以下是小编为大家整理的考研英语翻译 历年真题高频词汇（共含8篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“忌廉不长胖”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
考研英语翻译 历年真题高频词汇整理
46） articulate 清晰的表达，
47） by all accounts根据、根据报道；byone‘s own account根据某人自己所说，letalone更别提，
48） intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写，
49） associate联系，
50） suffer遭受， inevitable不可避免， render转换、使变成；
46） strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰，
47）sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所，
48） ineffect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别，
49）blame批评，
50）implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的；
46） impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生，
47） constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制，
48） filter过滤， cognitive认知的，
49） empirical实证的、根据经验得到的，bias偏见，
50） track跟踪；
46） erroneous错误的，error错误，
47） sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的，
48） justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发， bottom底，
49） circumstance环境，
50） upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列；
46）rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，
47）intrinsic内在的、固有的，regardlessof不管，presence出席，absence缺席，
48）creature生物，species物种，
49）ecologically生态的，as such本身、相应的，
50）eliminate根除，element因素，commercial商业的；
46） institution机构、学院，original原始的，motive动机
47） by-product副产品，directive指导的，factor因素
48） ignore忽视，ignorance无知，contact联系，disposition性情、安排，
49） cannot help禁不住，secure确保，
50） tuition学费、讲授；
46） believe相信，assert断言， claim声称， argue争论，assume假设， maintain主张， contend斗争、坚持说，point out指出， be convinced that确信， accept接受、承认， prove证明，demonstrate展示、游行、证明， validate证明， state状态、州、说明、陈述， scribe描述，tell说明， show说明、展示， consider考虑，opine表达观点， difficulty困难， difficult困难的， compensate补偿，compensate for补偿， advantage优点， advantageous有优势的， advance进步发展， force力量、被迫，strength力量， power力量， thus因此，therefore因此， hence因此， enable使能够，detect探察发现， detector侦测器， detective侦探，error错误， mistake失误， false错误，flaw缺点瑕疵， shortcoming缺点， reason推理、原因， reasoned理性的，reasoning推理， reasonable合理的， observe观察，observation观察， observer观察者；
47） follow跟随， pure纯， purely纯， abstract抽象的，attract吸引， concrete具体的， limit限制有限的，confine限制， certain确认；
48） as well也，as well as和一样， found建立， charge指控，change改变， critics批评家， criticize批评，critical关键的重要的， criticism批评， while当然而；
49） add加， addition增加， in addition此外， additional另加的， tradition传统，traditional传统的， humble谦虚的， humbly谦虚地，perhaps也许， possible可能， possibly可能，probable可能， probably可能地， superior比高级、有优势，superior to比高级， super超级， inferior不如，inferior to不如， common普通， ordinary普通，banal普通的、陈腐的， notice注意、说明， attention注意， escape逃跑， carefully当心，careful小心的， care关心，take care of照顾；
50） loss失去， lose丢失 （lost）， at a loss迷茫、不知所措， take a loss亏损， injurious对有伤害， injure受伤，injury受伤， intellect智力， intellectual智力、知识分子，intelligence智力， wisdom智慧， moral道德，virtue美德， virtually实际上、事实上， virtual虚拟的，character文字、角色、性格， characterize有特点， characteristic特色；
46） legal法律的合法的， law法律， preserve保存， conserve保留保护，institution机构， constitution宪法， view观点景色， view…as把看作为，regard…as把看作为， take…as把看作为， see…as把看作为，special特别， specialize专业， specific具体的，especial尤其的， especially尤其是； peculiar奇怪的、特有的、独特的， peculiar to特有的'， particular特殊的，particularly特别是， rather than而不是， necessary必须的， essential必不可少的，essence精华， critical关键的、重要的， significant重要的， significance重要性，equipment装备， equip装有， facility设施；
