以下是小编为大家准备的语法和词汇考点详解----形容词、副词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)（共含14篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“停之逐诗”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
语法和词汇考点详解----形容词、副词
【命题依据】近几年来，高考对形容词和副词的考查多从以下几个方面入手：原级、比较级、最高级的使用；原级、比较级与倍数的表达；比较级、最高级与修饰词的使用；近形和近义词的辨析在具体语境下的使用；多个形容词和副词的排列顺序；常见形容词和副词的惯用法等。由于形容词、副词为实词，今后高考将不会降低对这一部分的考查力度。试题中仍将会考查原级、比较级、最高级与修饰词的使用，多个形容词、副词的排列顺序以及常见形容词、副词的惯用法；要特别注意原级与倍数词在表达时的词序以及近形、近义词的辨析。
[例题1]-What will you buy for your husband’s birthday?
-I want to buy a ____ wallet for him.
A. black leather small B. small black leather
C. small leather black D. black small leather
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握多个形容词作定语时的词序。
【答案解析】根据多个形容词作定语词序排列规律“限定描绘大、长、高，形状、年龄和新老，颜色、国籍和材料，作用类别往后靠”。可知，选项中三个限定词分别为small（大、小）, black （颜色），leather（材料）。答案为B。
[例题2]-The novel is, I have to say, not a bit interesting. How do you find it?
-Why! It’s ____ that I have ever read.
A. a less interesting B. a more interesting
C. a most interesting D. the most interesting
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理解句子意思，分析选项，准确使用形容词比较级与最高级结构。
【答案解析】根据句子意思可以知道，本题无比较之意，而含有最高级含义，故应排除选项A、B；选项C中的most 相当于very，不符合句子意思。答案为D。
[例题3]-What does the model plane look like?
-Well, the wings of the plane are ____ of its body.
A. more than the length twice B. twice more than the length
C. more than twice the length D. more twice than the length
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握比较级结构中由名词构成的倍数表达法。
【答案解析】分析句意及选项可知，这是一个比较级结构中由名词所构成的倍数表达形式。在这一结构中，倍数要置于表示量的名词前面，后接of+另外一个比较对象，该题中more than 仅为一个修饰词，应置于倍数词前面，构成：the wings of the plane are more than twice the length of its body。答案为C。
[例题4]-How about the concert last night?
-Well, at least it’s ____ the one I saw last time with Joan.
A. no worse than B. no better than C. not as good as D. as bad as
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解答句意义以及四个选项的比较级结构的不同表达。
【答案解析】在比较级结构中“no+比较级+than”意思为“前者并不比后者更……”。根据答句意义，尤其是从at least 可以知道该句意思为“至少它不比我上次跟Joan 一起看的音乐会更糟”，故应选no worse than ；选项B 意义相反，不符合句意；选项C、D意义相同。答案为A。
[例题5]Of the two scientists, who do you think is ____?
A. a successful one B. more successful
C. a more successful D. the more successful
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断在表示两者的句子结构中，形容词比较级前冠词的使用。
【答案解析】在含有of the two 的句子结构中，句子的形容词要用比较级形式，并且被定冠词the限定， 意思为“两者中更……”。该句意思为：“两位科学家中，你认为哪一位更成功？”答案为D。
[例题6]We can’t get the machine to run. There must be ___ with it.
A. something wrong serious B. something seriously wrong
C. something serious wrong D. something wrong seriously
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握副词与形容词之间、形容词与不定式之间的修饰关系及词序。
【答案解析】一般情况下，形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在不定代词的后面；副词修饰形容词时，要放在形容词之前，这样便构成something seriously wrong。答案为B。
[例题7]After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ____ in as the year before.
A. as many machines twice B. twice many as machines
C. as twice many machines D. twice as many machines
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理清含有倍数的同级比较结构中词的排列顺序。
【答案解析】在含有倍数、百分数的同级比较结构中，倍数或百分数必须置于as...as 之前;由many或much修饰的复数名词或不可数名词必须置于 as...as中间。答案为D。
[例题8]After the long journey, the Smiths returned home, ____.
A. safe but tired B. safely but tired
C. safe and tiring D. safely and tiring
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意弄清表示增补意义，在句中作状语的形容词和副词的用法区别，以及动词的瞖d 与瞚ng形式在句中的用法区别。
【答案解析】根据题干意义可知，空格部分是用来补充说明句子主语是怎样的，故选用形容词做状语，表示“人感到累”应用tired，由于选项是两个意义不一致的形容词，故用转折连词but 连接。实际上，该句相当于...the Smiths returned home and they were safe but tired。答案为A。
[例题9]Tasting ____, this kind of fried chicken sells ____.
A. well; good B. to be good; well
C. good; well D. to be well; good
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是把握系动词后形容词或副词的选用以及谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义的选用。
【答案解析】分析题干可知，第一空taste在此作系动词，其后应接不带to be结构的形容词作表语。由于well作形容词时意思为“健康的”，不符合题意，故应选 good作表语；第二空sell 在此为不及物动词，后接副词well，意思为“畅销”，用sell的主动形式表示被动意义。答案为C。
[例题10]The problem is not ____ so easy as you think. It’s far from being settled.
A. hardly B. almost C. nearly D. scarcely
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要正确理解句子的意义，根据四个选项的意义及在句中的结构作出选择。
【答案解析】hardly和scarcely 意思均为“几乎不”，与题干中的not 构成双重否定，不符合句子意思；almost与not连用时，almost 常置于not前面，意思为“几乎不”；只有 not nearly为正确结构，意思为“相差很远”。答案为C。
责任编辑：李芳芳
考点3 形容词和副词
1. Green products are becoming more and more popular because they are environmentally .
A. friendly B. various C. common D. changeable
2. - How is everything going on with you in Europe?
- Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped, .
A. though B. instead C. either D. too
3. The house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years.
A. little white wooden B. little wooden white C. white wooden little D. wooden white little
4. - Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
- Yes. I’ve never been to one before.
A. a more excited B. the most excited C. a more exciting D. the most exciting
5. Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way to the Home Circle Building.
A. easy enough B. enough easy C. easily enough D. enough easily
6. It is any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.
A. no B. such C. nearly D. hardly
7. Excuse me, but can I borrow your pencil-box?
A. blue cheap plastic B. cheap blue plastic C. plastic blue cheap D. plastic cheap blue
8. Mr. Evans is wise than smart. Few people can solve such a problem.
A. no less B. no more C. less D. more
9. They found there was to weigh such an elephant.
A. big enough nothing B. nothing enough big C. enough nothing big D. nothing big enough
10. David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited now and feels desire to go to bed. A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least
11. John is the tallest boy in the class, _______, according to himself.
A. five foot eight as tall as B. as tall as five foot eight
C. as five foot eight tall as D. as tall five foot eight as
12. Jenny has a good appetite recently. She kept weighing herself to see how much she was getting.
A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest
13. I think whoever makes contributions to the company than others should get income.
A. greater; the higher B. more greater; a higher
C. greater; the highest D. more greater; the highest
14. Of the two sisters, Betty is one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.
A. a younger B. a youngest C. the younger D. the youngest
15. You’d better go and buy some tomatoes for the dinner party, for you see, there are ____ tomatoes left in the basket than I imagined.
A. far more B. far fewer C. many more D. many fewer
16. - Are you satisfied with his work?
- Well, I’m afraid it couldn't be .
A. any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst
17. Shanghai has a larger population in China.
A. than any city B. than any cities C. than any other city D. than all other city
18. Her health is __________.
A. as poor as, if not poorer than, her sister’s B. as poor as, if not poorer than, her sister
C. poor as her sister, if not poorer D. as poor, if not poorer than, her sister’s
19. Many students signed up for the race meeting to be held next week.
A. 800 meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter-length D. 800-meter-length
20. - Why didn’t you buy the camera you had longed for?
- I had planned to, but I was￡50 .
A. fewer B. less C. cheap D. short
21. A sheep __ on this kind of special grass usually grows much faster than on ordinary.
A. fed; one B. feeds; the one C. fed; that D. feeding; it
22. The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
A. ours B. those of ours C. it had for ours D. it did for us
23. I’m certain David’s told you his business troubles. , it’s no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank. A. However B. Anyway C. Therefore D. Though
24. There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we gave up.
A. eventually B. unfortunately C. generously D. purposefully
25. At times, worrying is a normal, response to a difficult event or situation --- a loved one being injured in an accident for example.
A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable
26. - Would you like , sir?
- No, thanks. I have had much.
A. some more oranges B. any more oranges C. some more orange D. any more orange
27. Maggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and, , she gets well paid for it.
A. sooner or later B. what’s more C. as a result D. more or less
28. My mother always gets a bit if we don’t arrive when we say we will.
A. anxious B. ashamed C. weak D. patient
29. Bob ran the 100 meters in 9.91 seconds, and I have not seen this year.
A. the best B. better C. the most D. more
30. - Have you been in New Zealand? - No, I’d like to, .
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
31. Mr. Smith owns collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met.
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a larger
32. If it is quite to you, I will visit you next Tuesday.
A. convenient B. fair C. easy D. comfortable
33. - Have your working conditions improved?
- No, than before. I' m afraid.
A. no better B. a little better C. not worse D. no worse
34. , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
35. Follow your doctor’s advice, your cough will get worse.
A. or B. and C. then D. so
36. - Must I turn off the gas after cooking?
- Of course. You can never be careful with that.
A. enough B. too C. so D. very
37. Your uncle seems to be a good driver, I wouldn't dare to travel in his car.
A. even so B. even though C. therefore D. so
38. No one has been able to prove that fish is better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
A. some B. so C. as D. any
39. - Could you tell Lucy about the meeting when you see her?
- Sure, I will I see her.
A. certainly B. fortunately C. probably D. immediately
40. - Where does she work?
- In a bank. She did when I last saw her, .
A. however B. through C. yet D. anyway
41. In time of danger, it’s important that we keep .
A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
42. - What do you think of my garden, Tom?
- I doubt whether there’s one elsewhere.
A. a good B. the better C. the best D. a better
43. Thanks to the satellites, football games come to us on TV.
A. lively B. live C. alive D. living
44. As far as I' m concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, .
A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life
45. I won’t love you even if you fail in the coming exam.
A. any more B. any less C. no more D. no less
46. - It’s your favorite?
- Maybe, but it’s the place that I want to visit.
A. worst B. last C. best D. latest
47. The little girl couldn’t work the problem out. She wasn’t clever.
A. that B. much C. enough D. too
48. We are moved because Mr. Smiths always prepares his lessens into the night.
A. deeply; deeply B. deep; deep C. deeply; deep D. deep; deeply
49. I’d like to sleep with the window .
A. open wide B. open widely C. wide open D. opened wide
50. My brother was still studying into the night while I was asleep.
A. late; sound B. lately; wide C. deeply; far D. far; late
51. He lives in the house where he was born.
A. already B. yet C. still D. ever
52. I’m glad to say that she has already finished 50% of the book in three days.
A. no less than B. no more than C. not more than D. much less than
考点小资料：形容词和副词
1．多个形容词修饰同一名词的排列顺序，口诀如下：限定描绘大长高， 形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。
说明：限定词包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、数词等。描绘形容词是指表示对事物看法的形容词。
2．常见的仅作表语或后置定语的形容词：afraid，alive，alone，alike，ashamed，asleep，afloat，awake
3．仅作表语的形容词：content，i11，drunk，sure，liable，unable，well
4．以-1y结尾的常见形容词：lovely可爱的，friendly友好的，orderly有序的，slightly悦耳的，motherly母亲般的，sisterly姐妹般的，brotherly兄弟般的，manly男子汉气概的
5．常修饰比较级的副词：much, still, far, even, any, no, a little, a lot, a great deal.
6．比较级前可用：even，some，a bit/little，much，a lot，far，by far，no，not，any修饰，表程度。
最高级前可有序数词，by far，nearly， almost，by no means，not really，not quite，nothing like来修饰。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法和词汇考点详解----情景交际
【命题依据】 交际用语在历年高考试题中主要以单项填空形式（每年都有一至两道题）来考查考生口头交际的能力。近几年高考常考考点主要为：互相介绍、打电话、表达欣赏、征询意见、看法、猜测、劝说等。这些考点并不是通过对话来考查语法规则的运用，而是考查考生在特定的交际场合下，运用人们所习惯使用的一些表达方式的能力。由于高考单项填空试题中口语化趋势已十分明显，尤其是在听力试题中对交际用语的考查更为突出。因此，今后的高考命题不但不会降低对交际用语的考查力度，反而会进一步加大考查力度。特别是交际用语中有关表达欣赏、赞美、征询意见、看法、劝说等的知识将会是今后高考命题的热点。
[例题1] -Excuse me, could you tell me where I could make a call?
-Sorry, I’m a stranger here.
-____.
A. Thanks a lot B. That’s a pity
C. Thanks anyway D. I’m sorry to hear that
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是注意把握当请求他人帮助，而他人又帮不上忙时的回答方法。
【答案解析】根据对话情景可知，对话发生在两个陌生人之间，一人请求他人帮忙，但因为都是陌生人，未能提供帮助。对这种情景的回答，也要表示感谢，但在后面常用anyway 或all the same。答案C。
[例题2] -Excuse me!
-____
-How can I get to No.1 middle school?
A. Yes? B. That’s OK. C. What’s wrong? D. Pardon?
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是注意在交际用语中，询问他人要请求何种帮助时的表达方法。
【答案解析】根据上下文情景，选项部分是答话人询问他人有什么要请求帮助时的用语。对此回答，在口语中，我们常用Yes？“什么事啊?”来表达。答案A。
[例题3]-I’ve got a cough and my chest hurts.
-____. Let me examine you.
A. Don’t mind B. You should learn to protect yourself
C. Take it easy D. Keep calm. You will recover soon
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在看医生时，医生对病人的安慰的用法的表达。
【答案解析】该对话是医生与病人之间的会话，当医生听到病人的病情介绍之后，在诊断前医生通常会安慰一下病人，使病人不至于过分紧张。所以用 take it easy“别紧张”等来对病人表示安慰。答案C。
[例题4]-Well, my daughters take great interest in most of the food on the menu.
-Thanks. _____?
-Salad, fried fish, chips and orange juice, please.
A. Shall I take your order B. At your service
C. What to follow D. Can I help you
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是注意在餐馆里，客人与服务员之间常用的礼貌用语。
【答案解析】对话首句为顾客对餐馆食物的赞扬，接下来是服务员的礼貌性回答。根据第三句客人所讲内容可知， 选项部分为服务员让客人点菜，故用 Shall I take your order来表达。 B项意思为“听您的吩咐；随时提供方便”不符合情境。答案A。
[例题5] -I can’t thank you enough for the gift you sent me.
-____.
A. With pleasure B. No, thanks
C. Please don’t say so D. My pleasure
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意对他人的感谢回答用语的表达。
【答案解析】上句意思为“非常感谢你送给我的礼物”， 下句应用“不用谢，不客气”之类的用语。答案D。
[例题6] -Is this Mr. Black’s office, Joan?
-Yes, ____.
A. that’s all right B. it doesn’t matter
C. after you D. please yourself
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是注意情景交际中接待用语的表达。
【答案解析】根据问话可知选项部分为某一办公室接待人员回答客人的接待用语，句子意思为“这是Black 先生的办公室吗？琼”回答时应用after you“您请，您先请”来表达。答案C。
[例题7] -Would you like to go to play tennis with me in the school court this weekend?
-_____ What about another time?
A. I’d like that. Thanks. B. I’m sorry, I can’t.
C. Great! D. No, not in the least.
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据答话人所表达的意思对对方所提建议作出正确应答。
【答案解析】从答话人所说可知，对对方所提建议不能采用，因此应回答I’m sorry, I can’t 。答案B。
[例题8] -Hi, Mary. I enjoyed myself so much at your party last night.
-_____.
