以下是小编为大家准备了雅思阅读文章的三类结构（共含5篇），欢迎参阅。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“观众”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
【阅读讲解必看】雅思阅读文章的三类精品结构
为什么要读文章的结构呢?
首先，这是雅思阅读的题型要求。在雅思官方给出的阅读14种题型中，有一种难度较大的题型: 段落信息配对题(Which paragraph contains the following information?)它需要考生读完所有的命题信息点后，去全文搜索命题所对应的段落。这对考生的阅读速度和搜索能力有着极高的要求。通常多数考生全篇撒网，漫无目的地找信息，结果不是“快而不准”就是严重超时。但是，若考生能提前洞悉文章的结构，就能了解命题信息点对应的文章大致范围，如文章靠前 的段落还是靠后的段落?
比如，剑桥5 test 3 passage 3中，有一道段落信息配对题，命题是：how AI might have a military impact. 根据该文章的标题：The Return o f Artificial Intelligence可知，关于命题中AI在军事上的影响应该放在靠后的段落进行说明，那么考生的选择范围至少缩小的一半。若考生没有针对性的全篇覆盖，即使做出题，也是严重超时。
其次，应对定位难度大的题。不能否认的是很多情况下做题不用浏览文章，在备考初期，找命题中的定位词去文中定位，这是烤鸭们必经的首要阶段。但慢慢地，考生明显会感觉到定位难度的加大，如命题中的定位词被同义替换，定位时偶尔出现的乱序情况等等。但试想，若考生在做题前就分析过文章结构，大概能抓住文章的每段的主旨，那么我们就不再是依赖某一两个词来定位，而是用语义来定位，即使出现乱序或者同义替换，我们也能轻松搞定。
最后，文章对应的考题一网打尽，提高速度。考生通常习惯了先读命题再去文章中找需要的相关信息进行解题，殊不知，这是一种比较冒险的做法，因为当定位 简单时这种方法的确最直接有效，但不能排除的是有的题定位难度很大，这时就只有文章结构阅读法才能很好的克服这个问题。
因此为了能将所有题一网打尽，考生应该在做题前快速地分析文章的结构和每段的主旨。结构出来了，作者的写作思路也就呼之欲出了，之后对应的2-4个题型就能得到迅速和准确的定位;此外，再 也不是一道道题去定位，而是整个题型从宏观上一起同时定位，做题的速度自然也得到很大的提升。
因此，想要在雅思阅读中克服难题，提高速度，进而冲高分，做题前一定要耐心地先读文章的结构，这也正解释了为什么在近期出炉的OCG (The Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS)中给出的阅读第一个test tip(P45): Read the passage as quickly as possible (up to three minutes).
那么，雅思文章题材五花八门，内容生硬又专业，要看懂都不容易，如何能在短短的2-3分钟内梳理出文章的架构和作者的写作思路呢?事实上，正是因为雅 思文章的学术性和专业性，其文章结构和形式相对比较固定，于是我们就可以利用这一点来迅速掌握文章的结构了。在此，笔者将给考生们介绍常见的三种雅思文章结构类型。
I. 介绍说明类的文章
这一类文章通常是对某个事物或现象进行的客观描述或介绍，一般考生可以通过其标题来进行判断。具体的结构如下：
i. Introduce an object or a fact
ii. Detailed deions
iii. Significance
无论什么文章，首段通常都是引出主题，用客观描述性的语言来介绍，或者从背景部分切入，之后便是对该事物的具体展开描述了：事情的发展顺序，某个东西的具体特征介绍等等;最后结尾部分通常对该事物所带来了意义进行说明。如剑桥5T1P1 Johnson’s Dictionary, 在前三段交代完约翰逊字典出现的背景后，中间部分侧重交代字典的准备过程和具体的特征介绍，最后的部分描述了该字典给那个时代的社会，国家以及Johnson本人带来的重大意义。
II. 问题解决类的文章
关于问题解决类的文章，在雅思阅读中出现的频率很高，而且具体的结构相对更加固定，其结构如下：
i. Introduce a phenomenon or a problem
ii. Causes
iii. Effects
iv. Measures or future
这一类的文章倾向的是介绍一些消极负面的环境自然类问题，警惕世人引起大家的关注，因此它的几个构成要素也跟明确。同样先引出主题，之后对该现象进行 原因分析，影响分析(通常是负面的影响)，鉴于严重的消极影响该采取的相应措施被提出，但如果有的问题暂时没有对策，还有待解决，作者就寄希望于未来。
考生如果对这种结构悉数于心，当碰到剑桥5T4P1的list of headings就能迅速又准确得解答出来。该文章一共10段，分成section A, B, C, 对应的考题是list of headings, 即找出三个小标题分别给A, B, C三个部分。按考试标准时间只有4-5分钟，但考生却要读完整篇文章10段才能解答出三道题，时间上和效率上都是很难达到要求的。这时，大家可以考虑用文 章的结构来解题。该文章的标题是The Impact of Wilderness Tourism, 不难发现该文章是在描述野外旅游给环境带来的负面影响。于是按照上面的具体结构，考生就能快速抓住文章的要点，即原因，影响及措施。题目给出的6个选项中 大家能快速的发现这三个选项：
ii. How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of
wilderness tourism.
iii. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there.
v. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism.
