下面是小编为大家收集的暨南大学企业管理考研真题（共含9篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“想放风儿”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
一、选择题
深层的企业文化
“管理就是决策”
有效管理幅度
组织文化
社会义务
费德勒权变理论
郝塞-布兰查得的情景理论
二、判断题
没有标准就没有控制。
领导方式对组织文化有重要影响
三、简答题
1、解释效率与效果并说明它们对管理者的重要性。
2、如何克服人际间有效沟通的障碍。
四、论述题
1、说明组织设计涉及哪六个方面的关键要素。假如你是一位新创企业的管理者，你将如何综合考虑、设计这些要素以使组织顺利运转。
2、波特的五种竞争力量模型是行业环境分析的重要工具，试运用该模型分析一个你熟悉的企业，并说明该企业主要实施了哪种竞争战略。
五、案例题
案例1 逐渐巩固了领导地位的首席执行官
土星电脑公司和美国硅谷的许多高科技公司一样打以火箭般的速度发展，但也面临着来自东海岸大公可的激烈竞争。公司刚开张时，一切就像闹着玩似的，高层管理人员穿着T恤衫和牛仔裤来上班，谁也分不清他们与普通员工有什么区别。然而当公司财务上出现了困境，局面开始有了大变化，原先那个自由派风格的。董事会主席虽然留任，但公司聘入了一位新的首席执每官琼斯。―琼斯来自一家办事古板的老牌公司，他照章办事，十分传统，与土星公司的风格相去甚远。公司管理人员对他的态度是：看看这家伙能呆多久？看来，冲突矛盾是不可避免的了。
第一次公司内部危机发生在新任首席执行官首次召开高层管理会议时，会议定于上午8点半开始，可有一个人9点钟才跌跌撞撞地进来。西装革履的琼斯眼睛瞪着那个迟到的人，对大家说：“我再说一次，本公司所有的日常公事要准时开始，你们中间谁儆不，到，今天下午5点之前向我递交辞职报告。从现在开始到我更好地了解你们的每一天，你们的一切疑虑我都担待着。你们应该忘掉过去那一套，从今以后，就是我和你们一起干了。”到了下午5点，十名高层管理人员只有两名辞职。
此后一个月里，公司发生了一些重大变化。琼斯颁布了几项指令性政策，使已有的工作程序改弦易辙。从一开始起，他三番五次地告诫公司副总经理威廉，一切重大事务向下传达之前必须先由他审批。他抱怨下面的研究设计、生产和销售等部门之间缺乏合作。在这些面临着挑战的关键领域，土星公司一直没能形成统一的战略。
琼斯还命令全面复审公司的福利待遇制度，然后将全体高层管理人员的工资削减15％，这引起公司一些高层管理人员向他提出辞职。研究部主任这样认为：“我不喜欢这里的一切，但我不想马上走，开发电脑打败：IBM对我来说太有挑战性了。”生产部经理也是个不满琼斯做法的人，可他的一番话颇令人惊讶：“我不能说我很喜欢琼斯，不过至少他给我那个部门设立的目标能够达到。当我们圆满完成任务时，琼斯是第一个感谢和表扬我们干得棒的人。”
事态发展的另一方面是，采购部经理牢骚满腹。他说：“琼斯要我把原料成本削减15％，他还拿着一根胡萝卜来引诱我，说假如我能做到的话就给我油水丰厚的年终奖。但干这个活简直就不可能，从现在起，我另找出路。”
琼斯对霍普金斯的态度却令人不解。霍普金斯是负责销售的副经理，被人称为“爱哭的孩子”。以前，他每天都到首席执行官的办公室去抱怨和指责其他部门。琼斯采取的办法是，让他在门外静等，冷一冷他的双脚；见了他也不理会其抱怨，直接谈公司在销售上存在的问题，过了不多久。霍普金斯开始更多跑基层而不是琼斯的办公室了。
随着时间的流逝，土星公司在琼斯的领导下恢复了元气。
公司管理人员普遍承认琼斯对计算机领域了如指掌，对各项业务的决策无懈可击。琼斯也渐渐地放松了控制，开始让设计和研究部门更放手地去干事。然而，对生产和采购部门，他仍然勒紧缰绳。土星公司内再也听不到关于琼斯去留的流言蜚语了。人们对他形成了这样的评价：琼斯不是那种对这里情况很了解的人，但他确实领我们上了轨道。
(1)琼斯和原董事会主席的领导方式有何不同？他们各是什么类型？
(2)公司走向正轨后，琼斯的领导方式又有何变化？分析为什么。
(3)请用激励理论解释研究部主任、生产部经理、采购部经理、销售副经理的言行。
案例2 民主选举的**
