以下是小编为大家准备的语法系列复习十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型虚拟语气 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)(共含17篇），欢迎大家前来参阅。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“司丢匹特”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
语法系列复习专题十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型
虚拟语气
虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。
一、 虚拟语气在单句中的用法
常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如：
Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！
be happy! 快乐！
have a good time! 玩得愉快！
succeed! 成功！
make progress! 进步！
二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法：
1． 在非真实性条件句与主句中的用法
1） 表示与现在事实相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be多用于were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形
例如：If I were you,I should accept the invitation.
如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。
If I had time,I would go there.
如果我有空，我就去那儿。
2） 与过去事实相反
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 would/should/could/might＋have done
例如：If you had come earlier,you couldnt/wouldnt have missed the bus.
如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。
If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。
3） 与将来事实可能相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be多用were）
should do,were to do would/should/could/might＋动词原形
例如：If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow,the sports meet would be
put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。）
If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break.
万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。
4） if的省略
如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should
置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。
例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
5)条件句或主句的省略
当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。
例如：--Why didnt you attend the party yesterday?
--I would/should have,but I was too busy then.
I was surprised that you didnt like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.）
6)混合时间条件句与主句
条件句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。
例如：If the teacher hadnt been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had reviewed the lesson,you would answer the question now.
7)含蓄条件句与主句
即用without(＝but for),or(else)代替if从句。
例如：Without/But for his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.
＝If his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.
2.在as if/as though引导的状语从句中用法：
在as if/as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用倒退一个时间段的方式来表达虚拟语气。例如：
The man speaks as if he were a foreigner./The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times./They talked as if they had been good friends for years.
注：as if/as though从句中不一定都要用虚拟语气。如果情况真实性、可能性很大，就要用正常时态来描绘。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起来象要下雨。（下雨的可能性很大。）
3．在宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句中的用法：
1） 在wish后的宾语从句中的用法：
A．与过去事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“had done”形式。例如：I wish I had passed yesterdays exam.要是我昨天的考试及格了该多好。
B．与现在事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“did”形式。例如：He wishes he was as clever as you./I wish I had a large room to live in.
C．表示将来愿望：宾从谓语用“would/could do”形式。例如：How I wish I would go abroad next year!
2)在suggest,propose,demand,request,require,order,insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语为“(should) do”形式。例如：I suggest/propose/demand/request/require/order/
insist that he(should) be sent to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.
3)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”结构中，that从句的谓语用一般过去
时或“should do”形式。例如：It is high time he 他该开始了。
4)在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：在suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,
advice等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语用“(should) do”形式。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups./He gave an order that the work be done at once.
虚拟语气考点分析
1．--Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?
--I _____,but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET)
A.had B.would C.was going to D.did
析:此题A、D明显不合上下文，因为乙方没有去。B选项若为would have则成立，可以理解为I would have come if I hadnt had an unexpected visitor.的简略式。但此处是would,故应排除。只有was going to可得体地表达“我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造访”这一意思。
2．If there were no subjunctive,English ______ much easier. (NMET)
A.will be B.would have been C.could have been D.would be
析：观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为D。
3．The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules. (NMET)
A.obeys B.obey C.will obey D.would obey
析：根据insist后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do形式规律，可定正确答案是B。
4．I wish I _____ you yesterday.
A.seen B.did see C.had seen D.were to see
析：此题表与过去事实相反的原望，答案应为C。
5．-- If he _____ ,he _____ that food.
-- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (NMET)
A.was warned;would not take B.had been warned;would not have taken
C.wuld be warned;had not taken D.would have been warned;had not taken
析：从对话看，是表达与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为B。
6.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today. (NMET)
A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be
析：without引出一个含蓄条件句，主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为D。
7．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it look as if it _____. (NMET)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
析；放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的，但实际上并非如此，因此是与现在的事实相反，这时as if从句谓语要用一般过去时，故答案为C。
8．You didnt let me drive.If we _____ in turn,you _____ so tired. (NMET)
A.drove;didnt get B.drove;wouldnt get
C.were driving;wouldnt get D.had driven;wouldnt have got
析：观察题干，可知if从句表述与过去事实相反的假设，因此答案只能是D。
9．I didnt see your uncle at the party.If he _____ ,he would have said hello to
me.
A.would come B.had come C.came D.did come
析：观察题目上下文，特别是第二句的主句谓语为 would have said，可知if从句表述的是与过去事实相反的愿望，因此答案为B。
10．_____ it _____ for your help,I couldnt have made any progress.
A.Had;not been B.Should;not be C.Did;not be D.Not;be
析：根据主句谓语形式，可知从句要用had done形式，故应选A，Had it not been for your help＝If it had not been for your help.（要不是你帮忙的话）
11．Mr Smith was badly ill,or he _____ our dinner party.
A.should come to B.would have attended
C.would come to D.should have attended
析：or可引导含蓄条件句，表达虚拟语气。根据此题内容，可知是与过去事实相反的假设，故答案为B。
倒装句型
英语的倒装有两大类型：
一、 全部倒装：指谓语全部置于主语之前的倒装，有下列几种情况：
1． here,there,away,in,out,down,up,off,back,now,then等在句首时引起全部倒装。
例如：
Here is a letter for you./There goes the last train./The door opened,and in came Mr Smith./Away went the boy./Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas./Back came the others./Out rushed the boy with an apple in his hand./Then came a noise like thunder./Now comes the bus.
2． 介词短语或方位名词词组作地点状语位于句首，引起全部倒装。例如：
In the corner of the room stands a writing－table./South of the city lies a big factory./Under the bed lies a cat./In these oceans live huge numbers of a small fish 5cm long.
注：以上两种完全倒装主语必须是名词，谓语常是表示方位或转移的不及物动词，如lie,live,sit,stand,be,come,go,rise,walk,run等，主语若是人称代词或谓语不属上述动词之列，则不用完全倒装。例如：
Here it rains a lot every month of the year./Here we are!/Off you go!/Then she went to the shop.
3．在there be 结构中，采用全部倒装语序。例如：
There is a book in the bag.
表 系 主语
4．代词such作表语，意“这样的人”“这样的物”，应置于句首，其后全部倒装。例如：
Such were the facts./Such would be our home in the future.
二、 部分倒装：指部分谓语（如助动词、情态动词）位于主语之前的倒装。有下列一些情况：
1．一般疑问句，选择疑问句，反意问句要求部分倒装。例如：Has he finished his work?/Its
a lovely day,isnt it?
2．特殊疑问词不作主语或不作主语的定语的特殊疑问句要求部分倒装。例如：
When did you go there?/Which do you like best?
3．only修饰动词、介词短语、状语从句，并置于句首时，主句中要部分倒装。例如：
Only when the rain stopped did the match start again.
注：“only＋名词/代词”置于句首不要倒装。例如：
Only he can do it.(正) Only can he do it. (误)
4．含有否定意义的副词，如：not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,little等置于句
首时，要求部分倒装。例如：
Hardly can I believe that./Never has he been to the Great Wall./Seldom does she
write to me.
5．not only…but(also)…连接两个分句，not only置于句首，它所引导的这部分要部
分倒装，但but(also)部分不要倒装。例如；
Not only should we study science,but also we should pay attention to politics.
注：若not only…but(also)…连接两个主语，句子不要倒装。
6．not until引起一个短语或引导一个从句置于句首时，主句中要求部分倒装。例如：
Not until he was ten did he go to school./Not until yesterday did I realize what trouble he was in.
7．hardly…when…;no sooner…than…句型中，若hardly,no sooner位于句首时，主句
中要求部分倒装。例如：
Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang./No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded(包围)by the workers.
8．so表“也”、“同样”意，位于句首时，其后要部分倒装。例如：
You can swim,so can I./If you go,so will I.
倒装语序考点分析
1． Not only _____ polluted but _____ crowded. (上海高考)
A.was the city;were the streets B.the city was;the streets were
C.was the city;the streets were D.the city was;were the streets
析：not only部分要部分倒装，可排除B、D。but(also)部分不要倒装，故C为正确答案。
2． Little _____ about his own safety,though he was in great danger himself.
(上海高考)
A．does he care B.did he care C.he care D.he cared
析：否定意义的Little在句首，该句要倒装，故答案在A、B之中选择一个，因A的时
态不对，故答案为B。
3．Only in this way _____ progess in your English. (NMET)
A.you make B.can you make C.you be able to make D.will you able to come
析：Only 修饰in this way置于句首，句子要部分倒装，故答案为B。
4．Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was.(NMET)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers did realize D.didnt the villagers realize
析：由于Not until在句首，主句要采用部分倒装，这样先可排除B、C，又由于D不
应该用didnt,故A为正确答案。
5．Be quick! _____
A.The bus comes here B.The bus here comes
C.Here the bus comes D.Here comes the bus
析：用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作出现在倒装句中，所以此题答案为D。（＝The bus is coming here.）
6．On the wall _____ two large portraits. (NMET)
A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.hanging
析：由于介词短语on the wall位于句首，全句要采用完全倒装式，因为主语是复数，所以正确答案为B。
虚拟语气、倒装句型专练
1. Little _____ about what others think.
A.he has cared B.he cares C.cared he D.does he care
2._____ got into the room _____ the telephone rang. (NMET)
A.He hardly had;then B.Hardly had he;when
C.He had not;than D.Not had he;when
3.Only by practising a few hours every day _____ be able to master the language.
(上海高考)
A．you can B.can you C.you will D.will you
4.If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.
A.saw;would ask B.had seen;would have asked
C.had seen;would ask D.saw;would have asked
5.What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?
A.is B.will be C.were D.would be
6._____ you succeed in everything and _____ you be healthy.
A.Hope;wish B.Wish;hope C.May;may D.Expect;hope
7.But for your help,I _____ the place.
A.cant find B.cant have found C.couldnt have found D.havent found
8.If her lawyer _____ here last Sunday,he _____ her from going.
A.had been;would have prevented B.had been;would prevent
C.were;would prevent D.were;would have prevented
9.If it had not been for the liberation,no changes _____ place in my hometown.
A.would have taken B.would have been taken C.will taken D.will be taken
10._____ late tommorrow,who would take her place?
A.Should Miss Green come B.If Miss Green would come
C.Miss Green should come D.If Miss Green comes
11._____ it _____,the crops _____ be saved.
A.Had;rained;could B.Should;rain;would
C.If;rains;should D.Would;rain;should
12.The actor is over fifty.But he acts as if he _____ a young man.
A.is B.will be C.should be D.were
13.It seems as if it ____ already summer now.
A.were B.be C.is D.had been
14.I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.
A.saw B.could see C.had seen D.was seeing
15.I made the suggestion that they _____ the plan they had made.
A.stick to B.stuck to C.insist D.insisted on
16.It is suggested that a study plan _____ right now.
A.is made B.is to be made C.be made D.had been made
17.They required that we _____ them get in the crops.
A.help B.helped C.were helping D.would help
18.She should have attended the class,but she _____ .
A.hadnt B.hasnt C.didnt D.doesnt
19.It was ordered that no smoking _____ in the library,which made the smokers unhappy.
A.is forbidden B.would permit C.be allowed D.should not be allowed
20.Not once _____ his view of life.
A.did the gentleman mention B.the gentleman mentioned
C.mentioned the gentleman D.does the gentleman mention
21.In the sun _____ a group of young soldiers,gun in hand.
A.did stand B.had stood C.standing D.stood
22. --You forgot to hand in your homework yesterday.
--Good heavens! _____.Here you are.
A.So I did B.So did I C.I did,too D.So you have
23._____ with his slippers on when he heard the terrible noise.
A.Out did he rush B.Rushed he out C.Out rushed he D.Out he rushed
24.No sooner _____ finished the composition _____ the light went out.
A.I had;when B.I had;than C.had I;when D.had I;than
25.It was not until _____ to prepare his lessons.
A. did his father come in that the boy began
B. his father came in that the boy began
C. did his father come in did the boy begin
D. his father came in did the boy begin
26._____,so you are not a friend of mine.
A.I never saw you before B.Never before I have seen you
C.Never before have I seen you D.Never had I seen you before
27.--David has made great progress recently.
--_____,and _____. (上海高考)
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have
28.Never _____ till tomorrow what may be done today.
A.put off B.do put off C.did you put off D.you will put off
29.--Have you written these letters?
--No,_____ time to do any other work yet.
A.hardly I have B.I have had hardly
C.I have hardly had D.I hardly have had
30._____ get such a pair of shoes for my son?
A.Where do you think can I B.Do you think where can I
C.Do you think where I can D.Where do you think I can
31.Then _____ that the enemy were gone.
A.the news came B.came the news C.did the news come D.did come the news
32.--What a beautiful bridge,_____?
--Yes,_____?
A.isnt it;isnt it B.is it;is it C.isnt it;it is D.is it;it isnt
33.Along the path _____,on which _____ “Keep off the Grass”.
A.stood some signs;were written B.stood some signs;wrote
C.some signs stood;were written D.some signs stood;wrote
34.He took a taxi so that he _____ there in time.
A.was able to be B.got C.could get D.should get
35.Id rather Tom _____ tomorrow.