最后按原因，影响，措施的顺序进行排序即可。
III. 实验结果类的文章
第三类文章的具体结构是最为固定的，毕竟实验的过程还是讲究顺序的，如下：
i. Introduce an experiment and its purpose
ii. Subject, methods
iii. Process
iv. Result
v. Analysis
vi. Conclusion
实验类的文章必定先介绍实验的目的，具体受试者和相关要素，然后进入实验的具体过程，最后到最关键的部分，就是对数据的描述和分析，从而得出结论。剑桥真题系列上的是实验类文章几乎都是这样固定的结构。如剑桥5T1P2 Nature or Nurture? 通过阅读每段的首句不难梳理出全篇文章的结构：A段引出实验并介绍实验的目的。B段介绍实验的受试者和相关的准备信息。C段是实验的具体过程。D和E段是数据结果(一个是期望的结果，一个是实际的结果)。FGH三段分别从不同的角度来分析这些结果。最后一段I得出结论。
雅思考试阅读模拟练习及答案
Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense
A.
It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.
B.
This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.
C.
This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”
D.
Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.
E.
Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.
F.
The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.
2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.
3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.
4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.
5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.
6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.
7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.
Questions 8-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.
8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?
A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.
B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.
C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.
D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.
9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.
A. refused
B. welcomed
C. not bothered
D. not well received
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?
A. Sony would gain the most profit.
B. More customers would be “locked in”.
C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.
D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.
Questions 11-14
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.
Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. low-key:
抑制的，受约束的，屈服的
2. showman:
开展览会的人, 出风头的人物
3. unassuming:
谦逊的, 不夸耀的, 不装腔作势的
4. iPod：
(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器
5. iTunes store：
(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店
6. get off person’s back:
不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠
7. gravitate:
受吸引，倾向于
8. unfazed:
不再担忧，不被打扰
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13
1. TRUE
See the second sentence in Paragraph A “… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.”
2. FALSE
See the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”
3. TRUE
See the fourth sentence in Paragraph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”
4. TRUE
See the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers.”
5. NOT GIVEN
The third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”
6. FALSE
See the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.
7. NOT GIVEN
See the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”
8. B
See the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”
9. C
See the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”
10. A
See the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”
11. the iTunes store
See the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”
12. withdraw their catalogues
See the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”
13. produce security fixes
See the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”
14. redirect their energies
See the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”
托福考试一个很重要的方面就是考察学生的思维能力，即逻辑性，这点不但体现在独立口语、独立写作中，阅读也不外如是。而且很多时候，抓住了阅读文章字里行间的逻辑，就可以轻松排除错误选项，快速地选出正确答案。怎样才能抓住阅读中的逻辑呢?今天和大家分享这三大招!
托福阅读文章逻辑结构
第一招 把握大基调 所谓把握大基调，说白了，就是当作者在讨论一个东西的时候，要先明确褒贬喜恶，到底是在说它的好处还是劣势，这种基调尤其体现在对比之中。也就是以前语文老师常说的，把握中心思想!
第二招 抓准逻辑词 抓准逻辑词非常关键，它代表了行文结构的逻辑关系，这方面在句子简化题和修辞目的题上尤为重要。因为这两类题型的逻辑性很强，而选项中也会有明显的逻辑词，当抓住逻辑词后，就可以根据逻辑词轻松地排除明显错误的选项，提高做题速度和准确率。
第三招 理清文章脉络 总结题以及段落修辞目的题考察对整段话或整篇文章的理解，这就要求分析整段话或全篇的结构，这就要抓住各段落的topic sentence以及全篇的thesis statement。
综上所述，抓准托福阅读中的逻辑的技巧就是把握大基调，抓准逻辑词，理清行文脉络。掌握这些技巧，有助于理解文章，更加快速准确地选出答案。你学会了吗?
托福阅读高频推理题解题技巧
托福阅读考试题型中，推理题相对来说难度是比较大的。很多同学都会在这类题型上失分。今天我们就来讲讲这类题题型的解题技巧，帮助大家更好地来备考这类题目。
托福阅读推理题介绍
推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推理题。
托福阅读推理题题型分类：有共性推理题和无共性推理题
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in thedomains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、托福阅读推理题解题注意要点
1.日期和数字
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
总之，文中的关键词，观点，逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。
新托福阅读背景知识分享
托福阅读也是中国考生，公认的难度比较大的科目。如果大家能够攻克阅读难点，拿到阅读部分的高分，对于我们整体托福分数的提高，都有极大的优势。因此，下面为大家汇总了一些阅读的背景知识，帮助大家做好复习内容。
地球的旋转时间变短
We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes that can affect the speed of the earth’s rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, it’s now the reservoirs in the areas of different latitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to it’s close to the earth axis. It’s like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the length of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesn’t sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earth’s motion.
详解托福阅读文章结构
一、句间关系
为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。
托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述(或抽象与具体)关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。
可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面;2. 关联词。
a. 并列关系
并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。
b. 概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系
概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。
一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确。
c. 转折关系
转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，(1) 意思的方面相同但意思相反; (2) 意思的方面不同。
d. 因果关系
因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词或表达因果含义的动词。
二、段落结构
在托福阅读文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。
对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位(或与其他段落的段落关系)时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail.
1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置。
1. Main Idea: 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和 篇章层面Main Idea.
Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
隐性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中未给出表达主要思想的概括性句子，需要考生根据文中信息总结得出。
2. Thesis Statement: 涵盖Topic的 篇章主题句，显性 篇章层面Main Idea。
3. Topic Sentence: 涵盖某一Aspect的一段或某几段论述部分的主题句，显性段落层面Main Idea。
TS可以在论述某一部分的开始，中间或末尾。具体位置的判定，需要运用句间关系，找到论述部分最高概括性句子。
三、段间关系
在比对段落关系时，和比较句子关系类似，要从段落最主要的意思方面来判断。
为了通俗易懂，段间关系可分为总分关系(句子之间称为概述与详述或抽象与具体关系)，并列关系。值得注意的是，并非在前的一定是总，在后的是分，也可颠倒。
四、 篇章结构
开始托福阅读文章之前，应先仔细阅读文章标题Topic.