A. Oh, that’s kind of you B. Congratulations
C. It’s my pleasure D. Oh, I’m glad to hear that
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是准确把握对他人的夸奖、赞叹的应答方法。
【答案解析】根据上下文可知，该句是说话人对某件事的夸奖、赞叹，应答时应从表示感谢的角度回答。四个选项中，只有Oh， I’m glad to hear that含有此意。答案D。
[例题9] -You seem to get lost. Need help?
-____
A. Yes, give me a hand, please.
B. Help me find my bag, please.
C. I’m looking for the No.1 bus.
D. Yes, would you please help me with the bag?
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解问话人所表达的意思，从四个选项中找出符合句子逻辑的应答句。
【答案解析】根据题干中问话人的意思“你看上去迷路了，需要帮助吗？”,只有Yes, give me a hand, please.（“好，请帮我一个忙”）符合该情景，其它选项都偏离问话人的意思。答案A。
[例题10] -Don’t be disappointed. Have another go, OK?
-____.
A. With pleasure B. It’s my pleasure
C. That’s all D. Good idea
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握对他人表示鼓励性的建议的应答方式。
【答案解析】题干上句中Have another go 意思为“再试一下”，是对方的一种建议方式，三个选项A、B、C均不符合情景交际用语。只有 Good idea“好主意”符合情景。答案D。
[例题11] -Come in, please. Make yourself at home.
-____
-I’m glad you like it.
A. Thanks. You have a nice place here.
B. Oh, this picture is so beautiful.
C. Thanks. What nice food you’ve prepared！
D. OK. Let me look around your new house.
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握情景交际中表示邀请的应答用语的表达。
【答案解析】题干中第一句为说话人的邀请，第三句为说话人对对方的应答表示感谢，可知答话人在应答时对说话人的邀请首先要表示感谢，然后应根据第三句中I’m glad you like it（it指代房子）.进行赞美。选项B、C意思偏离主题；选项 D与下文句子意思不符。只有选项 A符合英国人说话的特点：初到某地，先对其赞美一番。答案A。
[例题12] -Hello, this is 86563286.
-____?
A. How are you B. Will you come to dinner tonight
C. Is that Tom D. Can I take a message
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握打电话用语在情景交际中的运用。
【答案解析】根据题干上句可知，是打电话用语。在电话中询问对方时常用Is that... speaking ?/ Who is that（speaking）?答案C。
[例题13]-Would you mind if I take the seat?
-____.
A. Yes, sit down, please B. No, not at all
C. Surely, never mind D. No, you can’t take it
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意以Do /Would you mind...的句型表示请求许可时的肯定和否定的回答。
【答案解析】在情景交际中，当对方以Do/ Would you mind...？提出请求时，若你同意对方的请求，要用 Not at all. /No, of course not./ No, go ahead.等进行回答；如果你不同意对方的请求。要用Yes, please don’t.等来回答。注意Never mind.不可用来回答Do/Would you mind...?的问句，常用在表示“道歉，后悔”的情景交际中。答案B。
责任编辑：李芳芳
形容词、副词
(一)形容词
形容词(adjective)是用来描写或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。形容词的语法特征是：
1)一般置于其所修饰的名词之前。如：
A solitary tree stood in the field after the horrible fire.
大火过后一株孤零零的树矗立在田野里。
2)多数形容词具有比较等级。如：
I suppose he was a better painter than Qi baishi.
我认为他是一个比齐白石更出色的画家。
She was the most active of us.
她在我们中最活跃。
3)有独特的后缀。如：
-able, -ible: eatable 能吃的，accessible 容易得到的
-al： formal 正式的，central 中心的
-ant, -ent: important 重要的，different 不同的
-ary, -ory: elementary 基本的，contradictory 矛盾的
-ful: useful 有用的，doubtful 怀疑的
-ic: patriotic 爱国的，heroic 英勇的
-ive: comparative 比较的，progressive 进步的
-less: helpless 无助的，useless 无用的
-ous: famous 著名的，dangerous 危险的
-y: dirty 肮脏的，rainy 多雨的
以及否定前缀。如：
-un: unhappy 不幸的，unequal 不相等的
_in: incomplete 不完全的，indifferent 不关心的
形容词的种类
形容词根据其构成可分为简单形容词与复合形容词。
1)简单形容词由一单词构成。如：
good 好的 green 绿的
long 长的 large 大的
bright 明亮的
有些形容词由分词构成。如：
interesting 引起兴趣的 charming 媚人的
disappointing 令人失望的 (以上是现在分词)
learned 博学的 tired 疲倦的
spoiled 宠坏了的 (以上是过去分词)
2)复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。如：
good-looking 好看的 heartbreaking 令人伤心的
hand-made 手工制作的 duty-free 免税的
new-born 新生的 absent-minded 漫不经心的
有些短语和句子亦可构成形容词。如：
a hard-to-please employer 难以取悦的雇主
a life-and-death struggle 生死存亡的斗争
a get-rich-quick scheme 一个发财快的计谋
形容词又可根据其与所修饰名词的关系分为限制性形容词(restrictive adjective)与描述性形容词(descriptive adjective)。
限制性形容词表示事物的本质，其位置紧挨着它所修饰的名词，二者关系如同一体。限制性形容词不可缺少，否则会影响名词的意义。如：
a Catholic church 天主教教堂
a French dish 法式菜
a Shakespearian play 莎士比亚剧
描述性形容词又称作非限制性形容词。它仅起一种描绘性的作用，其位置可在限制性形容词之前。如果省去不用，亦不致影响所修饰名词的本义。如：
an impressive Catholic church 一座气势宏伟的天主教教堂
a delicious French dish 一道味美的法式菜
a historical Shakespearian play 一出莎士比亚历史剧
形容词的限制性与描述性并非固定不变。同一个形容词，如true，即可作限制性形容词，如a true report(真实的报告)；又可作描述性形容词，如a true scholar(真正的学者)。
多数形容词皆可独立运用，但有少数形容词则不可，它们必须与特定的介词连用。这种形容词唤作相对形容词(relative adjective)。如：
I am averse to shopping down town because I dislike crowds.
我不乐意在市区买东西，因为我不喜欢人挤人。(averse须后接介词to)
有些形容词在意义上有主动与被动之分。不少具有被动意义的形容词以-ble结尾。试比较：
respectful 对人尊敬的(主动)
respectable 受人尊敬的(被动)
形容词的用法
形容词可修饰名词和代词，在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语、独立成分等。
1)用作定语。如：
A good boy must behave himself.
好孩子应当行为规矩。
The old man was too feeble to take his usual daily stroll.
这个老人太虚弱，已不能像平常那样每天散步了。
The wind from the north is bringing heavy rains.
北风带来大雨。
有些形容词只能用作定语，故称之为定语形容词。如：
She's an utter stranger to me.
她对我来说是个完全陌生的人。(utter只能作定语)
形容词作定语时，有时表面上修饰甲，实质上乃指乙(多指人)。这种形容词叫做转移形容词(transferred epithets)。如：
I passed a sleepless night.
我度过了一个不眠之夜。
有些形容词形式上修饰名词，实际上相当于副词，修饰名词所内含的动作。如：
an early riser 起得早的人(=somebody who rises early)
a hard worker勤劳的工人(=somebody who works hard)
a frequent visitor常客(=somebody who visits frequently)
同一个形容词，用作定语时，在不同的上下文中可能有不同的意义。如：
a mad doctor 精神病医生或有精神病的医生
a criminal lawyer 刑事律师或犯罪的律师
2)用作表语。如：
He is very strong.
他非常健壮。
That's excellent!
那太好了!(可省去that's，变成Excellent!再如Wonderful!真棒!)
Be careful!
小心!(形容词一般不可单独表示命令与劝告，故不可省略为Careful!)
有些形容词只能用作表语，故称之为表语形容词。这种形容词常见的有well, ill以及以a-起首的afraid, alike, awake, aware, ashamed, alone, alive等。
The patient is asleep.
病人睡着了。
I'm glad to see you.
见到你真高兴。(形容词作表语后接动词不定式)
He's fond of music.
他喜欢音乐。(形容词作表语后接介词短语)
Are you sure he will come?
你肯定他会来吗?(形容词作表语后接宾语从句)
3)用作主语补语。如：
The room was found empty.
房间发现是空的。
4)用作宾语补语。如：
Have you got everything ready for the journey?
你准备好了行装没有?
I can't drink it hot.
这东西热的我不能喝。
Who has left the door open?
谁把门敞开的?
5)有些形容词可用作副词，修饰另一形容词。如：
icy cold 冰冷的 ghostly pale 像鬼一般苍白的
real good 真好的 mighty clever 非常聪明的
wide open 大开的 jolly good 很好的
dead tired 十分疲倦的 dark red 深红的
［注］在口语nice and clean(挺干净)和good and ready(准备妥当)中的nice与good实际上亦相当于副词。
6)用作独立成分。如：
Strange to say, he is still ignorant of it.
说也奇怪，他还不知道这件事。
I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
我说它会发生，它果然发生了。
More important, he's got a steady job.
更重要的是他得到了一个稳定的工作。(当代英语也常用副词形式more importantly)
名词化的形容词
用作名词的形容词叫做名词化的形容词。名词化的形容词常与定冠词连用。
1)泛指一类人，含复数概念，作主语时要求复数动词。如：
The good are happy.
善者长乐。
The sick were sent home.
病员被送回家。
The English are great lovers of tea.
英国人很喜欢喝茶。
2)指抽象事物，作主语时要求单数动词。如：
The beautiful can never die.
美是不朽的。
The true is to be distinguished from the false.
真伪要辨明。
The moon was at the full.
今宵月正圆。
3)有些形容词可加复数词尾-s。如：
I asked one of the locals which way to go.
我向一个当地人问路。
We are taking our finals next week.
我们下星期举行期末考试。
形容词的位置
形容词一般置于它所修饰的名词之前。如：
The boy spent all of his free time playing electronic games.
这个男孩用他所有课余时间去玩电子游戏。
The railroads are still a significant mode of transport.
铁路现在还是一种重要的运输方式。
但在某些情况下，它却可置于它所修饰的名词之后。
1)形容词修饰由some, any, every, no等构成的复合不定代词时须后置。如：
Tell me something interesting.
给我说些有意思的事。
Anyone intelligent can do it.
任何有智力的人都能做这件事。
In the 1930's everything Japanese was in the dog house.
在20世纪30年代，日本的一切东西都不受欢迎。
No, there is nothing special.
不，没有什么特别的东西。
2)表语形容词必须后置。如：
The house ablaze is next door to me.
那家着火的房子就在我的隔壁。
The boats afloat were not seen by the enemy.
水上的小船没有被敌人发现。
有些形容词用作非限制性定语时亦可后置。如：
The man, silent, stood beside her.
这个男人一声不吭，站在她旁边。
The man, nervous, opened the letter.
这个男人神情紧张地拆开信。
3)以-able和-ible结尾的形容词可置于前有最高级形容词或only等词的名词之后。如：
That is the greatest difficulty imaginable.
那是最大不过的一种困难。
That is the only solution possible.
那是唯一可行的解决办法。
He is the best person available.
他是现有的最好人选。
［注］上述三例中的形容词亦可置于名词之前而意义不变。
另外，还有past, positive, total, following, preceding等亦可前置或后置而意义不变。如：
in past years或in years past 过去的年月
positive proof或proof positive 正面的证据
total sum或sum total 总数
the preceding years或the years preceding 以前的年月
the following days或the days following 以后的日子
4)在由古法语演变来的固定短语中。如：
court-martial 军事法庭
the body politic 国家
postmaster general 邮政部长
还有些是受法语表达影响的短语。如：
accounts payable 应付帐目
president-elect 当选总统
下列固定用法亦属于这一类：
Monday to Friday inclusive 星期一至星期五，含首尾两天
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
devil incarnate 魔鬼的化身
5)和空间、时间单位合用时。如：
two months ago 两个月以前
a ruler twelve inches long 12英寸长的尺
a well fifteen feet deep 15英尺深的井
6)形容词enough一般须后置。如：
I have time enough.
我有足够的时间。
但也可前置。如：
I have enough time.
7)成对的形容词可以后置。如：
There was a huge cupboard, simple and beautiful.
有一个大食橱，简朴而美观。
She has many pencils, blue and red.
她有许多铅笔，有蓝的，有红的。
后置形容词有时可有两个以上。如：
Never had I seen a face so happy, sweet and rediant.
我从未见过如此幸福甜美容光焕发的面孔。
8)形容词短语一般须后置，往往相当于定语从句。如：
I think he is a man suitable for the job.
我认为他是适合做这项工作的人。
We need a place twice larger than this one.
我们需要一个比这里大一倍的地方。
A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.
一个如此难以取悦的人一定不好共事。(也可说so difficult a man to please…)
前置形容词的排列顺序
有一个以上的词语修饰名词时，它们的次序往往比较固定。限定词一般皆置于第一位，其它修饰语则常根据其与名词的亲疏关系依次排列。如：
a weak small spare old man 一个瘦弱的小老头儿(不定冠词+ 描绘形容词+ 特征形容词［大小鲂巫穿瞿炅洌+ 名词)
the first beautiful little white Chinese stone bridge 那第一座美丽的中国小白石桥(定冠词+ 数词+ 描绘形容词+ 特征形容词［大小鲅丈］+ 专有形容词+ 名词性定语+ 名词)
a few new major urban highways 几条新的主要城区公路(不定代词+ 特征形容词［新旧龃笮。+ 类属形容词+ 名词)
a pretty purple silk dress 一件漂亮的紫绸女衣(不定冠词+ 描绘形容词+ 表颜色的形容词+ 表材料的形容词+ 名词)
a very valuable bronze Egyptian cat 一只非常珍贵的埃及铜猫(不定冠词+ 描绘形容词+ 名词性定语+ 专有形容词+ 名词)
a tall intelligent young Chinese officer 一个聪慧的个子很高的年轻的中国军官(不定冠词+ 描绘形容词［短词龀ご剩+ 表特征的形容词［年龄］+ 专有形容词+ 名词)
some sour green eating apples 一些酸绿的食用苹果(不定代词+ 描绘形容词+ 表颜色的形容词+ 动名词+ 名词)
从上述词语看来，修饰名词的次序大致为：限定词(包括冠词、物主、指示、不定代词等)
数词雒杌嫘稳荽(短词在前，长词在后)表特征的形容词(包括大小、形状、新旧、年龄等，次序也大致如此，但不甚固定)霰硌丈的形容词霰砝嗍舻男稳荽(包括专有形容词和表材料质地的形容词)+ 名词性定语(包括动名词)+ 名词。但在语言实际中，例外情况为数不少。如上述名词性定语bronze置于专有形容词Egyptian之前。
有些形容词的次序可以颠倒而意义不变，如既可说a thin dark face, 亦可说a dark thin face。有时则意义可能大不一样，如dirty British books意谓“弄脏了的英国书”，而British dirty books则很可能意谓“英国的黄色书籍”。
上述词语多用于笔语中，口语中很少有形容词堆砌的情况。
(二)副 词
副词(adverb)是用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：
She did not speak to him much.
她不和他常说话。(修饰动词)
He turned to the politically active youth.
他变成了政治上积极的青年。(修饰形容词)
“What happened?”I asked, rather sharply.
“发生了什么事?”我颇为严厉地问。(修饰副词)
Unfortunately, he wasn't at home when we came.
遗憾的是，当我们来到时他不在家。(修饰全句)
副词具有多样性。在词义上，有些副词本身含有实义，有些则仅为了强调而已。如：
A bat suddenly flew out.
一只蝙蝠突然飞走了。(有实义)
I am extremely sorry.
我非常对不起。(强调用)
在功用上，有些副词可修饰单词、短语、从句以及全句。如：
We often talked about bulls and bull-fighters.
我们时常谈论公牛和斗牛士。(副词often修饰动词talked)
Lucia returned home at 5 o'clock precisely.
露西娅正5点回到家。(副词precisely修饰at 5 o'clock 短语)
You shouldn't work so hard, especially after you have been ill.
你不应该这样用功，特别是在你生病以后。(副词especially修饰after从句)
You will probably find this book in the library.