47） link连接网， connect联系， connection联系， on the other另外，on the other hand另一方面， on theone hand一方面， concept概念， notion观念、概念，real真实， reality现实， in a way以这种方式，in a manner以这种方法， in a form以这种形式， parallel平行， parallel to与相平行、与类似， journal杂志， journalist记者， base基础，basic基础的， basis基础， comment评论，comment on评论， cover报道覆盖评论；
48） idea观点、理论、想法，profound深刻的， profoundly深刻地， far-reaching影响深远的、意义重大的、深刻的， citizen市民， rest on/upon依靠取决于， rely on依靠取决于， depend on/upon依靠取决于， responsible负责的，responsibility责任， be heldresponsible for对负责， response反响、响应， media媒介， news media新闻媒体，news agency新闻办， establish建立， established已经建立的，establishment机构建立， convention传统；
49） grasp抓掌握， have agrasp of掌握， command命令， have a good command of掌握， feature特点，competent竞争， competition竞争， competitive有竞争力的，compete竞争，
50） reaction反映，react反映， action行动， in action在起作用，interaction互相作用， enhance提高， promotion提高，promote促进， preferable愿意的可取的， prefer宁愿，infer推理提示， confer商量， favor喜欢，flavor风味， favorite喜欢的， judge评判法官，judgment评判， make judgments of对做出评判；
46） define定义， definition下定义， define…as…把定义为， select选择， elect挑选，individual个人的、个人， active活力， activity活动，primary主要的， duty责任， thinking思考思维，thought思想思维；
47） analogous类似，analogous to与类似， analyze分析， analysis分析，function作用， obligation责任， be obliged to do sth被迫做某事、有责任做某事， be obliged to sb感谢某人， obligate被迫，be obligated to do sth 被迫做某事， clear清楚明白， course课程， cause原因、导致，lead to导致， reveal揭露， decision决心，decisive果断的、具有决定意义的， decide决定；
48） exclude排除，exclusive排它的、独家的， include包含， conclude得出结论， conclusio
阅读理解部分：
1. effortless adj.容易的, 不费力气的
2. handicap n.障碍, 阻碍, 障碍赛跑 v.妨碍, 使不利, 阻碍
3. a driving force 动力
4. a glowing period 增长时期，发展时期
5. unparalleled adj.无比的, 无双的, 空前的
6. scale n.刻度,衡量,比例,数值范围,比例尺,天平,等级
vt.依比例决定,攀登,测量
7. inevitable adj.不可避免的, 必然的
8. predominance n.优势
9. at a loss 困惑
10. fading n.褪色,枯萎,衰退
11. textile n.纺织品 adj.纺织的
12. sweep into 涌入
13. on the rope (爬山者)用绳相互系在一起
14. semiconductor n.[物] 半导体
15. at the heart of 关键
16. casualty n.伤亡
17. prosperity n.繁荣
18. sensational adj.使人感动的, 非常好的
19. look back on 回忆
20. struggling adj.奋斗的, 努力的, 苦斗的
21. devalued 减值的, 贬值的
22. yield to 屈服, 让步
23. on a diet 吃规定的饮食
24. quick-witted 机智
25. executive adj.实行的, 执行的, 行政的 n.执行者, 经理主管人员
26. think tank n.智囊团
27. drop to 下降到，跌到
28. maturity n.成热, 完备, (票据)到期, 成熟
29. universal adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的
30. mortality n.死亡率
31. excess n.过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额 adj.过度的, 额外的
32. crucial adj.至关紧要的
33. depend on 依赖，依靠
34. kilogram n.[物]千克, 公斤
35. variation n.变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调
36. due to adv.由于, 应归于
37. suicide n.自杀, 自毁, 给自己带来伤害或损失的行为
38 . fertile adj.肥沃的, 富饶的, 能繁殖的
39. religious adj.信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的，严格的 n.僧侣, 尼姑, 修道士
40. offspring n.(单复数同形)儿女, 子孙, 后代, 产物
41. take advantage of 利用
42. diminish v.(使)减少, (使)变小
43. tribal adj.部落的, 种族的
44. mediocrity n.平常,平庸之才
45. biological adj.生物学的
46. utopia n.乌托邦, 理想的完美境界, 空想的社会改良计划
47. physical adj.身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的 n.体格检查