A帐篷厂拥有300多名职工，连续4年利润超百万元。从初创的艰难起步，到现在达到并保持了同行业中的领先水平，这一成绩主要应归功于副厂长兼党委书记王展志的努力――厂长身体长期不佳，基本上不管事。后来厂长因身体状况急剧恶化、抢救无效而去世。
王展志被调任为某市帐篷厂副厂长，实际上挑起了负责全厂的重任。上任之初，他狠抓产品质量，勇创品牌，很快就打开了局面。与此同时，他还采取措施完善职工的生产、生活设施，改善职工的劳动条件。
该帐篷厂的总公司为响应上级发扬职工民主的号召，决定进行民选厂长试点。经研究，帐篷厂的基础较好，王厂长又在企业界影响较大，因此决定在帐篷厂试点。经过征询厂领导的意见，宣布提名3位候选人，包括王展志。而王展志进行完竞选演说之后，王展志的心情是舒坦而平静的。对这次选举他十分有把握，以为这是板上钉钉的。然而，宣布民主投票的结果时，却是如此出人意外：250名职工参加投票，三名候选人均不足20票，其余均为投外国明星、国内名人的废票。竞选委员会宣布本次投票暂停。事后了解得知，青年职工几乎全是弃权或乱投。
职工说，王厂长的确不容易，每天总是最早到厂，最迟才离开，真正是一心扑在事业上，把厂子当作自己的家。但他工作方法简单，态度生硬，主观武断，一碰到员工有错误的地方就大发脾气。他一天到晚都在忙着厂务，从不与下属沟通，不去了解员工的需要，职工虽然也知道王厂长是一心为了厂子，但在情感上很难与王厂长产生共鸣。有些职工由于受过王厂长的过火批评，意见很大，经常背地里发牢骚，他们也不敢进行消极怠工。而职工认为这次选举是一个绝好的发表意见的机会，能引起总公司的关注，并希望能换一个工作作风不一样的厂长。
(1)管理者需要的三项技能是什么；你认为王展志最缺乏哪种技能？
(2)领导行为理论中的管理方格理论从哪两个行为维度描述领导风格；该理论重点描述了哪5种领导风格。
(3)副厂长工作努力，业绩很好，却不能得到员工的认可，请分析原因。
1.关于南大企业管理考研的成功经验
2.企业管理考研就业方向
3.考研企业管理院校排名
4.人民大学企业管理考研经验分享
5.企业管理的内容
6.企业管理标语大全
7.企业管理文化
8.怎样做好企业管理？
9.企业管理专业论文
10.有关企业管理标语
历史学考研真题
一、选择题1、龙山文化 夏
2、商的后代 宋
3、台湾天地会 林爽文
4、白银货币化：一条鞭法
5、邓演达第三党：临时什么会
6、罗马西地中海霸权：第二次布匿战争
7、70年代 经济特区
8、改订新约第一个：美国
9、白衣大食：倭玛亚王朝
10、俄罗斯史：伊戈尔公远征记
11、政治组织：神圣同盟
12、甲午战争后 清政府发行的股票
13、十三十四世纪的羊毛中心：佛兰德尔
14、第一次联合国大会参与人： 董必武
15、十二世纪早期文艺复兴中的不属于：科学从哲学中脱离
17、新巴比伦王国建立者：迦勒底人
18 、60年代美国古巴：猪湾事件
19、斯宾塞，新达尔文
20、等待戈多 荒诞派
二、名词解释：
1、三朝北盟会编
2、五一六通知
3、普安臣使团
4、拉美西斯二世
5、沙恭达罗
6、19俄国革命
7、年鉴学派
8、后三头政治
三、材料题
1、材料是清末对西方文化看法和人文主义什么的
材料分析题文艺复兴和启蒙运动的内容，魏源的.《海国图志》和郑观应的《盛世危言》比较对西学的认识。
四、论述：
1、西汉到唐代的赋税制度及主要变化。
2、16世纪后期到17世纪前半期传教士来华的背景、主要活动、影响。
3、论述拿破仑三世和法兰西第二帝国。
湖南大学考研真题
土木工程学院
结构力学：真题03-13，答案03-12.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，辅导课件，本科课件，期末试卷，结构力学考试指导--于玲玲。
流体力学：真题02-13，答案06-07。大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，流体力学--龙天渝，课后答案。
机械与运载工程学院
材料力学：真题02-13，答案03-11，大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，材料力学习题集（含答案）。期末试卷2套（含答案）
机械原理：真题03-13，答案03-10.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。机械原理指导书。
生产管理学：真题10-12.