此外，《新托福考试官方指南》中的所有文章的最后一道题主要有两种类型：1. 总结题;2. 填表题。在实际考试中，还出现过既没有总结题，也没有填表题的情况。因此，我们按照有无总结题来分类，分为有总结题的文章，和无总结题的托福阅读文章。
应对新托福阅读的四大秘密武器
新托福考试阅读高分必备四大秘密武器有哪些呢?
词 汇
与旧托福相比，新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变，但大多都是形式主义，考生只要词汇基础扎实，一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里， 如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思，那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了，而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右，因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器——词汇，要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下并彻底消化，打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化，除了勤劳，还要注意单词的记忆技巧，不能光靠“蛮力”，那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感，反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种：
谐音记忆 如：lethal可记成“离骚”
联想记忆 如：battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
比较记忆 如：形近单词ethnical和ethical相比，ethnical比ethical多个字母n，这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation，“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。
发音记忆 如：exacerbate的音标为[eks's?(:)bet]，遵循了发音规律，考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律，边读边背，就可以很轻松的记住它了。
词群记忆 如：在背foremost一词时，考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。
拆分记忆 如：interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change ，后缀-able 。
滚动记忆 如：如果背单词表，在第一天背了10个单词，那么第二天在背新的
10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词，以此类推，另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词，因为既然是阅读高频词，肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
语 法
除了词汇量较大以外，对很多考生来说，句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。面对长难句，考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读，快速把握句子主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点，先要弄清它们的类型，也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器——语法。
主语从句
定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
同位语(包含同位语从句)
宾语从句
表语从句
状语从句
并列结构
插入结构
独立主格
倒装句
强调句
虚拟语气
新托福阅读考试背景知识
同样的考题，如果考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识，做起题来就会非常轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多，因此建议考生在新托福备考期间要努力配备另一兵器——背景知识，也就是说考生备考中要要多读一些长文章，努力积累新托福阅读中的常考文章的背景知识，题材尽量广泛，因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容，在托福考题中都会涉及。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的，动植物题材的(必考)，考古学(archaeology)题材的，美国历史题材的等等，推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。
阅读速度
前面曾提到新托福的阅读文章的字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇，尽管时间也相应增加了，可相对来说时间还是比较紧张的，因此快速的阅读能力是非常重要的。在此建议考生在备考时必须要配备第四大兵器—— 阅读速度。考生在练习提高阅读速度时应努力做到：
扩大眼睛扫描的宽度，训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。
快速泛读，不同领域的书籍，理解和掌握书中主要内容即可。拓宽自己的知识面
计时阅读，养成计时阅读的习惯，计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可，不宜太长。
在加快阅读速度的同时努力迅速总结每段大意。
托福阅读得高分不难 定位点很重要
新托福考试中很多考生最容易忽略的就是托福阅读，因为绝大部分人会感觉阅读是自己的强项。然而不少这样的考生，自认阅读不错，实际考出来的分数只有22分左右，这相当于把挣分的压力转移到了大部分人比较弱的听力、口语、写作上面。由此可见，阅读取得高分对于获得百分以上的托福成绩是一种保证!
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer， a lowland， west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington， is now the most common. The other species， the Columbian white-tailed deer， in earlier times was common in the open prairie country， it is now restricted to the low， marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly， and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community， while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is NOT true of climax communities
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。
【雅思文章架构剖析】如何快速读懂雅思阅读文章
实验型文章常用的框架结构是研究基本情况，实验具体过程，实验结果，相关结论。Nature or Nurture(遗传还是环境)就是一篇非常有代表性的实验型文章。文章一共分为9 段，框架结构非常清晰。文章一开始就总体上介绍了实验的参与者是40个来自各个行业的教师- 实验对象。接下来阐述了实验的背景设置和学生参与者的真实身份。文章的第三段则是比较详细地介绍了在实验过程中实验对象和实验者 Milgram 的表现。第四段和第五段分别呈现了精神科医生对实验结果的预测和实际实验结果与预测结果形成的巨大反差。精神科医生预测，只有少数的教师实验对象能按照实验者的要求，把电压加到最大值。而实验的实际结果就是85% 的教师实验对象都做到了这一点。第六、七段是从遗传和环境的角度用两种截然不同的说法来解释这些差异。最后两段则是从当代社会生物学角度总结了这个实验的结论。
综上所述，考生在应对实验性文章时一定要搞懂框架结构，这对考题的解答，尤其是段落信息配对题，有着举足轻重的作用。
附：实验类阅读文章一篇
系教育心理方面的文章，有关儿童教育中长期讨论的问题——教育传授vs自学探索
When should you teach children, and when should you let them explore?
It Is one of the oldest debates in education. Should teachers tell pupils the way things are or encourage them to find out for themselves? Telling children “truths” about the world helps them learn those facts more quickly. Yet the efficient learning of specific facts may lead to the assumption that when the adult has finished teaching, there is nothing further to learn—because if there were, the adult would have said so. A study just published in Cognition by Elizabeth Bonawitz of the University of California, Berkeley, and Patrick Shafto of the University of Louisville, in Kentucky, suggests that is true.
