下面是小编整理的初中英语语法大全汇总(共含6篇),欢迎您阅读,希望对您有所帮助。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“卡卡嚯糊糊”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
(一)
一.词类(Parts of Speech)
名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等
冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the
代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what
形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征
例词 old,red,fine,good.
数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteen
first
动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not
too,here,very
介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的
关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.
连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句
与句。 例词and,or,but.
感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等
情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.
二.名词(Nouns)
1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。
专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:
teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名词又可进一步分为四类
1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。
house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片
2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团
3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:
an apple two apples a car some cars
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.
抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们白天黑夜地学习。
3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。
名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:
1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:
bags,maps,pens,desks,workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:
babies families
5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves.
bookshelves, wives, knives
注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,
man - men woman - womenfoot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。
它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。
实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
This is my father's room.
这是我父亲的房间。
名词所有格的构成
单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father
以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room
不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's
三、代词(Pronouns)
1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)
第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)
第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)
第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)
2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)
形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)
形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)
名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)
名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)
名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)
四、数词(Numeral)
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
基数词(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、动词(Verb)
一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)
一般现在时表示现在的状态
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
表示主语具备的的性格和能力等
如:She like apple.They know English.
1.动词be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
肯定式You are...否定式You are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑问句和简略答语
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
Are you....?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be结构
“There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语
“某地/某时有某物/某人”的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数
方面必须是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑问式和简略答语
Is there a ruler in your bag?
Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
六、介词(Prepositions)
介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词
或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.
本册课本出现的介词短语如下:
at: at home at school at six thirty
behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示时间:
at: 表示某一时间点
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如: on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具体的时间
如: in the morning, in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期间内的某个时期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
如: for three days
through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
例: It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示动作完成期限
例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某动作的起始点
例:I have studied English since 1990.
(2) 表示地点:
at: 表示较小的地点
如: arrived at the school gate
in: 表示较大的地点
如: arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under
例: The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿过
如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例: I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)
英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:
陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
Can you find it ? How old are you?
祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句
一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句
一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。
例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.
(二)
一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:
1)原级,即原形。
2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般在词尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音节词和部分双音节词
在词前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不规则变化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many moremost
little lessleast
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法
比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过
其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)
短语来说明比较的范围。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,
如:much better a little taller
二。数词(Numerals)(2)
序数词(Ordinal Numbers)
序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠词(Articles)
冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,
冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。
a用在辅音之前,如:a road
a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。
1.不定冠词的用法
用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的词组中。
a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago
2.定冠词的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指双方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books,Jim?
They are on the small table。
指上文提过的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road,and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些习惯用语中。
in the morning(afternoon,evening),
on the left(right),at the back(front)of
the day befoer yesterday,all the same
3.不用冠词的情况
在专有名词和不可数名词前,
China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk
名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
复数名词表示一类人或事物时,
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期,月份,季节,节日前,
It is Sunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc。)today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?
在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball?
四、动词(Verbs)(2)
1.动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)
行为动词Action Verbs:含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
连系动词Link Verbs:本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助动词Auxiliary Verbs 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成
谓语动词,表示否定,疑问,时态或其他语法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother?
情态动词Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话
人的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please?
We must go now。
2.一般过去时态(The Simple Past Tense)
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和过去的时间状语连用,
如:yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等,也表示过去经常或反复发生的
动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如:
I got up at 6:30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般过去时的构成
be
肯定句:I was……
He (she,it) was……
We(You,They)were……
否定句 I was not(wasn't)……
He(She,It)was not(wasn't)……
We(You,They)were not(weren't)……
work
肯定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)worked。
否定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)did not(didn't)worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not(wasn't)……
There were not (weren't)……
疑问句和简略答语
be
第一人称
Was I……?Yes,you were。No,you were not。
Were we……?Yes,we(you)were。No,we(you)were not。
第二人称
Were you……?Yes,I was。No,I was not。
Were you……?Yes,we were。No,we were not。
第三人称
Was he (she,it)……?Yes,he(she,it)was。No,he(she,it) was not。
Were they ……?Yes,they were。No,they were not。
work
第一人称
Did I work?Yes,you did。No,you did not。
Did we work?Yes,we(you)did。No,we(you) did not。
第二人称
Did you work?Yes,I did。No,I did not。
Did you work?Yes,we did。No,we did not。
第三人称
Did he (she,it)work?Yes,he(she,it)did。No,he(she,it)did not。
Did they work?Yes,they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……?Yes,there was。No,there was not。
Was there any……?Yes,there were。No,there were not。
规则动词过去式地构成
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
结尾是e的动词加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变y为i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常见的不规则动词有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般将来时态(The Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常
或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般将来时的构成 一般将来时由“助动词”will+动词原形“构成.在口语中,will
在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,will not常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称
(I和well)时,常用助动词shall.