环境科学与工程学院
环境毒理学与环境工程微生物综合：03-13.答案03-10.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件。
建筑学院
建筑学：真题02-13，答案：建筑史答案06，建筑设计07，大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件。
城市规划：真题12-13.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科重点，笔记总结。
数学与计量经济学院
数学分析：真题02-13，答案06-07.
高等代数：真题02-13，答案05-07.
物理与微电子科学学院
普通物理：真题04-13 考纲
量子力学：真题04-13. 考纲
材料科学基础：真题03-13.答案03-11.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，辅导课件，本科课件，期末试卷，材料科学基础辅导与习题 第二版 蔡 戎咏华编
数字与模拟电子技术：真题02-13.答案05-07.大纲第一文库网，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件。配套辅导书。
设计艺术学院
设计艺术史论：真题03-13.
专业设计：真题06-13。
艺术基础：10-13
工业设计工程：11-13
设计理论：10-13
电气与信息工程学院
电路：真题99-13，答案00-12.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件。理工科电路原理典型题解析与实战模拟--何怡刚编著。
电子技术基础一：真题02-13.
自动控制原理一：真题07、08、10.答案08.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。配套指导书。其他高校真题。
信息科学与工程学院
信号与系统：真题00-13，答案06-08.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。
化学化工学院
有机化学：真题03-13，答案03-11.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。
物理化学：真题03-13，答案03-11.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。
物理化学（工）：真题03-13，答案03-12.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，本科课件，期末试卷。
外国语与国际教育学院
基础英语：真题03-13
英语2外：真题04-13
日语专业基础：真题06-13
基础日语：真题06-13
英语语言文学：真题04-13
日语：真题02-13
翻译硕士英语：真题11-13
汉语写作与百科：真题11-13
英语翻译基础：真题11-13
英语语言文学二：真题10-13
333教育综合：真题10-13
语言学基础： 真题04-13
法语：真题 03-13
德语：真题04-13.
答案：基础英语：04-11，英美文学：04-07，日语2外：05、07
语言学基础：07， 法语：03-09，基础日语：07。英语2外：05、07
材料科学与工程学院
材料科学基础：真题03-13.答案03-11.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，辅导课件，本科课件，期末试卷，材料科学基础辅导与习题 第二版 蔡 戎咏华编着 2004 工商管理学院
应用统计基础：真题12-13.
管理学原理：真题02-13.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结。习题集（带答案）。重难点总结。
财务会计学：02-13.答案02-10.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，课件，内部习题（含答案）。
马克思主义学院、岳麓书院、教育科学研究院
这3个学院主要以真题为主。
金融与统计学院
经济学基础：真题02-13.答案：部分答案。大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，课件，期末试卷，重点习题。
统计学：真题03-13.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，课件
法学院
法学综合一、二：真题01-13
政治学：真题07-13.
公共管理：真题04-13.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结。
生物学院
细胞生物学：真题04-13，答案：07，大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结 生物化学：真题04-13. 答案：07，大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结 经济与贸易学院
经济学原理：02-13.答案：部分答案。大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，课件。 经济学综合：02-13.答案：部分答案。大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，课件。 新闻传播与影视艺术学院
新闻传播史论：真题04-13.答案04-12.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结 中国语言文学
文学理论和写作：真题06-13.答案06.大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结
中外文学史：真题04-13，答案06. 大纲，录取信息，复习计划表，笔记总结
语言学概论：11-13
现代汉语07-13
汉语基础11-13
汉语国际教育基础11-13
真题每份5元。的`每份10元。初试全套269元。全程班800元。公共课视频每科全程50元。(13年真题9、10月份到） 专硕的可以单咨询，没有单列信息。一般只有真题。 真题
全程班
初试全套
13真题预定
公共课视频
信息网盘网址 pan.baidu.com/share/home?uk=2318820715
Text 4
There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future，”the paper’s publisher said back in .