A.come B.would come C.came D.will come
36.It is about time you ____ the medicine,sir.
A.will take B.should take C.must take D.are to take
37.If there _____ no electricity in the future,our life _____ change a lot.
A.will be;will B.is;will C.should be;would D.would be;would
38.Without the Communist Party there ____ New China.
A.hadnt been a B.is not a C.would be no D.was not a
39.There _____ a lot of deer in the forest.
A.have B.are C.is D.has
40.From space _____ like a huge water－covered globe(球体).
A.looks the earth B.does look the earth
C.the earth looks D.does the earth look
虚拟语气、倒装句型答案
1－5 D B D B C 6－10 C C A A A 11－15 B D A C A
16－20 C A C C A 21－25 D A D D B 26－30 C B A C D
31－35 B A A C C 36－40 B C C B C
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气
【押题依据】虚拟语气是历年高考的选考考点。在高考15套试题中考查虚拟语气的共两题。考点常集中在含蓄条件句以及宾语从句中的虚拟语气上。所设选项常通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，而且都是结合具体语境来考查对考点的运用能力。今后高考对虚拟语气的命题重点仍会是在特定语境中考查虚拟语气中的含蓄虚拟条件句、宾语从句中的谓语动词等。
[押题1]-Can you come to attend our party tonight? -Sorry, but I do wish I ____. A. had B. can C. will D. could
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理清上下文语境，准确判断wish引导的宾语从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】分析上下文语境可以知道，wish引导的宾语从句表示与将来事实相反的愿望，故应用would，could+动词原形。答案D。
[押题2] It is necessary that people both young and old in China ____some English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing in . A. learn B. will learn C. must learn D. have learned
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型It is necessary(strange, natural, important...)+从句中，从句中谓语动词虚拟语气结构的使用。
【答案解析】在句型 It is necessary(strange, natural, important...)+从句结构中，从句中谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”构成，should 可以省略。答案A。
[押题3] If he his legs in the last training, he the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.
A. hadn’t hurt; would join in B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in
C. didn’t hurt; would go in for D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据句子意思准确推断出主从句中谓语动词虚拟结构的使用，特别注意主从句动作所发生的时间不一致性的关系。
【答案解析】根据句子结构可以知道，该题是由if引导的条件状语从句，分析句意，该句表示一种假设，从句中的动作是在过去发生，即表示与过去事实相反，主句的动作是在将来发生，即表示与将来事实相反，故从句谓语动词用had done，主句用would (could, might) +动词原形。答案A。
[押题4] I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____you waiting for such a long time.
A. will not keep B. have not kept C. had not kept D. would not have kept
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要把握otherwise表示转折意义后的句子结构中虚拟语气的使用。
【答案解析】根据句子意义，otherwise 前的分句为客观事实，使用的为一般过去时，而otherwise 后一分句则表示与过去事实相反的一种假设，句中实际省略了if 条件句if I hadn’t been caught...故选项部分应为与过去事实相反的主句虚拟结构，应选 wouldn’t have kept。答案D。
[押题5] Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relations. A. happened B. would happen C. was happened D. had happened
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断as if引导的从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】在as if ，as though 引导的方式状语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟结构，根据题干中动词所使用的时态可以看出，选项部分是表示与过去事实相反的动作，要用had + 过去分词构成。答案 D。
[押题6] It’s high time that we students _____ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. have to work
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型It’s time that...结构中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】在It is time that ...句型结构中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟结构，可以用一般过去时，也可以用should +动词原形，但should不可省略。答案 C。
[押题7] ____him not to do so, he wouldn’t have made such a serious mistake.
A. Did I persuade B. If I persuade C. If I should persuade D. Had I persuade
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要把握在虚拟条件句中，省略if时，句子结构的使用。
【答案解析】题干中主句的谓语动词使用了wouldn’t have made， 说明该动作表示与过去事实相反，故条件句使用表示与过去事实相反的虚拟结构if sb. had+过去分词，或使用 had sb. done 即省略了if的虚拟结构。答案D。
[押题8] His suggestion that you ____once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tried C. must try D. can try
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握在表示“建议、命令、要求”等引导的名词性从句中，虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】分析句子意思可以知道，名词suggestion之后的从句为同位语从句，从句中应使用 “should+动词原形”。其中 should 可以省略。答案A。
[押题9]-Do you mind if we set out earlier tomorrow morning? -Well, I’d rather you____.
A. don’t B. didn’t C. won’t D. wouldn’t
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意would rather后从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】would rather后的从句，如果从句的谓语动词表示与现在或将来事实相反，常用一般过去时，如果与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。该题根据上下文语境可以知道，选项部分的动作是与将来事实相反，故用一般过去时。B。
[押题10]-I ____ to your birthday party last Sunday. -Unfortunately, you were out on business.
A. had come B. came C. would come D. would have come
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文语境，准确推断出部分虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】根据对话情景可知，答句Unfortunately, you were out on business.（不幸的是你出差了）实际上是上一句暗示的条件。从答句所给的特定的动词时态（一般过去时）来看，上句所说内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If I hadn’t been out on business，由此可见，选项部分为主句的谓语动词，表示与过去事实相反，应选用would have come。答案 D。
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
（一）虚拟语气用于条件状语从句
1.表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”．而主句中的谓语动词用“would (should, could，might)＋动词原形.”例如：
If I were you, I should study English.
If he had time，he would attend the meeting.
2.表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词用 “would (should, could, might)＋have＋过去分词”．例如：
If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
3．表示与将来事实相反的假设时．条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词与“表示现在事实相反的假设” 的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“were to(should)＋动词原形”．例如：
If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
4.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If you had worked hard，you would be very tired.（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。）
5.以上句型可以转换成下列形式：
（1）省略if, 用 ”were, had, should+主语“。如：
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说：Were it not for the expend, I would go to Italy.但不能说：Weren't it for the expense, I would go to Italy.
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如：
Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn't have done it.
(3)用其他方式表示。例如：
It would produce bad results to do that.＝If you have done that，it would produce bad results.
(二)虚拟语气用于宾语从句
1．“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望．汉语可译为“可惜……”“……就好了”“悔不该….”“但愿…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望， 从句的谓语动词用过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could)+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望用“had＋过去分词”或（could）＋have done．例如：
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2. 虚拟语气在动词 arrange, command. demand, desire, insist, order, request, require, advise, suggest, recommend, propose,等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+do”.例如：
We suggested that we（should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they（should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she（should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we（should) start right away.
注意:insist作“力言”“强调”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作“坚持（认为）”“坚持（应该）”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如：Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
3．虚拟语气在动词mind中的使用
Would you mind if I smoked here?
4. 虚拟语气在动词would rather 中的使用
I would rather I were at home now.
I’d rather he hadn’t done such foolish things.
(三) 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句作advice idea, order, demand, plan, proposal，suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句时，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should)＋动词原形”．例如：
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we（should）do exercises first.
(四)虚拟语气在as if (as though),even if (even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用
如果从句表示动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用过去时；指将来则用现在将来时．例如：
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.
Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem.
(五) 虚拟语气用于主语从句在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that .... we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气．反之。如果不表示惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述语气，例如：
It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can't swim.
(六）虚拟语气用于定语从句这种从句常用在It is (high) time(that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形(should不能省略，be用were)来表示，意为“(现在）该……”。例如：It is（high) time we left（should leave)．
It is high time we were going.
（七）虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中
If only I had taken his advice.我要是听他的话就好了。
If only I were a bird.我如果是一只鸟就好了。
（八) 虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人谦虚，客气，有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中，例如：It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
(2)用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you.
You had better go now.
(3)用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿”“但愿”。
May you be happy！
May you succeed!
虚拟语气练习
1．I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ____, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
2. -Where ____?
-I got stuck in the heavy traffic, otherwise I ____ here earlier.
A. did you go; had arrived B. have you been; would have been
C. were you; would come D. are you; would come
3. He ____ full marks, but he was so careless as to make some spelling mistakes.
A. must have gained B. can have gained C. could have gained D. must gain
4. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____, too cold for us to live on.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
5. ____ the fog, we should have reached our school on time.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for
6. ____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
7. ____ to do the work, I should do it some other way.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
8. Had you taken the doctor’s advice yesterday, you ____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
9. If only I ____ some English, but I know nothing of it.
A. know B. knew C. known D. has known
10. He suggested that we ____ a meeting to discuss the problem and the worried
look on his face suggested that he ____ anxious to solve the problem.
A. should hold; was B. had done; should be set
C. do; be set D. should hold; should be
11. The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set
C. do; be set D. had done; must be set
12. I would have telephoned her, but I _____ her number.
A. hadn’t know B. didn’t know
C. don’t know D. wouldn’t have known
13. Given a few more hours, they ____ the work that day.
A. would fulfil B. would have fulfilled
C. had fulfiled D. fulfiled
答案：1-5 DBCAD 6-10 BCCBA 11 BBB
虚拟语气练习
1. He wished that he ___ the examination the next day.
A. would pass B. will pass C. passed D. has passed
2. With better equipment, we ___ the job even sooner.
A. would finish B. might finish
C. could have finished D. had finished
3. It __ only partly right to answer in this way.
A. will be B. would be C. is D. may be
解析：to answer in the way =if we answer in this way
4. Everything taken into consideration, they ___ their output quickly.
A. would have raised B. can have raised
C. must have raised D. would raise
5. It seems as if it ___ already summer.
A. is B. were C. be D. should be
6. They both talked as if they ___ friends before.
A. should be B. had been C. would be D. have been
7. Had she found it, she ___ it.
A. would have sent B. sent C. should send D. send
8. I’d rather you ___ right away.
A. leave B. left C. should leave D. will leave
9. Without the Communist Party of China, ___New China.
A. there were not B. there would be no
C. there will be D. there hadn’t been
10. Long ___ the Communist Party of China!
A. should live B. will live C. live D. lived
11. If you ___ the doctor’s advice, you ___ quite all right now.
A. had followed; were B. had followed; would be
C. had followed; would be D. followed; would be
12. We propose that Mr White ___ the chairman.
A. be B. must C. will be D. is
13. Zhao Xin insisted that he ___ anything at all.
A. shouldn’t steal B. hadn’t stolen
C. not steal D. didn’t steal
14. We agreed to the plan that he ___ Hong Kong this summer.
A. had visited B. would visit C. visit D. could visit
15. Meeting anywhere else, we ___ each other.
A. wouldn’t have recognized B. should recognize
C. could have recognized D. recognized
16. The production ___ up still more rapidly under the more favorable conditions.
A. would have gone B. will have gone
C. should go D. must have gone
17.You could have passed the exam, ___ you spent most of your time playing and reading useless books.
A. if B. or C. but D. unless
18.-Hi, Sam! You are late.
-Sorry. I would have come sooner, but I ___ that you were waiting.
A. didn’t know B. know
C. hadn’t known D. haven’t known
19. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ____ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated C. would be heated D. be heated
20. If he _____ that he _____ to work there, everything would be OK now.
A. insisted; be sent B. insisted; was sent
C. had insisted; be sent D. had insisted; was sent
21. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ____ to Mr. Brown without delay.
A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed
22. I don’t think it advisable that Jack _____ the job since he has little experience.
A. is given B. will be given C. be given D. has been given
23. -Why didn’t Tom give you one of his paintings?
-I didn’t want one, but he would have given me one if I _____.
A. do B. would C. will D. had
24. I’d rather you did some housework when you are free, but you ____.
A. didn’t B. shouldn’t C. weren’t D. don’t
25. This time Tom _____ careful enough, otherwise he would not have passed the test.
A. will be B. was C. had been D. were
答案：1-5 ACBAB 6-10 BABBC 11-15 CABCA 16-20 ACADC 21-25 CCDDB
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气练习题精选
1. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
2. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.
A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for
3. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.
A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone
4. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set
5. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .
A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /
6. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
7. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to Beijing for the Sars soon.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
8. It is important that we _____ wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting
9. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
10. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.
A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be
11. _____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
12. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved
13. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
A. would B. should have C. may D. have
14. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.
A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were
15. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.
A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent
16. A few minutes earlier and we _____ the rain.
A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch
17. --- “Have you ever been to Beijing?” --- “No, but I wish I _____”
A. have B. will C. do D. had
18. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .
A. I may have failed B. I’d fail C. I’d have failed D. I’ll have failed
19. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?”
--- “I don’t know, but it’s high time _____ something.”
A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide
20. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
21. If only I _____ my watch!
A. hadn’t lost B. haven’t lost C. didn’t lost D. don’t lose
22. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
23. We _____ the work on time without your help.
A. hadn’t had finished B. didn’t have finished C. couldn’t have finished D. can’t have finished
24. --- “Where have you been?”
--- “I got caught in traffic; otherwise _____ sooner.”
