下面是小编整理的托福阅读备考3个阶段学习任务目标详解(共含10篇），欢迎阅读分享，希望对大家有所帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“胡桃李子”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
提分计划】托福阅读备考3个阶段学习任务目标详解
托福阅读备考阶段1：学习长难句分析
很多人可能会觉得托福阅读的备考阶段首先应该从背单词开始，但在小编看来托福词汇属于基础范畴，词汇基本过关了才能开始各个科目的备考，因此这里默认大家已经具有足够看懂托福阅读文章和题目的词汇量。而在这个基础之上考生开始备考托福阅读首先要做的就是学习长难句分析。
长难句应该算是很多中国考生刚开始接触阅读最为头疼的问题之一。大家阅读文章读得慢看不懂往往就是因为长难句。因此，托福阅读备考考生要做的就是结合自身的英语语法以及对句子的理解来熟悉和攻克长难句，从而提升对于长难句句式结构的认识，快速找出句子主干并提高理解速度。关于长难句分析的教学内容很容易找到，小编就不在此展开了。总之大家托福阅读备考初期的首要目标是攻克长难句，以便提升阅读理解的基本速度。
托福阅读备考阶段2：提升题型应对技巧
能够快速看懂长难句，接下来大家需要训练的就是不同题型的应对技巧了。托福阅读应该是听说读写4个科目中题型最多的一科，按照官方指南OG上的划分标准来看托福阅读中总共包含有10种不同题型。题型这么多应对技巧自然也是各有区别的，有些题型需要依靠大家的基础能力(比如词汇题)，有些题型考察的是考生定位原文的速度(事实题等)，还有些则需要大家对文章整体的理解把握(小结题)。考生在备考第二阶段的学习任务就是充分理解各种题型的出题思路并掌握高效准确的解题技巧，考生可以通过各类练习进行针对性的训练，对于常见高频的题型需要多花一些功夫，出现频率较低的题型则需要理解基本的解题思路。能够做到这一点，考生就拥有了比较理想的基本应对能力。
托福阅读备考阶段3：培养对文章整体的把握
如果说之前两个阶段还是属于被动应对阅读考试的阶段，那么接下来考生需要做的就是培养主动思考解题的能力了。比起看到文章题目再想解题方法，这种主动应对阅读的能力能够帮助大家进一步提升解题效率，把控整体答题节奏和对时间的分配使用，是考生真正迈入高分阶段的标志。
考生在这个阶段要做的是培养对文章整体结构脉络的把握，并具备一定的预判能力。简单来说，大家在看文章过程中不仅要了解文章在讲什么，自己心里也需要建立起一个对文章结构的理解认识，比如文章提出了什么观点，之后是如何展开分论点看法，每个段落各自又讲了什么等等。读完文章后考生要能具备清晰的思路和对文章的整体把握，甚至之后如果文章还要继续展开会有哪些内容等等也需要有合理的推测。具备这种能力后，最为直观的表现就是大家能比较好地应对托福阅读中难度最高得分率最低的压底题型小结题了。而更多的收获则体现在考生对考试节奏的彻底掌控上，很难会再出现阅读时间不够用来不及解题的问题，托福阅读的时间压力将得有效缓解，而考生也才终于拥有了从容应对托福考试实战的底气和自信。
经历了上述3个阶段的托福阅读备考，考生才算是真正拥有了上场一战并取得高分的能力，很多同学之所以会在备考托福阅读一段时间之后失去了学习目标和方向，其实大多都是卡在了第二和第三个阶段之间。对于这些同学来说，小编相信本文内容应该能够为大家提供指点和帮助。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Contrary to the arguments...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
词汇讲解：
maroon /m?'ru?n/ v. 放逐到无人岛上，使孤立
adrift /?'dr?ft/ adj. 漂流的，漂泊的
feat /fi?t/ n. 功绩，伟业
deliberate /d?'l?b?r?t/ adj. 故意的，刻意的
set out 从某地出发
stock v. 贮备，贮存
domesticate /d?'m?st?ket/ v. 驯养(动物等)
结构划分：
Contrary to the arguments of some (that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift), it seems reasonable (that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions (that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. ) )
深度分析：
修饰一：(that much of thepacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift)，从句，修饰arguments
中文：波利尼西亚人是在偶尔迷失和漂流被困住而定居在大部分太平洋地区
修饰二：在上一个从句里还有一个省略的从句(after being lost and adrift) =(after Polynesians were lost and adrift)
修饰三：(that set outfully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. )，从句，修饰expeditions，注意这里(fully stocked with food and domesticated plants andanimals. )，非谓语动词修饰set out
中文：出发时充分贮存了食物和被驯化动植物
主干：大家注意，(that this feat wasaccomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stockedwith food and domesticated plants and animals.)， it seems reasonable中的 it指代这个从句，真正的主语是这个从句
参考翻译：
和某些人的观点相反，这些观点认为波利尼西亚人是在偶尔迷失和漂流被困住而定居在大部分太平洋地区，另外一种观点似乎更加合理，认为这些功绩是通过故意的并且出发时充分贮存了食物和被驯化动植物的殖民探险来实现的。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：people who believe...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
词汇讲解：
aggression n. 侵略
justified adj. 合理的，正当的
unjust adj. 不公正的，不公平的
结构划分：
For example, people (who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--) are likely to act aggressively, whereas people (who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust), or (who think that aggression is never justified), are less likely to behave aggressively.
深度分析：
修饰一：(who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--)，从句，修饰people，注意里面还有一个从句(that aggression is necessary and justified)
中文：相信侵略是必要的合理的(诸如战争时期)
修饰二：(who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust) ，从句，修饰people，注意里面还有一个从句(that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust)
中文：相信一场特别的战争或侵略行为是不公正的人们
修饰三：(who think that aggression isnever justified)，从句，修饰people，
中文：认为侵略从来不是合理的人们
主干部分：表示对比的句子：people are likely to act aggressively whereas people are less likely to behave aggessively.
参考翻译：
例如，相信侵略是必要的合理的(诸如战争时期)的人们就有可能行为有侵略性;然而，相信一场特别的战争或侵略行为是不公正的，或者，认为侵略从来不是合理的人们，就少有可能行为有侵略性。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Estimates indicate that...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
词汇讲解：
aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土层
semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的
结构划分：
Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year.)