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”
Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”
The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.
“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”
36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due
[A] the high cost of operation.
[B] the pressure from its investors.
[C] the complaints from its readers.
[D] the increasing online ad sales.
37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should
[A] seek new sources of readership.
[B] end the print edition for good.
[C] aim for efficient management.
[D] make strategic adjustments.
38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”
[A] helps restore the glory of former times.
[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.
[C] will have the cost of printing reduced.
[D] expands the popularity of the paper.
39.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.
[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.
[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.
[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.
[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.
40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once
[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand
[C] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good
[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion
考研英语真题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the 8 our kin.”
The study 9 found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional Kinship” of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to be friend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1、[A]what [B]why [C]how [D]when
2、[A]defended [B]concluded [C]withdrawn [D] advised
3、[A]for [B]with [C]by [D]on
4、[A]separated [B]sought [C]compared [D] connected
5 、[A]tests [B] objects [C]samples [D]examples
6、[A]Insignificant [B]unexpected [C] unreliable [D]incredible
7、[A]visit [B]miss [C] know [D] seek
8、[A]surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D]resemble
9、[A]again [B] also [C]instead [D]thus
10、[A] Meanwhile [ B]Furthermore [C] Likewise [D]Perhaps
11、[A] about [ B] to [C] from [D]like
12、[A] limit [ B] observe [C] confuse [D]drive
13、[A] according to [ B] rather than [C] regardless of [D]along with
14、[A]chances [ B]responses [C]benefits [D]missions
15、[A] faster [ B]slower [C] later [D]earlier
16、[A] forecast [ B] remember [C] express [D]disruptive
17、[A] unpredictable [ B] contributory [C] controllable [D]disruptive
18、[A] tendency [ B] decision [C]arrangement [D]endeavor
19、[A] political [ B]religious [C] ethnic [D]economic
20、[A] see [ B]show [C] prove [D]tell
Part B
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
[A] Create a new image of yourself
[B] Have confidence in yourself
[C] Decide if the time is right
[D] Understood the context
[E] Work with professionals
[F] Make it efficient
[G] Know your goals
No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and like ability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader, Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:
41 |
As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions-- when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues, and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.
42 |
Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have . Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)
43 |
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What convey status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.
44 |
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.
45 |
The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue . Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.
Part C
Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Mental health is our birthright. (46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us, (47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a from of innate or unlearned optimism. (48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness of they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.
(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
Section III Writing
Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2015考研英语真题：
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.
1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to
2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on
3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone
4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example
5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless
6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through
7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so
8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create
9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying
10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving
11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union
12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live
13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for
14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid
15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed
16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever
17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed
18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided
19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears
20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in that
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.
In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?
[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.
[B] New runways would be constructed.
[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.
[D] The fashion industry would decline.
22.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] heightening the value of.
[B] indicating the state of.
[C] losing faith in.
[D] doing harm to.
23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?
[A] The French measures have already failed.
[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.
[C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.
[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.
24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
[A] setting a high age threshold for models.
[B] caring too much about models’ character.
[C] showing little concern for health factors.
[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.
25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.
[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.
[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.
[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.
Text 2
For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.
The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.
The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.
[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.
[C] is fully backed by the royal family.
[D] is not well reflected in politics.
27.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now be
[A] gradually destroyed.
[B] effectively reinforced.
[C] largely overshadowed.
[D] properly protected.
28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.
[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.
[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference
[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.
[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
[C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.
[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
30.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\
[A] the size of population in Britain.
[B] the political life in today’s Britain.
[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
[D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.
Text 3
“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggest the CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,” says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with
[A] tolerance
[B] skepticism
[C] uncertainty
[D] approval
32.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by
[A] winning trust from consumers.
[B] guarding it against malpractices.
[C] protecting it from being defamed.
[D] raising the quality of its products.
33. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to
[A] more effective
[B] less controversial
[C] less severe
[D] more lasting
34.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record
[A] has an impact on their decision.
[B] comes across as reliable evidence.
[C] increases the chance of being penalized.
[D] constitutes part of the investigation.
