会影响大家对于句子的理解。

篇8：托福阅读长难句解析

长难句解析——外在信号与内在循环

原句案例：

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

词汇讲解：

disorient /d?s'?r??ntet/ vt. 使(人)迷失方向，使(人)混乱

persist /p?'s?st/ vi.坚持;持续

jet lag时差反应

synchronize /?s??kr??na?z/ v. 同时发生，与...一致

结构划分：

The disorienting effects(of this mismatch)(between external time cues and internal schedules)may persist, (like our jet lag), (for several days or weeks) (until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) (to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment).

深度分析：

这个句子主干部分就是The disorienting effects may persist

修饰一：(of this mismatch) ，介词短语

中文：这种不匹配

修饰二：(between external time cues andinternal schedules) ，介词短语

中文：在外在信号与内在循环之间

修饰三：(like our jet lag) ，介词短语

中文：像时差反应一样

修饰四：(for several days or weeks) ，介词短语

中文：几天或几周

修饰五：(until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) ，从句

中文：直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟

修饰六：(to synchronize with the dailyrhythm of the new environment) ，非谓语动词

中文：以便和新环境的日常循环同步

参考翻译：

外在信号与内在循环不匹配引起的错乱反应可能会持续(像时差反应一样)几天或几周，直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟以便和新环境的日常循环同步。

长难句解析——气候揭露人类活动影响

原句案例：

One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measureof what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.

结构划分：

One of the most difficult aspects (of deciding)(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) is that it is hard to get a measure of (what constitutes the natural variability of the climate).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是： One of the most difficult aspects is that

修饰一：(of deciding) ，介词短语，修饰aspects

中文：确定

修饰二：(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) ，宾语从句，

中文：现在气候事件是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据

修饰三：(what constitutes the natural variability of the climate) ，宾语从句

中文：什么组成了气候的自然可变性

参考翻译：

确定现在气候事件是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据，其中最大困难之一在于很难去测量是什么组成了气候的自然可变性。

长难句解析——雕塑上描绘的各种行为

原句案例：

Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain,baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

词汇讲解：

appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 适当的，合适的

squat /skw?t/ v. 蹲，伏下身子

结构划分：

(Unlike formal statues) (that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling), these figures depict a wide range of actions, (such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) and they are shown in appropriate poses, (bending and squatting)(as they carry out their tasks).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：these figures depict a wide range of actions and they are shown in appropriate poses

修饰一：(Unlike formal statues) ，介词短语

中文：不像正式的雕塑

修饰二：(that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling) ，从句，修饰statues

中文：这些雕塑局限于站、坐或者跪的静态姿势

修饰三：(such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) ，介词短语

中文：例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壶或者奏乐

修饰四：(bending and squatting) ，非谓语动词

中文：弯腰或蹲下来

修饰五：(as they carry out their tasks) ，从句

中文：当他们做工作时

参考翻译：

不像正式的雕塑，他们局限于站、坐或者跪的静态姿势，而这些图像则描绘了各种行为，例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壶或者奏乐，他们以适当姿势呈现，当他们做工作时弯腰或蹲下。

长难句解析——蓄水层水量不足

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

句子分析

本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicate that引导的宾语从句，表达观点。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思进行补充说明。

单词回顾

本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还可以作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。

句子翻译

我们可以这样翻译：“据估计，蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，该蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年大概半厘米左右。”

托福阅读题文章怎么理解?

托福阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学生使用的教材或者学术期刊，文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等学科。从选材范围可知道：托福阅读的文章内容不仅对同学们的知识存储量有一定的要求，同时对于我们的理解能力有一定的要求。

首先托福阅读分四个阶段：

第一阶段：不关心句子的意义，只关心语言符号，比如：猫坐在帽子上飞;黑色的太阳

第二阶段：获取主题和重点信息，即大的框架结构

第三阶段：能找出观点理论并确定观点的支撑细节;能分析整体框架。

第四阶段：针对某个特定主题，在很多相关资料中寻找需要的信息。

为什么需要这四个阅读阶段呢?是由阅读的三个特征来决定的：

1. 多书面语：词汇句式复杂

2. 论证严密：观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣

3. 结构复杂：多观点结构

下面通过一个段落具体讲解。3分钟来读以下段落：

Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).S1 Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct. S2 For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.S3 In fact, several scientists have suggested that the duck bill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.S4 Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which alleged lyate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur egg safter 120 million years of coexistence. S5Some explanations (such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.S6