深度分析：
修饰一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介词短语，修饰后面红色主干部分
中文：在半干旱气候条件下
修饰二：(that presently exist in the region)，从句，修饰conditions
中文：现在存在于这个地区
修饰三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ，非谓语动词，修饰前面红色主干
中文：总计大约一年50毫米
主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal
中文：蓄水层的补水率很
参考翻译：
估计表明：蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。但很不幸，在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下，蓄水层的补水率很小，总计大约一年50毫米。
托福阅读备考哪些学习任务是重点?快速提分经验分享
托福阅读对词汇要求严格
托福阅读非常重视考生的词汇基础。从某种意义上来讲，你积累的英语词汇量的多少，影响着你在托福阅读考试中取得的成绩。如果考生具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求，即使语言能力再强也过不了托福阅读难关。之所以说词汇量的重要性，想必就算不加以强调，大家也都会很清楚。试想一下，如果考生掌握的词汇量不够多，当看见6一个完整的句子时，可能将整个句子要表达的意思理解清楚吗?因此，想要训练托福阅读能力，大家首先就要从词汇量上下手，只有掌握足够多的词汇后，你才能具备应对托福阅读的基础能力。
托福阅读需要有阅读量积累
当一个人知道的东西多了后，在面临问题时，就会显得更有自信，解决问题也会有自己的路子。这一点在托福阅读备考训练中也同样适用，考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面，对各国或各地区等相关文化及常识有一定了解后，在参加托福考试 做阅读题时，当读到自己有所了解的东西后，解题时就会比较有自信和感觉，不会因为自己不了解不清楚文章内容而在理解文章大意时觉得不知所措。小编相信每一位考生在解答试题时，如果阅读到自己熟悉的文章内容后，解答试题时也会比较轻松和容易，更有答对的自信心，解题正确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。
掌握解题技巧不要读完全文再做题
考生在解答托福阅读试题时往往存在一定的误区，认为想要解答试题必须要阅读整篇文章。小编在这提醒各位考生，这种理念是错误的。阅读文章的最终目的是为了解答试题。只要能够准确的解答试题，不完全阅读文章也是可以的。大家需要明确的一个观点是阅读时要为了做题去阅读，而不是为了阅读而去阅读。还有一点，考生解答阅读试题时，可以先看题干，对所要提出的问题有了一定的了解后，带着问题再去阅读文章，这样做阅读时就会有着重点，针对性强，解答也比较容易，只要找到题干的大概范围，很轻松就可以选出想要的选项了。同时，这种方法也能减少大量阅读时间，为你提供更多时间做其它题目，考生面对一些难题也会有更多的时间可以用来解答。
托福阅读考试练习题目 3种题型要区别对待
托福阅读考试练习题目1.主旨题
主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。
托福阅读考试练习题目2.列举题
列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。
托福阅读考试练习题目3.文章结论题
文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。
托福考前准备 托福阅读考前注意事项盘点
1、题目的巩固知新
很多学生在考试前会大量的做题，以此检验自己的阅读水平和提高阅读速度。大家惯常的做法是重视做题，而忽视题目的更正和思路梳理。往往是在知道了自己的错题数目后，就进行下一篇的练习，这样实在是太埋没文章的使用价值。建议大家在做完题目只有，要做如下三件事：第一，要分析错题的原因，比较自己的答案和正确答案之间的差异性，查找自己选择答案和ETS的思路差异性。避免出现，文章读懂但题目作不对的遗憾的现象。第二，要回查文章当中出现的单词。大家不要以为文章的更新，代表着单词的更新。其实，ETS在讲到某些话题时， 有些单词是会重复出现的。讲到地质的， 会出现layer, fault,等单词，将到考古的时候，fossil，skull等有会在我们眼前招摇。因此，我们一定不要忽视题目之外的文章，要及时记录这篇文章中自己生疏的单词，及时清理背诵。第三：要阅读文章中的某些长难句，最好自己能做些翻译的工作，让自己把文章读透。通过这三点，希望大家可以做到在做完文章后的复习巩固，只有这样，才能真正通过练习提高自己的阅读水平和阅读速度。
2、练习文章的节奏控制
考试中的做题要求是60分钟内完成三篇文章的答题，因此，大家在平时练习的时候也要以三篇文章为单位，严格要求自己在60分钟之内做完所有的题目。不要把时间延长，或者是文章今天做一篇，明天再做一篇。我们在做题的时候，难免会出现烦躁和疲劳感，因此在考试之前，要让自己能适应长时间的做题和思考，给自己的大脑和体力做好充足的”适应场地“的热生运动，才能在考试时发挥出自己的真实水平。有一点需要说明的是，三篇文章的排列顺序，并不是所谓的难度递增或者是递减，而是随机的排列。因此，当大家在遇到第一篇文章感觉较难时，不要自我心理暗示：第一篇就这么难，那接下来的两篇不是会更加读不懂。非也。第一篇的难度并不是衡量整个阅读考试的标准，大家在这时需要做的是深呼吸，使自己稍微放松下来，告诉自己，沉着应战，冷静答题。
3、考试环境的适应
中国学生一般的阅读习惯是以纸质材料为主，边读文章边画出相关语句。但IBT新托福的机考环境下， 我们的阅读视线从原来的90度转变到180度，要从电脑屏幕上搜索相关的语句。这对很多学生来讲，很不适应，抱怨说，“我怎么看着眼晕啊”;“我怎么看着没感觉啊”。因此，平时的复习材料，如果环境允许，基本以看电子文档为主。如果在考试之前的前一个月，要让自己去做TPO的在线模拟题，使自己熟悉这种视角转换下的阅读环境。才能都在真实考场当中，不至于出现“怯场”的情况。另外，需要提醒大家的一点，虽然准考证上面，显示的考试时间是上午10:00，但其实当你进入考位解锁后，考试就正式开始。并不一定非要苛求到10：00才开始考试，那样只怕会耽误考试的宝贵时间。还有，如果有担心自己会受到旁边影响的同学，可以把耳机带上，以起到隔音的效果。
托福阅读考试技巧 需要把握的10个关键点
一、因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：
(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等
(2] 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
二、段落句
文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出 (1) 主题性问题， (2) 细节性问题.和 (3) 结构性问题。
三、列举和并列句
列举指的是：First, Second, Third, 等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：
1. Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。
2 . EXCEPT 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT
这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
四、否定及转折句
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
五、举例句
句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
六、数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如 年 10 月第 48 题。
七、最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是 概念绝对 ， 答案唯一 ，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。
八、比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。
九、同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。
十、特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：
(1) 破折号，表示解释.考细节性问题;
(2) 括号，表示解释.考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号.表示引用，考细节性问题：
(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:温室效应让海水酸化
Passage4
托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析
适中
托福阅读考试练习题目大致内容
温室效应不仅变热还让海水酸化，这个酸化会给海洋生物带来很多的影响，都是负面的。例如会融化贝壳的外壳，越冷的水溶的酸越多，一种现象会加剧酸化。
托福阅读考试词汇
porosity permeability skeleton rhythms locomotion subsequent=later(多次出现) abundant noticeable keenly
【新手必看】托福阅读零基础备考3个训练重点详解
托福阅读 单词如何准备?
阅读在托福听说读写四项中，单词量要求是最高的一项。对于单词而言，科学数据证明，单词至少需要过五遍以上才能够真正记得单词，因此一定要强调单词重复，我们哈耶普推荐学生使用的单词书是王玉梅。具体背单词而言，会出现的最主要的问题是，很多孩子在背了几遍单词后，往往会在阅读中只会觉得熟悉甚至是出现在某个单词的上面或者下面，但就是不认识这个单词什么意思，这种情况的解决办法便是，背单词的同时熟读所给的例句，通过其中的意思去记背单词，这样单词出现在阅读中就会容易反映出来具体的意思。需要注意的是，单词不能凭空去背，一定要强调默写这个过程，同时默写需要注意正确率，尤其是错误的单词应该自己整理出来，否则会出现不认识的一直都不认识，哪怕默写很多很多遍。
托福阅读长难句分析技巧
长难句分析的基础是最基本的语法，这一点对于孩子们来说，很多孩子都是有较大的缺陷的，因此一定确保基本简单的语法不出错。另外，分析长难句要有技巧去分析，不能是纯翻译。如果单纯地去翻译，其实电子词典就能做这个功能，长难句最主要的是如何把句子肢解成能够快速理解的短句。建议可以使用老托福的文章来练习长难句分析。
托福文章阅读技巧训练心得
这一点是尤为重要的，像阅读和听力这样的客观题目，技巧的运用并不是三两下就可以掌握的。冰冻三尺非一日之寒，这类客观题目的技巧的运用一定有一个循序渐进的过程，首先要熟练掌握对应题型的解题技巧，第二需要在简单题目中运用此技巧这样才能够确保自己会用技巧以及用技巧的信心，第三才是在难题中使用技巧解题。这一过程中，尤其是在技巧学习的初期，哪怕是所有做对的题目，都需要把技巧重复看在其中是如何运用的。
最后，针对所有考前的备考学生，尤其是考试心态不太稳定的学生，阅读这部分需要注意的是，平时的全真模考非常关键，一方面是训练考试心态，另一方面是针对模考之后，一定要总结自己的分数所暴露出来的问题，分析自己的错题类型都主要集中在哪些方面，有针对性解决，而非仅仅只看一个分数。很简单，例如同样是23分的学生，存在的问题也不尽相同。
托福考试阅读文章练习
The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.
The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called “the vitamin period.” Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.
In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950’s to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body
(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present
(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study
(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century
2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition?
(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.
(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.
(C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.
(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.
3. The word “tempting” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) attractive
(C) realistic
(D) correct
4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to
(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition
(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease
(C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients
(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins
5. The word “Reckless” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) recorded
(B) irresponsible
(C) informative
(D) urgent
6. The word ’them“ in line 19 refers to
(A) therapies
(B) claims
(C) effects
(D) vitamins
7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950’s
(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.
(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.
(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality
(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.