A. I would be here B. I have been here C. I had been here D. I would have been here
25. If it were not for the fact that you _____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.
A. were B. had been C. are D. should be
用所给动词的正确形式填空，注意使用合适的情态动词助动词
1. If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it. (see, ask)
2. What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days? (be)
3. But for your help, I couldn’t _____ the place. (find)
4. If her lawyer _____ here last Sunday, he _____ her from going. (be, prevent)
5. If it had not been for the liberation, no changes _____ place in my hometown. (take)
6. If Miss Green _____ late tomorrow, who would take her place? (come)
7. It seems as if it ____ already summer now. (be)
8. I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday. (see)
9. I made the suggestion that they _____ the plan they had made. (stick)
10. It is suggested that a study plan _____ right now. (make)
11. They required that we _____ them get in the crops. (help)
12. It was ordered that no smoking _____ in the library, which made the smokers unhappy. (allow)
13.I’d rather Tom _____ tomorrow. (come)
14.It is about time you ____ the medicine, sir. (take)
15.If there _____ no electricity in the future, our life _____ a lot. (be, change)
16.Without the Communist Party there ____ New China.
17. What would have happened if you her child? (not help)
18. It is strange that he so. (think)
19. I wish I my uncle yesterday. (meet)
20. Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. (move)
21. I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting. (come)
22. Supposing the weather bad, where would they go? (be)
23. If only I to my parents’ advice! (listen)
24. I to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. (hope)
25. His silence at the meeting suggested that he to your plan. (agree)
26. Li Ling acted that way as though he a foreigner. (be)
参考答案
Key: 1-5. CAABB 6-10. BCBCB
11-15. CABDB 16-20. CDCCA 21-25. ADCDC
用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. had seen; would have asked
2. were 3.have found
4.had been; would have prevented
5. would have taken 6. should come/came/were to come 7. were
8. had seen 9. stick to
10. be made 11. help 12. be allowed 13. came 14. should take/took
15. should be; would change
16. would be no 17. hadn’t helped
18. (should) think 19. had met
20. moves 21.would have come
22. were 23. had listened
24. had hoped 25. didn’t agree
26. were
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气知多少
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 它的用法在表情达意的过程中发挥着重要的作用。近几年高考在单项选择这一题型中出现不多，但在完形填空和短文改错中仍然大量出现。例如，高考完形填空第38题考察的就是在篇章语境中的虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。虚拟语气的实际用法主要包括以下几种：
1、 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示“强烈的祝愿或命令的语气”。 常用“May+主语+动词原形”或“主语+动词原形”。例如：
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
You go out！ 你出去！
2、 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。由及物动词 wish引导的宾语从句常表示说话人的一种强烈的却暂时无法实现的愿望。
How I wish she would be on my side!(But in fact it’s quite impossible.我多么希望她能站在我一边啊！
How I wish I could help him! 我多么希望我能帮助他啊！
How I wish I had watched the close NBA game last night.
另外，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的及物动词（order, command, demand, require, insist, suggest,propose,advise）之后的宾语从句中的谓语动词同样常使用虚拟语气，表示说话人的要求，其结构为：主语+should+动词原形，其中的should常可省略。例如：
The head teacher demanded that we (should ) finish the task in time today.
但是，当insist表示“坚持认为”的意思时，或suggest表示“暗示”或“表明”之意时，宾语从句仍用陈述语气。试比较：
My parents insisted that I ( should) enter a key university.
My parents insisted that they were right.
The soldier’s pale face suggested that he was happy to have given his life to his motherland.
The monitor suggested that we (should ) hold a class meeting tomorrow afternoon to discuss the problem.
3、 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural, a pity, suggested, advised, demanded, commanded, ordered ) that .... ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词常用：“ should + 动词原形 ”。例如：
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
同理，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的名词前后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词同样用虚拟语气，既：“主语+(should)+ 动词原形”的句型。例如：
His suggestion /advice is that we should start early tomorrow morning.
3、虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种虚拟形式，即虚拟条件现在式，过去式和将来式。
1) 虚拟条件现在式：表示与现在事实相反的假设及根本不可能的假设或结果：
条件状语从句 结果主句
If 主语+ 动词过去式（be 用were） 主语+ would/could/should/might + 动词原形
2)虚拟条件过去式：表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果：
条件状语从句 结果主句
If+主语+ had + 过去分词 主语+should/ would/could/might+ have+ 过去分词。
3）虚拟条件将来式：表示与将来事实相反的假设或结果：
条件状语从句 结果主句
If+ should /were to +动词原形 主语+ should/ would/could/might+动词原形
If I were you, I should get it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。
If I had time now, I would study French. 如果我现在有时间，我会学习法语的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If it were to be fine tomorrow, I would go shopping with my friends. 如果明天天气好，我将和朋友们一起去买东西。
4、有关虚拟语气的几个附加问题：
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把条件状语从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面，使用部分倒装语序。 例如：
Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点， 她就会干这件事了。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
Should it snow tomorrow, it would be exciting.要是明天能下雪的话，那就太棒了。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。 If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致，这种句式就被称作为“混合虚拟条件句”。 If+ had +主语+过去分词， 主语+ should/ would/could/might+动词原形
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
4）特殊句型：
It’s (high) time (that) sb. should do/过去式
Sb. would rather (that) sb +过去式
5）含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： （1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
______________the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
6)虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
由于虚拟语气结构复杂、用法众多，因此，尤其需要大家分清虚拟语气的结构，在语言实践中灵活运用！
配套强化训练：虚拟语气
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father， you permission .
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
10. he English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. How I wish that I ______ with you last night!
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
16. I wish you to have a pleasant trip to Beijing this month, _________?
A. can I B. may I C. don’t I D. do I
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _______round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected ___________James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
答案与详解
1．A．条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。
2．B．条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。
3．A．条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。
4．B．条件句表示与未来事实的相反。
5．C．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。
6．D．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。
7．B．这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。
8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。
9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。
10．（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、but that、without, 由连词but、副词otherwise 、比较级、形容词、独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。
11．（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。
12．D．注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟13．A．从句对过去的虚拟。 14．B．从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。 15.D.对过去的虚拟。
16．。
17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。
18．（B）此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看，if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。
19．（A）该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。
20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。
21．D． 22．D． 23．C． 24．A． 25．D．
26．（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。
27．（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。
28．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。
29．（A）suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原形。
30．A．表示与现在相反的虚拟。
31．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
32．D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
33．D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。
34．A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
35．C．
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气练习题 2017-11-19
一、 单项选择
1. Li Ming, if I _____ you, I ____ their offer.
A. were; accept B. am; will accept
C. would be; would accept D. were; would accept
2. If I ____, would you help me?
A. ask B. will ask C. were to ask D. would ask
3. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
4. The author ________ his work if he had not died.
A. would finish B. may have finished
C. should finish D. might have finished
5. If you were careful, everything ______ all right.
A. is B. were C. will be D. should be
6. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
7. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.
A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for
8. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.
A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone
9. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set
C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set
10. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .
A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /
11. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
12. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to Beijing for the SARS soon.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
13. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
14. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
15. If only I _____ my watch!
A. hadn’t lost B. haven’t lost C. didn’t lost D. don’t lose
16. _____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
17. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved
C. will be saved D. had been saved
18. If you had had everything ready yesterday, you ________ in such a hurry now.
A. wouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t be C. hadn’t been D. haven’t been
19. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.
A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were
20. If he liked classic music, I ________ him to the concert last night.
A. might take B. might have taken C. had taken D. would take
21. But for the Party, he ______ of hunger thirty years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
22. We _____ the work on time without your help.
A. hadn’t had finished B. couldn’t have finished
C. didn’t have finished D. can’t have finished
23. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .
A. I may have failed B. I’d fail C. I’d have failed D. I’ll have failed
24. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?”
--- “I don’t know, but it’s high time _____ something.”
A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide
25. If you had listened to the doctor, you ______ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
二、用所给动词的正确形式填空，注意使用合适的情态动词助动词
1. If I _____(see) him yesterday I _____(ask) him about it.
2. What do you think would happen if there _____ (be) no light during the days?
3. But for your help, I couldn’t _____(find) the place.
4. If her lawyer _____ (be) here last Sunday, he _____ (prevent) her from going.
5. If Miss Green _____ (come) late tomorrow, who would take her place?
6. It seems as if it ____ (be) already summer now.
7. I wish I _____ (see) him the day before yesterday.
8. I made the suggestion that they _____ (stick) to the plan they had made.
9. It is suggested that a study plan _____ (make) right now.
10.I wish I ________ (know) the answer, it is too difficult for me.
11.I’d rather Tom _____ (come) tomorrow.
12.It is about time you ____ (take) the medicine, sir.
13.If there _____ (be) no electricity in the future, our life _____ (change) a lot.
14. What would have happened if you (not help) her child?
15. I wish I (go) to a key university in two years.
三、完成句子(每空一词):
1.真想不到我们俩会在这里见面.
It's strange that we here.
2.如果没有参加玛丽的生日聚会的话,我们彼此就不会认识了.
If we _______ ________ ________ ________ Mary's birthday party, we _________ _________ _______each other.
3. -这么近的路,我们应该步行到车站来。 - 是啊,根本没必要乘出租车。
-Weto the station, it was so near.
-Yes. A taxi wasn't at all necessary.
4.万一明天下雨的话,我们将不得不推迟比赛。
________ it rain tomorrow, we to put off the match.
5. 假如他来不了, 我们怎么办呢？
If he _______ _______ _______ _______, what ________ we say to him.
四、句型转换:
1.Without sunlight, there would be neither plants nor animals.
= sunlight, there would be neither plants nor animals.
2.She insisted on translating the sentence this way.
=She insisted that the sentence this way .
3.The students suggested going there on foot.
=The students suggested there on foot.
4.She suggested that we should go to his help.
= is that we to his help.
5.Lucy didn't come to class today because she didn't feel well.
= she well, she to class today.
6.I don't know French, so I can't talk to the French friends.
=If I French, I could talk to the French friends.
7.He didn't take his parents' advice and he is not a college student now.
=If he his parents' advice, he a college student now.
8.The professor helped me a lot and I finished the work.
=I couldn't the workthe professor's help.
五 用虚拟语气翻译下列句子
1．要是我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会就好了。
___________________________________________________________________
2． 现在是我们结束讲座的时候了。
_____________________________________________________________________
3 如果我是你，我就改变注意。
_____________________________________________________________________
4我们将讨论他的取消期中考试的建议。
_____________________________________________________________________
5 妈妈坚持让我们九点睡觉。
_____________________________________________________________________
6 我考试没有及格，我多么希望我通过了考试。
_____________________________________________________________________
7. 要是没有他的帮忙，我们就不会以这么低的价格买到房子了。
_____________________________________________________________________
8 如果地震发生在夜晚，将会有更多的人丧生。
六、语法填空：
There was once a boy who had a temper. His father gave him a bag of nails and told him that every time he lost his temper, he must hammer a nail into the back of the fence.
The first day the boy 1 (drive)37 nails into the fence. Over the next few weeks as he learned to control his anger, the number of nails hammered 2 (gradual) decreased. He discovered 3 was easier to hold his temper than to drive nails into the fence.
Finally the day came 4 he didn’t lose his temper. He told his father and his father suggested that the boy now 5 (pull)out one nail for each day so that he was able to hold his anger. The days passed and the boy told his father that all the nails 6 (go).
The father took the boy 7 the hand and led him to the fence. He said, “Look at the holes in the fence. The fence will never be the same. When you say things in anger，they leave a scar(疤痕)just like the 8 on the fence. It won’t matter how many times you say I am sorry, and 9 wound is still there. A verbal wound is as bad as a physical one. Friends are very rare. They make you smile and encourage you 10 (success).They lend an ear, and always want to open their hearts to us.”
参考答案
一、 单项选择
1-5. DCADD 6-10. CAABB 11-15. BCBCA
16-20. CABDB 21-25.ABCCC
二、用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. had seen; would have asked 2. were 3.have found
4.had been; would have prevented 5. should come/came/were to come
6. were 7. had seen 8. (should) stick 9.(should) be made 10. knew
11. came 12. should take / took 13. should be; would change
14. hadn’t helped 15. could go
三、完成句子(每空一词):
1. meet 2. hadn’t taken part in; would’t have known 3. should have walked
4. Should; would have 5. were not to come; should
四、句型转换
1. If there were no 2. should be translated
3. they go 4. Her suggestion; go 5. Had; felt; could have come
6. knew 7. had taken; would be 8. have finished; without
五、用虚拟语气翻译下列句子
1. I wish I had had your opportunities when I was young.
2 It is high time that we put an end to the lecture.
3 If I were you, I would change my mind.
4. We are going to discuss his suggestion that the mid-term exams (should) be canceled.
5 Mother insisted that we should go to bed at nine.
6 I didn’t pass the exam. How I wish I had passed it.
7 But for his help, we could not have bought a house at such a low price.
8 If the earthquake had happened at night, there would have been more deaths.
六、语法填空：
1. drove 2. gradually 3. it 4. when 5. （should） pull 6. were gone 7. by 8. ones 9. the 10. to succeed
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气配套练习
1. The boy acted ____ he had never lived in Canada before.
A. as though B. even if C. as D. since
2. ____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive.
A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone
3. If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday.
A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed
4. The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once.
A. had brought B. should have brought C. brought D. bring
5. I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night.
A. was B. were C. had been D. should be
6. If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus.
A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught
C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught
7. If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him.
A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have
8. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
9. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away.