第一人称肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go ?
第二人称肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go?
第三人称肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑问式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在书面语中,主语式第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示”带意愿色彩的将来“时,常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用”be going to+动词原形“表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.
五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语.
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分
主语(The Subject) 表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词 代词或相当于
名词的短语等充当.例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
谓语(The Predicate)说明主语”做什么“,”是什么“或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里
主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表语(The Predicative) 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词
或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
宾语(The Object)表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等
充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定语(The Attribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词
介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
状语(The Adverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点
目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六.句子的种类(Kings of Sentence)
1.四种疑问句(Four Kind of Question)
选择疑问句(The Alternative Question)
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构
是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说
是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑问句(The Tag Question)
反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.
反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分
用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式
两部分的人称和时态要一致.
反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用
降调;把握不大时,用降调.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要
用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去参加会是吗?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.对他不起.
2.感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语
中谓语常省略
(1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的
主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful!
(三)
一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例,
将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式
以及简略答语列表如下:
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes,you/I have。No,you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked?Yes,he/she/it has。No,he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked?Yes,you/we/they have。No,you/we/they have not。
注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes,I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段
时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since .
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already,never,just,before,yet 等状语连用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别:
have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”,have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注:非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时,如:
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last night,three weeks ago,in 1990等,而一般过去时只表示过去
动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。
2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如:
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如:
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成
(2).过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to,动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。
在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语
构成不定式短语。如:to read the newspaper,to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词,形容词和副词的特征,因此在句中可以作主语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语、定语,状语
作宾语
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定语
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)动词不定式的否定形式
由“not+动词不定式”构成。如:
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用
动词不定式亏和疑问句what,which,how,where,when等连用,构成不定式短语。
如:The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不带to的情况
有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词,如see,
hear,watch,feel,notice等,如:
I saw him come。我看见他来了。
I heard him sing。我听见他唱歌了。
另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等,如:
Let him go。让他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。
动词help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。
5.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)
(2)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称,数和时态的变化,其变化
规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子,将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的
肯定式,否定式及疑问式列表如下:
一般现在时
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑问式
Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般过去时
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑问式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如:
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的
承受者时,需要被动语态。如:
This jacket is made of cotton。
English is spoken in Canada。
二、宾语从句(The Object Clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导
1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略),如:
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导,如:
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由连词whether或if引导( 口语中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,如:
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词what,which,who,(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词
where,when,关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的
一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句
that在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主语)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作宾语)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?(作主语)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语和宾语。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主语)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作宾语)