8. The phrase ”concomitant with“ in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) in conjunction with
(B) prior to
(C) in dispute with
(D) in regard to
9. The word ”skyrocketing“ in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) internationally popular
(B) increasing rapidly
(C) acceptable
(D) surprising
10. The word ”extolling“ in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) analyzing
(B) questioning
(C) praising
(D) promising
11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
(A) the fourth era of nutrition history
(B) problems associated with undernutrition
(C) how drug companies became successful
(D) why nutrition education lost its appeal
CABBB DDABC A
托福阅读材料练习：文化背景决定工作理念
在许多企业文化中，“团队合作”被视为非常重要的组成部分，优秀的“团队合作”精神也被视为一个好员工必须具备的。而不同的人对于“团队合作”的看法和期望又是由什么决定的呢?
一篇文章称，在不同文化生活的人对工作的理解也不一样。例如人们对“团队合作”就有不同的期望。
a new article in a special section on culture and psychology in
perspectives on psychological science, a journal of the associationfor
psychological science, explains that people in different cultures think about
work in different ways.
日前，一篇刊登在美国心理科学 联合会的学术期刊《心理科学视角》文化与心理版块的文章称，在不同文化生活的人对工作的理解也不一样。
for example, people have different expectations about teamwork, says
cristina b. gibson, of the university of western australia.
例如，人们对“团队合作”就有不同的期望，西澳大学教授克里斯蒂娜.b.吉布森说道。
gibson has interviewed people to understand how they conceptualizeteams.
“in the us, people used a lot of sports metaphors. elsewhere, that just wasn't a
common metaphor.” in latin america, for example, many people talked about the
work team as a family.
托福阅读材料练习：保持好记忆
being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory， us researchers
say.
“this explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you get
at a party when you are having a good time，” elizabeth martin， a doctoral
student of psychology at the university of missouri， says in a statement. “this
research is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact working
memory storage capacity.”
the researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showing
them a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine， while others
saw a video on how to install flooring.
those who viewed the comedy routine were in significantly better moods
after viewing the video， while the mood of flooring group had not changed. both
groups were then given a memory test.
the study， published in the journal cognition and emotion， found those who
watched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.
美国研究人员称，好心情可能会降低大脑的工作记忆(属程序性记忆、短时记忆，是一种短暂时刻的知觉)能力。
“这就能解释为什么明明在派对上玩得很开心，却记不住从派对上得到的电话号码，”密苏里大学心理学博士伊丽莎白马丁在一份报告中指出。“该研究首次说明，积极情绪有损于工作记忆容量。”
研究人员在受试者观看视频片段前后对其情绪进行了测量。其中一部分受试者所看的是轻松喜剧节目，另一些人所看的视频则关于如何铺地板。
那些看了喜剧的受试者观后情绪更佳，而“地板视频”受试者观前观后情绪并无波动。两组都接受了记忆测试。
此项刊登于《认知与情感》杂志的研究发现，观看了喜剧的受试者在记忆测试中表现明显差于另一组受试者。
详解托福阅读备考提高学习效率要知道的3个实用细节
托福阅读高效备考细节：从词汇角度分析
与四六级英语考试和托福考试比较，托福考试对于词汇的要求是大大的提升了的。而且其中也是包含了大量的专业词汇。在托福阅读的练习中能明显的感受到这一问题，但是有的考生同样会在考前急攻一些生僻词汇以备应考。其实，针对文章里的生词而言，有时根本是不需要大家见一个背一个，依然是要按照上下文的内容和关系，运用逻辑推理的方法做出一些推断的。
托福阅读高效备考细节：养成良好阅读习惯
当大家练习托福阅读过程里，一字一句的进行阅读，就是一个不必要的弯路了，这样的阅读方法是不可行的。重点是要学会速读，但是在此速读并非只是粗粗的明白文章大意。其为的是寻找到和题目相关的段落或者语句，并且在阅读时考生们另外还要找到关键字，分段总结大意，这样才能更有效的提升阅读效率。
托福阅读高效备考细节：学会审题
其实，当大家备考了一段时间后，你就会发现多数文章都是可以在文章标题中找到关键点的。但是只有把如此的关键点当成阅读全文指引，才能带来最大的收益。作为托福阅读的一种技巧，必须在清晰明了的审题后，再进入阅读。如果是为了形式化的“审题”，那对于全文阅读的效率依然是没有任何帮助的。
以上就是托福阅读高效备考的细节指点，希望能够帮助大家提升备考效率，获得阅读高分。
托福阅读：怎么走出做不对题目的怪圈
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为”沙漠化是源于“或者翻译为”沙漠化导致“”很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 “这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是”被影响“，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?
这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。
如果你经常有”最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但不对题“的感叹的时候，劝大家最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了，以及翻译错了，然后再将这些问题，搜集起来去找自己的同学、老师进行咨询，看看自己到底是哪个语法点出现了问题，只有这样才能摆脱”最无奈的莫过于看得懂文章，但不对题“的怪圈。
托福阅读：猜词技巧
一、利用上下文线索猜测词义
1、根据同义、反义关系猜词
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。
2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为”感到孤立“，故选D。
二、利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)
1、用前、后缀猜测词义
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有”超过、过于“之意，overwork意思是”工作过多，劳累过度“。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)
2、利用合成词猜测词义。
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。
托福阅读备考3个注意事项提点 掌握方法才能有所提升
托福阅读备考注意事项：积累阅读量增加知识面
当一个人知道的东西多了后，在面临问题时，就会显得更有自信，解决问题也会有自己的路子。这样方式在阅读能力训练中也同样适用，考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面，对各国或各地区等相关文化及常识有一定了解后，在参加托福考试时，当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后，解题时就会比较有自信和感觉，不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚，对文章要说的东西特别盲目。相信每一位考生在解答试题时，如果阅读到自己熟悉的文章后，解答试题时也会比较轻松和容易。答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。
托福阅读备考注意事项：注意解题要领无需阅读全文
很多考生在解答阅读试题时往往会存在一定的误区，认为想要解答试题必须要阅读整篇文章。小编在这里提醒各位考生们，这种理念是错误的。阅读文章的最终目的就是为了解答试题，因此考生只要能够准确的解答试题，不完全阅读文章也是可以的。所以说，大家阅读时要以做题为目的去阅读，而不是为了阅读而去阅读。还有一点，考生解答阅读试题时，可以先看题干，对所要提出的问题有了一定的了解后，带着问题再去阅读文章，这样做在阅读时就会有着重点，针对性强，解答也比较容易，只要找到题干的大概范围，很轻松就可以选出想要的选项了。同时，也减少了大量的阅读时间，为你的考试赢回不少时间，可以用这部分时间去解答其他较难的阅读题。
托福阅读备考注意事项：严格要求托福词汇量
从某种意义上来讲，你积累的英语词汇量的多少，影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的托福阅读词汇量达不到最基本的要求，即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。之所以说词汇量的重要性，想必就算不加以强调，大家也都会很清楚。试想一下，如果你掌握的词汇量不够多，当看见一个完整的句子时，你觉得你可能将整个句子要表达的意思理解清楚吗?所以说，想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手，只有掌握足够多的词汇后，你才能具备提升阅读成绩的最低标准。
托福阅读背景“Borscht罗宋汤”
Borscht, which is sometimes also spelled borsch andborshch, is a lovely vegetable soup that is almost always made with beets. The use of beets in this soup lend the dish a vibrant red color. There are some versions of borscht made without beets. There is an orange borscht, which is made with tomatoes, and a green borscht, which has a sorrel base. However, beet borscht is the most common form of this soup.
Borscht is a very common dish in Germany and Eastern Europe. It is believed that the soup was originally created in the Ukraine and then shared with nearby countries. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe brought borscht to the United States. Although it is not as popular as chicken noodle or tomato soups, borscht is common in the United States, especially in areas with large Jewish communities.
Beet borscht can be prepared and served in two distinct ways: hot and cold. Hot borscht is a veryhearty soup that includes many vegetables in addition to beets. Vegetables in hot borscht may include cabbage, cucumber, beans, mushrooms, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. Hot borscht might also be made with meats such as chicken, pork, or beef. Of course, in the Jewish tradition, borscht is never made with pork. Hot borscht is generally more like stew than soup and is often served with dark bread.