你大概会在图书馆找到这本书。(副词probably修饰全句)
在形式上，许多副词带有后缀-ly，有些则与形容词等其它词类相似。如：
带后缀-ly strongly, quickly, badly等。
不带后缀-ly slow, high, now等。
副词的种类
副词可按其意义分为：
1)方式副词，具有最典型的状语形式，即形容词加后缀-ly。如：
quickly 快地 neatly 整洁地
awkwardly 笨拙地 largely 大半地
2)地点、方向副词。如：
here 这里 away 远离
outside 外面 left 左边
straight 径直 west 向西
这类副词还应包括可用作副词的介词形式。如：
come in 进来 step down 走下
有些表示地点、方向的古英语形式不时还见于文学作品中。如：
hither(=here) 这里
thither(=there) 那里
yonder(=over there) 那边
hence(=from here) 从这里
thence(=from there) 从那里
whither(=where) 往哪里
3)时间副词，有的表确定时间。如：
yesterday 昨天 today 今天
tomorrow 明天
这类副词有的具有名词形式，并有复数形式。如：
He works nights and sleeps days.
他夜间工作白天睡觉。
有时一个词组为一个时间单位。如：
last week 上周
a month ago 一个月以前
the day before yesterday 前天
有的表不定时间。如：
recently 最近nowadays 现今
still 仍然 already 已经
immediately 立刻 just 刚刚
还有的表时间序列。如：
now 现在 then 然后
before 以前 first 首先
next 其次 later 后来
有的表时间频率。如：
always 永远 often 经常
sometimes 有时 never 决不
4)强调副词，有的从程度上强调，回答how much。如：
almost 几乎 entirely 完全
mearly 差不多 partially 部分
wholly 整个 wittedly 彻底
有的从意义上强调。如：
very 很 too 太
quite 十分 rather 颇
extremely 极 more 较
这类副词中有些仅用于非正式文体。如：
so 这么 pretty 相当
awfully 非常 terribly 极其
dreadfully 极端 horribly 分外
有的从程度上强调，回答how complete。如：
especially 特别 even 甚至
exactly 确实 just 正好
only 仅仅 simply 简直
这类副词一般位于其所修饰的词之前。如：
She was not especially pretty.
她不是特别漂亮。
This isn't exactly right.
这不全对。
这类副词还可修饰名词、代词、介词短语和从句等。如：
Even John agreed to come.
连约翰也同意来。(修饰名词John)
Only she could come.
只有她能来。(修饰代词she)
He went to the party only because of his wife.
他仅仅是由于他妻子的缘故才去参加晚会。(修饰介词短语)
I don't know exactly when I can come.
我不知道具体什么时间我能来。(修饰从句)
［注］副词only常放在全句谓语之前，但并不一定修饰谓语。如：
①I'll only be a moment.
我只一会儿就回来。(only修饰a moment)
②I only heard John.
我只听见约翰的声音。(only修饰John)
副词还可按其形式分为：
1)简单副词。如：
just 刚刚 well 好
back 在后 near 在附近
very 很 enough 足够
有些简单副词与形容词同形。如：
a near relation近亲(形容词)
to come near 走近(副词)
a fast car 行得快的车(形容词)
to drive fast 开快车(副词)
a daily newspaper 日报(形容词)
a daily published newspaper 每日出版的报纸(副词)
［注］pretty一词用作形容词时，意谓“漂亮的”，应读重些；用作副词时，意谓“相当”，应读轻些。试比较：
apretty dark dress 一件漂亮的黑女装
a pretty dark dress 一件相当黑的女装
在非正式文体中，有些形容词可用作副词。如：
real nice 真好 awful good 极好
plain silly 太傻 mighty helpful 大为有助
美国英语中的sure等于英国英语中的certainly或of course。如：
(8)-Would you like to come?
你愿意来吗?
-Sure!
当然!
2)复合副词。如：
somehow 不知怎么地 nowhere 无处
therefore 因此 somewhat 有点
有的常用于书面。如：
whereupon 因此 hereby 特此
herewith 顺此 whereto 向那时
3)派生副词，许多副词由形容词和分词后加后缀-ly而成。如：
odd鰋ddly 奇怪的銎婀值
interesting鰅nterestingly 有趣的鲇腥さ
determined鰀eterminedly 决意的鼍鲆獾
注意以辅音+ y(读作/i/)结尾的形容词变为副词时，须将y变为i，再加-ly，如easily, happily等。以-ll结尾的形容词变为副词时，只加-y, 如chilly, fully等。以辅音+ le结尾的形容词变为副词时须省去-le，再加-ly, 如ably, idly, singly, simply(supplely例外)，subtly等。以-ue结尾的形容词变为副词时，须省去-e, 再加-ly，如truly, duly等。以-ic结尾的形容词变作副词时，须加-ally, 如heroically, domestically, tragically等。(但public的副词形式须作publicly)。此外，shy和sly的副词形式常作shyly和slyly, gay和dry则有两种副词形式，分别为gaily, gayly和drily, dryly。
［注］有些形容词一般并没有派生副词形式，如difficult, big, future, 以及以a-起首的awake, alive, asleep等。除由形容词和分词派生的副词外，还有从其它词语变来的副词，如weekly(名词+ ly)，firstly(数词+ ly), mostly(不定代词+ ly), overly(介词+ ly), matter-of-factly(短语+ ly)等。
有些副词有两种不同的形式，一种与形容词同形，另一种由形容词加后缀-ly构成。二者有时区别不大，只不过不带-ly的副词常用于非正式英语中而已。如：
drive slow 汽车开慢点
drive slowly 汽车开慢点
direct to the office 直接去办公室
directly to the office 直接去办公室
［注］上列成对副词有时并不能相互通用，如副词slow一般只与go, drive, walk等动词连用；direct则多用于表路程和表时间等。
但在许多情况下，二者是有区别的。有的在意义上不同。如：
pretty good 相当好
prettily dressed 穿着漂亮
work hard 工作努力
hardly enough 几乎不够
有的则只是在用法上不同：不带-ly的副词往往用在直接或具体的场合，带-ly的副词往往用在抽象的场合。试比较：
jump high 跳得高(具体)
highly developed 高度发展的(抽象)
Follow close behind. 紧跟在后面。(具体而直接)
She resembles her father closely. 她很像她父亲。(抽象)
副词除常用的后缀外，还有一些其它后缀。如：
-wise: clockwise 顺时针方向地
-ward(s): northward(s) 向北方
-fashion: schoolboy-fashion 学生式
-ways: sideways 斜着
-style: cowboy-style 牛仔型
有些副词带有前缀a-。如：
abroad 在国外 ahead 在前面
around 在周围 aloud 大声
alike 相像、同样 alone 独自
副词还可按其功用分为：
1)句子副词，这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系，而不是修饰某个动词。如：
Fortunately, no one was hurt.
幸亏没有人受伤。
He evidently thinks that he can do no wrong.
他显然认为他不会做错事。
这类副词还有一些。如：
presumably 大概 actually 实际上
obviously 显而易见 evidently 显然
unexpectedly 出其不意 decidedly 明显
表示轻微程度感情的感叹词，如well, indeed, now以及表示肯定与否定的yes和no，也可属于这一类。
词组也可作为句子副词，如by all(no)means, in my opinion, strangely enough等。
2)连接副词，这类副词用以连接句子、分句或从句，类似句子副词。它们可表示各种关系。
有的表结果。如：
therefore 因此 accordingly 从而
有的表添补。如：
moreover 再者 besides 此外
有的表对比。如：
however 不管怎样 nevertheless 然而
有的表条件。如：
otherwise 否则
有的表时间。如：
then 然后
3)解释副词，这类副词用于举例或列举。如：
namely 即 i. e. (=that is) 那就是
for example 例如 e. g. (=for example) 例如
as 如 viz(=namely) 即
4)关系副词，这类副词有when, where, why等，用以引导定语从句。如：
We visited the house where a famous poet once lived.
我们参观了一位著名诗人曾经住过的房子。
I have heard my father speak of the war of 1870 when he was in the militia.
我听父亲说过1870年的战争，他当时在当民兵。
5)缩合连接副词，这类副词主要由先行词与关系副词缩合而成，多用以引导名词性从句，它们有when(=the time when), where(=the place where), why(=the reason why), whenever(=any time when), wherever(=any place where), however(=no matter how)等。带有-ever的副词常引导状语从句，有“任何”或“不论”的含义。如：
You don't know when you are lucky.
你在福中不知福。(when引导一宾语从句)
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。(where引导一表语从句)
That's why he didn't come.
这就是他没有来的原故。(why引导一表语从句)
Come and see me whenever you want to.
你什么时候想来见我都可以。(whenever引导一时间状语从句)
Sit wherever you like.
你爱坐哪儿都可以。(wherever引导一地点状语从句)
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
我不论在哪儿，都会想你的。(wherever引导一地点状语从句)
The painting looks wrong however you look at it.
这张画不论怎么看都显得不对劲。(however引导一方式状语从句)
6)疑问副词，这类副词有when, where, why, how，用于疑问句。如：
When will he arrive?
他什么时候到?
I asked when he would arrive.
我问他什么时候到。
7)感叹副词。如：
How beautifully she dressed!
她穿着得多漂亮啊!(修饰副词)
How beautiful she is!
她多漂亮!(修饰形容词)
副词的功用
副词在句中主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词和全句。
1)修饰动词，方式副词可直接修饰动词。如：
The boy threw the ball quickly.
这个男孩抛球抛得快。
地点、时间副词也可修饰动词。如：
The boy quickly threw the ball there twice yesterday.
这个男孩昨天在那儿两次抛球抛得快。
2)修饰形容词，有些副词可在形容词前修饰形容词。如：
The very small boy threw the ball quickly.
这个很小的男孩抛球抛得快。
［注］副词quite修饰可比较的形容词时，意谓“相当”，如That's quite good。当它修饰不可比较的形容词时，则意谓“十分”或“完全”，如She's quite right。
(3)修饰副词，有些副词可在另一副词前修饰副词。如：
She drives rather fast。
她车开得相当快。
［注］副词enough修饰形容词与副词时则须置于其后。如：
①It's hot enough to go swimming.
天气真够热，可以去游泳。(修饰形容词hot)
②He swam quickly enough to pass the test.
他游得真够快，可以通过测试。(修饰副词quickly)
4)修饰全句，有些副词可修饰整个句子。如：
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.
平常我们是7点吃早饭。
Hopefully we can get this done before dark.
我们希望能在天黑以前把这项工作做完。(hopefully=we are hopeful that)
此外，副词还有下列几种用法：
5)修饰小品词(即用作副词的介词)和介词，有一些强调副词，特别是right, well，可修饰小品词和介词。如：
He knocked the man right out.
他把那个人完全打败了。(修饰小品词out)
They left her well behind.
他们把她远远丢在后面。(修饰小品词behind)
He made his application well within the time.
他按时递交了申请书。(修饰介词within)
6)修饰某些不定代词和数词。如：
Nearly everybody came to our party.
几乎所有的人都来参加我们的晚会了。(修饰代词everybody)
They have improved roughly half their equipment.
他们已改进了大约一半的设备。(修饰数词half)
Virtually all the students participated in the discussion.
实际上所有学生都参加了讨论。(修饰代词all)
We counted approximately the first thousand votes.
我们数的大约是首批千张票。(修饰数词the first thousand)
7)修饰名词，置于“不定冠词+ 名词”之前，用以增强语气。这类副词最常用的有quite和rather。如：
We had quite a party.
我们举行了一个蛮好的晚会。(修饰a party)
It was rather a mess.
事情相当糟。(修饰a mess)
Even a child can understand that.
连孩子也明白那样的事。
某些副词可直接置于名词之前。如：
Who was the then Prime Minister?
谁是当时的总理?
He has inside information about the talks.
他有关于这次会谈的内部情报。
某些副词可直接置于名词之后。如：
Life here is full of joy.
这里的生活充满欢乐。
I met her the week before.
上上个星期我见过她。
The meeting yesterday lasted more than three hours.
昨天的会开了三个多小时。
8)用作表语。如：
Father is away.
父亲离家在外。
Is anybody in?
里面有人吗?
The meal was afterwards.
后来吃的饭。
9)用作宾语补语。如：
Ask him in, please.
请他进来。
I went to see him only to find him out.
我去看他，不料他不在家。
10)用作介词宾语，有些表示地点、时间的副词可以用作介词宾语。如：
Come over here!
到这边来!
Don't put off until tomorrow what can be done today.
不要将今天可做的事拖到明天。
副词的位置
副词的位置比较灵活。
1)有的副词，如sometimes, often, soon, perhaps等，可置于句首、句中或句末。如：
Sometimes she comes late.
有时她来得晚。(置于句首，即在主语前，这是最强调的位置)
She sometimes comes late.
(置于句中，和谓语动词一起)
She comes late sometimes.
(置于句末，在动词及宾语或补语之后，这个位置的强调性弱于句首，但强于句中)
2)有些副词常用在句中，多表频度，如often, always, never, seldom等。它们的位置又与动词有无助动词有关。句中无助动词时，副词置于动词be之后，其它动词之前。如：
She is always late.
她总是晚到。(副词置于is之后)
He always comes late.
他总是晚到。(副词置于comes之前)
动词带有一至三个助动词时，副词通常置于第一个助动词之后。如：
I shall always remember it.
我将永远记住这件事。(副词置于助动词shall之后)
动词前有情态动词时，副词置于情态动词之后。如：
You must never get off the tram when it is moving.
电车开动时你绝不可下车。(副词置于情态动词must之后)
可以置于句中的副词还有already, really, just, still, certainly，almost, nearly, suddenly等。
3)句中副词如移至助动词之前，则是为了强调紧跟在其后的助动词。如：
He never has been and never will be successful.
他现在和以后都不会成功。(强调助动词has和will)
You never can tell.
你很难说。(强调情态动词can)
4)多数副词皆置于谓语动词之后，如有宾语，则置于宾语之后。如：
Please read carefully.
请仔细地读。
Please read the poem carefully.
请仔细地阅读这首诗。
但如副词在句中的地位不很重要，它亦可置于动词之前。如：
He carefully read the poem.
他仔细地读了那首诗。
如果宾语部分较长，副词也可置于动词与宾语之间。如：
Please read carefully all the sections in the book that deal with adverbs.
请仔细阅读书中讨论副词的所有部分。
［注］有些可作介词的副词，既可放在宾语之后，亦可放在宾语之前，如I'll put the light on或I'll put on the light。但宾语如是人称代词，则须说I'll put it on。这样的副词还有up, down, in, out, away等。
5)在疑问句中，副词一般只能放在句中或句末。如：
Does he usually work so late?
他通常都工作到这么晚吗?
在有一个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词常放在实义动词之前。如：
Has he fully recovered?
他完全康复了吗?
Can you honestly say you have done your best?
你能老实说你已经尽了最大的努力吗?
在有两个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词的位置与其在陈述句中的位置相同。如：
Will he be severely punished?
他会受到严厉的处罚吗?(陈述句为He will be severely punished)
6)在祈使句中，多数副词置于句末。如：
Do it quickly!
快干!
Go there tomorrow.
明天去那里。
副词never和always一般在祈使句中占有句首位置。如：
Never(Always) buy expensive clothes.
决不要(或总是要)买贵重的衣裳。
7)有时表示序列的副词位于句首。如：
First deliver the package, then go to the post office.
先送包裹，然后去邮局。
［注］关于修饰形容词、副词、名词以及全句的副词的位置见前节有关各部分。
(三)形容词、副词的比较等级
比较等级的含义
英语里形容词与副词有三个比较等级，即原级(positive degree), 比较级(comparative degree)和最高级(superlative degree)。
一般说来，表示“等于”时用原级。如：
I'm just as busy today as I was yesterday.
我今天和昨天一样忙。
表示二者的比较时用比较级。如：
I'm much busier today than I was yesterday.
我今天比昨天忙多了。
表示“最……”时用最高级。如：
That was the busiest day of my life.