48. transform vt.转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形 vi.改变, 转化, 变换
n.[数]变换(式), [语]转换
49 . ignorant of 不懂, 不知道
50. organic adj.器官的, 有机的, 组织的, 建制的
51. beyond prep.在(到)...较远的一边, 超过, 那一边 adv.在远处 n.远处
52. comprehension n.理解, 包含
53. descendant n.子孙, 后裔, 后代
54. find out v.找出, 发现, 查明(真相等), 认识到, 想出, 揭发
55. advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹
56. aim at v.瞄准, 针对
57. farfetched adj.牵强的
58. be regarded as 视为
59. with regard to adv.关于
60. case n.事, 病例, 案例, 情形, 场合, 讼案, 容器, (语法)格
61. literature n.文学(作品), 文艺, 著作, 文献
62. in brief 简单扼要地
63. consequently adv.从而, 因此
64. undergo vt.经历, 遭受, 忍受
65. require vt.需要, 要求, 命令
66. pour out v.诉说, 倾吐
67. unhampered adj.无妨碍的，无阻碍的
68. make up v.弥补, 虚构, 缝制, 整理, 包装, 和解, 编辑, 化妆，补足,拼凑
69. imitate vt.模仿, 仿效, 仿制, 仿造 v.模仿
70. at will adv.随意, 任意
71. confused adj.困惑的, 烦恼的
72. upsetting adj.令人心烦意乱的,令人苦恼的
73. proposition n.主张, 建议, 陈述, 命题
74. call for v.要求, 提倡, 为...叫喊, 为...叫
75. essentially adv.本质上, 本来
76. aimlessness adj.无目的的, 没有目标的
77. envy n.vt.羡慕, 嫉妒
78. male-dominated 男性主宰的
79. questioning 质问
80. sacrifice n.牺牲, 献身, 祭品, 供奉 v.牺牲, 献出, 献祭, 供奉
为了从总体上把握考研英语的命题趋势，明了命题者的意图和考查的侧重点，我们对所有句子进行了一个精细的统计分析，以利于考研的小伙伴对翻译考查的重点以及各语法知识点在考研翻译中所占的比重有一个清晰的了解。
考研英语翻译试题为一篇难度适中、长度为400词左右的英语短文，要求在阅读并充分理解英语短文的基础上，将文中划线的五个部分译成汉语，更注重考查考生综合运用语言知识的能力。所选文章多是从报刊、杂志和书籍中摘录的片段，体裁以议论文和说明文为主，内容涉及社会生活、科普、文化、历史、地理、政治、经济等方面。
英译汉作为阅读理解的一部分，主要是考查考生准确理解概念或结构比较复杂的英语材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
从历年语法知识点翻译统计分析中，我们可以得出如下结论：
1、从句是考查的重点，在翻译试题中占的比重最大。分析清晰地反映出：从句和非谓语形式是历年考研英语翻译考查的重点，而从句是必考内容：几乎每年的翻译题目都会以不同形式对从句进行考查。从1994到，75个句子有69个都涉及到对从句的考查，这有力地说明了从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。
2、从句涉及的范围比较广，主要的从句类型有十几种，考研英语中最常考的当属定语从句。75个句子中有35个是定语从句，占到了45%的比例。这足以说明定语从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。因此定语从句翻译的好坏直接影响到考研翻译的分数。
3、仅次于从句，翻译中考查的另一个重点是非谓语形式。75个句子中有36个句子涉及到非谓语形式，占48%。而在各种非谓语形式中，过去分词又是考查的重中之重，36个句子中有19个考查了过去分词，占非谓语形式的52.8%。其次对现在分词的考查也占据较大比重，36个句子中有12个句子考查了这一语法点，占非谓语形式的33%，不容忽视。
4、翻译中考查的两项重点是从句和非谓语动词。这就涉及到对句子的整体把握，在对文章通篇理解和整体把握的基础上，结合文章前后文，分析句子内部和句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，从而准确把握词义，合理分析句子结构。
5、被动语态和其他重要语法点的考查在翻译中也占据较大比重。其中，75个句子中有27个句子考查了被动语态，占36%。
6、历年翻译真题对某个语法项目并不是单独考查，多是与其他语法知识点糅合在一起进行考查。这就要求考生能够从复杂的句型结构中理清句子结构，分析各考查点，并在理解英语难句、长句和复杂句型结构的基础上，掌握基本的翻译技巧和翻译方法。
7、总的来说，翻译是对考生英语水平的综合考查。它以考生的词汇基础为依托，主要是考查考生准确理解概念或结构比较复杂的英语材料的能力。要做好英译汉题目，考生既要有较强的理解英语句子的能力，又要有英译汉的基本技能。在翻译过程中，考生必须全面理解文章内容，并且遵循翻译的基本原则，根据对文章的理解，灵活处理一般性翻译技巧和具体句型翻译的关系，概念的直译与意译之间的关系等;要求考生对自己的语法知识和长难句知识进行系统的梳理，在平时的训练中提升自己的语言理解能力和表达能力，在两种语言之间进行灵活转换。
考研英语历年真题词汇固定搭配
1.by accident 偶然
2.on account of 因为，由于
3.in addition 另外
4.in addition to 除……之外
5.in the air 在流行中，在传播中
6.on (the/an) average平均，一般来说
7.on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上
8.at (the) best 充其量，至多
9.for the better 好转，改善
10.on board 在船(车、飞机)上
11.out of breath 喘不过气来
12.on business 因公，因事
13.in any case 无论如何，总之
14.in case of 假使，万一
15.in case 假如，以防(万一)免得
16.in no case 决不
1.by chance 偶然，碰巧
2.in charge (of) 负责，主管
3。(a) round the clock 昼夜不停地
4.in common 共用，共有，共同
5.in conclusion 最后，总之
6.on condition that 在……条件下
7.in confidence 信任
8.in connection with/to 关于
9.in consequence 因此，结果
10.in consequence of 由于……的缘故
11.on the contrary 反之，正相反