Cold borscht is common to the culinary traditions of Ashkenazi Jews. Cold borscht is much thinner than hot borscht and is almost always vegetarian. It is a sweet soup made of beets, onion, a bit of sugar, and lemon juice. Cold borscht is often garnished with adollop of sour cream at the center of the bowl.
Cold borscht is the most common type of borscht served in the United States, because it was this type of borscht that Jewish immigrants brought with them. Borscht is most common on the east coast, especially in New York. In fact, in New York City, there are dozens of diners that serve homemade borscht. If you happen to find yourself in the Big Apple with ahankering for delicious borscht, be sure to take yourself to the Carnegie Deli. While the Carnegie Deli is famous for its triple-decker sandwiches and celebrity clientele, it also serves some of the best borscht in the country.
罗宋汤(Borscht)，有时也拼作borsch和borshch，是一种美味的蔬菜汤，大多数情况下是用甜菜煮成。甜菜让这种汤呈现出一种鲜亮的红色。也有一些版本的罗宋汤不使用甜菜：比如用番茄可以做出橙色的罗宋汤，还有一种绿色的用酸模做成的罗宋汤。但甜菜罗宋汤是最常见的一种。
罗宋汤在德国和东欧很常见的菜肴。据说这种汤起源于乌克兰，后来传到邻国，来自东欧的犹太移民又将它带到了美国。尽管罗宋汤在美国不像鸡汤面条和番茄汤一样受欢迎，但它很常见，尤其是在犹太人聚居的大型社区。
甜菜罗宋汤有冷、热两种不同的烹饪装盘方式。热罗宋汤很是丰盛美味，除了甜菜外，还会加入许多蔬菜，包洋括白菜、黄瓜、豆类、蘑菇、洋葱、土豆和番茄。热罗宋汤也可以加入诸如鸡肉、猪肉或牛肉等肉类。当然，在犹太人的传统中，罗宋汤是从来不放猪肉的。热罗宋汤通常看起来更像炖菜而不是汤，而且常和黑面包一起搭配食用。
冷罗宋汤在德系犹太人的烹饪传统中较常见。冷罗宋汤比热罗宋汤更清淡，而且几乎只有蔬菜。它是用甜菜、洋葱、少许糖和柠檬汁做成的一种甜汤，通常会在碗中间放一块酸奶油作装饰。
冷罗宋汤是美国最常见的一种罗宋汤，因为最初犹太移民带来的就是这种。罗宋汤在东海岸很普遍，尤其在纽约。事实上，在纽约市，有几十家餐馆供应自家所制的罗宋汤。如果你恰好在大苹果(纽约的别称)寻觅美味的罗宋汤，一定要去卡内基熟食店。卡内基熟食店以它的三层三明治和名人主顾而闻名遐迩，那里也供应全美最美味的罗宋汤。
冬天是喝汤的季节，在寒冷的冬夜，喝一碗热乎乎的罗宋汤是保暖的好方法。它会温暖你的心灵和身体，带来更多乐观向上的劲头。
Vocabulary:
dollop: 一团，一块
garnish: 加饰菜于(菜肴)
hankering: 渴望，切望
hearty: 丰盛的，营养丰富的
sorrel: 酸模，属植物
托福阅读背景之“虚拟现实法治疗抑郁症”
阿凡达疗法，是科学家受阿凡达的“化身”技术启发，将虚拟现实用在抑郁症治疗上的一种新型技术。技术的关键是让患者把一个虚拟的自己当成自己的“化身”，让虚拟成人安慰自己，从而摆脱抑郁症的困扰。
Patients wore a virtual reality headset to see from the perspective of a life-size 'avatar' or virtual body. Seeing this virtual body in a mirror moving in the same way as their own body typically produces the illusion that this is their own body. This is called 'embodiment'.
患者头戴一个虚拟现实头盔后， 可看到一个与自己大小一样并动作同步的虚拟形象，会把这个形象看做自己的“化身”，以他/她的视角来看待外物。
While embodied in an adult avatar, participants were trained to express compassion towards a distressed virtual child.
在“化身”为成人阿凡达后，。研究人员让患者通过这个“化身”安慰一个虚拟出来的悲伤男孩，
As they talked to the child it appeared to gradually stop crying and respond positively to the compassion.
在患者与这名男孩交谈后，男孩逐渐不再哭泣，对安慰作出积极回应。
After a few minutes the patients were embodied in the virtual child and saw the adult avatar deliver their own compassionate words and gestures to them.
几分钟后，研究人员让患者把这个虚拟男孩当做自己的“化身”，让虚拟成人安慰虚拟男孩。
This brief eight-minute scenario was repeated three times at weekly intervals, and patients were followed up a month later. Of the 15 participants, nine reported reduced depressive symptoms a month after the therapy.
这个过程持续8分钟，每星期重复3次。一个月后，9名患者症状减轻，其中4名显著减轻。
Virtual reality has also previously been used to treat psychological disorders including phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder, but this research focused on a new application for promoting emotional well-being.
虚拟现实技术此前已被用于治疗多种心理障碍，如恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍等，但此次研究聚焦于改善患者心理健康这一新领域。
这个托福阅读词汇备考阶段对应着学生更高的托福阅读水平，学生在阅读理解上有一定基础，但是在阅读解题以及阅读速度上还有所欠缺。这个阶段考生要备考的词汇主要是托福阅读核心词，这些词汇主要来自TPO阅读刷题过程。刷题之后，考生要分析文章和题目，文章中积累的陌生词以及托福阅读词汇题目中的词汇都是这个阶段的备考重点。通过这个阶段，考生能够迅速识别托福阅读核心词。
托福考试阅读长句练习
My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
=My point/ is/ that its central consciousness/—its profound understanding of class and gender/ as shaping influences/ on people’s lives/—owes much to that earlier literary heritage/，a heritage/ that，in general/，has not been sufficiently valued/ by most contemporary literary critics.
#我的观点是/，其作品的中心思想——它深刻理解阶级和性别/作为决定性影响/对人的生活的——在很大程度上借鉴了早期的文学遗产/，这些遗产/总体上/还未受到足够重视/大多数当代文学评论家的。
.个句子与上一句很相似，两个破折号中间的内容也是补充性的，这种情况下破折号就相当于括号，中间的内容可看可不看。
托福考试阅读材料专题训练
Officials at the Pentagon say the American Defence Secretary Leon Panetta is to remove the ban on women in the military serving in combat. The decision, which is expected to be announced formally on Thursday, makes women available for hundreds of thousands of frontline positions and elite commando jobs, something never before known in the United States military. But Pentagon commanders will still be allowed to make a case for any specific post they think should remain closed to women. 五角大楼官员称美国国防部长帕内特将撤掉禁止妇女参战的禁令。这个决定将于周四正式宣布，这样就为妇女提供数十万个前线职位和精英突击队工作，这在美国部队是前所未有的。 但在决定哪些特别职位适合妇女时，国防部指挥官仍要对此进行说明。
The Supreme Court in Mexico has ruled that a Frenchwoman sentenced to 60 years in prison on kidnapping charges should be set free. The case against Florence Cassez led to a serious diplomatic rift between France and Mexico. Will Grant reports from Mexico City. It was the result which Florence Cassez had been hoping for for seven years since she was first accused of being part of a kidnapping ring in December . Three of five Supreme Court judges ruled there were serious irregularities in the legal process against her and ordered her immediate release from her 60-year prison sentence. Since she was first detained, Florence Cassez has consistently accused the authorities in Mexico of using shaky witness statements against her and of denying her consular assistance. World News from the BBC 一名法国妇女因绑架指控被判60年监禁，墨西哥最高法院裁定应该释放此人。 这起有关弗洛朗丝?卡塞的案子曾使法国和墨西哥发生严重的外交冲突。 Will Grant在墨西哥城报道。 弗洛朗丝?卡塞首次被控参与绑架团伙，自此7年来她一直希望能有今天这个结果。 最高法院的五名法官中有三名法官认定此案的法律程序存在严重违规问题，并下令立即施放被判60年徒刑的卡塞。 自首次被捕以来，弗洛朗丝?卡塞一直指控墨西哥政府使用不可靠的证人证词来指控她，还拒绝给予她领事援助。 BBC世界新闻