A. would be arrested B. must be arrested C. be arrested D. had to be arrested
10. Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer.
A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not
11. Don't touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _____ you.
A. would come to B. would come at C. would have come toward D. will come to
12. Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
13. How I wish I ____ to reapair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn't tried C. have tried D. didn't try
14. He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done.
A. was written B. be written C. must be written D. would be written
15. The man insisted that he _____ there.
A. should send B. would be sent C. sent D. be sent
16. If he had not gone out in the storm _____.
A.he will be alive now B. he would be alive now C. he would have been alive now
17. If it ___ tomorrow, what would we do?
A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain
18. It is required that you ____ at six.
A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrived D. would arrive
19. If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew
20. He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought _____.
A. was far away B. had been far away C. were far away D. went far away.
21. If it ___ rain, we ___ get wet.
A. is to, should B. were to, would C. were going to, would D. was going to, should
22. If he ___ to the teacher attentively, he ___ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know C. listened, would have known
D. had listened, would know
23. But for the party, he ___ of hunger 30 years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
24. ___ today, he would got there for holiday.
A. Was he leaving B. Were he to leave C. Would he leave D. If he leaves
25. I would have come earlier, but I ___ that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known
26. It’s high time that we ___ to school.
A. would to B. went C. go D. will go
27. It seems as if it ___ rain.
A. will B. is going to C. is to D. were going to
28. I’d rather you ___ right away.
A. leave B. left C. will leave D. to leave
29. He is working hard for fear that he ___.
A. fails B. failed C. would fail D. fail
30. It is really strange that the girl ___ so early.
A. has been married B. has married C. be married D. would marry
31. Supposing I ___ this gift, what would he say?
A. accept B. accepted C. should accept D. would accept
32. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the exam.
A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given
33. I was busy yesterday, otherwise I ___ your birthday party.
A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended
34. He insisted that he ___ me before.
A. see B. should see C. had seen D. saw
35. The two strangers talked as if they ___ friends for years.
A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been
36. We ___ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. could have lost
37. ---- I thought you would come back tomorrow.
---- I would if I ___ to attend a meeting.
A. don’t have B. didn’t have C. will not have D. would not have
38. He wishes ___ mistakes.
A. he doesn’t always make B. he isn’t always making C. he didn’t always make
D. he wouldn’t always making
39. It ___ very nice if only it were possible.
A. will be B. would be C. is D. were
40. Without your help, our team ___ the last match.
A. won’t win B. will lose C. wouldn’t have won D. can’t win
41. I wish ___ I what to do.
A. knew B. have known C. know D. would know
42. ___, I would take an umbrella with me.
A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you
43. If I had hurried, I ___ the train.
A. would catch B. could catch C. would have caught D. had caught
44. He insisted that John ___ it.
A. do B. does C. did D. would do
45. It is high time we ___ off.
A. are B. were C. be D. will be
46. He felt as if he ___ more time to study for the test.
A. needs B. were needed C. needed D. need
47. It is important that I ___ with Mr. Willians immediately.
A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak
48. James wishes he ___ the football game instead of the film.
A. saw B. see C. had been seen D. had seen
49. I wish ___.
A. he left B. he leaves me alone C. he be left D. he would leave me alone
50. If I had known that, I ___ so.
A. wouldn’t do B. wouldn’t have done C. won’t do D. have not done
51. The doctor suggested that she ___.
A. will not smoke B. not smoke C. would not smoke D. did not smoke
52. If I ___ you, I wouldn’t return the call.
A. be B. am C. was D. were
53. You talk as if you ___ there.
A. were really B. has really been C. had really been D. would really be
54. He suggested that the work ___ at once.
A. would started B. would be started C. should started D. should be started
55. It is strange that such a thing ___ in your school.
A. will happen B. happen C. should happen D. happened
56. It is imperative that you ___ on time.
A. are B. will be C. be D. would be
57. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ___ there.
A. was B. were C. had been D. went
58. It is time we ___ up our results.
A. sum B. summed C. will sum D. would sum
59. If the doctor had been available, the child ___.
A. would not die B. would not have died C. could not die D. could not have died
60. Dr. Bethune worked hard as if he ___.
A. never had felt tired B. had never felt tired C. never felt tired D. was tired never
61. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ___ the book from which it was made.
A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. am reading
62. You are late. If you ___ a few minutes earlier, you ___ him.
A. came/ would meet B. had come/ would have met C. come/ will meet
D. had come/ would met
63. I wish my husband ___ as well as yours.
A. had dressed B. dress C. will dress D. dressed
64. Edison kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it ___.
A. would burn B. burned C. was burning D. should burn
65. He looked as if he ___ ill for a long time.
A. was B. were C. has been D. had been
66. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child ___.
A. would not have been lied there for two hours
B. would not have laid there for two hours
C. would not have lied there for two hours
D. would not have lain there for two hours
67. I wish that I ___ with you last night.
A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone
68. Let’s say you could go there again, how ___ feel?
A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you
69. Mr. Brown left for London long ago. That’s pity. I wish ___.
A. I meet him. B. I’ll have met him C. I’d had met him D. I’d meet him
70. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he ___ everything.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known
71. I wish I ___.
A. will tell him that B. didn’t tell him that
C. told him not that D. had not told him that
72. If you had told me in advance, I ___ him at the airport.
A. would meet B. would had meet C. would have met D. would have meet
73. Kunar can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he ___ me how.
A. teaches B. will teach C. has taught D. would teach
74. I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I ___ so busy then.
A. had been B. were C. was D. would be
75. I wish I ___ able to tell him all about it last night.
A. should be B. were C. had been D. was
76. If it ___ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.
A. had rained B. would had rained C. have seen D. did see
77. He suggested that they ___ use a trick instead of fighting.
A. should B. would C. do D. had
78. My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he ___ there.
A. not went B. won’t go C. not go D. not to go
79. I would have gone to the meeting if I ___ time.
A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had
80. John wished ___.
A. he will study more B. he had studied more C. he studies
D. he won’t have studied more
81. You look so tired tonight. It is time you ___.
A. go to sleep B. went to sleep C. go to bed D. went to bed
82. “Why didn’t you buy a new car?” “I would have bought one if I ___ enough money. ”
A. had B. have had C. would have D. had had
83. I recommended that the student ___ his composition as soon as possible.
A. finishing writing B. should finish the writing C. finish writing D. finished writing
84. If she could sew, ___.
A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirt C. she will make a shirt
D. she would had made a coat
85. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
86. His doctor suggested that he ___ a short trip abroad.
A. will take B. would take C. take D. took
87. The Bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, ___ at the station.
A. we’d meet them B. we’ll meet them C. we’d have met them D. we’ve met them
88. If I __ you, I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A. was/ shall pay B. am/ will pay C. would be/ would pay D. were/ would pay
89. We might have failed if you ___ us a helping hand.
A. have not given B. would not give C. had not given D. did not give
90. The Law requires that everyone ___ his car checked at least once a year.
A. has B. had C. have D. will have
91. I wish ___ I busy yesterday; I could have helped you with the problem.
A. hadn’t been B. weren’t C. wasn’t D. have not been
92. Had I known her name, ___.
A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?
C. she would be beautiful D. I would have invited her to lunch
93. He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ___ all about that.
A. know B. knows C. known D. knew
94. If I ___ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.
A. possessed B. owned C. had D. had had
95. I wish I ___ a young man again.
A. am B. was C. were D. will be
96. The librarian insists that John ___ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.
A. will take B. took C. take D. takes
97. I left very early last night, but I wish I ___ so early.
A. didn’t B. hadn’t left C. haven’t left D. couldn’t leave
98. I do not have a job. I would find one but I ___ no time.
A. had B. didn’t have C. had had D. have
99. I wish that you ___ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
100. He insisted that we all ___ in his office at one o’clock.
A. be B. to be C. would be D. shall be
101. Helen couldn’t got to France after all. That’s too bad, I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if ___.
A. she’s gone B. she’ll go C. she’d gone D. she’d go
102. I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I ___ an hour before the discussion begins.
A. go B. shall go C. will go D. would go
103. If her husband had not liked the dress ___.
A. she would be delighted B. he would get mad
C. she would have returned it D she must have taken it back to the store
104. If I ___ you, I ___ worry.
A. were/ wouldn’t B. was/ wouldn’t C. been/ would have D. be/ would
105. We ___ delighted if the report ___ true.
A. were/ were B. shall be/ were C. should be/ were D. were/ would be
106. If he ___ here, he ___ you.
A. had been/ would have helped C. would have been/ should have helped
B. were/ had helped D. would have been/ would had helped
107. If I ___ so busy, I ___ the lecture that day.
A. were not be/ should attend B. should not/ should have attend
C. was not/ would attend D. had not been/ would have attended
108. If I ___ the way to New York, I ___.
A. knew / would drive B. knew/ will drive
C. knew/ would have drive D. had known/ would drive
109. But for the leadership of our Party, we ___.
A. shouldn’t succeed B. could not have succeed
C. will not succeed D. should not have succeeded
110. You ___ the train if you ___ a little earlier.
A. could take/ started B. could have taken/ had started
C. could take/ had started D. could have taken / started
1.A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. B.21.B 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. D 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. A 42. C 43.C 44. A 45. B 46.C 47. A 48 D 49. D 50. B 51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. C 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. B 61. B 62. B 63. D 64. D 65. D 66. D 67. D 68. C 69. C 70. A 71. D 72. C 73. D 74. C 75. C 76. A 77. A 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. D 82. D 83. C 84. B 85. C 86. C 87. C 88. D 89. C 90. C 91. A 92. D 93. D 94. D 95. C 96. C 97. B 98. D 99. C 100. A 101. C 102. A 103. C 104. A 105. C 106. A 107. D 108. A 109. D 110. B
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练十六一--虚拟语气
16. 虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。
2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：
句 型 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
祈使句
情态动词一般现在时
例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句
1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。
a. 与现在事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be用were） should（would）等 +动词原形
例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。
含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.
b. 与过去事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词
例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形
例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
16.3 混合条件句
有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。
16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。
Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。
16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should
1）在主语从句中的应用
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
It is 可用的词有三类 that （should）do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2）在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：
I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.
（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.
（对） I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。
16.6 wish的用法
1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
主句 从句
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were） 现在时 过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形
例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。
I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。
16.7 比较if only与only if
only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
16.8 It is （high） time that
It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：
It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
16.9 need “不必做”和“本不必做”
didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为“本不必”，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, “不可能已经”。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
16.10 虚拟语气练习
1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a.will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
b.would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a.you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c.you will have met John d. you would have met John
3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a.to be further reduced b. was further reduced
b.be further reduced d. should further reduced
15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
a. isn’t going b. weren’t going c. will not going d. could have gone
17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.
a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone
18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.
a. that you won’t speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn’t speak
19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent
20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil
21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning
22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.
a.is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed
c.be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed
23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?
a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made
24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.
a.be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told
25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.
a.If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help
c.Should they offer to help us d. But for their help
26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.
a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got
27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was
28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.
a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand
29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a.whether they are future physicists and chemists
b.they are future physicists of chemists
c.they should be future physicists of chemists
d.be they future physicists or chemists
30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.
a. I’ll get b. I’ll have got c. I’d have got d. I’d get
31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.
a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited
32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given
33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.
a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat
34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”
“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”
a.did b. have c. would d. had
35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus station.
a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met
36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.
a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled
37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.
a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d . will have died
38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.
a.Was he leaving b. If he is leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leaves
39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.
a.could be not solved b. could not be solved
b.could not have been solved d. could not have solved
40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.
a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like
41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. go wrong c. went wrong d. would go wrong
42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. But for
43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.
a. might have gone b. ought have gone c. could have gone d. should be gone
44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.
a. fails b. may fail c. should fail d. would fail
45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.
a. can see b. saw c. had seen d. might see
46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.
a. had happened b. will happen c. might happen d. may be happened
47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.
a. hadn’t run b. shouldn’t run c. didn’t run d. haven’t run
48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.
a. would get b. got c. might have got d. should get
49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.
a. Had it been b. Had it not been c. It had not been d. It not had been
50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.
a. would never be b. could have been c. would never have been d. didn’t have
51.If only I ______ there.
a. have not been b. would not been c. will not be d. had not been
52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.
a. had b. has c. had had d. has had
53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
a. was b. were c. had been d. went
54.It is time we ______ up our results.
a. sum b. summed c. will sum d. would sum
55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.
a. never had felt tired b. had never felt tired c. never felt tired d . was tired never
56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.
a. have read b. should have read c. am reading d. had read
57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.
a.will happen b. happens c. should happen d. happened
58.If she could sew,______.
a.she make a dress b. she would have made a shirt
c.she will make a shirt d. she would had made a coat
59.“Did you notice John was not at work today?”
“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”
a.I’d be b. I wasn’t c. I’d been d. weren’t
60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”
“I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”
a.would explain b. will explain c. explain d. would have explained
61.“Your performance was very good.”