12.in contrast with/to 与……成对照
13.out of control 失去控制
14.under control 被控制住
15.at all costs 不惜任何代价
16.at the cost of 以……为代价
1.in the course of 在……过程中，在……期间
2.of course 当然，自然，无疑
3.in danger 在危险中，垂危
4.out of danger 脱离危险
5.out of date 过期(时)的
6.up to date 时新的
7.in debt 欠债
8.in detail 详细地
9.in difficulties 处境困难
10.in the distance 在远处
11.off duty 下班
12.on duty 值班，上班
13.on earth 究竟，到底
14.at all events 无论如何
15.in any event 无论如何
16.in effect 有效；实际上
1.in the event of 万一，如果发生
2.for example 例如
3.with the exception of 除……之外
4.in the face of 面对，不顾，即使
5.in fact 其实，实际上on fire烧着
6.on foot 步行in force有效；实施中
7.in favo(u)r of 有利于，赞成，支持
8.in front of 在……面前
9.in (the) future 今后，将来
10.on guard 警惕，防范
11.in general 通常，大体上
12.in half 成两半
13.at hand 在手边，在附近
14.from tip to toe 彻头彻尾，完全
15.by hand 用手
16.hand down to 往下传，传给(后代)
1.hand in hand 手拉手，携手
2.in hand 在掌握中，在控制中
3.on hand 在手边，临近on (the) one hand……一方面……
4.on the other hand…… 另一方面……
5.at heart 在内心；实质上
6.by heart 牢记，凭记忆
7.at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如
8.in honor of 以纪念，向……表示敬意
9.on one''s honor 以名誉担保
10.in a hurry 匆忙地，立即
11.for instance 例如，举例说
12.at intervals 不时，时时
13.at last 最终，终于
14.at least 至少，最低限度
15.in the least 一点，丝毫
1.at length 终于，最后；详细地
2.in the light of 按照，根据
3.in line 成一直线，排成一行
4.in line with 与……一致，按照
5.at a loss 困惑，不知所措
6.as a matter of fact 其实，事实上
7.by all means 无论如何，必定
8.by means of 借助于，用
9.by no means 决不in memory of纪念
10.at the mercy of 在……支配下
11.by mistake 错误地
12.at the moment 现在，此刻
13.for a moment 片刻，一会儿
14.for the moment 现在，暂时
15.in a moment 立刻，马上
1.in nature 本质上
2.on occasion 有时，不时
3.in order 秩序井然，整齐
4.in group to 以便，为了
5.in group that 以便
6.out of order 发生故障，失调
7.on one''s own 独自地，独立地
8.in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地
9.in the past 在过去，以往
10.in person 亲自
11.in place 在适当的位置
12.in place of 代替
13.in the first place 起初，首先
14.in the last place 最后
15.out of place 不得其所的`，不适当的
16.on the point即将……的时候
1.to the point 切中要害，切题
2.in practice 在实际中，实际上
3.out of practice 久不练习，荒疏
4.at present 目前，现在
5.for the present 目前，暂时
6.in proportion to (与…&hellip成比例的
7.in public 公开地，当众
8.for (the) purpose of 为了
9.on purpose 故意，有意
10.with the purpose of 为了
11.in question 正在考虑
12.at random 随意地，任意地
13.at any rate 无论如何，至少
14.by reason of 由于
15.as regards 关于，至于
16.with/in regard to 对于，就……而论
1.in/with relation to 关系到
2.with respect to 关于
3.as a result 结果，因此
4.as a result of 由于……的结果
5.in return 作为报答，作为回报
6on the road 在旅途中
7.as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例
8.in the long run 最终，从长远观点看
9.for the sake of 为了……起见
10.on sale 出售；贱卖
11.on a large scale 大规模地
12.on a small scale 小规模地
13.in secret 秘密地，私下地
14.in a sense 从某种意义上说
15.in shape 处于良好状态
16.on the side 作为兼职，额外
1.at first sight 乍一看，初看起来
2.in sight 被看到，在望
3.out of sight 看不见，在视野之外
4.in spite of 不管，不顾；尽管，虽然
5.on the spot 当场，在现场
6.in step 同步，合拍
7.out of step 步调不一致，不协调
8.in stock 现有，备有
9.in sum 总而言之
10.in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭
11.in terms of 依据，按照；用……措词
12.for one thing 首先，一则
13.on the second thoughts 经重新考虑，一转念
14.at a time 每次，一次
15.at no time 从不，决不
16.at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾
考研英语真题答案及详细解析
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.