托福考试阅读材料专题训练
Medical officials in Iraq say 21 people were killed in a suicide bombing at a Shia mosque north of the capital Baghdad. Hospital sources told the BBC that 65 others were injured. The bomber detonated his explosives inside the mosque in the town of Tuz Khurmato, a largely Turkmen town south of Kirkuk. A funeral was taking place there at the time of the attack. 伊拉克医官称21人死于首都巴格达北部什叶派清真寺的自杀式爆炸案。 院方告诉BBC有65人受伤， 引爆者将炸弹安放在图兹胡尔马图镇的清真寺内，该镇位于基尔库克南部，是土库曼人聚居地。 袭击发生时那里正举行葬礼。
The judge heading a review of India’s laws against rape and other sex crimes has launched a stinging attack on the way India is governed. The retired Chief Justice JS Verma said a failure to enforce India’s existing laws was at the root of discrimination against women. The review was produced in response to the fatal rape of a student in Delhi last month. 负责重审印度强奸和其他性侵法律的法官严词批评印度的执政方式，退休首席大法官JS Verma说，印度现有法律的有法不依就是妇女歧视现象的根源。 由于上月德里发生学生致命强奸案，印度开始重审此法。
Controversial research is set to resume on artificially creating a new highly contagious form of the H5N1 bird flu virus, which could be spread by humans. Rebecca Morelle reports. With just a few mutations, the H5N1 virus can jump from its current form that’s lethal in birds to one that spreads among humans. But when scientists announced they’d done this in the lab, the news was met with shock. And with concerns over containment, the scientists put their research on hold. One year on though and they are ready to resume. Their labs, they claim, meet the highest safety standards and this work could help to fight the constantly evolving virus. But some researchers warn that while the risk of the pathogen escaping is small, the consequences could be catastrophic. 科学家称将重启对一种新型高传染性H5N1禽流感病毒的研究，这种病毒可以通过人际传播，此举引起广泛争议。 Rebecca Morelle报道。 H5N1病毒经过几次突变就可以从目前对鸟类致命的病毒转变为可人际传播的病毒，此前，科学家宣称将在实验室做这样的突变，这个消息令人们震惊。 考虑到控制问题，科学家们将实验暂停。 一年后他们希望能继续实验， 他们称实验室符合最高的安全标准，该研究能帮助应对这种不断演变的病毒。但有的研究者警告说，虽然病原体逃逸的危险很小，但一旦发生，后果将是灾难性的。
托福阅读提升学习效率3个备考要点讲解
明确托福阅读真正考点
考生在托福阅读备考中的重点在于适应答题的环境和节奏。这需要考生把握托福阅读文章内容和明确托福阅读题目考点。所以，考生要提升基础阅读能力，从词汇、语法和文章结构出发备考，要把握托福考试的8000词汇，在学习词汇时不仅要知道单词的汉语意思也要掌握词汇用法;要提高长难句的分析能力，要在备考中多阅读相关文章，提高阅读能力。
学会托福阅读机经真题正确用法
这里提到的真题包括托福阅读考试回顾、托福阅读官方真题Official以及托福阅读预测机经。对于托福阅读考试回顾，考生要从中把握本次考试的话题是什么、话题所属学科、话题具体背景知识;尤其熟记考过的词汇;对于托福阅读官方真题Official，考生可以分析文章中所有不懂的词汇以及难句并通过全文翻译来扫清理解障碍，也可以根据不同话题文章的写作特点来总结多个话题文章写作思路;考生也要利用官方真题Official题目来测试自己的阅读水平，深入分析题目类型和熟悉运用答题策略。
掌握托福阅读高效解题技巧
在托福阅读备考使用官方真题Official题目时，考生可以对每种托福阅读题型有足够了解，从中巩固题目答题策略。但是考生的短期提升只有策略是不足的，因为短期掌握的策略在遇到有难度文章或者不熟悉的题目时都帮助不大。所以考生可以掌握一些答题技巧。比如在文章中遇到难题时，考生可以利用猜词等技巧来读懂词汇，可以通过上下文语境来推测词汇含义;对于托福阅读题型解答也要掌握一些技巧。比如细节类题型解答时可以利用排除等手段高效解题，推论题、修辞目的题可以利用题目本身的特点来锁定答案等等。
新托福阅读题解析：脑偏侧优势
学科分类Biology
题目：Cerebral Lateralization
内容回忆：人的大脑由左右半脑组成，通过神经纤维连接。左半脑控制右边身体，右半脑控制左边身体，这叫做脑的偏侧优势(cerebral lateralization)。脑的偏侧优势是什么时候形成的呢?早期的研究认为这种偏侧优势出现在人的幼儿时期，定型于成年时期。而之后的研究表明，脑的偏侧优势在胎儿时期就已经存在，而出生后就会表现出来。X.X的研究发现，4岁左右没有表现出明显的左撇子或右撇子倾向的孩子，协调能力更好一些。
词汇题：integrating; assume; implication
新托福阅读题解析：蜥脚类恐龙
4月15日托福阅读Passage 3
学科分类Biology
题目：Did Sauropods live in Swamps?
内容回忆：Sauropods传统认为他生活在水中，long neck 伸出水面呼吸，leg 可以支持在地面上缓慢行走。然后设问：neck 不是用来伸出水面呼吸的，那作用是什么? Sauropods 的脖子跟长颈鹿有些像，为了够到tall tree? 但又有人反对。B这个品种或许可以， 但ACD三种都不行。有个专家分析一个品种的fossil， 说neck向上伸的高度limited，还有两个专家用电脑模拟，发现另外两个品种也limited
新托福阅读题解析：大陆漂移
大陆漂移Continental Drift
分别说了4个不同的scientist在大陆漂移学说方面做出的学术研究。首先是一个人发现了同样extinct的物种在不同大陆的fossil，他认为是因为那个时候有大陆桥(continental bridge)。第二个人认为大陆是由更大的陆地板块分裂而来的，因为那个时候月球进入了地球的引力范围，所以产生潮汐力使得大陆板块分裂，他的证据是一个海底的mountain chain。第三个人写了一本monumental的著作，提出了本来是个supercontinent然后分裂的说法，其证据有二：一是和当时的海岸线吻合，二是fossil体现出的古生物特征吻合。最后一个人支持前一个人的理论并且发现了一个有力的证据：一种淡水生物，在南非和古巴均有，而这种生物不可能在海水中游了这么远去寻找另一个环境中条件差不多的淡水。最后，即使有这么多证据，当时很多地质学家还是不愿意接受这一理论。
新托福阅读题目解析
A卷
Debate about the earliest calendars
重复.05.22
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复.04.18
Bird Colonies
重复.04.19
Nitrogen in Crops
新题，加试文章
B卷
Why Did Nonavian Dinosaurs Became Extinct?
重复2016.07.10
Climate of the Past
重复2016.07.09
Gondwana
重复2015.06.13
C卷
The Qualities of a Good Trout Stream
重复2016.12.03
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复2015.04.18
Flightless Bird
重复2014.12.21
D卷
Cerebral Lateralization
重复2016.07.02
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复2015.04.18
Did Sauropods live in Swamps?
重复2015.09.17加场
ETS连续多次在每场考试中设置加试，并增加每场的文章篇数，旨在测大家的基本功和心里素质!!还好，文章难度并不大，皆为之前考过的文章和TPO中出现的相关话题,切记不要慌张!
新托福阅读考情回忆版本一：
Passage1: nitrogen。氮对于植物的重要性，氮可以由打雷和被微生物分解而合成，种了庄稼后氮会变少，氮有人为的添加方式，比如种豆类植物，氮肥，氮的新应用导致英国工业革命对比非洲不断的换耕地
Passage2: early calendar。一种最早发现的在骨头上做记号的日历，然后为什么会认为这个是日历，科学家提出刻这个骨头的古人类可能会抽象思考，以及其他的各种观点反驳，比如这个记号可能是因为用来磨武器造成的
Passage3: flightless birds的演化。有些鸟住在温暖的地方，不用迁移，也没有什么捕食者，所以翅膀就渐渐退化了。最早的flightless bires大概出现在恐龙灭绝之后，有一种鸟只吃植物，为了能够消化植物，它们的消化器官会很重，而会飞的鸟很少以吃植物为生，它们要尽可能的保持体重最小。很多动物进化出了手，而鸟没有，但有些鸟也进化出了类似于手的部位，可以capture preys
Passage4: 人类放弃打猎开始从事农业的一系列理论
Passage5: 可以通过ice和ocean sediments来推测地球当时的温度和大气组成
Passage6: 建筑风格和城市发展。文艺复兴时期的建筑风格，有个建筑师建造了新风格的城市，城市因不同的功能分成了不同的区
Passage7: 左脑与右脑的不同功能，和左撇子与右撇子的研究
Passage8: 南半球的大陆讨论，后引出大陆漂移和版块构造
Passage9: 恐龙灭绝，造成灭绝的原因，如气候，环境因素等
含部分加试题目。
新托福阅读考情回忆版本二：
Passage One
学科分类：Science
题目：Climate of the past
内容回忆：
1. Ice layers can provide information of the past climate, top layers are
recently produced and bottom of the layers are formed for many
years.