那是我一生中最忙的一天。
在汉语里，可以说“北京的天气比上海冷”，或“这个幼儿园的孩子被照顾得比那个幼儿园好”，在英语里则必须用that或those。如：
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.
The children of this kindergarten are better taken care of than those of that kinder garden.
形容词的比较等级
形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表：
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
1. 单音节词末尾加-er和-est great 伟大的 greater greatest
2. 单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st brave 勇敢的
fine 好的 Braver
finer bravest
finest
3. 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est big 大的
hot 热的 bigger
hotter biggest
hottest
4. 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er，和-est(以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词仍只加-r和-st) happy 快乐的
clever 聪明的
narrow 狭窄的
able 能 happier
cleverer
narrower
abler happiest
cleverest
narrowest
ablest
5. 其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most difficult 困难的 more
difficult most
difficult
注意：
1)形容词比较等级所加的-er和-est，自成一个音节，分别读作//和/ist/。如：
tall taller tallest
happy happier happiest
thin thinner thinnest
fine finer finest
如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母r，在加-er和-est时r要发/r/音。如：
near nearer nearest
clear clearer clearest
如果形容词原级词末的发音为//, 在加-er和-est时，//音后须加一个/g/音。如：
long longer longest
strong stronger strongest
2)有些单音节词的比较等级常用more和most，如glad, fond, shy, sly(但like只可用more和most)。有些单音节词则用-er和-est或more和most皆可，如free, clear等。有些双音节词亦如此，如secure, cruel, pretty, lively等(但real只可用more和most)。当代英语似有多用more和most的趋势。
分词形容词的比较等级一律用more和most，如：
worn more worn most worn
tired more tired most tired
interesting more interesting most interesting
［注］注意wicked不是分词，故须用-er和-est。
3)英语里有些形容词的比较等级变化是不规则的。这些形容词有：
good
better best
well
bad
worse worst
ill
many
more most
much
little
less least
few
farther farthest
far
further furthest
older oldest
old
elder eldest
later latest
late
latter last+
［注］不定代词many, much, little, new和形容词一样亦有比较等级，故皆列在这里。
little作“小”解时，其比较等级一般与small同。few则常用规则的比较等级fewer和fewest，但在当代英语里亦可用less和least。
elder和eldest在英国英语里只可表家庭成员之年长关系，如his elder brother, his eldest child。但在美国英语里，不论指“老、旧”或“长幼”，皆用older和oldest。
另外还有former, foremost; inner, innermost; hinder, hindmost; outer, outmost
(utmost); upper, uppermost等比较形式。
4)英语里表示“较不……”和“最不……”时可用less与least。如：
difficult, less difficult, least difficult
有些复合形容词亦有两种比较形式。如：
better-behaved
well-behaved
more well-behaved
best-behaved
most well-behaved
better-known
well-known
more well-known
best-known
most well-known
5)英语里有一些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较等级形式，如：right, excellent,
wrong, naked, perfect, infinite, simultaneous, wooden, absolute, chief, entire, eternal,
final, fatal, possible, main, inevitable, primary, sufficient, supreme, unanimous, univerl, utter, vital, whole等。
但这并不是绝对的。例如有人可能会说：
You brother is more right than you seem to realize.
你弟弟要比你似乎所认为的更正确。
You are younger and your digestion should be more perfect.
你年轻，你的消化力应当比较强。
副词的比较等级
副词比较等级形式的变化与形容词大致相同，但以后缀-ly结尾的副词须用more和most。如：
hard harder hardest
fast faster fastest
early earlier earliest
quickly more quickly most quickly
carefully more carefully most carefully
［注］early末尾的-ly并非后缀，故其比较等级不用more和most。又，有些副词的比较等级既可用-er和-est，亦可用more和most，如often等。
下列副词的比较等级为不规则变化：
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
farther farthest
far
further furthest
形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法
形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。
1)原级常用于“as+ 原级+ as”结构。如：
He's as tall as I.
他和我一样高。(口语中一般用me)
He likes her as much as he likes his sister.
他很喜欢她，同喜欢他的姐妹一样。
否定的原级用not as…as或not so…as，二者一般无甚区别。如：
He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.
他没有他兄弟抽烟抽得凶。
注意下面句中的词序：
Germen is just as difficult a language as English.
德语同英语一样难学。(不定冠词须放在difficult之后)
在一定的上下文中，as…as结构中的as从句可省去。如：
To criticize like him one must be as generous and as wise.
要想象他那样进行文学批评，我们就必须和他一样地大度和聪慧。
2)比较级常用于“比较级+ than”结构。如：
He is taller than I.
他比我高。(口语中一般用me)
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
她见我比见她弟弟更经常。
否定比较与否定原级一样，也用not as(so)…as…结构，也可用less…than结构。如：
(8)This word is less frequent in British English than in American English.
这个词在英国英语里比在美国英语里少见。(往往可代之以This word is not so frequent in British English as in American English)
也可用副词比较级。如：
This word is used less frequently in British English than in American English.
这个词在英国英语中不及在美国英语中常用。
在一定的上下文中，than从句可以省去。如：
You ought to have told me earlier.
你应当早些对我说。
［注］注意He is the taller of the two(他是两个人中的较高者)这一句中的taller前有定冠词the。
3)最高级常用于“the+ 最高级+ 比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。如：
This is the best picture in the hall.
这是大厅里最好的一张画。(比较范围为短语)
This is the best picture that he has ever painted.
这是他所画的画当中最好的一幅。(比较范围为从句)
He sings the best in the class.
他在班里唱得最好。(the在此是副词)(副词最高级常可省去the)
在非正式文体中，比较范围亦可用“of any…”短语。如：
The dog has a funny, short tail and certainly the funniest face of any dog in the world.
这狗有一条短而逗人的尾巴，它的脸肯定是世上最逗人的狗脸了。
形容词的否定最高级也可用the least。如：
She wanted to know how to do it with the least amount of bother.
她想知道如何干这件事麻烦最少。
在一定的上下文中，表示“比较范围”的短语或从句可省去。如：
This is the best possible answer.
这是最好的回答了。
在一定的上下文中，形容词最高级后的名词(即所谓中心词)亦可省去。如：
This is the best of all.
这是所有当中最好的。
形容词、副词比较等级的其它用法
形容词、副词的比较等级还有一些其它用法。
1)原级的其它用法
a)as(so)…as结构前可以用just, almost, nearly, half等词表示程度。如：
She hasn't been quite so unlucky as she pretends.
她并不很像她所装做的那样倒运。
He doesn't dress half so strangely as Mike.
他的衣着的奇异远不及迈克。
You're sewing nearly as neatly as her.
你的针线活差不多和她一样干净利落。
b)注意下面句中as…as的用法：
She is as gifted as she is diligent.
她不但有天赋，而且勤奋。
The slogan is as easy to remember as it is hard to forget.
这个口号好记而且难忘。
有时as从句中的主语和连系动词可省去。如：
(6)Come as soon as possible.
尽快来吧。
有些as…as结构则是现成说法，如as well as, as much as, as far as, as far back as, as good as, as long as，as soon as, as often as not等。
c)as从句的省略结构，可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语。如：
Is he as handsome as his brother?
他有他哥哥漂亮吗?
Does she dance as gracefully as her sister?
她的舞跳得有她姐姐优美吗?
可以省去部分谓语部分，保留主语和be, have或助动词。如：
I have as many assignments as you have.
我的作业和你一样多。
Now hold your breath as long as you can.
现在你要尽量地摒住呼吸。
可以省去主语与谓语部分，只保留修饰语(多为状语)。如：
It's as warm there as in Beijing.
那里的天气和北京一样暖和。
2)比较级的其它用法
a)比较级前可用many, much, far, a little, a bit, slightly, a great(good)deal, a lot, completely等词语表示不定度量。如：
The sun is much bigger than the earth.
太阳比地球大得多。
The sun is a lot bigger and brighter than the moon.
太阳比月亮大得多、亮得多。
b)比较级前可用any和no。如：
He was too tired to walk any further.
他太累了，走不动了。
The train is no longer in sight.
列车再也看不见了。
注意下面句子的结构及含义：
I don't like smoking any more than you do.
我和你同样不喜欢吸烟。
I know no more Spanish than I know Greek.
我对西班牙语和希腊语同样都不懂。
c)no more(less)than与not more(less)than的含义不同，前者言其少(多)，后者则只意谓“不多(少)于”。试比较：
I have no more than five yuan in my pocket.
我口袋里的钱只不过5元。(no more than等于“只不过”，言其少)
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket.
我口袋里的钱不多于5元。(not more than等于“不多于”，“至少”，无言其多或少的含义)
He is no less determined than you.
他的决心不亚于你。(no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)
He is not less determined than you.
他的决心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)
d)比较级前可用“数词+ 名词”构成的名词短语表示确定的度量。如：
He is two inches taller than his father.
他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说He is taller than his father by two inches. )
She could not take a step further.
她一步也不能走了。(a在此等于one)
e)比较级可与even, still, yet等副词连用表示“更加”。如：
In that small room he seemed even bigger than I remembered him.
在那个小房间里，他的块头似乎显得比我所记得的更加大了。
We are working still harder now.
现在我们工作更加努力。
This is bad; that is yet worse.
这个坏，那个更坏。
表示“因此而更加……”则用“all, so much, none等+ 副词the+ 比较级+ (表示原因的状语)，这种结构之后不可再接than从句。如：
I walked around for two hours yesterday, and the doctor said I was none the worse for it.
昨天我转游了两小时，而大夫说我的病情并未因此而恶化。
His unkindness hurt me all the more because I had been previously so kind to him.
以前我曾经对他很好，因此他的不友好更加使我难过。
在一定的上下文中，原因状语可省去。如：
If that is the case, all the better.
如果事实是那样，那就更好了。(if从句内含原因)
I know there's danger ahead, but I'm all the more set on driving forward.
我知道前面有危险，但我因此而更加决心驱车向前。(前一分句内含原因)
f)表语中比较两个形容词时，不管形容词有多少音节，皆须用more…than…结构，其意往往是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。如：
That little girl is more shy than timid.
那个小姑娘是害羞而不是胆怯。
上述表语结构中的形容词不可用-er和-est，亦不可用than从句。但下面一类句子除外：
This room is longer than it is broad.
这个房间的长大于宽。
［注］上述more…than…结构亦可用于名词、介词短语等。如：
①She is more mother than wife.
她是贤妻，更是良母。(亦可说She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife)
②It's more like blue than green.
它是绿的，但更像是蓝的。
上述more…than…亦可用于非表语结构。如：
③It'll do you more harm than good.
它会对你害多益少。
g)more than作为固定词组意谓“多于”，常用于数词(或相当于数词的词)之前。如：
More than 1000 people attended the meeting.
一千多人参加了会议。
英语中的more than往往有“多得惊人”的含义。如无此含义，则应用over或在名词后用ormore。如：
There are over ten people in the room.
房间里有十多个人。
There are ten chairs or more in the room.
房间里有十多把椅子。
more than用于其它词语时则常意谓“不止”、“超过”等。如：
She is more than pretty.
她何止是漂亮。(不可用prettier代替more than pretty)
和more than意义相反的有less than, worse than, little more than等。如：
He seemed less than overjoyed.
她似乎并不太高兴。
You're worse than unfair. You're mean.
你不止是不公正。你是卑鄙。
Employment statistics in that country amount to little more than best guess.
那个国家的就业统计和最好的猜测差不多。
［注］类似的固定词组还有rather than, sooner than, other than, nothing more(less) than等。
h)表示“越来越……”用“比较级+ and+ 比较级”结构或“more and more+ 原级”，这种结构不可后接than从句。如：
Things are getting better and better every day.
情况一天一天好起来。
He is becoming more and more active in sports.
他越来越积极参加体育运动。
亦可用“ever等副词+ 比较级”表示“越来越……”。如：
The road got ever worse until there was none at all.
道路越来越坏，直到最后连路也没有了。
Her position was becoming daily more insecure.
她的地位一天比一天不稳了。
i)表示“越……，就越……”常用“副词the+ 比较级+ 副词the+ 比较级”结构。前者是状语从句，后者是主句。如：
The more, the better.
越多越好。
The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
她工作越努力，进步越大。
j)比较级用于否定结构可表“最……不过”。如：
Nothing better!
那最好不过了!
There's nothing cheaper.
再便宜不过了。
［注］英语里的比较结构也常用来表示最高级。如：
①She sings better than anyone else in her class.
她在班里唱得最好。(=She sings best in her class)
②He's abler and more active than anyone else I know.
他在我所认识的人中是最能干最富有活力的了。(=He's the most able and active man I know)
k)英语里的比较级有时并无具体的比较含义，这种比较级叫做绝对比较级。如：
younger generation 青年一代
higher education 高等教育
the lower classes 下层阶级
the more complex problems of life 生活中的较为复杂的问题
l)than从句的省略结构与as从句大致相同。它可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语。如：
She is more highly regarded than he.
她比他受到更高的重视。
Does Linda wear his hair longer than Mary?
琳达留的头发比玛丽的长吗?
She eats less than a bird.
她的食量比小鸟还少。
它可以省去部分谓语部分，保留主语和be, have或助动词。如：
John drove much more carefully than Jim did.
约翰开车比吉姆小心得多。
We all love ourselves more and hate ourselves less than we ought.
我们都对自己爱得过多，恨得过少。
这种比较从句中的be, have或助动词可移至主语之前，进行倒装。如：
No leader of a party has kept himself in greater detachment from the sentiment of his than has the late Prime Minister.
任何政党的领袖都没有像已故首相那样不动感情。(助动词has移至主语the late Prime Minister之前)
比较从句可以省去主要动词，保留其余部分。如：
Imperialism will not change its nature any more than a leopard will its spots.
帝国主义绝不会改变其本性，正如豹子绝不会改变其皮上的斑点一样。
比较从句可以省去主语和部分谓语部分，保留宾语。如：
I love him more than her.
我爱他胜过爱她。
They love their liberties even more than their lives.
他们热爱自由胜过他们的生命。
比较从句可以省去主语和部分谓语部分，保留修饰语。如：
It's pleasanter traveling by day than by night.
白天旅行比夜晚旅行愉快。
［注］注意习惯上用more than usual，而不用more than usually, 如：Did you eat more than usual yesterday evening?(你昨晚吃得比平常多吗?)
比较从句可以省去主语(或将than看作代词作主语用)，保留谓语部分(这种结构多用于正式文体中)。如：
There is more in it than meets the eye.
它的内涵较表面要深。
Don't drink more than is good for you.
不要喝得过量。
［注］在He returned three days earlier than expected(他回来比所预料的早三天)一句中，than expected=than he was expected。
下面一些句子的than从句省去了宾语：
The box is bigger than I wanted.
这箱子比我想要的大。
She told me more than I cared to know.
她告诉我的比我想知道的多。
2)在一些比较省略结构中，than之后可用动词不定式。如：
I know better than to mention it.
我才不会提它呢。
I cannot do better than to give you an idea of how I did it.
我只能告诉你我是怎么干的。
［注］有些固定词组的than之后须接不带to的不定式。如：
①Sooner than yield he resolved to die.
他宁死不投降。
②I would rather stay than go.
我宁愿留不愿去。
3)最高级的其它用法
a)最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means等词语所修饰。如：
The Yellow River is the second longest in China.
黄河是中国的第二大河。
Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest.
这三个男孩中，尼克最最聪明。
Of the three boys Nick is almost the cleverest.
这三个男孩中，尼克差不多是最聪明的了。
Of the three boys Nick is by no means the cleverest.
这三个男孩中，尼克决不是最聪明的。
b)形容词最高级用作表语强调事物品质时应省去定冠词。如：
This is where the river is deepest.
这是河流的最深处。
Put the picture where light is best.
把这张画挂在光线最亮处。
如指事物，一般仍须用the。如：
This book is the most difficult that I have ever read.
这本书是我所读过的最难的一本书。(difficult后省去了one或book)
c)如果形容词前的most=very，亦须省去定冠词the，这种无“最”含义的最高级叫做绝对最高级(不重读)。如：
It is a most useful book.