全段一共241个字，6句话，平均每句话都40个字左右。

拿第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit)为例子，这句话出现了K-T boundary，sedimentation，Cretaceous等词，不是常见词汇，而且这句话中包含了原因状语从句(becauseit is associated...)，非谓语(known as.../found in...),同位语(usually a thin band of sedimentation...)，插入语(K is the tradition abb...)，所以总结一下，就是生词多，句式复杂。

第二点观点阐述严密，逻辑环环相扣。这一段第一句话的意思是恐龙灭绝了，紧接着第二句话说到Many explanations have been proposed 。第一个explanation是把恐龙的灭绝归咎于开花植物的发展，但是(except)开花植物在恐龙灭绝前6千万年前就已经进化了，进而否定了恐龙因为开花植物而灭绝这一解释。后面in fact这一句话更加证实了恐龙不是因为开花植物而灭绝。第二个explanation是因为哺乳动物吃恐龙蛋导致恐龙灭绝，但是(expect)在其灭绝前，恐龙和哺乳动物共处了1.2亿年，进而否定了恐龙因为哺乳动物而灭绝。最后一句话Some explanations fail既做了总结，又表达出态度：一些原因不能解释恐龙灭绝，呼应开头。

第三点结构复杂，多观点结构。第一句话Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct 呼应主题，交代背景。紧接着Many explanations...，for example后面来列举解释恐龙灭绝的原因。some.....原因解释1，破折号后面except表示转折，否定前面的原因;in fact 表示递进关系，进一步解释说明前面一句话的意思---否定恐龙灭绝是因为开花植物。others...原因解释2，破折号后面except表示转折，否定原因2。最后一句话Some explanations fail总结上文，明确表达出态度。整段是分(some......others......)——总(explanations fail)结构

篇9：托福阅读推理题实例解析

例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

○ Cause some deer to hibernate

○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter

篇10：托福阅读推理题实例解析

托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要掌握考察的重点。那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!

一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等

篇11：托福阅读推理题实例解析

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词：表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们再来看一道例题：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

如何应对托福阅读推理题

一、题型分类

对于托福阅读来说，词汇是根本。在阅读中词汇题(vocabulary questions)的数量很多，每篇存在三至五题不等。

接下来就是阅读中的句子。句子细节在托福中的考察形式和内容相比词汇更为深入。有对于单个句子结构和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)。有对于文中明确表述的细节信息的考察和理解，即事实信息题(factual information questions)。还有对于文中明确表述信息真伪的识别和理解，也就是否定事实信息题(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，阅读还会考察对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述的信息的识别和理解能力，即推理题(inference questions)。

在阅读中，对于段落的考察往往侧重于句子之间的关系。句与句之间的连接往往会有名词的重复以及代词的指代，所以有了指代题(reference questions)。内容的衔接除了代词指代之外，还有逻辑关系的递进，所以又有了修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果说指代题和修辞目的题是对于句间关系的识别的话，那么句子插入题(insert sentence questions)则是两者的升级版，是对于句间关系的逻辑的应用。

当然，托福阅读也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段间的关系的考查。若是顺承的关系往往出的是总结题(prose summary questions)，若是对比分类的关系往往出的是表格题(fill in a table questions)。

二、题型难度

通过以上的分类讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读十大题型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大题型里，哪种题型相对比较难呢?如果说其他题型是通过词汇积累或者对于文章里的信息的透彻理解就可以掌握的话，那么更侧重于考察出题人的逻辑思维模式的题型就是推理题了。

我们再来看一下托福官方指南里对于推理题的表述：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解。大家重点关注强烈暗示这几个词，言下之意就是通过一些相关信息的表述来传递内在的意思，所以体会出题人传达相关信息的模式就变成了解题的关键。

三、推理题中的对比取反

解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。

接下来我们通过以下四个例子来层层深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。

1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?

A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。

2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。

3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…

A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.

B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.

C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.

D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.

同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。

4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.

通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?

首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。

在托福阅读中，希望考生可以通过分析真题仔细体会出题人的思维逻辑，掌握考试规律，这样才能百战百胜。