“I could have done better if I ______ more time.”
a. have had b. had c. had had d. will have had
62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”
“______.”
a.No, but I wish she wouldn’t b. No, but I wish she had
b.Yes, I wish she drank d. yes, I wish she could
63.I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.
a. will leave b. may leave c. leave d. leaves
64.The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.
a. would be discussed b. will be discussed c. be discussed d. may be discussed
65.______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.
a.If he went b. Were he gone c. should he had gone d. Had he gone
66.______ the work, he would do it some other way.
a. Was he going b. If he does c. Were he to do d. If he is doing
67._____,I hardly think I would have recognized him.
a.Should his name not be mentioned b. Had someone not mentioned his name
c.If someone did not mention his name d. If someone had mentioned his name
68.I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.
a. not going b. not to go c. not go d. that I won’t go
69.At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.
a. remains b. remain c. remained d. would remain
70.The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
a. it being b. be it c. was it d. it was
22.14虚拟语气练习答案
1 D 19 A 37 B 55 B
2 D 20 A 38 C 56 D
3 C 21 B 39 C 57 C
4 B 22 C 40 B 58 B
5 B 23 B 41 B 59 C
6 C 24 A 42 D 60 A
7 D 25 D 43 C 61 C
8 C 26 C 44 C 62 B
9 C 27 A 45 D 63 C
10 A 28 B 46 C 64 C
11 C 29 D 47 A 65 D
12 C 30 C 48 C 66 C
13 C 31 B 49 B 67 B
14 C 32 C 50 C 68 C
15 A 33 A 51 D 69 B
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 B
17 D 35 D 53 C 71
18 D 36 A 54 B 72
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列复习专题-----情态动词与虚拟语气
一、一般疑问句中几个情态动词的问与答
1. Need I/he/…?
Yes,you/he/…must.(不用need)
2. Must I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…needn’t/don’t(doesn’t,won’t)have to.(不用mustn’t)
3. May I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…mustn’t.(少用may not)
4. Could(Can)you…?
Yes,I can (不用could)
5. Shall I/she/ he…?
No,you(she,he)needn’t/can’t/mustn’t
二、情态动词表“推测”
1.can,may,must使用的句式：
1)肯定陈述句中：must表“肯定、必定、一定”意，may/might表“也许，或许”意。
2)否定陈述句中：can’t/couldn’t表“不可能”意，may not/might not表“也许不、可能不”意。
3)疑问句中：只能用can或could,不能用must,may或might。
注意：表推测的could,might并不是指过去时间，而是表示比can,may把握性略小些的情况。
2.对目前状态的推测：
1)must/may/might/can/could＋be＋表语
例如：She must be a teacher.她肯定是老师。She can’t/couldn’t be a doctor.她肯定不是医生。 He may not/might not be a doctor.他可能不是医生。
2)must/may/might/can/could＋一些不能用于进行时的静态动词(如:have,exist,live,like,hate,own,belong to等)
例如：She must have her own car,for she has a lot of money.
That kind of bird may live in the valleys.
3.对目前正在发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋be doing
例如：They must be waiting for us.他们肯定正在等我们。
She may/might be doing her homework.她可能正在做作业。
Can/Could he be playing football?他会正在踢足球吗？
4.对已发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋have done
例如：There’s no lignt in the room. They must have gone to bed./She knows nothing about the film. She can’t/couldn’t have seen it./Can/Could he have been a doctor?/He may/might(not)have been a teacher./They must have been watching TV at nine last night./Can/Could she have stayed in Beijing last year?
注意：will have done句式也可表“肯定/可能已经…”推测意。
例如：He will have learned advanced mathematics,for he knows a lot about it. 他肯定/可能学过高等数学，因为他对此懂得很多。
三、“情态动词＋have done”用法
1.should/ought to ＋have done,意“本应该…”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You should have come here a little earlier./I ought to have sent him to school./
2.shouldn’t/oughtn’t to＋have done,意“本不应该”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You shouldn’t have watered the flower./I oughtn’t to have scolded her for such a small thing.
3.might have done,意“过去可能做”；could have done意“本能够做”，两者都含有委婉批评或遗憾之意，也可表对过去情况的推测。
例如：He might have gone to Nanjing with Professor Wang.last week,but he was ill.上星期他本可以和王教授一起去南京的，可他病了。We could have finished the work ahead of time.我们本来是能够提前完成工作的。
四、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
例如：Stand still,will/would/won’t you?
2.“否定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would you形式。
例如：Don’t watch TV,will/would you?
3.Let’s…,shall we? ; Let us…,will/won’t you?
4.含有must句子的反意问句
1)must表示“必须”时，附加部分常用needn’t,也可用mustn’t.例如：He must go with you,needn’t/mustn’t he?
2)mustn’t表“一定不能”时，附加部分用may.例如：She mustn’t leave,may she?
3)must表“一定、想必”推测意时，附加部分主要有下列几种形式：
A.He must be an engineer,isn’t he?They must be writing now,aren’t they?(这类句子问句前部分含“must be…”或“must be doing…”。)
B.She must have a car/live there, doesn’t she?
C.He must have seen the film,hasn’t he？(这类句子问句前部分的谓语为must have done,句子无具体过去时间状语。)
D.He must have seen the film last week,didn’t he?(这类句子问句前面部分的谓语为must have done,句子有具体过去时间状语。)
E.Mother must have been shopping then,wasn’t she?(前面部分谓语为must have been doing。)
5.含有may表推测的句子，其反意问句形式与must表推测的反意问句形式相似。
例如：She may have finished her homework,hasn’t she?
五、几组词语辨析
1.must与have to:must强调说话者的主观看法，have to强调客观需要，表示“不必”意要用needn’t或don’t/didn’t/won’t have to,不能用mustn’t。
2.can/could与be able to:can多用于现在时，也可用于将来时，could只用于过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。表示“过去经过努力而做成(或没做成)”要用was/were(not) able to ，而不用could(not)。例如：He worked hard,but he wasn’t able to pass the exam.
3.will,would,used to:都可表“习惯”意。①will表示不受时间限制的习惯性动作。如：Fish will die out of water./ She’ll sit for hours without saying anything.
②would表示过去习惯性的动作，但不涉及与现在情况的对比。如：He would walk by the river in the morning.注意：would后不能跟表状态动词。例如不能说He would be late for school last year. ③used to表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但这种习惯现在已不存在了。如：He used to get up early. He used to be late for school.
4.dare与need
六、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句的用法
1)与现在事实相反的结构：
2）与过去事实相反的结构：
3）与将来事实相反的结构：
**当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
5以上句型可以转换成下列形式:
**省略if,用“were, have, should +主语”. 例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
**用介词短语代替条件状语从句：but forwithout.例如:
Without air, there would be on living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
七、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.“wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等.
表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) +动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had +过去分词”或“(could)would +have +过去分词”.例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.虚拟语气在动词一个坚持（insist）；两个命令（order，demand）;三个建议(advise,suggest,propose);四项要求（demand,require,request,ask）,等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
**注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
又如suggest
3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for
sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) exercises first．
4.虚拟语气在 as if(as though)中，引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用．
如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时．例如：
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England．
Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem．
5.虚拟语气用于主语从句．
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等．例如：
It is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless．
It will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon．
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限．
注意：这种从句表示的是事实．如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气．反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气，例如：
It is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim．
八.几种常见的其他虚拟语气结构
1.虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或 should十动词原形( should不能省略，be用 were)来表示，意为“(现在)该……”。例如：
It is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
2.虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中,用法同.wish
If only I had taken his advice.
我要是听他的话就好了．
If only I were a bird．我如果是一只鸟就好了．
3.虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
l)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中，例如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late．
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you. You had better go now．
3)用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”． may须置于句首，例如：May you be happy! May you succeed!
4.would rather-----
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习专题(情态动词、虚拟语气)
（出题人：蔡炳成）
情态动词常规题：
1. I lived with my sister this summer and didn’t have to pay rent. So I ______ save most of my salary.
A. could B. would C. was able to D. should
2. --- Look, John’s fallen asleep.
--- Oh, he ______ too late last night.
A. might sit up B. should have sat up C. could sit up D. must have sat up
3. On Sundays when I was a child, Father and I ____ get up early and go fishing.
A. could B. would C. might D. should
4. --- Many people in England love to give advice on weather reporting.
--- Yes, but I think the weather office’s computers ___ be more accurate.
A. can B. must C. ought to D. might
5. --- Are you still going to Shanghai for the Spring Festival?
--- Yes, but I really ____ because I have a lot of things to deal with.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. won’t D. shouldn’t
6. –Well, I forgot to bring my dictionary here yesterday.
-- Actually you ____ it here. You were not allowed to use it.
A. needn’t bring B. needn’t have brought
C. didn’t need to bring D. don’t have to bring
7. --- Shall I book the table for the dinner?
---Yes, you____. The restaurant is always full of people.
A. can B. will C. must D. need
8. The poor boy ____ the test again; in that case, his mother will be very disappointed.
A. must have failed B. might fail C. could have failed D. should fail
9. --- Why ____ it rain now? I ___ go to the concert at 7.
--- What a pity!
A. can; might not B. should; needn’t C. must; can’t D. need; mustn’t
10. --- We need some fresh air, but the window open.
--- _____I help you?
A. didn't; Will B. shan't; Need C. mustn't; May D. won't; Shall
11. -- What do you think of your nephew?
-- He _____ be very naughty but at the same time you _____ help liking him.
A. will; will B. won’t; can’t C. may; may D. can; can’t
12. It was impossible that she____ go down, step by step down the unexpected stairs into the dark below.
A. should dare B. should dare to C. must dare D. must dare to
13. --- I am told that John had another car accident this morning.
--- I believe not. He ______ so careless.
A. shouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been
C. couldn’t have been D. mustn’t have been
14. ---You ought to have given them some advice.
---____, but who cared what I said?
A. So I ought B. So ought I C. So I did D. So did I
15. ---Write to me when you get home.
---______.
A.I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
16. Shut your mouth. Nothing ___ stop me once I have made up my mind.
A. will B. ought to C. shall D. must
17. Keep up a good state of mind even if you _____fail plenty of times.
A. must B. will C. can D. should
18. The policeman told the pupils. “You _____ play football in the street.”
A. can’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
19. If you ____ wait a moment, I will go and find our manager.
A. can B. should C. will D. must
20. Don’t believe him. His story ____ be true.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. shouldn’t D. may not
情态动词高考题：
21. --- I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
--- You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.（06苏）
A. will B. may C. have to D. should
22. --- What’s the name?
--- Khulaifi. _______ I spell that for you? （06京）
A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might
23. If it were not for the fact that she________ sing, I would invite her to the party.（06闽）
A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not
24. ______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（06鄂）
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
25. As you worked late yesterday, you___ __ have come this morning.（06陕）
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
26. The workers will go on strike if the demands they ____put forward are turned down.（06福建）
A. could B. would C.不填 D. had
27. Some aspects of a pilot’s job _____ be boring, and pilots often _____ work at inconvenient hours. (06湖南)
A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must
28. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.
(06江西)
A. should have taken B. could have taken
C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken
29. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of
it as possible. （05湖北卷）
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
30. - Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?
- Something ________ to him. (05江西卷)
A. must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
31. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour? （05全国卷3）
A．Must B．Can C．May D．Need
32. There _____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. （05上海卷）
A. mustn’t B. shan’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
33. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _____ at least 150 kilometers an hour. （05重庆卷）
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
34. I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere. （05北京春季）
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
35. “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. （04重庆）
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
36. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up. （04广西）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
37. --- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
--- You ______ have my computer if you don't take care of it. （04湖南）
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
38. --- Mum, I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock. _____I go out and play with Tom for a while?
--- No, I’m afraid not. Besides, it’s raining outside now. （04辽宁）
A. Can’t B. Wouldn’t C. May not D. Won’t
39. You ______ be tired---- you’ve only been working for an hour. （04全国II）
A. must not B. won’t be C. can’t D. may not
40. --- Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
--- Oh, he______ have been a very smart boy then. （04全国IV）
A. could B. should C. might D. must
41. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _______ not like the design of the furniture. （04上海春季）
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
虚拟语气:
42. I could have called you for help, but I ____ your number.
A. couldn’t have remembered B. didn’t remember
C. should have remembered D. hadn’t remembered
43. She suggested to the police in the police station that Mr. Smith ____.
A. stole the necklace B. should steal the necklace
C. had stolen the necklace D. steal the necklace
44. ____ it would stop snowing!
A. If only B. Only if C. Even if D. But for
45. My advice is that he ___ so much.
A. not smoke B. doesn’t smoke C. won’t smoke D. must not smoke
46. How I wish I ____ that! Everybody present was angry with me.
A. didn’t do B. hadn’t done C. wouldn’t do D. wasn’t doing
47. _____ it to clear up tomorrow, the tourists would climb to the top of the mountain to wait for the sun _____.
A. If; to raise B. Were; to rise C. Should; to rise D. Because; raising
48. ____the expense, I ___to Italy.
A. If it were not; go B. Were it not for; I would go
C. Weren’t it for; will go D. If it hadn’t been; would have gone
49. His illness was too serious; otherwise he_______saved.
A. could be B., couldn’t have been C. could have D. could have been
50. --- I have great difficulty working out this problem.