Dr Bonawitz and Dr Shafto arranged for 85 four- and five-year-olds to be presented, during a visit to a museum, with a novel toy that looked like a tangle of coloured pipes and was capable of doing many different things. They wanted to know whether the way the children played with the toy depended on how they were instructed by the adult who gave it to them.
One group of children had a strictly pedagogical introduction. The experimenter said “Look at my toy! This is my toy. I'm going to show you how my toy works.” She then pulled a yellow tube out of a purple tube, creating a squeaking sound. Following this, she said, “Wow, see that? This is how my toy works!” and then demonstrated the effect again.:
With a second group of children, the experimenter acted differently. She interrupted herself after demonstrating the squeak by saying she had to go and write something down, thus suggesting that she might not have finished the demonstration. With a third group, she activated the squeak as if by accident. To a fourth, the toy was simply presented with the comment, “Wow, see this toy? Look at this!”'
After these varied introductions, the children were left with the toy and allowed to play. They might discover that, as well as the squeaker, the toy had a button inside one tube which activated a light, a keypad that played musical notes, and an inverting mirror inside one of the tubes. All the children were told to let the experimenter know when they had finished playing and were asked by the instructor if they were done if they stopped playing for more than five consecutive seconds. The entire interaction was recorded on video.,
Footage of each child playing was passed to a research assistant who was ignorant of the purpose of the study. The assistant was asked to record the total playing time, the number of different actions the child performed, the time spent playing with the squeak, and the number of other functions the child discovered.
The upshot was that children in the first group spent less time playing (119 seconds) than those in the second (180 seconds), the third (133 seconds) or the fourth (206 seconds). Those in the first group also tried out four different actions, on average. The others tried 5.3, 5.9 and 6.2, respectively. A similar pattern (0.7, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.2) pertained to the number of functions other than the squeak that the children found.“
The researchers' conclusion was that, in the context of strange toys of unknown function, prior explanation does, indeed, inhibit exploration and discovery. Generalising from that would be ambitious. But it suggests that further research might be quite a good idea.
文章结构：
para1 引出讨论观点，开门见山，并引出接下来要进行的试验。
para2 实验内容和实验目的
para3 & para4 实验中，主试(experimenter)将被试(children)按照实验的自变量( different way instructed by the adult)分为四组。
para5 主试离开后，被试的反应。
para6 实验数据的后续处理
para7 实验数据分析
para8 实验结论
雅思阅读难句分析：分割结构
分割结构是一种修辞手段，在英语句子中，特别是在书面语中，比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开，一部分留在句子的原来位置，另一部分远离原来位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforters. 不难看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一个整体，被用作状语的过去分词remembered and cherished分割开。常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割，定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割，主语与谓语的分割，谓语与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目，读起来更通顺流畅。分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性，但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。对于分割结构，只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误，英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。
如：An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物——一本关于伦理道德的书。(present 和a book被分隔)
再如：After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后，这样的认识加强了，即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律，这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling和 that从句被分隔)
此外，还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔，某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔，动词与其宾语被分隔，介词与其宾语被分隔等。总之，英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则(应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末，从而使结构平衡匀称，以避免主语部分太长，谓语部分太短)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息，即语义重点放在句子末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。
1. Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一层：Such a viewpoint,主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries,is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 状 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位语从句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二层：(同位语从句)that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 强调主语 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 谓 the survival 宾 of mankind. 定
要点 本句主干为Such a viewpoint…… is reinforced by the widely-held belief;形容词短语particularly prominent in the developing countries，作为插入语修饰viewpoint，将主语和谓语分隔开来;介词短语by the widely-held belief是被动语态reinforced的行为主体;that it is……mankind是belief的同位语从句，这里还含有一个强调句式，即it is not the peaceful application……that is endangering……。