1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers
2. A minor B external C crucial D objective
3. A issue B vision C picture D moment
4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example
5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless
6. A in B for C to D on
7. A if B until C though D unless
8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote
9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success
10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified
11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional
12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured
13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged
14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave
15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather
16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced
17. A below B after C above D before
18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop
19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard
20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track ”(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, M
Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:“we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciaction
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .
Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threaten to the environment
[C] the world’s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.
An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field ” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A] violated the Constitution.
[B] undermined the states’ interests.
[C] supported the federal statute.
[D] stood in favor of the states.
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A] outweighs that held by the states.
[B] is dependent on the states’ support.
[C] is established by federal statutes.
[D] rarely goes against state laws.
40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of ,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since .
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .
Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since ,(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon ,a new program to be enacted in ,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social
scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly
specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing
elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the
100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.
46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.
48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such
49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.
Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail.Use “Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should
1) describe the drawing briefly.
2) interpret its intended meaning ,and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)
英语答案
1.A(grants)
2. B(external)
3. C(picture)
4. D(for example)
5. B(fearful)
6. D(on)
7. A(if)
8. A(test)
9. D(success)
10.C(chosen)
11.A(otherwise)
12.C(conducted)
13.B(rated)
14.C(took)
15.B(then)
16.C(marked)
17.D(before)
18.D(drop)
19.B(undo)
20.A(necessary)
Text 1
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing
25. What is the subject of the text
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
Text 2
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[B] lower their operational costs
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[C] will not benefit consumers
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[D] skepticism
Text3
31·[B] our faith in science and technology
32·[A] a sustained species
33·[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive
34·[C] draw onour experience from the past
35·[C] TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
Text 4
36. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
37. [C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
38. [D]stood in favor of the states
39. [A] outweighs that held by the states
40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy;and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
46. 然而,令人震惊的是,当人们看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时,由于风格的多样性,所有这些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.
47.尽管可能有点简陋,但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求.
48. 那些无家可归者的花园实际上是“无家可归”的家园,同花园被引入了城市,在那儿,它们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识.
49 . 我们中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏,在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园,压迫感奇迹般地消失了.
50. 尽管在某种被解放的意义上,但正是这种含蓄或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用“花园”一词来描述这些被合成的建筑。
51.
Dear Mr. Smith,
As a member of the Students’ Union, I am writing this letter to request whether you could serve as a judge in the English speech contest to be held in our university next Saturday.
This contest aims at improving the students’ communicative and practical ability in English, the details of which are as follows. To begin with, the participants are mainly the seniors who will step into the society three months later. In addition, the theme is concerning the utmost significance of future choice after graduation.
It is my sincere hope that you can present yourself in this extracurricular activity. I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
52. 参考范文：
The set of cartoon given above dramatically features a scene of college graduates choosing their future destination. When stepping out of the ivory tower, the would-be graduates will confront with multiple choices, such as hunting a job, taking part in National Entrance Examination for MS/MA. What is conveyed in the picture carries a far-reaching implication for both us and our society.
The drawing is designed to remind us of the crucial importance of the distinctive goal in future development, which is a practical issue confronting every would-be graduate. On the one hand, for a real road, if stepping on a wrong way, one can return to the original point, but life is a one-way journey: one cannot start it all over again. Different choices in life may make great differences. On the other hand, to some extent, future is a combination of choices and efforts. Some people even believe that one’s success depends more on how intelligently he chooses than on how diligently he works. With a wrong direction the farther we go, the farther we are away from our dream.
Therefore, positive mental guidance must be popularized among the public, especially the young to help them keep a clear mind and make wise choices in the life journey. Besides, every youngster should be educated to realize his position and the reality and choose his life goal in a down-to-earth manner. Only with a right direction and destination can all the efforts make towards our dream pay off.
透过历年真题学习考研英语翻译技巧(四)
15、在语言的使用方式中，英语和汉语有何不同?