2. Air bubbles in the ice can yield climate information as well. By
investing the gases in the bubbles, the correlation and connection of
carbon dioxide and temperature are revealed.
3. Some sea sediments can also tell information of the climate.
词汇题：
1. Compacted=compressed together
2. associated =related
3. sensitive to =responsible for
4. constructed=created
Passage Two
学科分类：Biology
题目：Becoming Flightless
内容回忆：
1. There are two conditions of becoming flightless. First is no need to
migrate to warm conditions. Second is no predators.
2. South America has a special bird which has no predators, this result
flightless.
3. Flightless has advantages. Flightless birds can feed on plants due to
their digestion system which is so heavy for flight birds
4. Flightless birds have larger eggs which can provide embryo more
nutrients
5. Why most flightless birds didn't evolve to hands? Maybe due to their
beak which can manipulate objects. However, some birds evolve to hands and paws.
词汇题：
1. Vacated= recall
2. Manipulate =handle
3. Speculate =understand
4. Exclusively=only
Passage Three
学科分类：Ecology
题目：Some qualities of a good trout stream
内容回忆：
1. Some streams have common qualities for trout ( a kind of bird)
2. Cool-cold water
3. Smooth-slowing water
4. Cover and shelter
5. Abundant insects
6. Areas for building nests
7. Conclude all the conditions for trout
词汇题：
1. robust =healthy
2. optimal =ideal
3. obstruction =阻碍
4. predominantly=主要的，显著的
点评
1. 本次考试继续了从今年3月4日以来出现的每场考试10余篇考题随机组合出试卷的方式，并且参考的考生大多数人都会经历阅读非经典加试。虽然考试之后通过考题回顾与对答案，考生会发现自己和别人考了几乎完全不同的考题，但是文章的主题涉及到的学科与背景知识还是万变不离其宗：生物、历史、地质。其中除加试以外的考题多会重复两年以内的旧题，同学们需要在复习时更加关注并熟悉两年以内的鸡精内容。另外试题与其他考生不同不会影响自己的考试成绩，加试试题也不一定是自己见到的最后一篇，考试的时候试题顺序随机分布，考生还是不能心存侥幸的，要认真对待每一道试题。
2.本次考试除了上述6篇文章之外，还涉及到的文章有：a)左右脑功能与左右撇子研究，人的左右脑控制不一样的区域，且功能不同，有些是天生就有的才能而有些不是，人有左右脑的使用偏好;b)欧洲城镇设计的历史趋势 Historical trends in European Urban Design： 建筑风格和城市发展，文艺复兴时期的建筑风格，有个H建筑师创造了新风格的城市，城市因不同的功能被分成不同的地区;建筑风格从和以前相同逐渐演变成城市建筑那种很高的混凝土水泥或者玻璃幕墙房子;c)马的种类进化与农业 (话题重复1月11、11月14、12月19考题)：一开始人们用牛作为农耕主力，后来变成了马，两种动物生理构造不一样，所以用在动物身上的犁车不同。人们的生活方式从打猎转化成农业，原因在于气候变化，但是种地之后更累，还要预防传染病、水污染、细菌污染，此外还要养家畜;d)古代气候的研究：通过冰层里的气体、尘埃(dust)和生物化石来推测过去的气温、大气的组成等，其中化石方面可以把获得的动物化石按照时间排列以研究过去温度变化，其中小的啮齿类动物(rodent)的化石更可靠。e)Passage 2 某蜥蜴脚恐龙的栖息地Did Sauropods Live in Swamps：某蜥蜴脚恐龙(sauropod)，一开始被认为是水生动物，后来发现是陆生的，其中一种证据是关于它的脖子能不能伸长，举了类比长颈鹿的例子，其中提到了landmass bridge和地壳运动。
3. 通过整理我们发现，生物、历史话题所考察的重点越来越集中化，近期常见的主题有如生物中的鸟类(TPO 11 Begging by Nestlings，TPO 11 Orientation and Navigation)、鱼类(OG Swimming Machines，TPO2 The Origin of Cetaceans)、植物生长与生态系统(TPO 5 Minerals and Plants，TPO 26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions);历史中的农业进化和农具发展(TPO 21 The Origin of Agriculture，TPO 23 Seventeenth-Century Agriculture)、生活方式变迁(TPO 14 Patoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)、城镇化发展(TPO 24 Moving into Pueblos)、人类思维的进化(TPO 33 The First Civilizations);地理类的考古与气候变化(TPO 10 Variations in Climate，TPO 46 Ecosystem Diversity and Stability)。而地理地质类主题除了单独出题外，还会和以上话题进行融合，从而增加考试内容的复杂性。
4.这次的词汇题都属于频繁考过的常规词义，难度并不大，复习时还是需要重视TPO词汇题和鸡精词汇。
考试预测
无论是哪一热点话题，都会和人类、社会联系在一起，同学们在备考刷题的同时注意去理解文章的背景以及一些原理，不要硬抠字眼。TPO不光要刷，还要仔细读原文以理解文章的背景信息。另外考试时间因为加试的频繁出现会自然而然延续到80分钟，同学们平时练习时还需要加强做题耐力方面的训练，以防考试的时候不适应而影响发挥。
1、设立长期大目标
高考不只是简单地得出考试的分数，也要开始考虑自己向往的大学以及专业。由于孩子现阶段对社会了解不够，作为家长可以帮忙协助搜集一些院校和专业的情况，再把这些内容原原本本地告诉孩子。在讲解的时候先不要表达自己的观点，可以先询问孩子的看法，再做分析。
从心理学上分析，唯有清晰的目标，才能够明确的奋斗方向，提高复习的积极性。还可以强化孩子和父母的志愿意识，可以从容应对高考结束之后的志愿填报。
2、制定短期小目标
自己的心中虽然有了高考目标，但是在考试的时候所带来的激励作用还是有限的。如何考生在某一次月考出现失误，就很有可能没有短期目标而长时间不能自拔。
因此，考生应该设立一个适合自己的短期目标，如下次月考如何、下次测验如何、下次自己做的课外模拟如何甚至当晚的作业如何等，使自己保持在一个平缓上升的趋势。
3、明确目标
仅有目标是不够的，还要有实现目标的具体计划。具体的计划不要只是空想，要做到把这些计划的措施写下来，可以把计划有卡片贴出来给父母监督。
计划和措施是因人而异的，要科学有效，不能盲目的仿照他人，要根据自身的实际情况而作出调整。
希望各位考生能在第一时间准确找到自我定位，科学设立目标并落实。愿每名考生都能调节和塑造出良性心态，赢在高三，为冲刺高考奠定坚实的基础。
托福119分是如何办到的?详解他们的备考经验
先说背景：英语专业，也许算是基础较好?但是自我感觉英语实际水平没有很好，至少不是理论上能得119的水平。
备考过程及材料：时间只有21天，阅读听力只做了官方真题Official,每天刷一套，先做了第一套觉得不难就跳到了8，后面的做完了回头才刷的前几套，没做完。口语1-2题每天尽量抽时间练，用亦鸥，开始练了点真题，然后准备了黄金80题，都写了稿的，比较简单的只写要说的点，难的写稿。大范围机经出了以后把机经题也都练了。3-6题分几次练，每次都是集中练习，但是似乎也没有找到传说中的感觉= =作文最后10天开始准备素材和模板，最后几天才练笔。
可以看到我准备的过程还是比较仓促，所以这就是我自认为没有考好的根本原因，只有理论自信没有道路自信啊!!但是iBT终究是一个考试，既然是考试就可以有应对方式。接下来分四部分来具体谈，每部分再分成4小部分：1)自认为没有考好的原因2)实际上考好的可能原因3)一点经验4)可以提高的地方，如果备考时间充足的话
鉴于每种题具体的方法论的东西网上很多了，我只说一些个人比较有感想的地方。
阅读备考：
1) 自认为没有考好的原因：
准备的过程中有一段时间每天都错很多，最多一次错了11个，5、6个也是常有的事，一遇到数理化天文地质的题就懵，经常看了半天不知道说啥，导致信心严重受挫。而且注意力常常不能集中，看着密密麻麻的字就是读不进去。考试当天遇到一题讲日本气候的，好几个题都不确定。然后也遇到了进入不了状态的问题。
2) 实际上考好的可能原因：
考试时的状态还是和平时不同的，注意力水平肯定还是上了一个台阶，在一定程度的紧张的带动下。平时做题可能由于当时的状态和心理上的不够重视导致错题较多，但要相信自己考试的时候一定能拿出最佳状态的!