who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主语)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作宾语)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作宾语)
四、状语从句(Adverbial clause)
在复合句中,修饰主句的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句,状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为
时间,原因,条件,比较,目的,结果和让步等类。
时间
由as,after,as soon as,before,since,until,when,whenever,while等连词引导。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as,because,since,等连词引导
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
条件
由if,unless等连词引导
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比较
由as(so)……as,than等引导
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
结果
由so……that,等引导
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ,so that等引导
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
让步
由although,even though等引导
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
初中英语语法整理归纳
初中必备英语语法:八种宾语从句不省略that
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:
1.宾语从句前有插入语。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2.有间接宾语时。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。
4.在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here.我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如:
—What did he hear?他听说了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6.在except等介词后。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7.位于句首时。如:
That our team will win, I believe.我相信我们队会赢。
8.在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如:
He replied that he disagreed.他回答说他不同意。
最新初中英语语法大全:同位语从句学习指要
当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时,这个从句就是同位语从句。如:
The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。
He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。
同位语中应注意:
1.高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多,常见的有:answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如:
Hw sent us a message that he won’t come next week.他送信来告诉我们说,下周他不来了。
There is no doubt that he is fit for this job.毫无疑问,它适合这一工作。
2.表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词的同位语,须用虚拟语气。如:
He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college.他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。
Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules.不久命令下来了,所有的人不得违犯制度。
3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同,具体表现在以下几个方面:
(1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。
(2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容;而定语从句是对先行词—名词的限制、描绘或说明。
(3)引导词的'作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不担任任何成分,但不能省略;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中担任句子的某种成分,当担任定语从句中的宾语时,that可以省略。
(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导;而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导。
(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语;而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。
最新初中英语语法:if与whether的10点区别
1.引导主语从句并在句首时不用if。如:
Whether we go there is not decided.我们是否去那里还没决定。
2.引导表语从句时不用if。如:
The question is whether we can get there on time.问题是我们能否按时到达那里。
3.引导同位语从句时不用if。如:
He asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.他问我这个问题,那项工作是否值得做。
4.在介词后引导宾语从句不用if。如:
I’m thinking about whether we’ll have a meeting.我在考虑我们是否要开个会。
5.直接与not连用时不用if。如:
I don’t know whether or not you will go.我不知道你是否去。
6.宾语从句置于句首时不用if。如:
Whether you have met George before, I can’t remember.我不记得你以前是否见过乔治。
7.在discuss等之后时不用if。如:
We’re discussing whether we’ll go on a picnic.我们在讨论是否要去野餐。
8.当用if会引起歧义时不用if。如:
Please let me know whether you are busy.请告诉我你是否忙。(若用if,还可理解为“如果你很忙,你就告诉我。”
9.在动词不定式前用whether不用if。如:
He doesn’t know whether to go or not.他不知道是否去。
10.宾语从句是否定式时不用whether。如:
She asked me if Tom didn’t come.她问我Tom是不是没有来。
初中英语语法归纳
基本概念:与汉语相似,英语句子是由主语(subject),谓语动词(verb),宾语(object),表语(predicative),状语(adverbial),宾语补足语(objectcomplement)等成分组成,按照这些成分的组合方式英语句子可分为五种基本句型。
返回:初中英语句型结构知识点详解
初中宾语从句知识点:宾语从句的语法意义及结构
宾语从句的`语法意义及结构
语法意义:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句通常由连词(that, whether, if)、连接代词(which, what, who, whose, whom)或连接副词(where, how, when, why)等引导。及物动词、介词或某些系表结构后可带宾语从句。
句型结构:主语+谓语+引导词+主语+谓语(+其他成分)
返回:初中英语知识点详解――宾语从句篇
1.1 一般现在时的用法
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
1.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth ”到……时间了“ ”该……了“。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. ”时间已迟了“ ”早该……了“ ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
1.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:”过去常常“表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或”习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
1.4 一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
1.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。
1.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
1.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
1.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
相关阅读:初中英语学习方法
第一,词汇
首先是词汇。词汇在初中英语里是非常重要的,初中大部分英语成绩差的学生都是单词量太小造成的。不要说孩子已经背会了,如果孩子英语成绩迟迟提不上去,英语单词肯定会出现以下的某些或者某个情况:英语单词只会默写不会读、只会读不会默写、后面的背会了前面的忘了、背单词只是表面功夫根本没有记熟练只是模棱两可。
所以初中英语一对一在线辅导,采用一对一的授课方式,帮助孩子重复记单词,就算一次性记不住也没关系,通过每天给孩子提供一个英语学习环境就行,让孩子潜移默化地掌握所需的词汇量,学习起来也没那么吃力。
第二,语法
其次是语法。初中的英语语法很多,并不是说每一个都让孩子背会背熟,只是基本的要清楚的知道。比如正在进行时的意思和搭配、过去式的意思和搭配、现在完成时的意思和搭配、将来时的意思和搭配,这些在课文中出现的频率很高,这些都是学生很容易混淆的点,也是失分的重要原因。
而初中英语一对一在线辅导,主要是通过加强练习的方式,让学生在阅读题中掌握语法,我觉得比课堂上单纯的语法讲解要更容易接受。做题练手,熟能生巧,做的题目多了,语法自然就巩固了。
第三,阅读
然后是阅读。也是初中英语最容易拿分的部分。有些老师让学生背课文,当然了是非常好的,但是并不是学生都要背,如果孩子能够自然理解文章的释义,并且理解文章的每一次每一句,基本上这篇文章也就掌握了。
而初中英语培训,一般是通过阅读和英文电影、英文歌来帮助学员锻炼语感的。但现在有一些初中英语一对一在线辅导班,有着丰富的外籍教师资源,给学生们一个最地道的英语学习环境去培养英语语感。久而久之孩子就会形成语感,语感形成之后,英语也就上了一个层次。
第四,听力。
最后一部分是听力,也是初中英语最难掌握的一部分。如果说以上部分都能靠初中生自学而成,那么听力也不是短时间就能习得的。这里请记住,千万别逃避英语学习的任何问题,不懂就得弄懂。因此要抓住听力短板,并且记住错误的原因与包含的知识点,相信经过一段时间之后,孩子的英语也会提升不小。
首先,兴趣是学习语法的前提。
兴趣是做任何事情的前提,只要有了兴趣任何事情都能做好,像背单词一样,语法也是具有一定趣味性的。关键在于我们如何发现其中的乐趣,一旦找到了其中的乐趣,学习起语法来也就驾轻就熟了。比如虚拟语气就是语法中的难点,但是它很容易激发想象力,像“if I were a bird...”这些句子都容易在同学们的脑海里产生很强的画面感,使之学习起来更加轻松、愉快!