英语多引申，汉语多推理。英语有两句俗话:一是You know a work by the company it keeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning，but people have meaning for them.(词本无人，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。
经典例题19 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(71题)
参考译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。
“recreate”根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词“recreation”，所给词义为“娱乐、消遣”，在这种情况下，考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察一下recreate在句中的用法，不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part(过去的重大历史事件)。从逻辑上来讲，“过去的重大历史事件”是不能“重新创造”的，作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申，再想想我们生活中发生的情况:历史、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情，这种展示用恰当的中文表达就是“再现”，所以，句中用“再现”译recreate才是正确的理解和表达。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。现在我们看一看sure这个词在不同句子中的处理情况:
经典例题20
①I am not quite sure of his having said it. 我不能确定他是否说过这话。
②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。
③He made a sure step out of the mud. 他从泥淖中跨出了稳健的一步。
④She had a sure grasp of the subject. 她对这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。
⑤He is very sure in his beliefs. 他的信仰十分坚定。
5个sure分别译成了“确定”、“可靠的”、“稳健的”、“牢固”和“坚定”，如果都译成大家熟悉的“确信的”、“肯定的”，中文译文岂不成了天书?原文词义稍有引申，译文就要进行适当的推理。
16、就句子结构而言，英语和汉语有何不同?
英语多省略，汉语多补充。英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。
经典例题21
①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。
②Reading exercises one’s eyes;speaking，one’s tongue;while writing，one’s mind.F.Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。
③Association with the good can only produce good，with the wicked，evil.近朱者，近墨者黑。
④One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
在考研英译汉中，省略是一种很常见的现象。
经典例题22 Whether to use test，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
参考译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。
whehter…or…是并列连词，or前面省略了不定式to use，and upon中间省略了动词depends，译文中补充了“使用”和“取决”。
17、就逻辑思维而言，英语和汉语有何不同?
英语多前重心，汉语多后重心。在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前;汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。
经典例题23 I was all the more delighted when，as a result of the initiative of your government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
参考译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
经典例题24 The assertion that it was difficult，if not impossible，for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic，social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.
参考译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济，社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。
不难看出，英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的，翻译的'时候如果不进行调整，势必给表达造成很大的困难。以上是英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上的十大区别。只有了解这些区别，才能对英译汉有正确的认识，才能在翻译中抓住重点，找到解决问题的办法。
18. 做英译汉时所依据的标准是什么?
最为提倡的翻译标准是一个世纪前严复提出的“信、达、雅”。大学英语测试中的英译汉虽然是应试之作，但对“信、达、雅”文字原则一样可行。“信”即忠实，译文须忠实于原文;“达”即通达顺畅，读来流畅，符合译文的语言习惯;“雅”是对语言的更高要求，即译文要雅致，是优美的汉语。对于大学非英语专业的学生来说，英译汉必须掌握前两个标准，在达到“信”和“达”的标准后，可以追求最后一则。
翻译的过程大致分为三步: 理解、表达与校正。理解指对原文的理解，主要是指首先找到要翻译句子的主谓结构，看看这句话主要讲什么，然后再找出句子的其他成分，如定语、宾语、状语等。表达是指把原文分析后，用译文表达。校正就是在完成了表达之后，对照原文进行检查，看看所选词义是否符合上下文，原文要表达的意思有没有表达错误，汉语的译文中意义上是否与原文对等，译文有没有译者增加的不是原文作者的意思，或者译者删减，丢失了原文作者要表达的意思。这三个环境是翻译过程必不可少的。
透过历年真题学习考研英语翻译技巧(二)
7、如何根据汉语表达习惯对译文做适当的调整?
如上所述，必须在准确理解的基础上，寻找贴切的汉语来表达。如何展开联想，字斟句酌，反复推敲，得到“神来之笔”呢?根据汉语习惯，通过“适当调整”就可以!因为汉语是我们的母语，我们深知汉语语言的思维习惯和表达习惯。同时，调整的是各个句子的成分，比如说:后置定语可以翻译在其中心词前;定语从句如果易于表达、信息量不大可以提到先行词前，如果信息量大，放在先行词前表达起来很累赘，就可以考虑独立成一句话;表示时间、条件、原因等的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后来翻译。前面的例1、例2和例3我们可以继续分析，使其贴切地表达出来。
例1
6)主干部分，“社会科学是intellectual enquiry的一个分支”。理解得知intellectual