--- _____ to me, you _____ less difficulty with such problems.
A. If you had listened, would have had B. If you listened, would have
C. Had you listened, would have D. If you listen, will have
51. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---Yes, but I ___ busy doing my homework.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
52. _____the fog, we should have reached the top of the hill.
A. In spite of B. If there were no C. But for D. Because of
53. Tom insisted what he said ____ true and we insisted that he ____ and have a look.
A. be; should go B. should be; would go C. was ; go D. was ; would go
54. He acts as if he _______the owner of the house.
A. will be B. has been C. is D. were
55. It’s about time that you _____to study English.
A. begin B. will begin C. have begun D. began
56. How I wish it____! If it ___in a few days, the crops would be saved.
A. will rain; rained B. would rain; should rain
C. should rain; rains D. would rain; had rained
57. Looking round the town, he felt as though he ______ away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
58. I’d rather you me the news.
A. not tell B. not to tell C. didn’t tell D. hadn’t told
59. The old professor gave orders that the experiment ______before 6.
A. was finished B. will finish C. be finished D. shall be finished
60. ______ you succeed and ______you be healthy.
A. May; may B. Wish; wish C. Hope; hope D. Should; may
61. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d ______ there by now.
A. be B. was C. were D. are
KEY:
1-5 CDBCD 6-10 CCBCD 11-15 DBCCC 16-20 CDCCD 21-25 DACBD 26-30 CACBD 31-35 ACBBD 36-40 AAACD 41-45 CBCAA 46-50 BBBDC 51-55 ACCDD 56-61 BDDCAA
责任编辑：李芳芳
倒 装
(一)疑问句多数是倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问词或被疑问词修饰的，整个句子是自然语序，本身就是个正装句
A. Who invented the machine?
B. What impressed you most?
C. What has happened to Tom?
D. How many people took part in the demonstration?
E. Which team won the game?
(二)there be结构是倒装句，除be以外，live, happen, exist, lie, remain也都可以充当该结构的谓语
A. About 2, 300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.
B. There happened to be nobody in the bedroom.
C. For there lay the Combs-the set of combs that Della had worshipped for many months in a shop window.
(三)only放在句首修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时要倒装，其他情况就不构成倒装式了。如果谓语动词是单个实意动词，倒装时加do的相应形式(即do, does, 或did)
A. Only in this way can you succeed.
B. Only yesterday did I hear of the accident.
C. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
D. Only my parents know the secret. (不倒装)
(四)表示否定意义的词放在句首时要倒装
hardly, scarcely, never, not, not until, not only, seldom, little等。
A. Never shall I forget it.
B. Not a single mistake did he make.
C. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
D. Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
E. Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like. 请注意下列这组句子。
A. She didn't change her mind until yesterday. (正装句)
B. Not until yesterday did she change her mind. (倒装句)
C. It was not until yesterday that she changed her mind. (强调句不倒装)
(五)把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)，只用于肯定句
A. He has been to Beijing, So have I.
B. They like English very much. So does John.
C. Society has changed and so have the people in it.
但如果后面的句子是对前面句子的内容加以确认的话，那么也把so放在句首，不过后面主谓不倒装。
A. There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby couch and weep. So Della did.
B. I said I was going to visit him. So I did.
C. He studies hard. So he does.
(六)如果虚拟条件从句的谓语动词含有be动词，助动词或情态动词，可将if省略，而把be动词、情态动词或第一个助动词移到主语前，构成倒装句
If it had not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (正装句)
A.
Had it not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (倒装句)
If there should be a flood, what should we do?
B.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?(倒装句)
(七)在某些让步状语从句中用倒装结构
A. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
B. Small as it was, the army had great fighting capacity.
C. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(八)某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装结构
A. Long live the solidarity of the people of the world!
B. May you both be happy!
(九)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时常常把表语或状语部分放在谓语动词前
A. On the ground lay an old sick goat.
B. There, on the shore, were nine savages, sitting round a fire.
C. From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor's voice: “Good morning. ”
D. Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(十)宾语在多数情况下都紧跟在谓语后面，但当我们特别想强调宾语时，亦可放到主语前面，但句中的主谓不倒装
This they kept for themselves.
All this he fixed together with glue, string, wax and many wires.
(十一)so…that结构中的so置于句首时，需要倒装
A. So excited was he that he couldn't say a word.
B. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next house could hear him.
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列复习专题一-----名词
名词的分类
专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,
China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book
名 普 可数名词
词 通 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school,
group, people
名
词 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea
抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news
2．名词的复数
可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：
1） 绝大多数在词尾加s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如：
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
3）以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys
4） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves;
wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有：
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：
man→men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注：
fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6）复合名词：
A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers,
four women doctors
B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：
lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人
C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：
grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人
7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄，
findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks
烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯
8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：
take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候
2.名词的所有格
1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如：Tom’s bike,
Marx’s works
以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如：Engels’/Engels’s works
以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students’ homework,a workers’ night
school 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s”。如：men’s clothes
男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2） 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom’s and Mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3） 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
如：the tailor’s 裁缝店，the barber’s理发店，go to the doctor’s上诊所，
at my uncles在我叔叔家
4） 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示 所有格。如：today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,China’s population,Shanghai’s industry
5） 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6） 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：
He is an old friend of my father’s. This is a picture of Mary’s.
考点分析
1． He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works
析：此题答案D。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A。
2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
international trade today.
A.a; × B.the ; an C.the ;the D.×;the
析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。
由以上两点可确定答案为A。
3.Oh, John _____you gave us !
A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
析：正确答案为C。“a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：
an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine’s glass D.glass of wine 析：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例： woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution
② 例：book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China
③例：milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
析：这是一个感叹句，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order .
A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens’ of D.dozen
析： 正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加S，并与of连用:dozens of (许多的)，scores of (好几十的)，hundreds of (成百的)，thousands of (上千的)，millions of （数百万的）
7.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little ______.
A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest
析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急，故答案应为C。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。
8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________.
A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice
析：答案为A。道理同第7题。
专题练习
1._________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is
2.We’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.
A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed
3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.
A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy
4．That fellow is clever ; he has ___________.
A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains
5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A.shoes store B.shoe’s store C.shoe store D.shoes’ store
6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.
A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photos
C.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes
7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.
A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried
8.--Whose car is it ?
--It’s________.
A.Tom and Mary B.Tom’s and Mary’s
C.Tom’s and Mary D.Tom and Mary’s
9.There are 5____ in th fields.
A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle
C.head of cattles D.head of cattle
10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for .
A.is B.are C.has D.have
11.All but Jack __________ here just now .
A.is B.are C.was D.were
12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _________.
A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards
13.Carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.
A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason
14.The girl is quite ________to her mother now .
A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness
15._______is coming to give us a lecture .
A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert
C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert
16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.
A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones
17.If you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.
A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling
18.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.
A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncle’s
19.The shop will be closed during_________.
A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing
20.The________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.
A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow
21.My brother didn’t find army life to his __________.
A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour
22.Though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.
A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter
23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.
A.the high spirit B.high spirits
C.a high spirit D.high spirit
24.After _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .
A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss
25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.
A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set
26.That daughter of Jack’s is ______.
A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny
27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(93年上海高考题)
A.The Evenses’ B.The Evens’ C.The Evenses D.The Evens
28.He is one of the most successful_______ in the city.
A.newspaper’s writer B.newspaper writers
C.nesapapers’ writer D.newspaper writer
29.--Where is your brother?
--At_____.
A.Mr Green’s B.Greens C.the Mr Green’s D.the Greens
30.--Are you _______ ,Mr Black?
--Yes ,I speak______.
A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English
C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English
答 案
1－5 D B D D C 6－10 C D D D B
11－15 D C C A B 16－20 A A D A B
21－25 B A B B B 26－30 C C B A A
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列复习专题二-----代词
代词的分类
1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）
2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves
themselves
3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those
4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which
5.相互代词:each other ,one another
6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another,
something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody
7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as
代词用法注意点
1.名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如：
This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Do
you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She lost some pencils of hers.
2.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如：
①(all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干：
The boy usually finishes his homework by himself.
②of oneself 自动地，自行地：
Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself.
③for oneself 替/为自己：You have to choose for yourself.
3.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指时间和
空间上较远的人或物。
进行比较时，that可代替不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复；those 可代替复数名词以
免重复。例如：
The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards are
much better than those you bought yesterday.
4.相互代词each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互”，后者侧重三者或三
者以上的“相互”，也可指两者之间的“相互”。
5.不定代词
①some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。另外some可用于表示请求、
提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个”
例如：
If you have any ink ,please give me some.
Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.
②all 与none
all表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none用于表示对三个或
三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西”，可作主语和宾语。none
of…后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。none可以简略回答以How many或How much开头
的疑问句。
例如：
None of them have/has failed.
-- How many books are there on the desk ? -- None.
注意：no one (＝nobody)不同于none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语，不可跟of短语连用，
回答以who开头的问句，不能回答How many/much …开头的问句。
例如：
-- Who is in the room ? -- no one(＝Nobody).
--Is there any oil in the glass ? -- None.
③other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others
other表示“没有范围的，其他的”，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/…
another泛指很多中的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。
如：
I dont like this hat ,please show me another.
the other可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一个”，或另一方中的“全
部其他的”。
如：
I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only
two teachers in the office.Where are the other teachers ?
others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用。
例如：
Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls.
Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.
④one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可
数名词（指人或物），并有复数形式ones。
例如：
I have bought a new bike.My old one doesnt work./One must do ones duty.
注意：one ,that都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one可被前置或后置
定语修饰,that只能被后置定语修饰。
例如：
This book is the one that is needed by him.
My seat is next to that of our teacher.
代词考点分析
1.-- When shall we meet again ?
-- Make it _____ day you like;its all the same to me.(高考题)
A．one B．any C．some D．another
析： 此题答案为B。若选A，one day意“过去/将来的某一天”；若选C,some day意“有朝一日”、“将来某一天”、“迟早”；若选D，another day意“改日”、“又/另一天”；选B，any day意“随便哪一天”、“无论哪一天”，显然它适合此题。
2.Im reading a new book these days ,_____ in English.
A.it B.that C.one D.which
析： 排除A选项it的原因是因为it前或后都不可放定语；若选B项that,则因其不能替代同一事物，也可排除；至于D项which，因其是定语从句引导词，在此明显不合用。只有C项one一方面它可有前置或后置定语，另一方面它可以替代前面出现的名词a book,故是正确答案。
3.There were two boys who called and I gave an apple to _____.
A.every B.all C.either D.each
析： 由题干内容可知有两个孩子在叫喊，故all（指三者或三者以上）不可选；every表“两者中任意的一个”，在此不符合情景之需要。只有D,each(两者中的每一个)填入空白才合题干内容。
4.We dont know _____ of the visitors here;we only know some.
A.everyone B.every one C.anybody D.each one
析： 因为everyone ,everybody ,anybody等不定代词一般不带限定语（此处不能与of短语连用），故A、C选项可排除。若选D项，因not…each结构表全否定，与下句“we only know some”不合，故不能成立。只有选B时，not…every表半否定，与下句意相合。
5.Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _____.
(上海题)
A.the other B.some other C.others D.those other
析： 根据in some ways（在某些方面），可知空白处要选表达复数意义的词，据此可排除A、B；又因为没有those other这样的词语，故可排除D。根据some常与others相呼应使用规律，可定C为正确答案。
6.The question is too difficult and we found _____.
A.it not easy to answer it B.it was not easy for us to answer it
C.its not easy to answer D.it not easy to answer
析： 根据时态一致规律，we found后不可跟C选项；要表达“那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说The question is not easy to answer.要表达“我们发现那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说We found the question (was)not easy to answer.据此可排除A、B选项；只有D才是唯一正确选项。
7.The hairdresser now cuts _____ mens and womens hair.
A.any B.each C.both D.either
析： 根据题干mens and womens hair ,可知应选与两者有关的代词，于是立即可排除A。由于each 和either不可直接修饰复数名词或复数名词所有格（应说each of …,either of…）,故又可排除B、D选项。只有both才能与其后的and构成both…and…结构。故正确答案是C。
8.--Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end ?
--If you keep still ,you can sit at _____end. (NMET)
A.neither B.each C.either D.any
析： 一条船只有两头，any是指三者或三者以上，在此不合用。neither是“两者都不”，填入空白处意思不对；each意“两者或三者，三者以上每个人都…”，若填入此题空白，不合语境，因为一个人不能同时坐船的两头。只有选either(两者之一)才合此题情景。
9.--Have you finished your report yet ?
--No ,Ill finish in _____ ten minutes. (NMET)
A.less B.more C.other D.another
析： less后可直接跟形容词、副词、名词，象ten minutes这样的“数词＋名词”短语则不可直接放于less之后，只能放于less than之后，因此A项可排除。“再过/再用十分钟”可以说in ten more minutes ,ten minutes more ,another ten minutes ,据此可排除B项。至于other一词，因它不能表达“再、又”意，故也可排除。因此D为正确答案。
10.Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia. (NMET)
A.any B.any other C.other D.another
析： 此题是加拿大与亚洲国家相比，无需other或another ,else这类词，故B、C、D应排除。因为any（任何）后可跟单数名词或复数名词，填入空白意思也合语境，所以A是正确答案。
代词专练
1.-- Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?