3) 一点经验：
我个人是先看题再从文章找。但是会先看题目和每段的段首句大概了解下主题，也有助于做最后一题的时候分清主次。
平时的错题一定要分析常错题型，去网上看人家是怎么分析的，不同题型的应对方式很多大牛讲过，就不赘述了。那如果每种题型都有怎么办?我就遇到了，那只能各个击破咯。不要就绝望了，要相信这很可能是状态问题!
另外，考试最好能留出一点时间检查，我就查出了一道错题。但是第三篇还是没来得及检查，前面做的还是慢了吧。
4) 可以提高的地方：
对于不熟悉的题材其实可以多看看纪录片和背景资料，这样心里有谱一点，增强道路自信啊!
提高阅读速度其实也挺重要，这个需要大量练习的，方法论网上多的是。
另外我建议一开始做阅读的时候先用纸质版，因为长时间对着电脑复习真的很累，还消磨意志，我在备考过程中屡次breakdown，很大程度上是疲劳作战导致的。所以建议复习后半段再用软件。
听力备考：
1) 自认为没有考好的原因：
平时做听力就老走神，考试也走了。不熟悉的题材和阅读一样hold不住。果然就被扣了一分啊。
2) 实际上考好的可能原因：
其实没有考好= =毕竟阅读听力还是相对容易满分的
3) 一点经验：
也谈不上经验了，就是关于要不要记笔记的问题，我个人是记的，但是确实有点影响听的过程，而且笔记记的不好，回头找常常看不懂自己写的啥= =所以还是看个人习惯吧。
另外听SSS是个好方法，能提高听不熟悉题材的能力和专注度。
4) 可以提高的地方：
我相信大量练习可以解决听和记同时进行的问题的!想想那些同传!!!如果能形成自己的一套笔记符号是最好不过的，但是我没有= =
然后专注力的问题我觉得也是练出来的玩意儿，除了多听以外，有一些小游戏是可以提高专注力的，每天玩一小会放松一下也好啊。像国外的Lumosity这样的网站就很好，但是要收费= =国内有个爱海豚可以试试。另外其实连连看这种游戏也行的啊
口语备考：
1) 自认为没有考好的原因：
我大概属于哑巴英语，表达障碍。刚开始练习的时候15s啥也想不到，45s能讲几句话而已。后来练得多了有所提高，但是感觉自己口头表达还是不好，经常想不到要用的词啊，忘加第三人称啊，he/she不分啊。考试那天1、2题倒比较顺，没想到4、5题都没说完，而且最后一句都很慌乱，基本上语法糟乱语意不明。尤其第4题我因为最开始的笔记没有补全，所以第一句话就结巴了好久，最后说出来的句子语法估计也是错的。第6题还用错词的情况，想说踩这个词把tread说成trap….. 总之当时就觉得完了肯定是两个fair.
2) 实际上考好的可能原因：
口音!!我觉得自己的语音总体上标准，只是口张得不够大有些词发音不到位，语调呢还是下降调多，偏中式一点。虽然远非完美，但这就已经足够给评分人留下好印象了。
另一个原因可能是因为我基本上没怎么用模板，用也是捡短的来说。最后得满分大概印证了想要高分就抛弃冗长模板的说法，也证明了最后一句没说完没有关系，只要前面说的还不错给考官留下总体上的好印象就好。
3) 一点经验：
先说口音，一定要录下来自己听，如果实在听不出来问题就去找老师或者程度好的同学听他们意见。关于跟读身边确实有人用这个方法提高的，我自己没怎么练过所以没有发言权。
1-2题的准备，80题一定要做，这是积累语料的过程。尽量想一些比较特别的个人化的答案，最好别用网上流行的万金油答案。如果题特别难，你一下懵了答不上来，那不妨据实以告，然后谈你对这个话题不熟悉的原因。比如问你生活中遇到的一大困难，你觉得自己这辈子还挺顺风顺水也没遇着啥大困难，那你就实话实说，然后为啥很顺利呢?Because I’ve been following the same path taken by most of the youngsters across the country, and it’s also the one chosen by my parents. 然后blabla…这个方法是外教讲的，反正不管怎样，keep talking! 举例也很重要，最好具体一点。考试时候第1题是机经，问提高教育水平的一个方法。我的回答是pay-rise for teachers. 然后举的例子是我去支教的时候发现那里的老师have to do farming work to help secure a living. I saw no passion on their faces. They didn’t have a sense of mission that they were there to educate. 其实我没去过支教的地儿而且据说支教的地方条件都还挺好= =总之多发挥聪明才智及想象力吧!!!
3-6题的准备我认为集中练习还是挺好的，有利于总结不同题型，建立相应的模板。这样在考试的时候可以快速分辨这是个phenomenon or principal or what,然后平稳地开始讲述，讲好开头是非常重要的!可以提升信心。
还有个tips, 最好把笔记举起来方便斜眼看时间。
4) 可以提高的地方：
我3-6题自认为没考好根本上还是因为准备的不够，我只做了官方真题Official,然后亦鸥上面的题目似乎不好，就没有再做了。没想到什么好的解决之道。我想如果备战时间长，也许可以把官方真题Official多练几遍。从长远的角度讲，要提高口语还是要多张嘴，这点我确实做的不好。
其它有关写作的备考经验及备考心得详见论坛：bbs.zhan.com/thread-355019-1-1.html
以上就是小编为大家的托福119分备考经验，希望对大家的托福备考有帮助。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.
The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.
In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.
1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) practical
(B) customary
(C) possible
(D) unusual
2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate
(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument
(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras
(C) the superiority of French violins
(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty
3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?
(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.
(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the
world.
(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.
4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music
(A) inspired more people to play the violin
(B) had to be adapted to the violin
(C) demanded more sophisticated violins
(D) could be played only by their students
5. The word they in line 22 refers to
(A) Civaldi and Tartini
(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension
(C) small changes
(D) internal structure and fingerboard
6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) struggle
(B) strength
(C) strategy
(D) stress
7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) However
(B) Consequently
(C) Nevertheless
(D) Ultimately
8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins
(A) were heavier
(B) broke down more easily
(C) produced softer tones
(D) were easier to play
9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced
by a violin?
(A) A long fingerboard
(B) A small body
(C) High string tension
(D) Thick strings
10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) resonator (line 2)
(B) solo (line 7)
(C) left-hand technique (line 25)
(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)
11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern
violin music EXCEPT
(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand
(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes
(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck
(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS
PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.
The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.
The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9 F (5 C°), carb°on dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.
There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.
1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers
(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
2. The word accumulated in line 6 is closest in meaning to.
(A) spread out
(B) changed
(C) became denser
(D) built up
3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important
because it
(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques
(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth
(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods
(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed
4. The phrase tantamount to in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) complementary to
(B) practically the same as
(C) especially well suited to
(D) unlikely to be confused with
5. According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where
(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements
(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
(C) scientists studied the contents of an ice core from Antarctica
(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered
6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine
which of following?