enquiry是社会科学的一个上层学科。根据大部分同学积累的词汇可以道: intellectual是
“知识的”，enquiry=inquiry，是“询问”的意思。于是有的人就直译成“知识询问”。可是，汉语不说“询问知识”，常说“探索知识”，于是我们可以把intellectual enquiry调整成“知识探索”。
7)同样，我们不说“研究人类及其努力(endeavors)”。因为这里的endeavors是一个抽象词，根据习惯，我们常常说“研究人类的行为”。
8)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.这个定语从句的先行词是manner。整个句子可改写为“Natural scientists…use the same…manner for the study of natural phenomena”。故翻译为:自然科学家用的同样的方式研究自然现象。
9)reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned都是形容词作定语，修饰名词manner，其意思是: 理笥的、有序的、系统的和冷静的。
10)整句话可以翻译为: 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象一样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
例2
6)根据汉语习惯，两个主语各自的后置定语hosted by robots和with polluton monitors可以放到其各自的中心词前来翻译。
7)hosted是“主持”的意思。monitor是“监视器”的意思。但是根据汉语习惯，不说“监视污染”而说“检测或者监控污染”。所以这里pollution monitors最好应该翻译为“污染监控器”或者“污染检测器”。
8)that will disable them when they offend这个定语从句根据汉语习惯应该先翻译其中的状语从句。“when they offend”中的they指“汽车”，这个从句不能译成“当汽车冒犯时”，因为这样不符合汉语习惯。根据上下文稍加联想，我们就可以知道“汽车冒犯”实际上就是我们平常所说的“汽车排污超标”。
9)同样，disable是“使丧失能力”或“使伤残”的意思。根据对整个句子的理解，可以具体翻译成“使汽车不能行驶”。
10)这样，整个句子可以翻译为:将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，当这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停止行驶。
例3
例3的译文主要有两个问题: 一是对动词recreate理解不到位; 二是中文句子没有经过适当的调整。
1)“有多少个历史学家，就有多少个关于历史学的定义”虽然忠实于原文，意思表达得也很清楚，但根据汉语的表达习惯，我们还可以译得更加简洁明了:“每个历史学家都对历史学都有不同的定义。”
2)原文中的不定代词one指代的是definition。
3)one后面的从句，因为比较复杂，根据习惯我们可以独立出来翻译。
4)根据习惯，我们不说“再创造重大历史事件”，而说“再现重大历史事件”。
5)因此，调整后的译文为:几乎每个历史学家对历史学都有不同的定义，而现代实践则最接近这样一个定义，这个定义把历史看作是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史。
总之，在整个翻译的解题过程中，我们一定要注意分析、理清句子结构，在准确理解的基础上，用符合汉语语言习惯的句子来翻译。惟有这样才能做到“准确、通顺、完整”。
8、就句子而言，英语和汉语的侧重点有什么不同?
英语重结构，汉语重语义。我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《正力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)我们看一看下面的例子:
经典例题4 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision，and digital age will have arrived.(第72题)
参考译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。
这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的.关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。从中文到英文的翻译中，语义与结构的区别就更加明显。街头笑话“Good good study，day day up.”和“You don“t know，who know!”之所以好笑，是因为“好好学习，天天向上。”和“你不知道，谁知道?”是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译其实很简单: Work hard and make progress everyday。If you don”t know，who knows? 动词work和make是句子的核心，两者之间用并列连词连接; If引导从句使who knows成为整个句子的主句。如果没有这样结构上的调整，中文句子的语义是无法用英语表达出来的。
9、就句子的长度而言，英语和汉语有何不同?
英语多长句，汉语多短句。由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
经典例题5 Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves(19第72题)。
参考译文人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through…and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零“…产生兴趣…，这与其说是因为…，还不如说是因为…”
经典例题6 In the doorway lay least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.参考译文门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”，中文明显有些别扭，效果肯定就差远了。
10、就句子类型而言，英语和汉语有何不同?
英语多从句，汉语多分句。英语句子不仅可以在简单句(前面两个例子都是简单句)中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语
透过历年真题学习考研英语翻译技巧(一)
1、近年英译汉考题内容是什么?
英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。体裁多为议论文。科学常识性的题材占了相当大的比重。
1991～2004年英译汉短文主题
1991年: 能源与农业(444词)
1992年: 智力评估的科学性(406词)
1993年: 科学研究方法(443词)
1994年: 天才、技术与科学发展的关系(308词)
1995年: 标准化教育与心理评估(364词)
1996年: 科学发展的动力(331词)
1997年: 动物的权利(417词)
1998年: 宇宙起源(376词)
1999年: 史学研究方法(326词)
2000年: 科学家与政府(381词)
2001年: 计算机与未来生活展望(405词)
2002年: 行为科学发展的困难(339词)
2003年: 人类学简介(371词)
2004年: 语言与思维(357词)
平均值: 短文词数: 370词; 要求翻译的词数: 160词
从英译汉试题内容分析，考生就应明确认识到，要想在英语考试中取得成功，必须在基本训练上狠下工夫。首先要扩大知识面，提高自身文化素质。考生如果熟悉试题内容，将有助于对短文的深入理解，增强信心，提高翻译水平。考生应利用各种渠道，特别是通过大量浏览中、英文报纸杂志，扩大相关的知识面。
2、近年英译汉考题的特点是什么?