-- Ill borrow _____ ,for the different uses.
A.all B.both C.either D.neither
2._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
A.Each B.Any C.No one D.None
3.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _____ of us had _____ money on us.
A.all ;no B.any ;no C.none ;any D.no one ;any
4.They were all very tired ,but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.
A.neither B.none C.some D.any
5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_____ will take you there.
A.both B.either C.all D.any
6.As we were asleep ,_____ of us heard the sound.
A.both B.none C.either D.any
7.-- Which of the five may I use ?
-- Oh ,____.
A.any one B.anyone C.anything D.nothing
8.--Are the two answers correct ?
--No ,_____ correct.
A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not
9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _____.
A.any B.some C.no D.anything
10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _____.
A.ones B.不填 C.the one D.the ones
11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell ____.
A.one B.the one C.that D.it
12.This film is not so good as _____ we saw last week.
A.that B.it C.the one D.one
13._____ of us must go there and help him out.
A.One or other B.One by one
C.One or the other D.One or another
14.We all felt _____ to be the highest praise.
A.it B.that C.that one D.the one
15.Havent you read _____ English storices ?Please tell us an interesting one.
A.any B.all C.either D.some
16.-- Would you like _____ dumplings ?
-- No,thanks.
A.some B.another C.any D.all
17.If there is _____ chance ,I will try another.
A.one B.any C.some D.all
18.-- Are _____ here to take the college entrance exam ?
-- Yes ,we _____.
A.all you ;are all B.you all ;all are
C.all of you ;are all D.you of all ;all are
19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already
taken them.
A.one B.the ones C.some D.the others
20.-- Have you ever seen a snake alive ?
-- Yes ,Ive seen _____.
A.that B.so C.one D.it
21.-- Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is raining outside.
-- Yes ,but its _____.
A.small one B.small umbrella C.only a small one D.that one
22.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _____ didnt help.
A.this B.which C.any D.it
23.-- Have you got _____ red ink ?
-- Sorry ,I havent got _____.
A.some ;some B.any ;many C.some ;any D.any ;some
24.I prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as Shanghai.
A.that B.it C.this D.one
25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to
read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
A.some ;any B.other ;some C.some ;other D.other ;other
26.-- Is _____ here ?
-- No ,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody
27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be
honest with _____ friends.
A.their B.her C.ones D.our
28.I borrowed some books _____ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the
lamp went out _____ itself and I had to sit in the dark _____ myself.
A.不填;for;by B.by;for;of C.for;of;by D.of;不填；by
29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _____ invented the
machine to pick cotton.
A.himself B.he himself C.he for himself D.he by himself
30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _____ of them
are not fit for it.
A.all of B.none of C.each of D.every one of
代词专练答案
1－5 B D C B B 6－10 B A C A B
11－15 D C A B D 16－20 A B B B C
21－25 C D C D C 26－30 C C C B A
责任编辑：李芳芳
高考英语陷阱题总结归纳--虚拟语气
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选B.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话--但事实上忘了）。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D.关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D.
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易误选A或C.选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D.分析如下：
（1） “so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“……也一样”时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
（2） 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D.
4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.”
A. will come B. is coming
C. came D. had come
【陷阱】容易误选A或B.根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。
【分析】但此题的最佳答案是 C.按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。又如：
I’d rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。
I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。
I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。
请再做以下试题（答案均为B）：
（1） “Shall I come tomorrow ？” “I’d rather you ______.”
A. won’t B. didn’t
C. don’t D. wouldn’t
（2） “I’ve told him about it.” “But I’d rather you ______.”
A. didn’t B. hadn’t
C. don’t D. wouldn’t
（3） “He will take you as well.” “But I’d rather he ______.”
A. won’t B. didn’t
C. doesn’t D. wouldn’t
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选 D.insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选D最合适。请做以下类似试题（答案选B）：
（1） The patient insisted that he _______ ill and _______ to the hospital.
A. wasn’t, wasn’t sent B. wasn’t, shouldn’t be sent
C. shouldn’t be, wasn’t sent D. shouldn’t be, shouldn’t be sent
（2） The man in prison insisted that he _______ nothing wrong and _______ set free.
A. should do, should be B. had done, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
（3） I advised that he ______ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he ______ quite well then.
A. was sent; felt B. be sent; was feeling
C. he sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel
6. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A. Was he given up B. Had he given up
C. Did he give D. If he gave up
【陷阱】容易误选 D.
【分析】正确答案应选B.之所以不能选D，是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。又如：
Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down.= If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。
Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion.= If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. “I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you _____.”
A. do B. did
C. had D. would
2. If I hadn’t been lucky enough to meet you. I really _____ what I would have done.
A. don’t know B. hadn’t known
C. wasn’t knowing D. wouldn’t know
3. “I’ve told everyone about it.” “Oh, I’d rather you _____.”
A. don’t B. hadn’t
C. couldn’t D. wouldn’t
4. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn’t rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.
A. can’t get B. won’t get
C. hadn’t got D. wouldn’t get
5. “Do you know his address？” “No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.”
A. knew, live B. knew, lives
C. know, lives D. know, lived
6. “Isn’t it about time you _____ to do morning exercises？” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us？”
A. begin B. have begun
C. began D. had begun
7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
8. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
9. If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay
C. had lain D. should lie
10. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
11. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
12. You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
A. drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have got
13. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were broken D. had been broken
14. But for the help you gave me, I _______ the examinations.
A. would have passed B. would pass
C. wouldn’t have passed D. wouldn’t pass
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选B.It’s time you did 为 It’s time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法，it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。
2. 选A.虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气的宾语，但 I don’t know 却宜用一般现在时，因为 I don’t know 表述的是现在的真实情况，句意为“我要不是有幸遇到你，我真不知（指现在不知）我会做出什么蠢事来”。
3. 选B.I’d rather 后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。
4. 选A.we can’t get there by tomorrow 为客观事实，故宜用陈述语气。
5. 选B.第一空填 knew，因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气（即用过去式表示现在的想法）；第二空要填lives，即用陈述语气，因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实，而不是 I wish 的内容。
6. 选C.It’s time… / It’s high time… / It’s about time… 等后接从句时，从句谓语通常用过去式。
7. 选 B.此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句，主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为：要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆，我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。
8. 选 D.这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气，再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，由此可推知答案选 D.
9. 选 C.if only 意为“要是……就好了”，其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气，同时根据 as the doctor instructed 中的过去时态可知从句是与过去事实相反，故选 C.
10. 选 A.without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
11. 选 D.otherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。
12. 选 D.根据句中的 didn’t let me drive 可知，这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句，条件句的谓语用 had+过去分词，主句谓语用 would / should / could / might have+过去分词。
13. 选 C.as if 引导的句子，有时用虚拟语气，有时不用。原则上说，若指事实或可能为事实，不用虚拟语气；若指现在，从句谓语动词用一般过去时（be 用 were）；若指过去用过去完成时，若指将来用过去将来时或用 were to do sth.又如下面一题要选 C：
It seems as if the sun ____ round the earth since it rises in the east and sets in the west.
A. circles B. is circling
C. were circling D. has been circling
14. 选C.but for 的意思是“若不是，要不是”，用于引出与事实相反的假设，通常与虚拟语气连用。根据句中的 the help you gave me，可知它表示与过去事实相反，故选C.
责任编辑：李芳芳
虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：
1、虚拟条件句。
2、名词性虚拟语气。
3、虚拟语气的其他用语。
一、虚拟条件句：
条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。
1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：
If 主语＋过去时，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋动词原形，如：
If I were you, I would study hard.
If it rained, I would not be here now.
2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：
If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋have＋过去分词，如：
If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.
If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.
3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：
＋do，主语＋should（could…）＋ 原形 do
过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.
If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.
注意问题：
1、If条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。
2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。
3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：
Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.
Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
二、名词性虚拟语气：
在表示命令、建议要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：
主语＋（should）＋动词原形，如：
Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）
We suggested that the meeting should not be held.
It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）
The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）
That is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）
注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would”“must”“could”等。
三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：
1、wish后的宾语从句：
与现在愿望不一致 主语＋过去时；
与过去愿望不一致 主语＋had＋过去分词；
与未来愿望不一致 主语＋would（could）＋原形。
I wish I were you.
I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.
I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.
2、It’s time句型：当It’s time后用that从句时应该为：
主语＋should＋原形 或 主语＋过去时，例如：
It’s time that you went to school. 或
It’s time that you should go to school.
3、If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish＋宾语从句”
If only he could come! 他要能来就好了。
If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。
4、would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away.
I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.
She loves the children as if they were hers.
Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.
5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。
Without you, I would never know him.
But for your cooperation, we wouldn’t have done the work so well.
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
I would be most glad to help you, but I’ am busy now.
I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working.
I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!
责任编辑：李芳芳
高中语法专项二
倒装
所谓倒装也就是谓语动词出现在主语之前的现象。其中谓语动词全部放在主语之前的叫作全部或完全倒装；把谓语中的助动词或情态动词放在主语之前的则称为部分倒装。
一、全部倒装。
1． 由here，there，now, then + come/go …时。如：
There goes the bell! Now comes your turn.。
2．副词out，in, into, away, up, down等置于句首时。如：
Out jumped a tiger from behind a rock. In came an old man with a long white beard.
3. 当地点状语置于句首时。如：
At the corner of the street stands a newly-opened tea house.
On the wall hang two pictures.
但当主语为代词时，不用倒装结构。
Here they are.
Out they went into the forest.
Away they rushed when they saw some enemy soldiers running along.
二、部分倒装
1．在口语中，用在以so，neither，nor引起的缩略答语中，即So do sb./ Neither(nor) do sb.结构。(So do sb: 两者比较，也是如此；So sb does: 同一个人再次确定，确实如此)
2．only + 状语放句首。如：
1） Only when he reached school did he realize that he left his textbook at home.
2） Only then did she see her mother.
3） Only in this way can we improve our English.
3．表否定意义的成分 little; few; seldom; neither; nor; no; not; never; hardly; scarcely（很少）放在句首时。如：
1) Never shall I forget the day when I met Mr.Wang in the countryside.
2)As she is busy writing an important article, seldom does she watch Tv.
3)Hardly does the hibernating animal make any movement and need any food in winter.
4)Little did I expect to meet him on such an occasion.
4．几个结构：
1) Not only+倒… but also+顺
Not only is he a diligent student, but also he is a warmhearted helper.
2) Neither+倒… nor +顺
Neither did they remain silent nor any one of them shout at the top of his voice.
3)Either +倒… or +顺
Either will he choose to stay or go with the big group.
4)Not until置于句首时， Not until+时间+肯定句的部分倒装（没有not ）
Not until he lost his health did he realize what good health meant.（倒装在后）
5．在虚拟语气结构中，当if省略时, 后面的had, should ，were提到句首，剩下部分不变。
If he had known about it , he would have come to the meeting yestersay. = Had he known about it, …
If it were to rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t have the meeting. = Were it to rain tomorrow, …
6. 在so + adj/adv + that…结构中，当so + adj/adv置于句首时。如：
So louldly did he speak that everybody could hear him clearly.
7. 在Scarcely / Hardly had …when和No sooner had… than(刚…就…)的结构中。如：
Hardly had I got back when I started cooking.
No sooner had we sat down than he found it was time to go.
8. 在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中
Often did we warn them not to do so.
Many a time has she helped me with my English.
9. 在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 = Though／Although。。。(此时不可用 As…, 因为as放句首时只能表示因为或是当。。。的时候)
Young as he is, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Hard as he works, he is not good at maths.
放中间时as和though可以替换, 注意名词前提时不带任何冠词。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法知识：省略、倒装和插入语
I.省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可以省略。省略可分为以下几种情况：
（一） 简单句中的省略
1、省略主语
(1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：
(I)Beg your pardon.
(请再说一遍。--括号内为省略的词语，下同)
(2)其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：
①（I）Thank you for your help.
②（I）See you tomorrow.
③（It）Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：
①（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)
②(Is there)Anything else?(还有其它事吗？)
③(You come)This way,please.(请这边走。)
④(Will you)Have a smoke?(吸支烟？)
⑤What(do you think)about a cup of tea?(来杯茶怎么样？)
⑥Why(do you)not say hello to him?(为何不向他问好呢？)
3、省略宾语
（1）省略宾语的全部。如：
①---Do you know Miss Gao? -----I don’t know (her).
②----Which of the two is the better choice?----Well,it’s hard to tell (it).
(2)在一定的语境中，在某些动词（如want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，可省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。如：
①-----Are you going there?-----I’d like to (go there).
②He didn’t give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).
如果该宾语是be动词或是动词的完成时态，则须在to之后加be或have。如：
③-----Are you an engineer?------No,but I want to be(an engineer).
④----He hasn’t finished the task yet.-----Well,he ought to have(finished the task).
4、 省略表语。如：
①----Are you thirsty?-----Yes,I am(thirsty).
②His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).