35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
考研政治真题
单选题
1，我国数学家华罗庚再一次报告中以“一支粉笔多长为好”为例来讲解他所倡导的选法，对此，他解释道：“每支粉笔都要丢掉一段一定长的粉笔头，但就这一点来说愈长愈好。但太长了，使用起来很不方便，而且容易折断。每断一次，必然多浪费一个粉笔头，反而不合适。因为就出现了粉笔多长最合适的问题——这就是一个优选问题所谓优选问题，从辩证法的角度看，就是要 ( )
A注重量的积累
B保持事物质的稳定性
C坚持适度原则
D全面考率事物属性的多样性
2，社会存在是指社会的物质生活条件，它有多方面的内容，其中最能集中体现人类社会性质的是：( )
A社会形态
B地理环境
C人口因素
D生产方式
3，马克思把商品转换成货币称为“商品的惊险的跳跃”，“这个跳跃如果不成熟，坏的不是商品，但一定是商品占有者”。这是因为只有商品变为货币( )
A货币才能转化为资本
B价值才能转化为使用价值
C抽象劳动才能转化为具体劳动
D私人劳动才能转化为社会劳动
4，邓小平指出：“社会主义究竟是个什么样子，苏联搞了很多年，也并没有搞清楚，可能列宁的思路比较好，搞了个新经济政策，但是最后苏联模式僵化了”，列宁新经济政策关于社会主义的思路之所以“比较好”是因为：( )
A提出了比较系统的社会主义建设纲领
B根据俄国的实际情况来探索社会主义建设的道路
C为俄国找到一种比较成熟的社会主义发展模式
D按照马克思恩格斯关于未来的设想来建设社会主义
5,1927年大革命失败后，党的工作重心开始转向农村，在农村建立革命根据地，则革命根据地能够在中国长期存在和发展的根本原因是( )
A中国是一个政治、经济、文化皆发展不平衡的半殖民地半封建社会
B良好的群众基础和革命形势的继续向前发展
C相当力量正式红军的存在
D党的领导及其正确的政策
6、社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度，既包括非公有制经济。把非公有制度纳入社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度中，是因为非公有制经济( )
A是社会主义性质的经济成分
B是社会主义经济的重要组成部分
C视为社会主义服务的经济成分
D在社会主义初级阶段不占主体地位
7，党的十七大通过的党章把“和谐”与“富强 民主 文明 ”一起作为社会主义现代化建设的目标写入了社会主义初级阶段的基本路线，其原因在于社会和谐是( )
A 中国特色社会主义的本质属性
B 中国传统文化的价值取向
C 经济建设的内在要求
D 解决收入分配差距的重要途径
8、深化文化体制改革，要坚持公益性文化事业和经营性文化产业协调发展。发展经营性文化产业的根本任务是( )
A繁荣文化市场，满足人民群众多方面多层次多样化的文化需求
B保障人民群众基本的文化权益
C构建覆盖全社会的比较完备的公共文化服务体系
D加快文化产业基地和区域性特色文化产业群建设
9，从1984年到1989年的80年间，中国人民对外来的侵略进行了英勇顽强发的反抗，但历次的反侵略战争，都是以中国的失败，中国政府被迫签订丧权辱国条约而告终，从中国内部分析，其根本原因是：( )
A军事战略错误
B．社会度的腐败
C．经济技术的落后
D．思想观念的保守
10，1953年9月，彭德怀在一份报告中说，抗美援朝战争的胜利证明：西方侵略者几百年来只要在东方一个海岸上架起几尊大炮就可霸占一个国家的时代一去不复返了。这场战争的胜利：( )
A．结束了西方列强霸权主义的历史
B．打破了美国军队不可战胜的神话
C．奠定了民族独立人民解放的基础
D．赢得了近代以来中环民族反抗外敌入侵的第一次完全胜利
11，社会主义法律在国家和社会生活中的权威和尊严是建设社会主义法治国家的重要条件。法律权威式就国家和社会管理过程中法律的地位和作用而言的，是指：( )
A．法德强制性
B．法德不可抗性
C．法的合理性
D．法的规范性
12，法律的指引作用主要是通过授权性规范、禁止性规范和义务性规范三种规范形式来实现的，其中，义务性规范是告诉人们：( )
A．不得或者不准做什么
B．可以或者有权做什么
C．应当或者必须做什么
D．能够或者不能做什么
13，道德的功能是指道德作为社会意识的特殊形式对于社会发展所具有的功能，其中最突出也是最重要的社会功能是( )