译文 这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强，即并非和平利用核能正危害着人类的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers,for,as the rhyme goes,Change the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第一层：No girl 主 should marry 谓 a man 宾 whose last name has the same initial as hers,定语从句 for,as the rhyme goes,Change 状语从句 the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第二层：(定语从句)whose 引 last name 主 has 谓 the same initial 宾 as hers 定
(状语从句)for,引 as the rhyme goes,状 Change 谓 the name 宾 but 连 not the letter,宾 marry 谓 for worse instead of better.状
要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词，引导状语从句。as the rhyme goes是插入语，插在for和它引导的从句之间，造成for和它引导的从句的分离，翻译时，可译成一个主谓结构。
译文 姑娘不该嫁给与自己的姓的首字母相同的人，因为正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母，婚后必将受其苦。
3. Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要点 否定词nor放在句首时，主谓倒装。is放到了主语management前。同时，if引导的条件状语从句置于nor与句子的其他成分之间，造成了句子的割裂状态。条件状语从句中as desirable…… as the writing……可视为同级比较结构。句中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词thinkers，可采用合译的方法翻译。be blamed for为固定短语，意为“因…而受指责”。in favor of ……在句中做状语。
译文 假如像学术论文反映的那样，科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致性。那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪杰”，而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人，这也是无可指责的。
4. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life,and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要点 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will……引导的方式状语从句放到了主句的谓语动词discovered与that引导的宾语从句之间，从而造成动宾之间的分割。as引导的从句中省略了谓语动词discover,是为了避免重复。宾语从句中主语为abandoning……and making……并列的动名词短语;谓语为bring sth with sth结构，只是因宾语过长，而把with短语提前了。
译文 我发觉，放弃那种“日夜操劳的生活”信念而选择“放慢生活的节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后，从惹人注目的《女性》杂志编辑部退出之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。
5. Such an outcome,if it happens,could cause a political controversy;or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances,namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要点 这是个复合句。条件从句因为太短，置于主句的主谓之间，造成句子割裂，翻译时应将从句提到句首。namely when the……unpopular是一个状语从句，用来解释the worst possible circumstances.the EU:the European Union,欧盟。
译文 这种结果一旦产生，就可能引起政治上的争吵;在最糟糕的情况下，即在欧盟很不得人心的时候，也可能使更多的权利落到欧盟手中。
6. That fact,let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four,led by Britain,that have not joined,is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity,with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要点 句子的主干结构是That fact…… is likely to mean that……。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是“with +复合结构”形式，表示伴随状态。短语let alone……not joined置于主谓之间，造成句子割裂，翻译时应将其还原，放在最后。分词短语led by Britain和定语从句that have not joined都修饰the four.euro：欧元。multi-：前缀，表示“多…的”，如mutilateral，多边的：multiple，多个的。
译文 这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体，其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同，而另一些则不尽然;更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要点 该句的主干结构是This trend began during the Second World War,when……。when引导定语从句，修饰the Second World War.that the specific……detail是conclusion的同位语从句，在该从句中，主语是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定语从句。该定语从句放在其先行词 demands和of介词短语之间，造成句子的割裂。翻译时，可把被割裂的部分还原。
译文 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要点 整个of短语作observations的定语，相当于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made.因为定语太长，所以将其置于动词之后，以避免句子头重脚轻。这样就造成了句子的割裂，翻译时应将被割裂的部分还原。preschool：学前的。
译文 人们对孩子们在学前班和小学一年级开始时和结束时的情况都曾进行过观察。
9. Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要点 这是一个简单句。Whether to……situation是本句的主语，depends是谓语动词，两个upon后面是宾语。availability在句中是指“测试和信息容易得到或找到”。therefore是副词，插在depends 和upon……之间，造成它们在结构上的割裂。翻译时，可把therefore提到句首。
译文 因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者并用，须凭从有关相对效度的经验中得出的证据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要点 该句的主干结构是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all……into a woman……。preached by……magazine是过去分词短语，作the philosophy of having it all的定语，插在from……into之中，造成了句子的割裂。翻译时，可把分词短语译成一个分句，其他照原文顺序翻译。
译文 我从一个“全力以赴”的生活哲学——在过去七年里林达·凯尔西一直在《女性》杂志鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者，一改而成为随遇而安的女人。
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beggars.
Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open-hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what was morally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.
First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.
Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.
It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.
1. What is mainly discussed in the passage?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the author’s attitude toward beggars?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Change the underlined sentence into active voice.
Related to this is the opinion that the government rather than ordinary people should _____________ the problem.
4. Choose the best answer, Quite a few:
A. many B. a few C. some