5、同时省略几个成分。如：
①-----Are you feeling better now?----(I am feeling )Much better (now).
②----Have you finished your work?----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。如：
① My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
② I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、句中有一些成分被省略（多见于句首）。如：
①(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.
②(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.
2、省略了从句中与主句相同的部分。如：
①They don’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).
②My friend can’t come to school,but I wonder why(he can’t come).
3、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。如：
①----She must be busy now.----If so,she can’t go with us.
②----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.
类似的用法还有：How so?/Why so?/Is that so?/Do you think so?/Quite so./He said so./I hope so./I don’t think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。
4、 句和从句各有一些成分被省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).
②----Is Mr King in his office?----(I’m)Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is or not).
（四）其它省略
英语省略的情况还有很多，下面归纳几种需要注意的情况：
1、that的省略
(1)宾语从句中常省略连词 that,但并列多个宾语从句中，只能省略第一个that。
(2)在定语从句中，通常当that在从句中作宾语时，才能省略。如：
The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.
但是定语从句是there be结构时,在从句中作主语的that也常省略。如：This is the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.
(3)在主语从句、同位语从句中that很少省略（口语中有省略），在表语从句中偶尔省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。如：①I told him to sit down and wait a while.
但是，如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可省去to。如：
Hearing the news,we didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
（2）某些使役动词（如make,let,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。比较：
I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
He often makes his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.
(3)find当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语不定式的符号to可以省去，也可以不省。如：
We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.
但如果不定式是to be则to不能省略。如：
She found him to be dishonest.
(4)help当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式符号to可省，也可不省。如：
I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(to)do it.
(5)介词but,except前若有动词do,后面的动词不定式不带to。如：
① The boy does nothing but play all day.
② The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.
(6)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的动词不定式的to可带可不带。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.
3、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序要有变化。（见“倒装句”有关部分）
4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分，如：
① As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions.
② I’m going with you if(I am)free.
③ He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
5、 在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it，其后的动词be及其主语可一起省略。如：
① Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary.
② Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
6、 在than和as引导的比较状语从句中，在意义明确的情况下，可省略than和as后的任何部分。如：
① I know you than he(knows you).
② I know you than(I know)him.
③ In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown.
④ I’m nearly as tall as he(is).
II. 倒装
英语的正常语序是“主语+谓语”。即主语在前，谓语在后。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采取倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语前称完全倒装；只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前，称为部分倒装。比较：
The teacher came in.→In came the teacher.（完全倒装）
I have never seen so moving a film before.→Never before have I seen so moving a film.(部分倒装)
倒装句常用于下列情况：
1、疑问句要倒装。如
① Are you from America?（一般疑问句）
② How old is your father?（特殊疑问句）
③ Would you like tea or coffee?（选择疑问句）
④ He was very unhappy,wasn’t he?（反意疑问句）
其中反意疑问句前面陈述部分不倒装，后面附加部分倒装。特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词在句中作主语或作主语的定语，就不倒装。如：⑤Who is going to give us a talk?(主语)
⑥Which bus runs to the zoo?(主语的定语)
2、there be句型
（1）be与其后紧接着的主语保持数的一致。如：
① There is a pen and some books on the desk.
② There are some books and a pen on the desk.
(2)类似的句型还有：there live,there stand,there lie,there seem to be,there happen to be,there is likely to be等。如：
① Once upon a time,there lived an old fisherman by the sea.
② There seems to be something wrong with it.
(3)there be句型的反意疑问句的附加部分也用there be的相应形式，如：①There is little ink in the bottle,is there?
③ There used to be a bus stop at the corner,usedn’t /didn’t there?
3、以here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,away等副词开头的句子。如：①Look,there comes the bus.
②Out rushed the children.
③Away went the boy.
但如果主语是代词就不倒装。如：
① There he comes.
② Here it is.
4、以only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句开头时，要半倒装。如：
① Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
② Only in this way can we better the living conditions of the people.
③ Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go back home.
5、 以副词so,neither,nor(均有“也”的含义)开头的句子。如：
① He likes basketball very much.So do I.
② I didn’t read the notice on the board,nor(neither) did he.
但如果so不含“也”的意思，即使打头，也不用倒装。如：
-----It was cold yesterday.-----So it was.（so当“的确”讲）
6、 否定意义的副词或连词（如seldom,never,hardly,little,not等）放在句首时，用半倒装。如：
① Seldom does his wife have a holiday.
② Never shall I forget the day.
③ Hardly can I believe it.
④ Not until he saw the present did he feel happy.
⑤ No sooner had we got home than it began to rain.
⑥ Not only is he a pop singer,but he is also a famous film star. （前一个分句倒装，后一个分句不倒装）
7、 省略if的虚拟条件句。如果条件从句的谓语有were,had,should等，可省去if,把were,had,should移到句首。如：
① Were I you(=If I were you),I would try again.
② Had you come early(=If you had come early),you would have met him.
③ Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow),the crops would be saved.
8、 as引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到as之前）。如：
① Child as he is（=Though he is a child）,he knows a lot.
② Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.
③ Hard as he worked,he made little progress.
Though引导的让步状语从句可以用倒装，也可以不用倒装。
9、 so/such引导的结果状语从句，当so/such放在句首时，用倒装如：①So interesting was the film that I saw it twice.
②Such a kindhearted man is he that everyone loves him.
10、直接引语的全部或部分放在句首，并且主句的主语为名词时，主句倒装。如：
①“You are right.”said the teacher.
②“Boys,”said the teacher,“you are right.”
但“I am very sorry.”he said.(he是代词，不倒装)
11、为了表达生动，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使句子均衡而倒装。如：
① At the head of the queue was an old woman.
② Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting.
③ Before them were miles and miles of snow.
④ Gone are the days when the Chinese had to use foreign oil.
⑤ Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.
12、某些表示祝愿的句子，需要倒装。如：
① May you succeed!
② Long live the Communist Party of China!
Ⅲ、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称之为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型
1、单词（多是副词）。如：
① I can,however,discuss this when I see you.
② -----Are you hungry?-----Yes,I sure am.
2、短语。如：
① China and India,for example,are neighbours.
② By the way,where are you from?
③ To tell you the truth,I don’t agree with you.
④ Jack,as far as I know,isn’t very clever.
⑤ These young people,I dare say,will succeed.
⑥ This machine,it seems,is not so good as that one.
⑦ What do you think has happened to him?
(二)插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。有时，也位于句首或句末。也有时，不用逗号隔开。如：
① What on earth do you mean?
② What was to become of them all,he wondered.
(三)插入语在句中的作用
一般说来，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。如：He got the news from nobody knows where.如果把“nobody knows”从句中抽出，句子含义就不清楚，句子就不通了。
（四）混合疑问句
是一种包含有插入语的特殊疑问句，常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现的频率极高。如：
① How long did you say he would stay here?
② When do you suppose he’ll be back?
在这种混合疑问句中用作插入语的动词除了say,suppose之外，常用的还有guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。
注意：这种带插入语的混合疑问句与带有宾语从句的一般疑问句在结构上是不同的。比较：
Where do you think he has gone?/Do you know where he has gone?
（五）大纲上要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语：
1.above all 2.after all 3.all the same 4.and so on 5.as a matter of fact/in fact 6.as a result 7.as usual 8.by the way 9.for example 10.in a word 11.in one’s opinion 12.in one’s turn 13.in other words 14.more or less 15.generally speaking 16.of course 17.to one’s joy 18.so far 19.to one’s surprise 20.to tell(you)the truth
常作插入语的副词有：actually,besides,finally,however,obviously,
otherwise,probably,therefore等。
高考试题：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river_____how serious the pollution was.(NMET95)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers realized D.didn’t the villagers realize
2.Only in this way_____to make improvement in the operating system.
A.you can hope B.you did hope C.can you hope D.did you hope
（2003年上海春季高考）
3.Not until I began to work_____how much time I had wasted.
A.didn’t I realize B.did I realize C.I didn’t realize D.I realize
(NMET90)
4.---David has made great progress recently.---_____,and_____.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have(97上海)
5.I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life____so happy!
A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt (2000春)
6.Not a single song_____at yesterday’s party.(2000上海)
A.she sang B.sang she C.did she sing D.she did sing
7.John plays football_____,if not better than,David.(NMET94)
A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as
8.We all write,_____,even when there is not much to say.(NMET 94)
A.now and then B.by and by C.step by step D.more or less
9.---Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why_____? John is sitting there doing nothing.(NMET2003)
A.him B.he C.I D.me
10.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once____with each other.(NMET2003)
A.they had quarreled B.they have quarreled
C.have they quarreled D.had they quarreled
专项题组训练
I.省略
1.He became a good player_____in college.
A.when B.because C.as soon as D.even though
2._____green,the door might look more beautiful.
A.You painted B.If painted C.To paint D.Have it painted
3.-----The patient feels better.-----I know_______.
A.he feels B.he does C.he does so D.he does it
4.----Have you been here long?-----_________.
A.Not much B.Yes,only little C.No,only yesterday D.No,not very
5.----Do you need a new dictionary in your English study?---No,____.
A.I have some to do it B.there are some already
C.I think I have some that will do D.I’m having some dictionaries
6.I told him to sit down and_____for a moment.
A.waits B.waited C.wait D.waiting
7.My father is a doctor and my mother________.
A.nurse B.a nurse C.be a nurse D.is nurse
II.倒装
1.Nowhere else in the world____cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A.a tourist can find B.can a tourist find
C.a tourist will find D.a tourist has found
2.----You seem to be an actor.---____.I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A.So I am B.So am I C.So do I D.So I do
3._____that we all went out,lying in the sun.
A.So fine was the weather B.So was the fine weather
C.The weather so fine was D.So the weather was fine
4.____a nice man_____that we all believed him.
A.So;he seemed B.So;did he seem
C.Such;he seemed D.Such;did he seem
5.Not only____working hard,but also_____very polite.
A.is the boy;he is B.is the boy;is he
C.the boy is;he is D.the boy is;is he
6.Not until_____,______settle the problem.
A.he returns;can we B.he returns;we can
C.does he return;we can D.does he return;can we
7.Well____know him and well______know me.
A.I did;he did B.I did;did he C.did I;he did D.did I;did he
8.He was unable to make such progress,______.
A.hard he has tried B.as hard as he tried
9.There______shouts for help from the river.
A.are coming B.did come C.comes D.come
10.Seeing many people coming,away_____.
A.the thief ran B.run the thief C.ran the thief D.did the thief run
III.插入语
1．Hold the ladder for me,that’s_________.
A.all B.it C.all right D.complete
2.---______,but can you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
---I’m sorry.I’m a stranger here myself.Perhaps this lady can help you.
A.I’m sorry B.Hello C.Excuse me D.Why
3.---Have you nearly finished?---_____,we have just begun.
A.Above all B.After all C.On the contrary D.on the other hand
4.The young woman has studied in England for two years and she will come back______.
A.by and by B.one by one C.after a while D.long before
5.Mr Li looked as I remembered,_____he was very thin.
A.except for B.except that C.except D.besides
6.Many great men rose from poverty,Lincoln and Edison,_____.
A.like that B.as though C.for example D.such as
7.---____is the best football player in your city? -----Jerry.
A.Do you think who B.Do you think whom
C.Who do you think D.Whom do you think
8.____we like the idea______not,we’ll have to go with him.
A.Either,or B.Neither,nor C.Whether,or D.If,or
9._____is well known,Taiwan is part of China.
A.As B.That C.Which D.It
10.Albert did not take your book,_____,he was not in the room.
A.All of a sudden B.As a matter of fact
C.Once in a while D.To his surprise
11.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard,and_______,you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
12.His handwriting is as good as,_____,his brother’s.
A.if not better B.if not better than C.if it is better D.if better than
13.There was a big fire in the building last night.______,all the people were able to escape.
A.Fortunate B.Fortunately C.To be fortunate D.Above all
14.It was raining heavily.______,it was getting dark,so we lost our way and stayed in the cave for the whole night.
A.Above all B.That is C.What’s more D.In other words
15.I didn’t go to his party last night,___,I didn’t want to see him at all.
A.To tell you the truth B.Telling you the truth
C.That’s to say D.Let’s say
16.You may agree with anyone you like.____,I agree with Lily.
A.What’s more B.That’s all C.Personally D.Or rather
17.Only half of the students passed the exam,_____,about 30 students failed in the exam.
A.worse still B.that is C.indeed D.after all
18._____from his accent,he must be from the south.
A.Judging B.Judged C.To judge D.To be judged
19._____,we must do the work with a good plan.
A.To start B.To start with C.Starting D.Starting with
20.We met with a lot of trouble in doing the work._____we succeeded in the end.
A.All in all B.Above all C.Therefore D.After all
Key to the exercises:
高考试题：1---10 ACBBD CBADC
专题训练：I.省略：1---7 ABBDCCB
II.倒装：1--10 BAADA ADCDC
III.插入语：1----10 BCCAB CCCAB
11---20 CBBCA CBABA
责任编辑：李芳芳
★ 高三英语复习(情态动词、虚拟语气) (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
★ 高考英语陷阱题总结--虚拟语气 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