其次,理解是学习语法的基础。
学习语法一定要真正理解,不要死记硬背。比如很多老师在教课时,会特别强调现在分词和动名词在句子中的不同成分,分词可以作定语、状语、补语、表语;动名词可作定语、主语、宾语、表语。这样很容易记混淆。其实分词就相当于形容词。形容词能充当的成分分词基本都能充当;动名词就相当于名词,名词能充当的成分动名词基本都能充当。这样也便于理解为什么动名词能充当主语和宾语,而分词则不能。理解语法并不是要对语法规则刨根到底,而是要联系实际情况来体会句子要表达的意思。
再次,归纳是学习语法的保障。要养成归纳的习惯,这也是学习任何知识的重要方法,它更能提高学习的主动性,而不是被动地等待老师的总结,然后记在本子上,那样就和死记硬背几乎是没什么区别了。
最后,实践是学习语法的捷径。
语法是学习的工具,而不是最终的目的,我们学习语法是为了应用于实践,而不是针对各种各样复杂的考试。
1.最初的简单动词的学习。来是come,去是go。点头yes,摇头no。再见要用goodbye,谢谢要说thank you。
2.关于Be的用法:BTH我用am,你用 are,is用在他、她、它,凡是复数都用are。不能错来,不能差。3.关于冠词的使用:BTH不见原因(元音),别施恩(n)。4.不用冠词的部分情况:BTH季节、月份、节假日,三餐、球类和星期。
5.以-fe结尾变复数只加s的单词:gulf roof chief serf blief proof handkerchief海湾边,屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望,谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。
6.复习以-f (e)结尾的名词变复数:leaf half self wife knife shelf wolfthief树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙。7.关于以o 结尾的单词变复数加es的情况:Negro hero tomato potato黑人英雄吃土豆和西红柿。
8.关于非延续性动词:begin leave go borrow come return join die buy arrive开始离去,借来还,出生入死,买到家。
9.过去时:过去时的句子变化口诀:过去时,时过去。过去事态是否是,过去时间是标志。否定句很简单,did之后not添。疑问句也不难,did置于主语前。过去置于动词前,谓语动词需还原。
巧记动词过去时形式-ed的变化:(1)变化规则:动词变化很好记,一般末尾加-ed。如果词尾e有个紧跟其后加个d。辅音字母加y,要y把变i,特殊变化有熟记,保你一定考第一。(2)读音规则:清(清辅音)读清[t],浊读浊[d],[t][d]后面读[id]。
10.关于基数词的书写:基数词不难记,12以内词各异,13数到19级,teen莫丢弃。20、30到90, 尾随ty是整十,说到几使几,中有 “—”要强记,遇到整百要警惕。
11.关于基数词变序数词:基变序,有规律,123肩靠肩。8去e,9去t, ve要用f替,辅(音)后y, y→ie,th结尾莫大意,若遇数字几十几,只变个位就可以。
12.修饰名词的大致词序排列:(A.)美圆小旧黄,法国木书房。“美” 代表描述性的词, “圆”代表形状, “小” 代表大小, “旧” 代表新旧、年龄, “黄” 代表颜色, “法国” 代表产地 “木” 代表质地 “书” 代表名词性定语说明用途。如:(1*.)The first beautiful little white Chinese stone bridge.第一座美丽的中国小白石桥。(2*.)A tall intelligent young Chinese officer.一个聪慧的个子很高的年轻的中国军官。(B.)或者用:BTH中国英语学习网县官行令,杀国才;植树苗,大新颜。县(限定词)官(冠词)行(形容词)令(表年龄的词),杀国(表产地的词)才(材料);植(指示代词)树(数词)苗(描述性的词),大(表大小的词)新(表新旧的词)颜(表颜色的词)。如:(1*.)A few new major urban highways.几条新的主要城区公路。(2*.)Some sour green eating apple.一些酸绿的食用苹果。
13.关于被动语态的使用:动作谁做的不知道,说出谁做没必要。接受动作要强调,被动语态最为妙。
14.关于五种简单句:英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句子中间为动词,后接语是关键。系动词后接表语,vi独身无牵连。vt又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见。
15.双元音也好背,合口集中八个位。辅音共计二十八,七浊一清又八对。四个连对也包括,有气无声清辅音。有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握。
16. 使役动词后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略“to”的特殊动词:一些动词要掌握,一听hear,二看see watch三感觉feel, make let help[2],再加动词不带to,help是个两面派,其他动词非这块。还可以掌握“八字言”一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch 后只接动名词。
“That” restricts the reader's thought, directing attention to a specific bit of information to complete a message's meaning. “Which” is non-restrictive and introduces subsidiary rather than essential information to the meaning of the sentence.
Important note involving “which”: “Non-essential” does not mean that the information is not important or that it's not relevant. It just means that it's not essential, grammatically, to the meaning — the central understanding — of the sentence.
The lawnmower that is in the garage needs sharpening.
We have more than one lawnmower. Only the one in the garage needs sharpening.
The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs sharpening.
We have only one lawnmower. It's in the garage and needs sharpening.
The statue that stands in the hall is on loan from the museum.