5. Choose the best answer, pitiable:
A. deserving pity B. lovable C. hateful
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Some people dress up to pretend to be beggars.
B. Some beggars want money to help their children go to school.
C. Some beggars use the money to buy drugs.
D. Some beggars have no excuse for begging.
7. In the last paragraph, the writer thinks that it is hard to come to any final conclusion，because ______.
A. the cases can be so different
B. there are so many beggars
C. there is so much money wasted
D. there are so many different arguments
1. Arguments on giving to beggars.
2. We should give some money to beggars.
4. A 5. A 6.B 7.A
精读文章是突破雅思阅读高分的必经途径。但是我们要明确，雅思阅读的精读一定是在做完题目之后进行的。目的为了查找漏洞单词，理解长难句和掌握文章结构。而不是把精读作为做阅读得一种方法，因为精读会耗费很长时间，需要逐句分析，考场上是不可能这样做的，根本来不及，因此一旦养成了先精读再做题的坏习惯，后果很严重。那下面就说说简答容易上手的精读方法
4个步骤教你精读雅思阅读文章
1.摘抄单词：准备一本笔记本，把文章里不能迅速反应中文意思的单词全部记下来(当然不包括专有名词)尤其注意里面的词组搭配，然后挨个去查字典。这个过程非常费时，非常痛苦，但是千万不要偷懒，第一眼不能想到意思的单词也要记下来，这说明掌握的还不牢固;另外一定要改掉每个单词只记一个意思的坏习惯，因为一词多义也是雅思阅读得一个考察重点。比如produce,同学们知道它有动词，生产的意思，但是在……produce is expensive.这道题中，produce却是名词农产品的意思。
2. 摘抄替换：认真分析每道题目在文章里的对应句，可能是一句话也能是多句，把题目中的考点和原文中的同意替换都整理出来，列出一个表格。这类同意替换也是所有单词中的重中之重，一定要整理下来重点记忆。
3.逐句理解，划分成分：把每句话的句子结构搞清楚，简单句找出主干，复杂句找出主从关系。先理解主干结构，再理解修饰部分。如果这一部分不会做，就要加强相关的语法知识的学习。
举个例子：
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
分析有插入语(however)的长难句时，我们首先把插入语去掉或提前。然后我们可以看出句子真正的主干部分，是在no doubt后连接的从句中，而这个从句中有一个同学们在读文章时不易识别的结构：强调句(it is … that), 看出这个，那么这句话的主干就不难找出了，是the increasing number of applicants has led to the importance of the curriculum vitae, 即不断增加的申请人数使简历变得重要。看完主干后，紧接着看剩下的短语，我们看到applicants后面紧跟着with university education, 限定了applicants的条件，即具有大学学历的申请者，再加上一个状语的限制in the process of engaging staff, 即在员工录入的过程中，通过这样一系列的步骤后，整句话的意思就很清晰了。
4理清文章整体结构，找出每个段落主题和细节：这一步是从微观细节上升到宏观结构，大多数同学就是太关注细节，而缺少这种整体把控的能力和意识。段落结构和文章结构的有效理解对对于解heading题和段落信息匹配题尤为重要。
· 对于文章结构，我们要知道它是按时间顺序，还是提出问题和解决方案，还是呈现不同人的观点等等;
· 对于段落内部，如果有主题句，理解主题句;如果没有，尝试体会重点要表达的意思。这对于标题和信息匹配题目非常重要。
当我们能把结构理清，主题细节分辨好之后，我们真正需要阅读的内容就会大大缩短，对于我们阅读速度的提高也是很有帮助的。
以上就是精读的基本方法，重点针对“读“这一个方面。如果有细心的同学对比过雅思阅读和写作的素材，不难发现，雅思阅读得文章也是很好的大作文的素材，比如lost of words(剑4)这篇文章就是大作文里语言保护话题得优秀素材。所以同学们除了读以外，还可以根据大作文的题目进行摘抄的素材整理。
最后，精度要坚持，要精不要量，两本书就够了，虽然一开始总结单词很麻烦，但是理论上说，如果每一篇单词都掌握，那么下一篇中的陌生单词就会越来越少，因为你认识的词已经越来越多了。所以精读的速度也会越来越快，你考试看文章的速度也会越来越快。
雅思阅读材料大集合：英国超辣汉堡致5人住院
Diners are being asked to sign a waiver before eating a fiery chilli burger - after it put five people in hospital.
英国一餐厅推出的热辣汉堡已导致5人住院，现在再想吃这款“变态辣”汉堡要先签署免责声明。
The _X Hot Chilli Burger - dubbed the hottest dish in Britain - is served to over 18s only at Burger Off in Sussex.
这款被称为英国最辣的热辣汉堡，是苏塞克斯郡汉堡店Burger Off 的料理，仅卖给18岁以上的成年人。
It is topped with chilli sauce worth a staggering 9.2million on the Scoville scale - a measure of the 'hotness' of foods. In contrast, the average chilli pepper comes in at just 500 Scoville Heat Units.
热辣汉堡涂有“史高维尔辣度指标”920万的辣椒酱。“史高维尔辣度指标”是测量食物辣度的指标，普通辣椒指数仅500。
One diner was taken to hospital with a suspected perforated bowel after eating the spicy dish, while four others were admitted for treatment on the same night for suspected anaphylactic shock.
一位顾客在吃了这款热辣汉堡后疑似因肠穿孔被送往医院救治，当晚还有4位顾客疑似过敏休克入院。
Now, restaurant owner Nick Gambardella is asking customers to sign a legal disclaimer that prevents them from suing him if they fall victim to the red-hot burger.
汉堡店老板尼克·甘巴德拉为避免顾客用餐后出现不良反应起诉自己，要求顾客只有在签署了法律免责声明后方可尝试此热辣汉堡。
The document reads: 'I the undersigned accept all responsibility for any effects incured due to the consumtion of the above mentioned _X Hot Chilli Burger and release Burger Off, its owner and staff from any liability.'
声明中写道：“我签署同意，在Burger Off食用热辣汉堡所带来的一切后果责任由我个人承担，餐厅和餐厅老板、服务员免责。”
Mr Gambardella, 55, said he was 'amazed' that he was allowed to sell such a spicy burger - adding: 'It has been a massive hit with the customers'.
55岁的甘巴德拉说自己也很吃惊，居然得到了销售此款热辣汉堡的许可证，他补充道：“这在顾客中反响很大”。
'I have to admit I’ve not dared to try one of these burgers myself as they are so spicy,' he said. 'One guy came in and he was just a little bit cocky and when he left he was admitted to hospital because prior to eating the burger he had a stomach ulcerand we believe it perforated his bowel. He wasn’t in a good way but he pulled through.
“不得不承认，连我自己都不敢尝试这款热辣汉堡，因为它真的太辣了。”他说，“有位客人进店的时候还自以为是，但是离开的时候就直接入院了。在吃热辣汉堡之前这家伙就有胃溃疡，我们觉得在吃了汉堡之后他可能肠穿孔了。他还没有完全康复，但目前已经度过了危险期。”
The burger, which is on sale for only ￡3.90, features sauce based on a Piri Piri chilli concentrate, created through steaming and later infused with carbon dioxide.
这款热辣汉堡售价仅3.9英镑(约合人民币39元)，其特色在于添加其中的皮尔皮尔辣椒酱，这种辣椒酱的制作方法是先气蒸后注入二氧化碳。
So far, only 59 out of 3,000 challengers have succeeded in eating the entire dish. Many of the burger's conquerors have taken to Twitter and The Burger Off Facebook page to spread the word of their victory.
截至目前，3000名挑战者仅有59位成功吃完整个汉堡。许多挑战成功者在推特和Burger Off餐厅的脸书页面上炫耀自己的胜利。
Mr Gambardella said the burger had caused customers to adopt a number of undignified coping mechanisms, including stripping naked, begging for mercy, punching windows and vomiting.