从题型改革后、特别是1996年以后的试题分析，命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力，题难度加大，趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上，把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解，表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂，词汇似乎也不陌生，但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔，难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法，而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解，还可强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了。这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下:
(1) 反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;
(2)考题难度加大;
(3)语法现象难度有所降低;
(4)突出简单翻译技巧，如:词、词组的省略及补译，译出it，they，this，that等代词的真正代表的含义，词义选择、引申、词性转换，长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。考生应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。
我来帮你背单词 [taste /teist/ n. 滋味，味道，味觉，鉴赏力;vt. 尝，品尝，体验，领略;vi. 尝起来有某种味道 ]
3、2005年英译汉考题的命题趋势是什么?
(1)体裁: 议论文。
(2)题材: 反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性报刊评论文章;特别是有重要现实意义的题材，如资源、环境、能源、教育、科技创新、经济全球化、科教兴国、民主与法制等常识及有生命科学、宇宙探索、信息技术和纳米科技等有现实意义的科普题材。
(3)写作特点: 语言通俗规范，知识性强，内容新颖有趣，思想进步，有时代感和较强的现实意义。
(4)难度: 2004年考题读起来相对简单，难点在于汉语表达的准确性，估计2005年考题的难度会适当增加。
(5)重点: 词义的选择及引申，对原文理解的深度和语言的准确表达。
4、在翻译过程中能否字字对译?
大部分考生没有接受过系统的翻译训练，在开始做翻译时就养成了一种坏习惯:一边读句子，一边思考每一个单词分别是什么汉语意思。在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下，就直接做了“字字对等”的翻译。或者，在读完之后，并没有理解句子，就马上在自己积累的词汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达。只要碰到不认识的生词就束手无策。这样的译文，不仅扭曲了英语原文的意思，汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。
比如，在2003年的试题中有这样一句话:
经典例题1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
有的考生一看这个句子，不加以理解就直译为:“社会科学是那个智力询问的分支，它寻找研究人类和他们的努力。在同样自然的、有序的、系统的方式下，自然科学家也用智力询问的`方式来研究自然现象。”
显然，这个汉语句子让人不知所云。
再比如，2001年试题中的一句话:
经典例题2 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
有的考生看到这句话很短，感觉翻译起来比较容易。在没有深入理解句子的情况下，写出这样的译文:“将会有机器人控制的电视聊天节目，以及带有污染监视器的汽车在冒犯时，司机就不能工作了。”看这样的译文，无异于看天书。
5、在翻译过程中常见的症结是什么?
有的考生英语阅读能力比较强，能正确理解句子。但是，一翻译就往往有一种想说说不出来的感觉。或者即使翻译出来了，总觉得自己的译文没有把事情说清楚，找不到贴切的词来表达。比如说，在1999年的试题中:
经典例题3 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
有的考生就翻译为:“有多少个历史学家，就有多少个历史学的定义。而现代实践最与其中把历史看作是试图再创造和解释重大历史事件的一个接近。” 从这个译文上可以看出这个考生基本理解了这个句子。但是，读读这个汉语译文，却感觉很荒谬，就连考生自己恐怕都不禁会问:“这是汉语句子吗?”
6、如何理解“理解是翻译的前提”?
“理解是翻译的前提”。只有在准确理解的基础上，才能开始翻译。英语是用大量的关系词、连接词和引导词等连接起来的结构清楚、层次分明、逻辑严密的“形态语”，所以理解的时候就必须理清句子的语法结构，分清句子中各成分之间的语法关系，即找出句子的主干，弄清句子的各个修饰成分以及修饰关系。
例如，上述的例1和例2，我们的翻译思路应该是这样:
例1
1)先通读全句，一边读，一边考虑这个句子的结构(而不是考虑你读到的这个词的汉语意思是什么!)。这个句子的主干是Social science is that branch of intellenctual enquiry。2)which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science。
3)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned是并列定语，修饰manner。
4)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句，其先行词是manner。
5)这样理解之后，我们可以得出这样的句子结构:“社会科学是…的一个分支，它力图以…的方式来研究…”。
例2
这句话虽然很短，用词也比较简单，但是句子结构比较复杂，其实并不是太好理解，很多考生往往就被这样的假象所蒙蔽。
1)这个句子是一个“There be…”结构，即所谓的存在句型。
2)这个存在句的真正主语有两个，分别是television chat shows和cars。
3)两个主语分别由hosted by robots和with pollution monitors作后置定语来修饰。