A number of statues are in the building. Only the one in the hall is on loan from the museum.
The statue, which stands in the hall, is on loan from the museum.
Only one statue is under discussion. It is on loan from the museum and happens to be in the hall.
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Summary:
Restrictive clauses (“that”) modify, focus and limit. Because the information they supply is essential to the intended meaning of the sentence, they are not set off by commas.
Non-restrictive clauses (“which”) do not limit the words they modify. They simply add information that otherwise would not be provided. Non-restrictive clauses are set off by commas because the information they provide is supplementary, not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
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But there's “who,” too
Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses need not begin with “that” and “which.” For example, if humans or animals with names are being discussed, “who” may become the appropriate choice for both kinds of clauses. In such cases, a comma all by itself can transform the meaning of the sentence.
He helped the native guides who were sick with malaria.
No comma appears before “who.” Therefore, what follows is a restrictive clause. Not all the guides had malaria.
He helped the native guides, who were sick with malaria.
Putting the comma before “who” makes what follows a non-restrictive clause. It also changes the sentence to mean that all the guides had malaria.
Got it? I hope so (the concept of restrictive/non-restrictive, that is — not malaria.)
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No “who” or “which” or “that”?
Restrictive and non-restrictive elements are not always introduced by relative pronouns. Sometimes they simply are treated as essential (restrictive) or non-essential (non-restrictive) elements. In such cases, too, the comma is crucial to the meaning.
He went downtown to pick up his wife, Judy.
The addition of the non-restrictive element here merely provides us with the name of his wife — his only wife. Because he has but one wife, her name is not essential to the reader in identifying her. Therefore, it makes it non-restrictive or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence and is set off by a comma.
He went downtown to pick up his wife Judy.
The omission of the comma creates a restrictive clause, of course. Now we are implying that he's a bigamist or lives in a culture that allows more than one wife.
My brother, Ken, worked for a TV ratings company.
This indicates that I have but one brother and his name is Ken. Because I have but one brother, his name is a non-restrictive element or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence. You don't need his name to know the exact person I'm talking about. Therefore, it is set off by commas.
My brother Ken worked for a TV ratings company.
Ahhh, this says I have more than one brother. And it's essential to know his name, otherwise you, the reader, wouldn't know which brother I'm talking about. So, no commas!
(Whereas, the commas around “the reader” in the above sentence are needed because “the reader” is non-restrictive -- not essential in identifying yourself to you! Got it?)