甘巴德拉说，顾客在吃热辣汉堡时言行举止十分不雅，有的大脱衣服、有的跪地求饶、还有的捶窗呕吐。
It has also left many diners suffering from anaphylactic shock - a severe allergic reaction that can cause swelling, rashes and difficulty breathing.
大量顾客吃了热辣汉堡后过敏性休克，这种严重的过敏反应会导致肿胀、发疹和呼吸困难。
'The burgers are cooked properly - it’s the sauce that is maybe too hot to handle,' said Mr Gambardella.
甘巴德拉说：“其实汉堡烹饪是合理的。热辣汉堡这么辣，都是辣酱惹的祸。”
雅思阅读材料大集合：电影院里的骗局
In 2013, China achieved a record-breaking high for its film industry's box-office revenues, which officially register at 21.769 billion yuan ($3.59 billion). But according to Wang Changtian, CEO of Enlight, that was at least 5 billion yuan short of the real number. Other experts put the gap at 2.4 billion, explaining the reported box-office figure at 10 percent less than the real one. That gap is someone's windfall, illegally pocketed by cinema owners and operators, professionally known as film exhibitors. And the regulating agency is getting tough on this kind of theft.
Wang Changtian has reasons to be angry. Over the Lunar New Year season that has recently wound down, he received on his microblog numerous audience reports, complete with photos, of tickets to Dad, Where Are We Going?, a runaway hit his company distributes. The tickets had no movie title printed on them or the prices printed were lower than what was actually paid by the moviegoers - all signs that the movie's revenues were not correctly registered.
The earliest manifestation of the shady practice of ”box-office stealing“ loomed a few years ago when individual moviegoers posted suspicious tickets online. Tickets of this type usually had movie title ”A“ computer-printed on it, but the printed title was scratched out by hand and title ”B“ written in. Fingers were pointed at the producer or distributor of title A, but more likely it was the movie theater that was behind it. The reason could be simple: Film A gives the exhibitor a larger share of the revenue than film B.
However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Industry insiders reveal it was much worse before computer systems were installed in the nation's cinemas, and of course, before social media websites turned everyone into a potential reporter of such business deceit. As a matter of fact, some cinema investors were not even aware that they had to split their revenue with other parties. ”This phenomenon started from the age of planned economy,“ says Mao Yu, deputy director of the Film Bureau, a branch of the regulating agency.
But it may have turned from guerrilla tactics to larger-scale con games. For group purchases, violators would not even issue tickets, essentially not reporting a single cent of revenue from a whole screening. Since a representative of the group usually deals with the cinema, unless he or she specifically demands a printed ticket for each member of the group, all of them would be in the dark about income reporting from the cinema to the distributor.
Another trick lies in membership dues, which are often collected up front. When a paid member reimburses for a ticket, it may have only the screening room on it, and the exhibitors can choose to credit it to any movie they like, or not to any movie, in which case they pocket 100 percent of the revenue.
Some cinemas would go as far as investing in a separate point-of-sale computer system so that each ticket buyer gets the right ticket, but none of the data shows up on the centralized system. Instead, another set of credible purchase data would be put in the correct system, but with lower attendance.
Both distributors and exhibitors that I spoke to agree that cheating is much less rampant than before, say a dozen years ago, and now is mostly limited to third and fourth-tier cities. China Film Group, the nation's largest film production and distribution company, heads a consortium with several major private companies that hires 1,000 people to monitor cinemas nationwide, and Huaxia, another State-owned company, has a smaller army of 800.
However, there are situations even these sharp-eyed monitors can do little about. For example, if a cinema sells a ticket for 80 yuan, which is normal for primetime, but gives away a free popcorn, it may attribute as much as 60 yuan of the ticket price to the popcorn, leaving only 20 as the ticket price. But it can argue that 20 yuan is the minimum price for this particular film agreed upon by both sides and therefore it does not violate any rule.
A similar scheme was employed when Transformers 3 was bundled with Yang Shanzhou, a very small film with little box-office potential, making the latter into a strange film with eye-popping revenue (79 million yuan) but disproportionately fewer people who actually bothered to see it. There were sporadic online complaints about the practice even though consumers did not pay more for the package deal.
The State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, the regulating agency, announced measures in late January to curb under-reporting and cheating on box-office revenues. A special fund is set up to subsidize the upgrading of computer software at point of sale. The current system was installed in 2005 and ”cannot keep up with the new situation“, in the words of Jiang Tao, director of the fund. ”The new system will fix loopholes and shorten the reporting window to only 10 minutes after a sale is made instead of waiting till next noon, which is the current reporting lapse in time, which leaves room for manipulation. The national platform will be ready by May and the cinema side will complete their upgrading by October.“
Apart from putting a stamp of authorization on all sales systems, SAPPRFT insists that all film tickets carry correct prices and movie admission. But conspicuously absent are concrete penalties for violations. The software upgrade will certainly be a great help, admit distributors and exhibitors, but it may not be enough.
”The cost of violation is still too low. If you're caught under-reporting 10 tickets, all you need to do is make up for the shortfall,“ says Huang Ziyan, vice-president of Le Vision Pictures in charge of sales.
Cao Yong, a manager with the Huaxing UME cinema chain, suggests that violators should have their business license revoked. ”Cinemas invest tens of millions of yuan and, with punishment of this severity, it would not make sense for them to steal 80,000 or 100,000 yuan from the box office.“
Other ideas have been floated such as the use of an infra-red camera that automatically scans a movie theater for attendance. The technology has been available for eight or nine years and it claims to have 95 percent accuracy. But it has never been put into use.