它是一本非常有用的书。
Most作“非常”解时，不重读，但作“大多数”解时须重读。试比较：
Most reputable writers have now abandoned this claim.
一些非常可尊敬的作家现在已经放弃了这种主张。(most不重读，等于very)
M′ost reputable writers have now abandoned this claim.
大多数可尊敬的作家现在已经放弃了这种主张。(most重读，意谓“大多数”)
“most+ 形容词”用作表语时，most如不重读，亦属绝对最高级；如重读，则意谓“最”。试比较：
He was most eloquent at the close of his speech.
他在他讲演的结尾最为雄辩。(most重读，等于“最”)
He was most eloquent at the close of his speech.
他在他讲演的结尾非常雄辩。(most不重读，等于very)
有时带the的形容词最高级亦是绝对最高级，意谓“极”。如：
We would like to help you with the greatest pleasure.
我们极其乐意帮助你。
Oh, he made the rudest remark!
啊，他说了极为粗野的话。
下面一些现成说法中的绝对最高级省去了the：
I acknowledge, with sincerest thanks, your generous gift.
对你慷慨的馈赠，我致以最衷心的谢意。
With best wishes, Yours…
致以最良好的祝愿，你的……(信中结束语)
在正式文体中，the有时亦被省去。如：
She had eyes of deepest blue.
她有一双最深蓝的眼睛。
在“形容词最高级+ of+ 名词(泛指)”的结构中，最高级亦表very, 一般不重读。如：
He spoke in the softest of voices.
他说话声音非常柔和。
We are the best of friends.
我们是极好的朋友。
［注］上述结构中的名词不可有修饰语，否则最高级则变为相对最高级，意谓“最”。例如将上述例(106)改为We are the best of his friends, 其意则变为“我们是他的最好的朋友”。再如Table tennis is the most popular of sports in China(乒乓球在中国最为盛行)，由于sports有修饰语in China，因而the most popular在此亦是相对最高级，意谓“最盛行的”。
d)注意下面句子结构中的of短语不可或不宜后移。如：
Of all the books I like this(the) best.
在所有的书中，我最喜欢这本。(但可说I like this best of all)
e)最高级可以和物主代词连用表示最佳情况或状态。如：
I think he has done his best.
我认为他已经尽了最大的努力。
f)最高级在非正式文体中可表示二者的比较。如：
This is the shortest of the two roads.
这是两条路中最短的一条路。
g)最高级有时有“即使”的含义。如：
There is no smallest doubt.
毫无疑问。
The slightest neglect would cause a great loss.
即使最小的疏忽也会造成很大的损失。
4)英语里表示比较等级的手段还有：
a)用equal(ly), same, enough等表示as…as…。如：
No one's fingers are equally long.
没有一个人的手指是一样长。
They are the same age.
他们同龄。
It's clear enough.
够清晰了。(=It's as clear as is necessary)
b)用拉丁比较级superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, major, minor等表示比较级。如：
This carpet is far superior to that one in quality.
这条地毯的质量远胜过那一条。(后一般须接to)
Jones is senior to Smith.
琼斯比史密斯资格老。(后须接to)
He is having a major operation.
他正在接受一次大的手术。
［注］注意下列词组中的拉丁比较级都是绝对比较级(无比较含义)：
senior citizens 老人
superior quality 优质
a minor point 不重要之点
c)“too+ 原级”和“原级+ for短语”也可表示比较级。如：
It's too long.
他太长了。(=It's longer than is necessary)
He is tall for his age.
对他那样的年纪来说，他是长得高的。(=taller than normal)
有时单用原级亦可表比较级。如：
You are five minutes late.
你晚了五分钟。(late=too late)
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
比较级和最高级及其使用
形容词的比较级和最高级
说 明 例 词
一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowest cleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful, most important
副词的比较级和最高级
1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。
几个特殊的形容词和副词
原级 比较级 最高级
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
比较级和最高级的常用句型
名称 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ]+名词+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比较级+ than Health is more important than wealth.
超越 the +比较级+of the two 两者中较… 的一个 He is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no +比较级+than 和…一样不 He is no richer than I. 他和我一样不富有。
用于否定 最…不过 His work couldn't be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+比较级 （越…，越…） The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围 （…之中最…） Of all things in the world, people are the precious.
比较级结构的修饰语
1．用于原级之前：
almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
John is almost as tall as you.
The river is three times as long as that one.
We have a third as many students as we had last term.
2．用于比较级前
many, a few (用于“more +可数名词”前)
It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
3．用于形容词和最高级前
the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
This hat is by far the largest in the world.
Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .
位置与功能
高考重点要求
1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
3．注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
此项语法内容从1991年到达间共出现45次（包括上海题），可见其重要。
形容词作用与位置
1．定语。
在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。
“县官行令杀国才。”这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观 （描绘） 形（大小、形状等） 龄 （年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）
an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella
做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed , cold and hungry.
4.做宾补。
N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
well, ill faint
③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
④复合形容词的形式问题。
an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man
副词
位置
1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.
2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之 后。
He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.
3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）
He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird is flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）
练习、形容词和副词
高考题选：
1. John has three sisters. Mary is the ___ of the three. (MET88)
A. most cleverest B. more clever C. cleverest D. cleverer
2. The students are___ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. (MET88)
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
3. She told us ___story that we all forgot about the time. (MET88)
A. such an interesting B. such interesting a
C. so an interesting D. a so interesting
4. It is impossible for so___ workers to do so work in a single day. (MET88)
A. few, much B. few, many C. little, much D. little, many
5. The horse is getting old and can't run ___ it did. (MET88)
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so fast as D. as fast as
6. The story sounds___ . (MET89)
A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true
7. I'd been expecting ___ letters the whole morning, but there weren't ___ for me. (MET89)
A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none
8. This year they have produced ___ grain ___ they did last year. (MET89)
A. as less; as B. as few; as C. less; than D. fewer; than
9. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. (MET90)
A. as twice many B. as many twice
C. twice as many D. twice many as
10. The pianos in the other shop will be , but______ . (MET90)
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
11. ---Can I help you?
---Well, I'm afraid the box is___ heavy for you, but thank you all the same. (MET90)
A. so B. much C. very D. too
12.---Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown's office?
---I'm sorry, but Mr. Brown ___ works here. He left about three weeks ago. (MET90)
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
13. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ___ money and ___ people. (MET90)
A. less; less B. fewer; fewer C. less; fewer D. fewer; less
14. Oh, John. ___ you gave me! (MET90)
A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise
C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
15. ---How did you find your visit to museum?
---I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ___ than I expected. (MET91)
A. far more interesting B. even much interesting
C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting
16. Canada is larger than ___ country in Asia. (NMET91)
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
17. Those oranges taste___ . (MET91)
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
18. The experiment was ___ easier than we had expected. (NMET91)
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
19. ___ food you've cooked! (NMET91 )
A. How a nice B. What a nice
C. How nice D. What nice
20. Go and get your coat. It's ___ you left it. (MET92)
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
21. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes___ . (MET92)
A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening
22. ---Are you feeling ___?
---Yes, I' m fine now. (NMET92)
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
23. Which is___ country, Canada or Australia? (MET92)
A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger
24. ---Will you give this message to Mr. White, please?
---Sorry, I can't. He ___. (MET92)
A. doesn't any more work here B. doesn't any longer here work
C. doesn't work any more here D. doesn't work here any longer
25. How can you finish the drawing? (MET92)
A. often B. soon C. long D. rapid
26. ___ terrible weather we've been having these days! (MET92)
A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
27. It takes a long time to go there by train. It's___ by road. (MET93)
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
28. ___ from Beijing to London! (MET93)
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
29. She doesn't speak___ her friends, but her written work is excellent. (MET93)
A. as well as B. as often as C. so much as D. as good as
30. ---Mum, I think I'm___ to get back to school.
---Not really, My dear. You'd better stay at home for another day or two. (NMET93)
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
31. ---If you don't like the red coat, take the blue one.
---OK, but do you have size___ in blue? This one's a bit tight for me. (NMET93)
A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger
32. John plays footbal___ , if not better than, Davi. (NMET94)
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
33. We all write___ ,even when there's net much to say. (NMET94)
A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less
34. ---Do you remember ___ he came?
---Yes I do, he came by car. (NMET94)
A. how B. when C. that D. if
35. If there were no examinations, we should have ___at school. (NMET94)
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
36. ---Have you finished your report yet?
---No, I'll finish in___ ten minutes. (NMET95)
A. another B. other C. more D. less
37. ---I'd like ___ information about the management of your hotel, please.
---Well, you could have ___ word with the manager. He might be helpful. (NMET95)
A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an; a
38. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty,___ great it is. (NMET95)
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
39. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ____. (NMET96)
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
40. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ___. (NMET96)
A. the better voice B. a good voice
C. the best voice D. a better voice
41. Tony is going camping with ___ boys. (NMET93)
A. little two other B. two little other
C. two other little D. little other two
42. ---How was your recent visit to Qingdao? (NMET95)
---It was great. We visited some friends, and spent ___the days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
43. Can you believe that in ___ a rich country there should be _ many poor people? (MET95)
A. such; such B. such; so C. so; so D. so; such
44. Wait till you are more___ .It's better to be sure than sorry. (NMET97)
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
45. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ___ known for his plays. (NMET98)
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
46.___ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (NMET )
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
47. It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___ if you don't speak the language. (NMET2000 )
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
48. I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a (an) ___ trick. ( 春招)
A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple
49. It is generally believed that teaching is___ it is a science. (NMET2001)
A. an art much as B. much an art as
C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
50.---I'm very ___with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
---Mm, it does have a ___smell. (春招)
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased
C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
51.Boris has brains. In fact ,I doubt whether anyone in the class has ___IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
1．C．原题中的three sisters这一信息词语暗示考生要用最高级的形式。clever的最高级有两种：the most clever，the cleverest
2．C．mostly是副词，意思是：“主要地”，修饰整个句子。用most时应为most of the students；用almost通常说almost all+n.
3．A．such与so修饰名词时可这样使用。
so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数
so many/few十可数名词复数 so much/little+不可数名词
4．A．few修饰可数名词的复数；much修饰不可数名词。
5．D．A、C项是语法错误。as…as之间不能用比较级形式。B项也是语法错误，than前没有比较级，把than变成as就对了。实际上not as…as=not more than．
6．D．sound是“听起来”的意思。它是系动词，其后接形容词做表语。类似的系动词还有look seem taste smell fell．
7．A．some常用在肯定句中，而any常用在否定、疑问和条件句中。
8．C．grain是不可数名词。A项是语法错误，as…as之间用原级，B项few不修饰grain，D项也如此。
9．C．表示倍数的词与其他表示程度的副词修饰as…as结构时，应放在其前面。
10．C．该题考查了考生是否掌握形容词比较级的两种形式，该句可理解为：The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper，but not as good as those in this shop.
11．D．此处可理解为the box is too heavy for you to carry．
12．D．no longer强调时间；no more强调数量和次数。
13．C．better这一信息词可暗示考生用比较级形式，less修饰不可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词的复数。
14．C．what与how修饰名词引起的感叹句：
what+a/an+形容词十单数可数名词
what+形容词+可数名词复数
what +形容词+不可数名词
How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数
注意what的用法与sach相似，how与so相似。且give s B. a surprise是惯用法。
15．A．用来修饰比较级的副词有：a little，a bit；even still；far，by far；a lot，a great deal；much，any(用于否定、疑问)；rather．
16．A．用比较级表示最高级的意思，用than+any other+单数名词(包括主语在内)或用any+单数名词(比较范围不包括主语在内)。因加拿大不属亚洲。如，把Asia改为North America，则B正确。
17．A．taste是系动词，后接形容词做表语。B项well如果是形容词，表示“身体好”。但Things are well with me．属于特殊情况。参看6题。
18．C．参看15题。
19．D．参看14题。
20．B．where引导表语从句，且where在表语从句中做地点状语。
21．A．当open做宾补时，一般用它的形容词，不用它的现在分词。又如：with his eyes open/closed
22．B．any修饰比较级时，一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
23．D．表示两者中“最…”的意思，用the+比较级。此句可理解Canada is the larger of the two countries.
24．D．no more与no longer变成not…any more或not…any longer时any more和any longer要置于句尾，可参看12题。
25 B．how often表示频率，与题意不符。how long句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词，是“多久”的意思。D项rapid是形容词不能修饰动词。How soon的回答词用in+时间，因此，全句的意思是：“在多长时间之内(或以后)你能画完画?”且句中谓语是瞬间动词。
26．D．可参看14题。weather是不可数名词。
27．D．此处可理解为It's quicker to go by road than by train．
28．D．参看14题。
29．A．原题中的but与excellent两个信息词可暗示考生，且not as…as相当于not more than，因此，该句的意思是：“她讲的不如朋友的好，但她的笔头好。”
30．C．well是形容词“身体好”的意思。这是It's+adj+enoush to do sth句型。该句意思是：“我身体已好，可以返回学校了。”
31．B．形容词的比较级修饰可数名词的单数时，前面不要忘了加a，泛指比较…的-个。例如，This shirt is a little larger．Could you show me a smaller one?
32．B．是29题的创新。该句的意思是：“如果不比David好的话，那么会跟David踢的一样好。”if not better than为插入语。
33．A．从even when there's not much to say这一信息句可知。now and then相当于sometimes，occasionally和from time to time，B项by and by=soon，C项step by step=gradually，D项more or less=about，修饰名词，但也可修饰动词，作状语。
34．A．从答语中by car可知，how问的是方式。
35．D．have a good/happy time是惯用法，much修饰比较级。参看31题。
36．A．more与another在表示“再、又”时，用法不同，more置于数词后面，而another置于数词的前面。
37．A．information是不可数名词。have a word with sb．相当于speak/talk to/with sb．与…谈话。
38．C．however是连接副词，修饰形容词great并引导一个让步4状语从句，意思是：“无论困难有多大。”
39．D．“下大雨”应说 “rain hard/heavily”．
40．D．意为：“我从未听过比她还好的噪音。”用比较级表达最高级的概念。
41．C．要知道形容词排列作定语的顺序。
42．B．与41题考查的目的相同。
43．B．可参看3题。
44．D．从下文It's better to be sure than sorry．即“确信要比后悔好”可知，填入D项。A、B、C项不符合逻辑。
45．C．该题考查副词用法。四个选项均为副词的比较级或最高级，题干的两个并列分句中，已给出some short stories和his plays这一特定的语境，表示二者之间的比较需用副词的比较级。well known是一惯用词组，意为“出名的”、“众所周知的”，well的比较级为better，故答案为C。
46．C．形容词作后置定语。enough为副词，修饰形容词brave，放在其后。
47．D．意为“在国外通常是困难的，特别是你不会说外语”。
48．D．意为“我很吃惊你竟然被这么简单的一个诡计愚弄了。”此处，只有用D项才能准确表达这种语气。
49．D．“教学更像是一门科学。”第一个as为副词。
50．D。
51．B。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法和词汇考点详解----非谓语动词
【命题依据】 非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词等几种形式。它是中学英语语法中的重点和难点，也是历年高考题中的必考项目。单项填空题中平均每年有1-3题涉及该部分内容，常考考点主要为：动名词和不定式作宾语或宾语补足语的用法比较；现在分词和过去分词作定语和状语的用法比较；现在分词和过去分词的用法比较以及非谓语动词在特定语境中的考查。该项内容能考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子的逻辑主语的能力。
[例题1]_____ as the “first lady of speech”, Dr, Lillian Glass is recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on communication skills.
A. KnowingB. Having known C. Known D. To be known
【解题关键】解答该题的关键在于根据句意，准确判断选项动词在句中所作成分。
【答案解析】该题考查过去分词在句中用作原因状语。根据句意及句子结构可知，句子的主语Dr, Lillian Glass实际上就是选项动词的主语，相当于As he is known as ...引导的原因状语从句，为被动结构，故选过去分词known。答案为C。
[例题2]-Why do you look sad?
-There are so many problems _____.