(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed
(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed
(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier
(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier
7. The word remarkable in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) genuine
(B) permanent
(C) extraordinary
(D) continuous
8. The word link in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) tension
(B) connection
(C) attraction
(D) distance
9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred
(A) in the early eighteenth century
(B) 160,000 years ago
(C) at the end of each ice age
(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago
10. According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by
(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits
(B) the burning of a large amount of coal
(C) an abundance of plants
(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation
11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?
(A) glacier (line 5)
(B) isotopes (line 11)
(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21)
(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)
PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D
详解托福阅读的3个基本解题步骤
如何运用托福阅读的三个基本解题步骤?当大家了解了做题的三个基本步骤以后，我们来实践操作一个题目，大家做这道题的时候一定明白，它不要求一个学生去读完整段文字所有的词和所有的信息，你只需要正确地扫描和定位就可以了。比如说大家看当年出现的托福考试题目，在做题之前，我们还可以把这个做题步骤更有效地去过一遍：第一个步骤应该是找，找定位词，找定位词在文章中第一次出现的位置;第二步是读，读懂定位词存在这句话;第三步应该是选。
按照找、读、选这样的做题步骤，这道题目是这么说的“According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas”。这个问题拿到手以后，它是一个标准的事实信息题，问的是关于第四段当中的一个具体内容，大家第一步应该读懂的是关于这个问题到底在问什么，首先你们请看，根据第四段，比起来所有其他那些使用Ogallala的水来灌溉的洲，请问，德州是什么情况?大家必须要明白，句子中“compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation”它只是作为状语成分出现，而问题真正问的是关于德州。既然问题问德州，我们需要去寻找扫描定位德州存在的句子，这个时候可见读懂问题是非常重要的，大家想，如果我们现在定位的不是“Texas”，而是“irrigation”灌溉，或者是“Ogallala”，或者是其他的词，你就没有办法找到能够回答这个问题的句子。
所以如果已经确定德州的话，在一段文字当中，千万不要去读每个词和每个句子，这样的弊端应该大家能够想得到，那就是：第一个，浪费了很多时间;第二个，信息量非常大，导致我们没有时间去完成所有的题目。所以对于托福阅读考试而言，一定要扫描定位，在一段非常长的文字当中快速地从段首开始扫描定位，然后找到德州所存在的句子。扫描这件事情，大家经过训练，就可以非常熟练。
那么，第一次当你找到德州这个词出现的位置，意味着这个词之前的所有的这些句子成分，在文章中都从来没有提到过德州这个词。而真正能够回答这个问题的，也就是德州出现的位置。按照《官方指南》说明，我们只需要去快速读懂这句话，而且后面的信息在一般情况下也不需要去读，答案通常出现在一句或者两句话当中。所以大家在读完这句话之后，快速去验证选项找一个同义替换。
最后我们再帮大家整体地梳理一遍做题步骤。首先拿到一道事实信息题，读问题，问题在问什么找什么，问题定位词应该是“Texas”，所以需要从段首扫描定位，去找到“Texas”这个词第一次出现的位置，然后阅读这个句子。在读完之后，抓住它的准确含义，从选项当中去验证一个正确选项，这就是我们要跟大家说的关于考试阅读整个的做题步骤。而这道题，也是在托福阅读的十种题型当中，出现频率最高，占据分数最大的一个题目。
其它托福阅读题目大家也依然可以按照这样的方式，仔细研读关于《官方指南》中对题目的说明。其实不仅是阅读这个部分，听力、口语、写作也需要大家去更好地去了解托福考试的要求、原理是怎样的，然后更高效、不走弯路地备考。最后，我们希望大家能够真正地循序渐进地准备托福考试，厚积薄发，最终取得好成绩。最后，祝大家在2020年托福考试顺利。
托福阅读材料：Whale fossil stuck in Egypt customs wrangle
Its name in Arabic is Wadi Hitan but it is known as the Valley of the Whales.
For years palaeontologists have been unearthing a remarkable collection of whale fossils, all the more surprising because the area is now inland desert in upper Egypt.
It is believed that about 40 million years ago the area was submerged in water, part of the Tethys Sea. As the sea retreated north to the Mediterranean it left a series of unique rock formations and also a cornucopia of fossils.
One of the most exceptional finds was a 37 million-year-old whale from the species Basilosaurus isis, unearthed by a team led by Prof Philip Gingerich of the University of Michigan in the United States.
But now it has become the subject of a bizarre customs wrangle at Cairo airport.
Prof Gingerich explained that this was the only complete specimen from this species of whale.
It provides evidence of how whales evolved from being land-based creatures to go back into the sea - a reverse of the usual evolutionary process.
Basilosaurus isis retained tiny feet, a useless reminder of its evolution from land animal to sea-dweller.
The limbs are human sized, even though the creature is 15m-16m long.
For the past two years Prof Gingerich and his team have been painstakingly reassembling the skeleton back in Michigan. It is now being returned to Egypt for a new museum, planned for the Valley of the Whales.
But according to the Egyptian media the whale skeleton is stuck at Cairo airport.
Customs agents are demanding a $40,000 fee.
It is not clear how they came to that figure as prehistoric fossils have no agreed market value.
In any case the Egyptian authorities who are importing the fossil are refusing to pay.
A senior official from the ministry of tourism has warned that the issue needs to be resolved speedily, otherwise it could cause a ”big scandal“ for Egypt, he said.
Prof Gingerich joked that it had taken two-and-a-half years to be allowed to export the fossil to the United States, and it could take another two-and-a-half years to get it back.
托福阅读材料汇总：Will Satellites and Supercomputers Improve Bird Watching?
Add space satellites and supercomputers to the list of birdwatching tools.
Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cornell University's Lab of Ornithology are combining those high-tech tools with a database of bird sightings contributed by birdwatchers to learn how climate change is affecting bird movement in the United States.
”The approach we're taking here is we're trying to bring together as much environmental data as we can to try to understand what influences the bird migration,“ said Bob Cook, a distinguished research scientist at ORNL involved with the effort. ”We're trying to address a really important question with regard to climate change: How might climate change influence the migration patterns of birds?“
That includes information about rainfall, temperature and snow cover, as well as the start of spring greening and the composition of land cover -- forested, urbanized or grassland, for example.
The land cover information is drawn from a NASA satellite sensor, MODIS -- that's short for ”Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer“. Bird sightings are taken from an online database run by Cornell and the National Audubon Society. Launched in 2003, E-bird allows ”citizen scientists“ to submit detailed reports via an Internet checklist.
Combining and analyzing all that data will require computing might provided by TeraGrid, a National Science Foundation-administered network of supercomputers.
Steve Kelling, director of information science at Cornell's ornithology lab, said the new project will allow scientists to link bird sightings to climate conditions.
Via the seven-year-old E-bird database -- which accepts observations recorded a century ago, as well as present-day bird sightings -- ”we have really good information on the location where observations were made,“ Kelling said. ”We can link those with other kinds of environmental observations, like land cover, type of climate, temperature, elevation and human demographic information.“
Adding in the MODIS satellite data provides information about when spring greening begins and when fall starts, he said, two things that seem to be important environmental cues for bird migration.
Potential for a fatal mismatch
Eventually, the scientists would like to develop models that can forecast how future climate shifts might affect bird populations.
”We'd like to be able to shift the greening index to occur two weeks earlier or two weeks later and see if that influences the model's predictions of when birds will arrive at certain latitudes,“ Kelling said.
Climate change could produce a mismatch between a bird species' cue to migrate or nest and the availability of food, he noted, a phenomenon that's been observed with some species in Europe. For example, if the American Robin miscalculates spring and arrives before the insects it eats are ready, the birds could starve.
Several recent reports -- including two by the Interior Department and one from the National Audubon Society -- have found evidence that climate change is already altering bird habitat and migration patterns in the United States. Kelling said the advantage of the new project is harnessing the power of E-bird.
It's the only dataset that gives information about patterns of bird movement throughout the year, he said, noting that many other studies have relied on data collected through the Audubon's annual Christmas Bird Count or similar events.
In contrast, birders submitted 11 million individual bird sightings to E-bird between January 1 and July 31 of this year.
”It's just an immense amount of information," said Cook, whose work on the bird project is a proof of concept for a larger effort he's helping to direct, the Data Observation Network for Earth.
The five-year, NSF-funded program aims to help research scientists find new ways to visualize and explore large amounts of information.
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