Filmmakers are reluctant to stand firm when they become victims because they do not want to offend the exhibition branch of the business chain - the branch that deals directly with end users. Some say they are no longer sad at the irregularity, but have come to the stage of despair.
This time it's for real, and ”we'll cleanse the industry of this illegal and irregular behavior“, says Zhang Hongsen, director of SAPPRFT's Film Bureau.
2013年，中国电影行业票房收入创下历史新高，据官方统计，收入达217.69亿元人民币(35.9亿美元)。据光线传媒总裁王长田透露，这一数字比实际数字少了至少50亿元。还有专家认为二者之间相差24亿元，票房上报数字与实际数字之间相差至少10%。其中的差额，进了一些人的腰包，成为了放映方，即影院所有人和经营者的非法收入。监管机构开始对此类事件进行严肃管理。
王长田的气愤是有理由的。在刚刚结束的春节档期，他的微博上收到许多观众留言，并附上电影《爸爸去哪儿》的电影票照片。这部电影是光线传媒公司发行的热门影片。有的电影票上没有电影的名字，而一些电影票上标出的价格要低于观众实际购票的价格。这些都说明上报的电影收入并不真实。
几年以前，就有观众将可疑的电影票上传到网上，那时候就出现了“偷票房”的恶劣行为。电脑打出的电影票上往往标记为A电影，但后来被涂改成B。有人指责A电影出品人和发行人，而幕后的操作者更有可能是影院方面的人员。原因很简单。相比B电影而言，放映方从A影片中得到的收入更多。
但这只是冰山一角。业内人士透露，在中国电影院尚未安装电脑系统，社交网站还没有让所有人都成为此类商业骗行的潜在报道者之前，这类事件要更加严重。事实上，部分电影投资者甚至根本不知道，其他人在分享他们的收入。电影监管机构、国家新闻出版广电总局电影局副局长毛羽说，”计划经济时代就出现了这种现象"。
但是，这已经从零散的现象，变成了规模巨大的骗局。违反规定的人甚至不会给团购观众发放电影票，在整场放映中基本不上报一分钱的收入。只有团购代表会与电影院直接打交道，所以如果他没有提出特殊要求，为每一位成员打印电影票，在电影院上报给发行方的收入报告中，是不会显示团购情况的。
在会费方面也会耍手腕，因为会费是提前收取的。会员的电影票上只显示在几号放映厅，放映方可以将电影票任意对应到别的影片上，或者根本不记录会员看过电影，这样他们就可以私吞所有的收入。
一些影院投资了单独的零售电脑系统，可以让购票者买到正确的电影票，同时不会让中央系统中显示任何数据。而另外一组可信的购买数据会被输入正确的系统中，但显示的上座率较低。
我了解到的发行商和放映方都认为如今的欺骗行为较从前，就是十几年前，收敛了很多;现在只有三、四线城市会出现这样的行为。中国的电影制作和发行公司中国电影集团同数家大型私人公司共同组建并领导了一个协会，雇佣1000人监督全国的影院。另一家国有电影公司华夏电影公司也拥有一支八百人的队伍。
但是，即使是这些精明的监督者也有力所不及的情况。例如，影院出售一张80元的电影票(热映电影的正常票价)，同时赠送免费的爆米花。这时候，爆米花可能占去票价中的60元，而电影票只能占票价中的20元。电影院声称，双方商议的影片价格就是20元，因此影院没有违反任何规定。
《变形金刚3》同票房潜力很小的小制作电影《杨善洲》捆绑，让后者取得了令人震惊的票房收入(7900万元)，但是这一数字同极少量的观影人数并不相符。这是一种类似的手段。虽然消费者不会为这样的捆绑交易多付钱，但网上还是有一些对这类行为的投诉。
作为监管机构，国家新闻出版广电总局一月底公布了治理虚报、谎报票房收入的办法。成立专门基金，补贴销售点电脑软件的升级。国家电影专资办主任姜涛表示，安装于2005年的现行系统“跟不上新情况”。
“新系统会修补漏洞，销售结束十分钟以后即结束上报窗口，而不再等到第二天中午”，延缓上报时间，会为弄虚作假留下空间。五月即将建成平台，影院方面将于十月完成升级。
除了对所有销售系统进行管理，国家新闻出版广电总局坚持要求所有电影票显示正确的价格和入场费。但没有对违反规定的具体处罚措施。发行方和放映方承认，软件更新一定会提供很大帮助，但帮助可能不够。
“违反规定的代价还是太低了。如果被发现虚报了10次票价，只需要补上缺口即可，”乐视影业市场副总裁黄紫燕说。
华星UME影城的经理曹勇建议吊销违反规定的单位的营业执照。“电影院的投资上千万，这样严厉的惩罚，会让他们觉得为了8万、10万的票房受这样的惩罚划不来。”
还有人想到其他办法，如运用可以自动扫描影院放映厅上座率的红外摄像机。未来8到9年，将可以利用这项技术，据称这项技术的准确率为95%。但现在这项技术尚未得到使用。
电影制作方在受到损失时，不愿意太过严厉，因为他们不想得罪放映方，原因在于在商业链上放映方所处的环节直接接触终端用户。一些人说不再为这样的不规矩行为感到难过，而是开始失望。
这一次真的要采取行动，“我们要肃清行业中的这类非法，违规行为”，国家新闻出版广电总局电影局局长张宏森说。
4个步骤
★ 木兰诗文章结构
★ 三类简历投递无用