A. remaining to settle B. remained settling
C. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于要准确把握There be句子结构及系动词remain的用法。
【答案解析】remain 在There be 结构中用作后置定语，由于remain是不及物动词，故应用现在分词remaining，相当于定语从句that remains；动词settle置于remain之后，应用动词不定式的被动结构来表示动作还未完成。答案为C。
[例题3]At the end of , there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, _____ up around 4 percent of national total.
A. made B. to make C. making D. having made
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理解选项动词与前面分句结构关系，并准确把握其主动与被动的意义以及动作的一般性和完成性。
【答案解析】该句考查分词在句中用作结果状语。make up为及物动词短语，在前一分句动作之后发生，根据句意，表示主动，故应选making用作结果状语，相当于并列句and it made 或定语从句which made 句型结构。答案为C。
[例题4]-The English exam is not difficult, is it?
-_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it.
A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文情景正确判断“前否后肯”反意问句的回答以及对句子结构的准确理解。
【答案解析】根据答句句意“甚至最好的学生汤姆考试也失败了”可知，第一空应选Yes,(it is)意为“不，英语考试难”；第二空选项动词belong与to构成不及物动词短语，在句中用作定语，故应选现在分词belonging，相当于定语从句who belongs to ...,注意句子的主谓结构为Even Tom failed in it。答案为C。
[例题5]-We didn’t find the Blacks _____ the lecture.
-No one had told him about ____ a lecture the following day.
A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there being
C. attended;there be D. attend; there was
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于准确把握“感觉动词”的复合结构的运用以及介词后There be结构的使用。
【答案解析】第一空动词attend为及物动词，表主动，根据感觉动词find所跟复合结构，不可使用to attend，过去分词attended表被动，意义也不成立，可选用attending或attend，但根据句意，此处强调状态，故attending现在分词为最佳选项；第二空介词about 后应使用动名词形式there being。答案B。
[例题6]Only____ according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.
A. taking B. taken
C. being taken D. having been taken
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于正确区分分词的用法。
【答案解析】根据句意可知，选项动词的逻辑主语the medicine与动词take之间为被动关系，实际上相当于一个时间状语从句only when it is taken...结构，故应选taken在句中用作状语。答案B。
[例题7] The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if____ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to see D. to have seen
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是准确把握连接词as if后非谓语动词的选用。
【答案解析】当as if后面直接跟一个动词时，常使用不定式to do来表示目的，相当于as if he were (was) to do sth说明动作的未完成性。答案为C。
[例题8]-Is there any possibility of the film____ in Paris International Festival?
-Not in the least, because audience generally think little of it.
A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要正确理解介词后动名词的主动式与被动式的选用以及动名词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。
【答案解析】选项动词短语在句中用作介词of的宾语，应使用动名词形式，根据句意可知，介词of 后的名词the film为动名词短语try out的逻辑主语，且为被动关系，故应选用动名词的被动结构。答案D。
[例题9]-Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening?
-Sorry, Tom. ____ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go out with you.
A. Not preparing B. Not having prepared
C. Not to prepareD. Being not prepared
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确区分非谓语动词作状语的意义及用法，以及否定副词not的位置。
【答案解析】根据句意可知，选项动词为原因状语，表主动，强调动作的完成性，相当于一个原因状语从句：As I haven’t prepared tomorrow’s lessons...故应选B(Not having prepared);选项A为现在分词，不表示完成的意思；选项C为不定式的否定结构表目的；选项D为被动结构，not应置于分词being前面，均不符句意。答案B。
[例题10]Every student in our class had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office_____.
A. to send it to B. to send it
C. to be sent to D. to have it sent
【解题关键】解答该题关键是要注意疑问词后接不定式主动结构与被动结构用作宾语时的用法区别。
【答案解析】根据句意及句子结构可知，选项部分不定式与疑问词一起作为句子的宾语，在这一结构中，常用不定式的主动结构，可以转换为宾语从句：but no one knew which office he would send it to。注意send sth to sb/sp为固定短语，to为介词，不能省略。答案A。
[例题11]-O’Neal works hard.
-So he does. He is often seen _____ heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.
A. to be sweated B. sweated
C. be sweated D. sweating
【解题关键】 解答该题关键是要正确处理好“感觉动词、使役动词”主动形式与被动形式复合结构中动词的选用。
【答案解析】根据句子结构可知，感觉动词see用于被动结构，选项A、C不可以用于这一结构中；选项B为被动意义，不成立；只有选项D(sweating)现在分词与be seen构成复合结构，强调状态。答案为D。
[例题12]-How did you get in touch with Mrs. Green?
-Well, it seems to me that you’ve forgottenme her telephone number the other day.
A. to tell B. to have told C. telling D. being told
【解题关键】 解答该题关键是要在上下文语境中理解动词forget后接动名词与不定式的用法区别。
【答案解析】根据问话人的句意可知，“已与Mrs. Green取得联系”了。故回答部分说明“已经忘记了告诉电话号码这件事”，应该使用forget doing sth/having done sth “某事已做，但忘了”，forget to do sth意为“忘记要去做的事情”，强调动作还未发生。答案C。
责任编辑：李芳芳
形容词与副词
撰稿人：朱国兵
(一) 高考命题趋势
[数据统计]
内
容
年
份
形容词、副词比较等级 形容词、
副词辨析 多个形容
词顺序 其它
’01-’04 14 23 3 2
8 8 1 1
[命题趋势]
未来的高考测试，热点仍将集中在对形容词、副词的比较等级的考查上，同时继续加强对形容词和副词的基本词义的考查。完形真空和短文改错等题型也都会直接考查形容词和副词。
[应对策略]
形容词和副词虽属于实词，每个词都有一定的意思，在平时学习时应放在一定的语境中进行。因为语音、词汇和句子是语言的有机统一体，脱离句子的词汇和脱离语境的句子都是无法确定其意义的。因此要提倡“词不离句，句不离文。”做题时,要结合语境，注意惯用法和固定搭配，认真辨析，从而做出最佳选择。别外，加强对比较级和最高级表达的学习，尤其是一些常见的句型，要做到张口能诵的程度。
(二) 专题内容归纳
一、形容词和副词的分类和构成
1.形容词的分类
1)性质形容词：①外观：如long, strong, bit, round, fat, beautiful, old等②性质：如good, clean, new, fresh, soft, excellent等③颜色：如red, black, green, blue, white, brown ④情绪：如 happy, sad, sorry, nervous, anxious等 ⑤性格：如 kind cruel honest foolish lazy, rude等⑥状况：如 careful, blind, deaf, cheap, hungry 等 ⑦评论：如 great, true, necessary, difficult, wrong 等
2)关系形容词：①地域：Chinese, American, Asian, Pacific等 ②质料：wooden, golden, plastic, metallic等 ③科技：electric, chemical, atomic, medical等 ④意识：communist, social, political, religious等 ⑤行业：industrial, military, agricultural, economic等
2.形容词的构成
1) 由后缀构成的形容词
⑴-ern: northern, southern, western, eastern
⑵-ish: foolish, feverish, British, Swedish, Irish
⑶-ive: active, expensive, native, instructive
⑷-ious: serious, curious, obvious, anxious
⑸-able: comfortable, reasonable, valuable, unable
⑹-al: national, natural, political, usual, special
⑺-an: American, Australian, Russian, Italian
⑻-ant: pleasant, constant, important, distant
⑼-ary: revolutionary, necessary, ordinary, primary
⑽-ful: careful, beautiful, wonderful, useful
⑾-less: careless, wireless, useless, harmless
⑿-ly: friendly, lonely, likely, lovely, orderly, daily
⒀-some: handsome, troublesome, tiresome
⒁-ous: famous, dangerous, nervous, continuous
⒂-y: healthy, noisy, windy, rainy, dirty, funny
2)复合形容词的构成
⑴ 副词词干 + 分词：hard-working 勤劳的；bravely-fighting英勇战斗的；well-known闻名的；deep-set深陷的；
⑵ 名词词干 + 过去分词：man-made人造的；snow-covered被雪覆盖的
⑶ 名词词干 + 现在分词：time-consuming耗时的；energy-saving节省能源的；grass-eating食草的
⑷ 名词词干 + 形容词词干：world-famous世界
闻名的；snow-white雪白的；life-long终生的；
oil-rich 石油储量丰富的
⑸ 数词词干 + 名词词干：five-star五星级的；
ten-year 的；two-man二人的
⑹ 数词词干 + 名词-ed：three-legged三条腿的；
four-storeyed四层的
⑺ 数词词干 + 名词 + 形容词：five-year-old
5岁的；500-metre-long 500米的；
⑻ 形容词词干 + 过去分词：ready-made现成的
clean-washed洗得干净的
⑼ 形容词词干 + 名词-ed：kind-hearted好心的；
middle-aged中年的；cold-blooded冷血的
⑽ 形容词词干 + 现在分词：ordinary-looking相貌一般的；funny-looking样子滑稽的；swee-
t-smelling闻着香甜可口的
⑾ 形容词词干 + 形容词词干：red-hot炽热的；
dark-blue深蓝色的
3.副词的分类
⑴ 时间副词now, today, tomorrow, ago, lately, soon,
often, usually, early
⑵ 地点副词 outside, upstairs, anywhere, up, here,
forward, there, away, in, back. off
⑶方式副词simply, quickly, happily, loudly, suddenly, luckily, again, once, easily, together
⑷ 程度副词very, quite, rather, extremely, badly,
completely, widely, partly, perfectly, too
⑸ 疑问副词when, where, why, how
⑹ 关系副词when, where, why (引导定语从句)
⑺ 连接副词when, where, why, how (引导名词性从 句和副词性从句)
⑻ 其他surely, certainly, really, however, therefore, yes,
no, perhaps, moreover
4. 副词的构成
⑴ 不加词缀: 只作副词用的。 e.g.
ago, almost, now, often, soon, seldom, never
这类副词较少；许多副词都兼属其他词类。与 adj.同形的 little, enough, far, early, long, fast, well, how其中有些作adj.与作adv.词义不同
⑵ 加前缀“a”: 作副词用。
ahead, abroad在/去国外,aloud, alone, aside这类副词中许多可作“表语形容词”。
⑶ 加“-wise”: 表趋向、方面:
clockwise顺时针地,sidewise靠边地moneywise金钱方面
⑷ 加后缀“-ward(s)”:
表示“趋向”backward(s),forward(s), downward(s), upward(s), inward(s), outward(s), northward(s), homeward(s)
注:加ward可作adj.或adv.；但是,加wards通常作adv.
⑸ 加后缀 “-ly”或“-y”: 大多是“形容词”加-ly; bravely, politely, softly, willingly, anxiously, carefully
例外: true – truly, due – duly
以-le结尾,去e再加-y simple－simply, possible－possibly, gentle－gently例外: sole－solely, whole－wholly 以-ll结尾,只加-y full－fully, dull(呆、暗)－dully以-ic结尾,加-ally basic(基本的)－basically, scientific－scientifically, historic(有历史意义)－historically, atomic(原子的)－atomically例外:public－publicly以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-ly heavy－heavily, happy－happily, busy－busily, angry－angrily, comradely－comradelily
例外:dry－dryly, shy－shyly, day－daily, gay(欢乐)－gaily
⑹ 有两种副词形式与adj.同形时和加-ly作adv.时意义变化较少
bright－brightly cheap－cheaply straight－straightly
close－closely easy－easily firm－firmly
loud－loudly slow－slowly wrong－wrongly
注：使用习惯不同,应注意区别。
与adj.同形时和加-ly作adv.时意义变化大fair公正地/fairly公正/相当地,wide宽阔地/widely广泛地,clean完全、径直地/cleanly利索地,pretty相当/prettily秀美地,free免费地/freely自由地,near近/nearly几乎,hard努力/hardly几乎不,just刚/justly公正地,most最/mostly大多地,high高/highly高度地,deep深/deeply深切,late晚/lately最近
⑺ 词组ざ逃 成语词组
a bit有点,a little稍微,a lot很,a great deal非常,nice and
相当,big and很, first of all首先,too much(…)太,很,(太多…),much too…太过于…
成对词语构成的词组first and last最重要地,far and near到处,heart and soul全心全意地, now and then不时地,heaven and earth尽力地,head and shoulders大大地,high and low到处, more or less几乎,sooner or later终究,side by side并排地
⑻ 复合副词：sometimes有时,nevertheless然而,therefore
因此,outside在外,everywhere各处,however可是,northeast东北,indoors在户内
注: 1总的来说,副词从构成形式可分三大类：
1)简单副词,这类词较少；2)派生副词,即加前、
后缀构成,这类词数量极大,尤其加后缀的 形
式较多；3)合成副词,由两个以上单词复合而
成。
2有些加-ly的词,通常作adj.用(其中绝大多数
还可作adv.或n.用。只是这种词当adv.的用法略显古、旧。) e.g.
① This is a monthly (magazine).这是一份月刊。(adj./n.)
② Many magazines come monthly (＝once in a
month).许多杂志每月出一期。(adv.)
这类词可作如下分类：
1只作adj.用 comradely同志式的,homely家常、普通的,costly贵, weatherly 能驶向上风的,earthly尘世/可能的
2可作adj.或adv. 用作adv.时与作adj.时同形likely可能的,deadly致命的,死一般的,masterly熟练的,deathly致命,死一般,hourly每小时,motherly母亲般的,fatherly 父亲式的,sisterly姐妹式的,brotherly兄弟般的作adv.时有两种形式kindly(-lily), lowly(-lily), lonely (-lily)
3可作adj.,或adv.せ騨.用 作adj.与作adv.同形monthly, daily, weekly 作adv.时有两种形式lively
(-lily), lovely(-lily),manly(-lily),friendly(-lily)
二、形容词和副词的句法功用
功用 位置(及用法) 例 证
定语 adj.通常在中心词前 a small Indian boy一名印度小男孩; tie same thing同一件事
adv.通常在中心词后 tie life here这里的生活; tie situation then那时的形势
表
语 副词/形容词在系动词后(“感官”系动词须接形容词作表语。) Charlie isn’t feeling well. 查理现在感觉不舒服。
Nobody was about then. 那时四周无人。
It grew darker. 天变得更暗了。
补
语 作主补, 在谓语后 Tie little match girl was found dead. 人们发现卖火柴的小女孩死了。
We were shown around by a boy. 一个男孩带我们各处看了一下。
作宾补,在宾语后 We find tie book very useful. 我们认为这本书很有用。
Let me show you out. 让我送你出去吧。
状
语 常在被修饰词语前、后。
1. 原因/时间等: 句首、句中
2. 伴随/结果等: 句末、句中 Tired and hot, we stopped to have a break.
由于又累又热,我们停下来歇了一会。
He lay silent on tie grass, very sad. 他默默地躺在草地上,暗自悲伤。
The soldier fell down, dead. 这名士兵倒下牺牲了。
He listened very attentively. 他听得非常认真。
修饰全句时位置较灵活 Sometimes, he(He sometimes ) goes home for lunch.
有时候,他回家吃午饭。
注:形容词前可加the/ these/ those等,当作名词用,表示“某一类/某些/某个人(事/物)”。成对的形容词这样用时也可省去the。 e.g.
the poor穷人们 those dead死去的那些人们 high and low 高低贵贱的人
三、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级
1．形容词、副词比较等级构成
1) 大多数单音节adj./adv.和少数以-er,-ow,-le,-y结尾的双音节adj./adv.,加后缀-(e)r/-(e)st,变成比较级和最高级词形。
①直接加-er/-est
②以-e结尾的只加-r/-st
③结尾是重读音节并且是“辅音字母＋元音字母＋辅音
字母”,双写结尾字母再加-er/-est
④以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，变i为y，再加-er/-est
adj. thick thicker the thickest
adv. soon sooner (the) soonest
adj. noble nobler the noblest
adv. wide wider (the) widest
adj. big bigger the biggest
adj. easy easier the easiest
adv. early earlier (the) earliest
2) 多音节的和许多双音节的adj./adv.,以及部分加词缀-ly等变来或由分词变来的adj. adv.,加前缀more、most构成比较等级形式。 e.g.
interesting more interesting the most interesting一些
单、双音节词real more real the most real一些派生词tiresome more tiresome the most tiresome由分词变来的tired more tired the most tired多音节词probably more probably (the)most probably大部分双音节词seldom more seldom (the) most seldom派生词slowly more slowly (the) most slowly
① 当今英语似有多用more和most构成比较等级的趋势。尤其在作“表语”,并且后接“than”结构时,多用这种变化形式。e.g.
fit－fitter－fittest
如：He’s more fit than anyone else.他比别人更合适。
② 加-ly后只能作adv.用的,一般加more、most；若可作 adj.,大都变-ly为-lier、-liest。e.g.
lovely (adj./adv./n.)－lovelier－loveliest/more lovely
－most lovely
quickly (adv.) －more quickly－ most quickly
③ adj.最高级前的the不能有；adv.最高级前的the可省。
3) 许多词变比较等级时,前面加more/most或词尾加-er/-est都可。
如：able, clear, clever, correct, cruel, dear, free, friendly,
happy, handsome, likely, lively, often, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc.