A 辩护功能
B 沟通功能
C 调节功能
D 激励功能
14，理想作为一种精神现象，是人类社会实践的产物。理想源于现实，又超越现实，在
现实中有多种类型。从层次上划分，理想有( )
A个人理想和社会理想
B道德理想和政治理想
C生活理想和职业理想
D崇高理想和一般理想
15，2010年10月1日，“嫦娥二号“卫星在西昌卫星发射中心发射升空并成功”奔月“，
实现了我国( )
A深空探测“零的突破”
B首次月球软着陆和自动巡视勘测
C首次月球样品自动取样返回探测
D运载火箭直接将卫星发射至缔约转移轨道等多项技术突破
16，2003年3月，美国率其盟友发动了长达7年之久的对伊拉克战争，给伊人民造成了
慎重灾难。2010年8月19日，美军最后一批作战部队从伊拉克撤离。这表明，美国在多重压力下( )
A调整军事部署
B改变先发制人战略
C专项本土反恐为主
D放弃单边主义
多选题
17、1971年迪斯尼乐园的路径设计获得了“世界最佳设计”奖，设计师格罗培斯格却说：
“其实那不是我的设计”，原因是在迪斯尼乐园主题工程完后，格罗培斯格暂停修乐园里的道路，并在空地上洒上草种，五个月后，乐园里绿草茵茵，草地上被游客走出了不少宽窄不一定的小路，格罗培斯格根据这些行人踏出来的小路铺设了人行赋了“优雅自然、简洁便利、个性突出”的优秀设计，格罗培斯格设计智慧我们认识和实践活动的启示：( )
A 、要从生活实践中获取灵感 B、要尊重群众的实践需求
C、不要对自然事物作任何改变 C、要对事物本来面目做直观反应
18.在资本主义社会里，银行垄断资本和工业垄断资本密切地融合在一起，产生了一种新型的垄断资本，即金融资本。在金融资本形成的基础上，产生了金融寡头。金融寡头操纵，控制社会的主要方式有( )
A． 通过“参与制”实现其在经济领域中的统治
B． 通过同政府的“个人联合”实现其对国家机器的控制
C． 通过政策咨询机构影响和左右内外政策
D． 通过新闻媒体实现国民思想意识的统一性
19.2008年由美国次贷危机引发了全球性的经济危机，很多西方人感叹这一经济危机，从根本上仍未超出一百多年前马克思在（资本论）对资本主义经济危机的精辟分析，马克思对资本主义经济危机科学分析的原创性主要是( )
A 指明经济危机的实质是生产相对过剩
B 提示造成相对过剩的制度原因是生产资料的资本主义私有制
C 指出经济危机的深层根源是人性的贪婪
D 强调政府对经济危机的干预是摆脱经济危机的根本出路
20、19世纪中叶，马克思恩格思把社会主义由空想变为科学，奠定这一飞跃的理论基石是( )
A阶级斗争说
B劳动价值论
C唯物史观
D剩余价值论
21 在社会主义中国化的过程中，产生了毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系，这两大理论体系一脉相承主要体现在，二者具有共同的( )
A 马克思主义的理论基础
B 革命和建设的根本任务
C 实事求是的理论基础
D 和平与发展的时代背景
22.社会主义市场经济体制是社会主义基本制度与市场经济的融合，这一他特点既具有 社会主义制度特征，有具有市场经济的一般特征。社会主义市场经济体制体现社会主义制度特征的方面主要表现在( )
A． 在所有制机构上，以公有制为主体、多有制经济共同发展
B． 在分配制度上，以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存
C． 在宏观调控上，以实现最广大劳动人民的利益为出发点和归宿
D． 子啊资源配置上，以市场为手段， 市场的基础性作用
23.毛泽东指出：“国家的统一，人民的团结，国内各名族的团结，这是我们争取一定要胜利的基本保证。”这一思想对于我们在新的历史条件下处理民族关系方面的意义有( )
A.民族关系始终是我们这个多民族国家至关重要的政治和社会关系
B.民族问题始终是建设中国特色社会主义必须认真解决的一个重大问题
C.巩固和发展各民族的团结关系到国家统一和边疆巩固
D.加强和巩固各民族的团结是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求
24.改革、发展、稳定好比现代化建设棋盘上的三个紧密关联的战略性棋子，第一步下好了，相互促进，就会全局皆活：如果有一着下不好，其他两步也会进入困境，还可能全局受挫。改革开放以来，党在处理改革、发展、稳定关系方面积累需要原则包括( )