唉…,天天都要学英语,真是让人感叹,不过更要命的是,如果感叹句都没有学好,连用英语感叹一下都会很困难,偶岂不要闷在心中,时间长了,更会郁郁成疾。
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。一般都由What或How引导。
1.由what引导,常有以下三类:
(1)What +a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语+…,如:
What a fine day it is today!今天天气真好!
(2)What+(形容词)+复数可数名词+主语+谓语+…如:
What good students they are!他们真是好学生!
(3)What+(形容词)+不可数名词+主语+谓语+…如:
What bad weather!今天的天气真糟糕!
2.由how引导,常有以下几类:
(1)How+形容词+(主语+系动词)!如:
How cold it is today!今天真冷啊!
(2)How+副词+(主语+实义动词)!如:
How fast they are running !他们跑得真快!
(3)How+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+(主语+系动词)+……!如:
How good an example he set for us!他给我们树立了多么好的榜样!
(4)How+主语+谓语!如:How time flies! 光阴似箭!
注意:感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时,口语中常常采用省略句,其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。如:What a fine day! 当然,如果上述两句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也可以是感叹句,周童瑜略举几例A) 带情绪的语词,如:Water! Water! Quick!(水!水!快!——如救火或救人时。)B)简短的陈述句配合音调也可表感叹,如:I hate you!(我恨你!——表示愤怒或绝望)
补充:
1、某些感叹句也用倒装语序。如: Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊!=What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊!
2、感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时,且常用否定形式。如: What a clever boy, isn't he? What a lovely day, isn't it?
在英语学习中,感叹句是颇为简单的一个语法知识点,基本上稍微用点心,当武当派掌门“感叹掌”袭来时,把它推回去那是绝对没有问题的。如果不把它学好,将来行走英语江湖,连小孩都打不过的。
基本上我很聪明,我很可爱;基本上,英语很容易,英语很简单。基本上就是必须要知道的,要第一掌握的,所以把它们放入心中吧。
英文的基本句型,就是讨论“主语 + 不同的谓语结构”。英文的谓语动词分两大类:一类是系动词;另一类是实义动词。由系动词构成的谓语只有一种,由实义动词构成的谓语则有四种,从而就有了五种英文基本句型:
一、主语-系动词-表语 (SVC)
该句型中的谓语动词是系动词。系动词后接的部分可称为表语,也可称为(主语)补足语,主语补足语这一部分的主要功能是对主语进行说明、补充。英文中的系动词主要指Be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。此类动词常见的有:become(变成), look(看上去), seem(看起来), appear(相似、显得), get(变得), feel(摸起来), grow(变得), turn(变成), remain(仍然是), come(变得), fall(变得), hold(保持), keep(保持), stand(保持), stay(保持), smell(闻起来), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来)等。
二、主语-动词 (SV)
该句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语;但常带有时间、地点、方式等状语。
三、主语-动词-宾语 (SVO)
该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中,当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时,它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过,为避免不必要的重复,才会省去。),否则会视为“句子不完整”。
四、主语-动词-宾语-宾语 (SVOO)
该句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:前一个宾语称为“间接宾语”,多由代词或名词充当;后一个宾语称为“直接宾语”,往往由名词充当。常见的这类谓语动词有: give(给某人……), bring(带给某人……), tell(告诉某人……), send(送给某人……), leave(留给某人……), pass(递给某人……), read(给某人读……), write(给某人写……), take(给某人拿……), show(给某人看……), teach(教某人……), get(给某人弄到……), award(授予某人……),lend(借给某人……), rent(租赁某人……), buy(给某人买……), pay(支付某人……), hand(递给某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……)等。
五、主语-动词-宾语-宾语补足语 (SVOC)
该句型表示:有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即:宾语 + 宾语补足语)。其中,宾语补足语是对宾语“做什么”、“怎么样”等方面进行补充说明,从意义和结构上来说是必不可少。在这一结构中,宾语和谓语动词是“动宾关系”,而宾语和其补足语在逻辑上却是“主谓关系”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。带复合宾语结构的常见及物动词有: elect(选举) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使,让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , let(使) , smell(闻到) , start(使……开始) , watch(注视,看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , catch(发现) , allow(容许) , ask(请求,要求) , cause(使得) , consider(认为) , expect(预期) , know(知道) , tell(告诉) , think(想,认为) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(听) , look at(看,瞧)等等。
基本句型掌握后,其他复杂点的句型都是来源于这五种句型。
★ 初中英语语法宝典
★ 英语语法倒装句
★ 高一英语语法