①cruel－crueler/more cruel－cruelest/most cruel
②often－oftener/more often－oftenest/most often
4)不规则变化。
①good/well better best
②many/much more most
③little less(lesser) least
④ill/bad/badly worse(worser)worst
⑤far (距离)farther farthest (程度)further furthest
⑥late (时间)later latest (顺序)latter last
⑦old (年岁)older oldest (排行)elder eldest
2．比较等级基本句型
あ賏s＋原级adj.＋as…
as＋原级adv.＋as…
表示两者之间某种性质程度相等 e.g.
The sheets are as white as snow (is).床单雪白。
He got up as early as usual. 他起得同平常一样早。
②not as (so)＋原级adj.＋as…
not as (so)＋原级adv.＋as…
表示前者某方面与后者不一样或不如后者
She is not as tall as he.她与他不一样高。/她没有他高。
She does not run so fast as he.她跑得没他快。
③比较级adj.＋than…
比较级adv.＋than…
表示前者某方面性质的程度更甚于后者
Her hair is longer than yours.她的头发比你的长。
A car goes faster than a truck.汽车比卡车跑得快。
④Which＋v.＋比较级adj., adv.,＋A or B？
在两者间进行比较并要求作出抉择
Which is stronger, Tom or Jack？汤姆和杰克,哪个力气大？
Which runs faster, Tom or Jack？汤姆和杰克谁跑得快些？
⑤比较级adj.＋and＋比较级adj.(越来越……)
比较级adv.＋and＋比较级adv.(越来越……)
在“系动词”后作表语，作定语在名词前，作状
在动词后。
It gets warmer and warmer.天气越来越暖和。
We have more and more friends.我们的朋友越来越多。
He ran faster and faster.他跑得愈来愈快。
⑥最高级adj./adv.＋比较范围(of…/in…等)
用于三者及其以上范围；of接与主语同类的名词
He is the tallest of the three.他是这三人中最高的。
He runs fastest in his class.他是全班跑得最快的。
⑦比较级＋than, if… as＋原级＋as；as＋原级＋as, if…比较级＋than
所用各等级各自的结构都要完整、明确
His work is as good, if not better than, as yours.
他的工作即使不比你的更好,也与你的一样。
附：几个较特殊的比较等级句型：
① “the same (＋名)＋as”:“与…一样”。 e.g.
This river is the same length as that one.(＝as long as)这条河与那条河一样长。
② “the＋比较级＋of the(二者)”: “(两者)中较…的”。e.g.
He is the braver of the two boys.
他是这两个男孩中较勇敢的一个。
③ “less＋原级＋than”:“比…更不…”。(相当于“not so＋原级＋as”。) e.g.
This book is less difficult than that one.(＝not so difficult as) 这本书没那本书那么难。
④“the＋比较级＋…,the＋比较级＋…”:“越…就越…”。
应记住“比较级”前的定冠词“the”不能省。第二部分是
“主句”,第一部分是起“条件状语从句”作用的,故不使用“将来时态”。 e.g.
The harder you work, the greater progress you’ll make.(＝If you work harder, you’ll make greater progress). 你越努力,进步就越大。
⑤ “more and more＋原级”:“越来越…”。(＝比较级＋and＋比较级)e.g.
He is more and more active in sports.
他对参加体育运动越来越积极了。
(注意,这种句型结构后不接than。)
3．几个含意特殊的比较结构
1) more than接“名词”时表示“不仅”；接“形容词、副词、动词”时表示“非常”。 e.g.
①It’s more than a gift；it’s our love.这不仅是件礼品,它代表了我们的爱心。
② We were more than excited at the news.听到这个消
息时我们极其兴奋。
2) more (A) than (B)表示“是A而不是B”或“与其说是B,不如说是A”。 e.g.
①He is more good than bad.他象是好而不是坏。
②He’s more like a spear than anything else.与其说他象别的东西,不如说他象支梭镖。
③She was more sad than angry.与其说她是在生气,不
如说是难过。
3) no more than (＋数词/名词)表示“仅仅,只不过”(感叹
其“少、小”)。
no more than (＋句子)表示“与…都不…”(主句和从句
同时否定)。 e.g.
①His schooling is no more than one year.
他仅上了一年学。
②He is no more than an officer.他
不过是一名军官罢了。
③Tom was no wiser than Mike.汤姆和迈克一样蠢(不
聪明)。(从句中省略了谓语部分。)
4) not more than(＋数词)表示“不多于…”。(not＋比较级＋than＋句子:“不比…更…”。) e.g.
①There’re not more than 800 students in this school.
这所学校的学生不会超过八百人。
②He did not get up earlier than I (did).他起得不比我早。
5) no less than (＋数词)表示“多达…”。(感叹其多)。e.g.
No less than fifty were wounded.受伤者多达五十人。
6) not less than (＋数词)表示“不少于…”。e.g.
There were not less than a thousand visitors.游客不下一千人。
7) more or less表示“有点(＝a little bit)；几乎(＝nearly, almost)；大约(＝about)；全然(＝at all)”。e.g.
①He was more or less willing to help.他多少有些愿意帮忙。
②The work’s more or less completed.这工作差不多完成了。
③The repairs to the car will cost f50 more or less.修这辆车大概要花50镑左右。
④His suggestions are not practical, more or less.他的建议毫不实际。
8) no longer/not…any longer“不再”。(表示“不再持续”。)
At last, after a year he could not wait any longer.
一年后,他终于再也不能等待了。
9) no more/not…any more “不再”。(表示“量”不再迭加。修饰动词时,指“次数”不再迭加)。 e.g.
①The baby watched and listened. She didn’t cry any more.婴儿看着、听着,再也不哭了。(指不再次重复某动作。)
②Some more meat？No, no more, thanks.
再吃点肉吧？不再要了,谢谢。
10) No sooner…than “一…就…”。 e.g.
No sooner had we got home than it began pouring.
我们刚一到家,就下起大雨来。
(主句主谓倒装,用过去完成时；than从句用一般过去时。)
11) (a) most… “非常”。(这种用法中,可不用冠词,也可用“a/an”。) e.g.
①It’s most beautiful.真是美极了！
②Marx was a most learned man.马克思是学识非常渊博的人。
12) not/never/nothing+比较级“再…不过/最…”。e.g.
①It can’t be better.最好。(＝It’s the best.)
②It couldn't be worse.最差不过。(＝It’s the worst.)
13) as +原级A(adj./adv.)+ as +原级B(adj./adv.)“既…又…”或“又…又…”。e.g.
①This method is as simple as practical.
这种方法既简单又实用。
②The wheel turns as fast as stably.
轮子转得又快又稳。
14) as + adj.(原级A) + as(代词+be)+ adj.(原级B)“(并列)不但…而且…/(转折)虽然…但…”。 e.g.
①She is as gifted as (she is) diligent.她不但有天赋而且勤奋。
②Tie wheel turns as fast as(it turns)stable.这个轮子转起来又快又稳。
③ That piece of porcelain is as fragile as(it is)precious.那片瓷器很脆,但很珍贵。
④Tie lady is as old as(she is) energetic.这位妇女虽然年迈,却仍然精力旺盛。
15) as + adj. / adv.(原级A) + as + adj. / adv. (原级A)“再…不过/最…/极其…”。(加强语气) e.g.
①it is as plain as plain.那是再明白不过的了。
②What you said is as wrong as wrong.你说的话大错特错。
③Tie old lady is as kind as kind.这位老太太最善良。
④His achievements made him as proud as proud.
他的成就使他感到极其自豪。
16) as + adj./adv.(原级) + as + possible(代词+can/could)
“尽可能…/尽量…”。 e.g.
Come as soon as possible. (＝Come as soon as you can.) 尽快来吧。
17)也有用as + adj. / adv.(原级) + as + any(man)alive(anything/ anyone in tie world/ever lived/need be/...)表示“最…/极为…”。(极限程度)
e.g.
①He is as clever as any man alive.他的聪明绝不亚于任何人。
②She studies as hard as anyone in the world.她学习比任何人都努力。
③This general is as brave a man as ever lived.
这位将军是古今中外少有的勇士。
④Tom was as wise a chap as need be.
汤姆是个极其明智的小伙子。
18) 有些“as … as”结构有固定的含义。 e.g.
as well as(与…一样好/也); as good as(实际/几乎等于…);as early as(早在…); as soon as(一…就…); as long as(达…之久/只要…就…); as far as(远达…/就…来说); as often as not(时常/屡次); as …again as(是…的两倍); as…as anything(非常地/无可比拟地); not so much as(竟然…也不/也没…); as much as to say(等于说); as likely as not(或许/多半); as little as may be(越少越好); …等。
4．比较等级用法注意要点
(1)、比较结构方面的错误
应避免多词、少词或构词错误等。e.g.
①(误)She works more harder than I.
(正)She works (much)harder than I.
她比我努力(得多)。
分析:“harder”已是“比较级”形式,前面不能再加more。
②(误)The earlier you start, sooner you’ll be back.
(正)The earlier you start, the sooner you’ll be back.
早动身,早归来。
分析:“early”的比较级应是“earlier”；“the＋比较级”＋“the
＋比较级”的固定句型中主句和从句开头的定冠词“the”
不能遗漏。
③(误)He runs fast as I do.
(正)He runs as fast as I (do).
他和我跑得一样快。
分析:“as…as”结构要保持完整。
(2)、比较对象方面：比较对象应清楚、正确。e.g.
① (误)Her English is as fluent as I.
(正)Her English is as fluent as mine.
(正)She speaks English as fluently as I(do).
她讲英语和我一样流利。
分析:“Her English”应与“mine”(＝my English)比较；而“She”才能与“I”比较。
②(误)He runs faster than any boy in his class.
(正)He runs faster than any other boy in his class.
(正)He runs (the)fastest (of the boys) in his class.
他比他班上任何男孩都跑得(更)快/他是他班上男生中跑得最快的。
分析:“faster”是比较级,用于“两者间”比较；“He”要与“他
班上”除开He本人以外“的”任何男生比,所以加other,“比
较对象”才正确。若用最高级(fastest),则是包括“He”在内
班上所有的男生一起作比较。
(3)、“替代”、“省略”
应保证句义和结构正确、清楚。e.g.
①比较状语从句的行为动词或整个谓语常用“do, does, did”替代。若从句谓语中有“be动词、助动词或情态动词”,则用相应的“be动词、助动词”或“情态动词”替代。e.g.
A) I spend as much time watching TV as he ______.
A. writes B. does writing
C. writing D. is writing
答案: B。译文:我看电视和他写作花的时间一样多。
分析:“does”替代“spends time”；“(in)writing”表示“在写作
方面”(in可省),与“watching TV”(“在看电视方面”)构成对
照比较。
B) Try as hard as you can.尽力试试。(这里,“can”替代“can try hard”。)
②比较结构中“替代词“that/one/ones/the one/the ones/those”的用法:
A) 泛指:表示“任哪一个/些…”。 例句
I. one可数名词单数
An iron bridge is stronger than one built of stone.
铁桥比石桥坚固。
II. ones可数名词复数
Small bananas are often better than bigger ones.
小香蕉常常比大香蕉好吃。
B) 特指:表示“…的(那种/个/些)…”。 例句
I. that不可数名词
The water in wells is cleaner than that in rivers.
井水比河水干净。
II. the one或that可数名词单数
The book in your hand is cheaper than the one (that) on the shelf.你手上的这本书比书架上那本便宜些。
III. the ones或those可数名词复数
The students in Class V work as hard as the ones (those) in Class VI.
五班的学生和六班的学生一样用功。
e.g. 冬天北京的天气比成都冷。
I. The weather is colder in winter in Beijing than it in Chengdu.(误)
II. The weather is colder in winter in Beijing than that in Chengdu.(正)
III. It’s colder in Beijing in winter than (it is) in Chengdu.(正)
分析:第I句中,应是两个各不相同的“weather”之间比较。从句的weather由in Chengdu限定,不是主句那个weather,因而不能用“it”代(it指代上文涉及的那一事/物本身),只能用that替代这个“特指的不可数名词”。也可如第III句那样,主句、从句各自用非人称代词“it”表示“天气”,作主语。
(4)含“绝对”意义,无比较等级变化的adj./adv.
① 这类词通常有:absolute(ly)(绝对的/地),final(ly)(最终的/地),first, last, only, golden(金色的),dead, black, hopeless, excellent(ly),perfect(ly), primary(首要的), right(正确、右边), left(左边),living(活的), round(圆的), square(方的),total(ly)(总的/地), monthly, full(y), etc. e.g.
(误)This is my most favorite novel.
(正)This is my favorite novel. 这是我最喜欢的小说。
分析:“favorite”本身含“最喜欢”之义,无比较等级形式。
②但其意义转化或作比喻意义使用时,也有用于比较
等级的。お
（三）高考热点预测
[例1]
Although I can walk about, there is still a ________ pain
in my leg. (上海春)
A. weak B. slight C. tender D. soft
[名师讲解] 答案：B。句意：尽管我可以四处走动，但我的腿还是有点儿轻微的疼痛。
[细节与高分] 本题考查了以下四个词的语义差别：weak身体弱，无力气的，容易被击败的，功能不佳的，无说服力的；slight不严重的，轻微的，细长的；tender脆弱的，心肠软的，温和的，文雅的，（肉）嫩的，柔软的；soft软的，光滑柔软的，（光线、色彩）柔和的，（风）温和的，（声音）轻柔的，有同情心的，缺乏勇气的。上题题干中指疼痛的程度是“轻微的”，故A、C、D三项都不恰当。
[例2]
Mary kept weighing herself to see how much _______ she
was getting. (NMET 2004)
A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest
[名师讲解] 答案：A。句意：玛丽不断地称体重，看看体重增了多少。本题的语境决定了Mary想要知道自己的体重变化情况。
[细节与高分]much作副词时，不能修饰一般形容词、副词的原级形式，而：①常与否定动词连用；②与作形容词的过去分词以及以a-开头的表语形容词连用；③与形容词的比较级和最高级连用。此题易错选B项，注意，
我们可以说how heavy，但不可以说how much heavy。我们可以另设一个情景：Mary weighed herself to see how heavy she was. 玛丽称了一下，看自己的体重是多
（四）高考提高训练
1. My parents will move back into town in a year or_______. (05NI/II)
A. later B. after C. so D. about
答案：C。“a year or so”意为“一年左右”。
2. -- Is your headache getting ________?