A.保持改革、发展、稳定在动态中的相互协调和相互促进
B.把实现社会稳定座位促进改革、发展的根本出发点
C.把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统一起来
D.把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革、发展、稳定关系的重要结合点
25、做大分好社会财富这个“蛋糕”始终是我国政府面临的重大任务。做大“蛋糕”是政府的责任，分好“蛋糕”是政府的良知、合理调整收入分配关系、分好社会财富这个“蛋糕”是：( )
A、实现社会公平的重要体现
B、解决当前收入分配领域突出问题的需要
C、实现共同富裕的内在要求
D、为了使人民共享改革发展的成果
26.辛亥革命是我国近代史上一次比较完全意义上的资产阶级民主革命，这次革命( )
A.提出了平均地权，耕者有其田的重要原则
B.建立了中国近代史上第一个资产阶级政党
C.制定了比较完整的资产阶级民主革命纲领
D.结束了封建君主专制制度，建立了资产阶级共和国
27、第二次世界大战期间，明确规定将台湾、澎湖列岛归还中国的有关的是：( )
A《德黑兰宣言》
B《开罗宣言》
C《雅尔塔协定》
D《彼茨坦公告》
28.延安整风运功是一场伟大的思想解放运动。这一运动最主要的任务是反对主观主义。主观主义的主要表现形式为( )
A.教条主义 B.形式主义 C.经验主义 D.宗派主义
29、中国共产党根据马克思列宁主义关于农业社会主义改造的思想，从我国的实际出发，开创了一条有中国特急的合作化道路，成功地实现了对个体农业的社会主义 改造，其历史经验主要有( )
A国家用先进的技术和装备发展农业经济
B遵循自愿互利、典型示范和国家帮助的原则
C在土地改革后不答时机地引导个体农民走互助合作道路
D采取从互助到初级社再到高级社的逐渐过渡形式
30、刑法的基本原则是指刑法特有的在刑法的立法、解释和适用过程中所必须的具有全局性、根本性的准则，我国刑法明文规定的基本原则有( )
A、罪刑法定原则
B、疑罪从无原则
C、罪刑相当原则
D、适用刑法一律平等原则
31 有位科学家曾说过：“法律必须被信仰，否则等于形同虚设。”这句话表明一个人只有从内心深处真正认同、信任和信仰法律，才会自觉维护法律的权威，由此可得( )
A 法律的内在说服力是法律权威的内在基础
B 法律权威不可能完全建立在外在强制力的基础之上
C 法律信仰与宗教信仰没有本质的区别
D 法律信仰是法律制定和执行的根本依据
32、2010年1015日至18日，中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议在京举行，全会审议通过的《中共忠言关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二五个建设的建议》强调，在当代中国，坚持发展是硬道理的本质要求，就是坚持社会主义更加关注：( )
A 以人为本
B 全面协调可持续发展
C统筹兼顾
D 保障和改善民生，促进社会公平公正
33.2010年4月13日，胡锦涛在核安全峰会上发表题为《携手应对核安全挑战 共同促进和平与发展》的讲话，强调中国本着负责的态度，高度重视核安全，坚决反对核扩散和核恐怖主义，为此作出了一系列积极努力，其中包括( )
A.全面加强核安全能力
B.严格履行核安全国际义务
C.重视并积极参与国际核安全合作
D.积极向发展中国家提供核安全援助
34
1， 从实践是人和自然关系的基础的角度说明为什么“垃圾是放错地方的资源？”5分
2， 运用矛盾分析方法说明“没有退路就多想出路”5分
35
1， 从“打橄榄球”和“唱大合唱”的形象比较中，说明我国政党制度的特点和优点 5分
2， 我国各民主党派在社会主义建设中如何发挥参政议政的作用？ 5分
36,
1，为什么说中国共产党的成立“是开天辟地的大事变”？ 4分
2，结合中国共产党成立以来中国社会变革的历程，说明“主义”和“信仰”是怎样成为“力量”的？ 6分
37
1， 如何理解“给人温暖就是给自己幸福”？ 6分
2， 为什么说郭明义的先进事迹是“简单中的伟大“？ 4分
38
1，针对材料中所反映的西方某些人士对中国的“捧”与“批”，谈谈什么是“真实的中国”以及中国的责任是什么。
★ 考研英语完型真题