-- No, it’s worse. (05NIII)
A. better B. bad C. less D. well
答案：A。“get better”意为“好些了”。
3. John is very lazy. He falls ______ behind in his studies. (05广东)
A. very B. far C. more D. still
答案：B。程度状语“far”意为“远远地/ 大大地”。
4. The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him _______ I did. (05湖南)
A. as much as B. as long as
C. as soon as D. as far as
答案：A。“as much as I did(=loved him)”修饰“loving him”，意为“曾那么甚地(爱过他)”。
5. My mother always gets a bit ______ if we don’t arrive when we say we will. (05浙江)
A. anxious B. ashamed C. weak D. patient
答案：A。“anxious”在这里意为“焦急”。
6. Maggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and, ______, she gets well paid for it.
A. sooner or later B. what’s more
C. as a result D. more or less (05浙江)
答案：B。“what’s more”意为“而且/另外”，表示“程度更进一步”。
7. Bob ran the 100 meters in 9.91 seconds, and I have not seen ______ this year. (05浙江)
A. the best B. better
C. the most D. more
答案：B。意为“我今年还见过(比这)更好的成绩”。
8. If it is quite to you, I will visit you next Tuesday.
(05天津)
A. convenient B. fair C. easy D. comfortable
答案：A。意为“如果你很方便的话”。
9. -- Have you been to New Zealand? (05山东)
-- No. I’d love to, _______.
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
答案：B。“though”这里作副词用，置句末，意为“可是
/然而”。注意，“though”这里不能换用“although”。
10. Mr. Smith owns _____ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met. (05山东)
A. larger B. a larger
C. the large D. a large
答案：B。意为“一项(数量)更大的收藏品”。
11. -- Must I turn off the gas after cooking?
-- Of course. You can never be _________careful with that.
A. enough B. too C. so D. very
答案：B。意为“你对此应越小心越好”。
12. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___ she was getting.
A. heavier B. heavy
C. the heavier D. the heaviest
答案：A。句意是“玛丽总是在量体重，看长重了多少”;
与原体重比, 所以用“比较级”。
13. I must be getting fat -- I can ______ do my trousers up.
A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom
答案：B。上文“我一定长胖了”是从下文“裤子几乎不能穿”推测而知。
14. When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _____ suggestions.
A. careful B. practical
C. effective D. acceptable
答案：B。“practical”意思是“实用的”。
15. It is re ported that the United States uses _____ energy as
the whole of Europe.
A. as twice B. twice much
C. twice much as D. twice as much
答案：D。“倍数+ as…as…”。
16. Lizzie was _______to see her friend off at the airport.
A. a little more than sad B. more than a little sad
C. sad more than a little D. a little more sad than
答案：B。“more than”在这里意思是“非常/ 很”。
17. If you can't come tomorrow, we'll _______have to hold the meeting next week.
A. yet B. even C. rather D. just
答案：D。“just have to”在此意为“只好”。
18. Mr. Smith used to smoke but he has given it up.
A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly
答案：D。从下文看是“smoke heavily”表示“吸烟吸得厉害”。
19. He speaks English well indeed, but of course not _____ a native speaker.
A. as fluent as B. more fluent than
C. so fluently as D. much fluently than
答案：C。意为“像讲母语者那样流利”，修饰“speaks”。
20. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and ________, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.
A. accidentally B. purposefully
C. obviously D. formally
答案：C。“obviously”意为“很显然”。
21. In _______Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.
A. traditional B. historic C. remote D. initial
答案：A。“traditional” 意为“传统的”。
22. Some people like dirking coffee, for it has _______ effects.
A. promoting B. stimulating
C. enhancing D. encouraging
答案：B。“stimulating”有“刺激/ 使兴奋”之意。
23. ______ students are required to take part in the boat race.
A. Ten strong young Chinese
B. Ten Chinese strong young
C. Chinese ten young strong
D. Young strong ten Chinese
答案：A。“多个前置并列定语”的一般顺序是“限定词 – 一般描绘 – 大小 – 性质 – 色彩 – 长幼/新旧– 国籍/出处 – 材质 – 用途/类别 -- / .. + 中心词”。其“一般原则”是：修饰/限定语越具“实质/具体”性，就越靠近“中心词”。
24. The_________ house smells as if it hasn't been lived in for years.
A. little white wooden B. little wooden white
C. white wooden little D. wooden white little
答案：A。(同上题)
25. That doesn't sound very frightening, Paul. I've seen . What did you like most about the film?
A. better B. worse C. best D. worst
答案：B。意为“(比这)更糟的”。“frightening”含“贬义”，所以排除A。
26. It is _____ any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.
A. no B. such C. nearly D. hardly
答案：D。“hardly any”=“no”。
27. Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always _______ much to do.
A. such B. that C. more D. very
答案：B。“that”在此等于“so”。
28. The great success of this programme has been ______ due to the support given by the local businessmen.
A. rather B. very C. quickly D. largely
答案：D。“largely”意为“很大程度上”。
29. The number of people present at the concert was _______ than expected. There were many tickets left.
A. much smaller B. much more
C. much larger D. many more
答案：A。“来听音乐会的人的数目比预计少了许多”，所以“剩了许多票”。
30. Our neighbor has _______ ours.
A. as a big house as
B. as big a house as
C. the same big house as
D. a house the same big as
答案：B。前一个“as”作副词修饰“big”，所以冠词“a”后移。
31. Those who change mobile phones frequently will pay a heavy price for being .
A. graceful B. fashionable
C. particular D. feasible
答案：B。意为“时髦/时尚”。A:“优雅”；C:“挑剔/讲究”；D:“可行的”。
32. All the people _______ at the party were his supporters.
A. present B. thankful
C. interested D. important
答案：A。意为“出席/在场的”。
33. -- You don't look very ____. Are you ill?
-- No, I'm just a bit tired.
A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy
答案：B。“well”作表语时可表示“in good health(健康/ 身
体好)”。
34. Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ________,
neither of them could swim.
A. In fact B. Luckily
C. Unfortunately D. Naturally
答案：C。“跌入海里又不会游泳”当然是“不幸”的。
35. -- I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.
-- You can never be ____ careful in the street.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
答案：D。“cannot/never be too careful; cannot/never be careful enough”表示“再小心也不过分/越小心越好”。
责任编辑：李芳芳
形容词 副词
经验 规律
形容词、副词通过几年的高考试题的分析不难看出1）涉及形容词、副词比较级的对象、范围的考点很多，所以加强对此部分的理解和掌握显得尤为重要。2）考题中形容词、副词比较级的用法灵活多样，如用比较级形式表最高级含义，古应特别注意积累和归纳。3）as…as…结构的基本模式尤其它的变体形式比较复杂，考生对此不可以掉以轻心。4）高考题中常出现考查多个形容词作前置定语的用法。因为当几个形容词同做定语时，如何排列它们的顺序成了难点，很多考生只是凭感觉，缺乏理性指导，所以容易出错。
知识点归纳:
（一）形容词的作用
1. 作定语： 特别注意多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序。
2. 作表语：通常与系动词be , get , grow , become , feel , appear, prove , seem, look, keep, smell,
taste, sound , turn, remain 等连用。
如: Our classroom is clean. The weather is getting cooler and cooler.
3. 作宾补: 如：The news made every one happy.
4. 与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语。
如:The rich and the poor live very different lives.
5. 作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。如
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
She stared into the distance, speechless for a moment.
（二）副词的作用
1. 作状语：通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。如
2. 作表语，如：One of the tyres is down.
3. 作定语，如：The population here is getting smaller and smaller.
One my way home, I saw an old lady sitting under a tree alone.
4. 作宾补（副词构成复合宾语的情况较少），如：
I saw Mrs Green out with her husband.
5. 构成短语
表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语，表示特定的意思。如
pick out (挑选)，turn up （露面）
（三）容易出错的几个注意点
1. 下列以a-开头的形容词通常只用作表语：
afraid, alike , alive , alone, asleep, awake, ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware (知道的)等。
另外，unable, content (满足的), all（身体）好的，ill（生病的），通常不可用作定语；ill 作定语时， 通常是“坏的，邪恶的”意思。尽管现在已有人用ill作前置定语表示生病的，well表示健康的，习惯上还是用sick, healthy等作前置定语为好。
以上所列词汇中，afraid , alive, alone, awake 可用作后置定语，如
a man afraid (害怕的人)，
the greatest man alive (健在的最伟大的人)
the only child awake （唯一醒着的孩子）
The people , and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.
人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。
注意：
(1)多数以a-开头的形容词不直接用very修饰，通常习惯说法如：
very much alone 非常孤单的/wide awake 十分清醒的/sound / fast asleep 熟睡的
(2)以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时，可以用作前置定语，如
a fast asleep boy 熟睡的男孩；the wide awake soldiers 十分清醒的士兵
2. 有些形容词（如wooden）通常不能用作表语。我们不说The table is wooden 而应改为
The table is of wood. 或The table is made of wood.
不能用作表语，只能作定语的常用形容词还有：inner 内部的，outer 外部的， former 较前的, latter 较
后的，utter完全的，upper上面的，real真正的，mere仅仅的，live[laiv]活的，sheer纯粹的，only唯一的，aged年老的
3. 有些形容词（如possible）作表语时，通常不用“人”作主语。
我们不说He is possible to attend the meeting.
而应该说It is possible for him to attend the meeting.
这类形容词常见的有： possible, improbable, convenient, inconvenient等
注意：这类句型中当动词不定式与句子主语存在着逻辑动宾关系时，主语用“人”是可以的，如
He is impossible to teach. = It is impossible to teach him.
下句也是正确的：
She is necessary to get along well with.
4. worth, worthwhile 和worthy
1) be worth 表示“价值”时，后面可以直接接名词或-ing形式；
2) 在It is worth while 结构中，it 为形式主语，后面可接-ing形式，也可接动词不定式
3) worthy 可修饰名词作定语，如a worthy man 可尊敬的人， a worthy life 有价值的 / 有意义的生活，
与 of 连用时可作后置定语，如a cause worthy of support 值得支持的事业。
worthy of 作表语时，后面可接名词或-ing形式（常用其被动式）
4) worthy后面也可接动词不定式，被动含义时也须用不定式的被动式。
5. 有些副词与形容词形式相同，表示同一含义，常见的有：early , late , fast , high , straight
6. 副词的位置
1) 修饰形容词和其它副词时，通常放在被修饰词之前，但enough一词例外。如
This is a very useful tool
He doesn't work hard enough.
2) 频度副词 (often , usually , seldom , hardly , never, sometimes, always等)要放在实义动词的前面，
be 动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如
We often go to the park..
He is always ready to help others.
3) 地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末。如
I remember that I met him somewhere.
Everything went smoothly.
4) 同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词。如
He made his model plane perfectly there yesterday.
5) 作定语的副词放在被修饰词之后。
People here are very friendly to me.
7. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
如friendly , comradely , lively , lovely, lonely, likely, deadly , silly , orderly
8. 有些副词有两种形式（加-ly后变为另一副词），但意义不同，使用时应予注意。
如： late 迟， 晚 lately近来, high 高 highly 高度地
（四）形容词和副词的比较等级用法
1. 两者相比（A=B），用“as + 原级 + as”表示
2. 两者相比（A
3. 两者相比（A>B）， 用“比较级+than”表示。
4. 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”表示，这种句型中常有表示比较范围的
介词短语。
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works (the )hardest in his class.
说明：(1)用比较级句型表达最高级含义时，应注意避免和包括自身的对象比。常用句型为：
比较级 + than +
(2)比较级句型和同级比较句型中出现否定词no , never , nothing等，也可表达最高级含义。
I love nothing better than swimming . (= I love swimming best.)
I have never seen as old a car as this. (= This is the oldest car I've ever seen.)
(3)最高级可以被序数词以及much , by far , nearly , almost, by no means, not quite , not really , nothing like
等词语所修饰。
(4)表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent , extreme , perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
5. 比较级的一些常用句型
1) 表示“几倍于…”时，用“倍数+as…as”或“倍数+比较级+than”两种结构。
2) 用“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越…”
3) 用“the + 比较级, the + 比较级”表示“越…，越…”。
4) 表示size , weight , length , width, height等的倍数，用“倍数+the (size , weight…)+of …”结构。
5) 比较级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语，主要有：even, still , much, far, any
(用于否定句或 疑问句), a lot , a great deal, by far, a little , a bit , three times, two metres 等。
6) 表示“两者中间…的一个”，比较级前要加the，即“the + 比较级 + of the two”结构。
7) no more than = only 或 as … as 只有， 仅仅
not more than = at most 至多，不超过
8) no less than 有…之多 not less than 不少于
知识点训练
(一) 经典试题回顾
⑴--How was your recent visit to Qingdao ?
--It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _____ days at the seaside.(NMET 95)
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
⑵Can you believe that in ______ a rich country there should be _____ many poor people ? (同上)
A. such , such B. such , so C. so , so D. so , such
⑶Wait till you are more ______, It's better to be sure than sorry. (NMET 97)
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
⑷Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _____known for his plays. (NMET 98)
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
⑸____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (NMET )
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
⑹It's always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don't speak the language.
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially (同上)
⑺John plays football _____, if not better than, David. (NMET 94)
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
⑻We all write ______, even when there's not much to say. (同上)
A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less
⑼_____ I'd like _____ information about the management of your hotel, please.
_____ Well, you could have _____ word with the manager. He might be helpful. (NMET 95)
A. some , a B. an , some C. some , some D. an ,a
⑽If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ____ great it is. (同上)
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
⑾We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ____. (NMET 96)
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
⑿How beautifully she sings ! I have never heard _____. (同上)
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice
⒀In that case, there is nothing you can do ____ than wait. (NMET 北京内蒙安微春季)
A. more B. other C. better D. any
⒁I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a (an) ____ trick.（同上）
A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D . simple
⒂ _____ role she played in the film ! No wonder she has won an Oscar. (NMET 上海春季)
A. How interesting B. How an interesting
C. What interesting D. What an interesting
⒃The magazine is a(n) _____ number. You can take it out of the reading-room. (同上)
A. back B. past C. old D. former
⒄It is good for elderly people to be _____ involved in community service. (同上)
A. honestly B. patiently C. eagerly D. actively
⒅Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _____ to carry all the way home. (NMET )
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy
C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
⒆____ I'm very ______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. (NMET 2002
A. pleasant, pleased B. pleased, pleased 北京内蒙安微春季)
C. pleasant, pleasant D. pleased, pleasant
⒇Two-middle aged passengers fell into the sea. _______, neither of them could swim.
A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally
答案：1-5 BBDCC 6-10 DBAAC 11-15 DDBDD 16-20 ADADC
（二）巩固练习
1. There are many _____ computers in the department store.
A. last B. later C. latest D. latter
2. “Have you ever been to Paris ?”
“Yes, I've _____ been there.”
A. once B. ever C. almost D. nearly
3. He uses his car _____ for going hunting.
A. mostly B. most C. almost D. nearly
4. The plane flew _____ in the sky and the people spoke ____ of the experienced pilot.
A. highly ; highly B. high ; high C. high ; highly D. highly ; high
5. The more ____ we unite, the stronger we become.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closedly
6. Huggins does the work with _____ care.
A. big B. very C. much D. great
7. It's _____ that we'd better go for a walk.
A. so a beautiful night B. such beautiful a night
C. so beautiful a night D. a night so beautiful
8. The Mississippi River is longer than _____ in the U.S.A.
A. any river B. any other rivers C. any other river D. all the rivers
9. He is so ill that _____ hope is left.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
10. The buses run every ____ minutes.
A. other B. many C. a few D. few
11. ____ food is better than none.
A. Any B. Little C. A little D. Every
12. “What do you think of the headmaster's address ?”
“I liked ____ of what he said.”
A. more B. several C. many D. much
13. Tom is _____ his height.
A. rather thin as to B. too thin for C. so thin for D. very thin of
14. “Jane was quite unfriendly.”
“I think she's _____ than unfriendly.”
A. shyer B. shier C. more shy rather D. more shy
15. “This cake is delicious.”
“Well, at least it's ______ the one I baked last week.”
A. as worse as B. as better than C. no worse than D. not better as
16. Harry treats his secretary badly. He seems to think she is the ____ person in the office.
A. less important B. lease important C. not more important D. not most important
17. “It's never _____ to learn.” Means “You can not be _____ old to learn.”
A. late enough ; very B. late ; so C. too late ; too D.very late ; only
18. He knew _____ little French that he couldn't make himself understood.
A. so B. such C. too D. very
19. “Jim seems to like this country.”
“Yes he is _____ here as he was at home.”
A. almost as happy B. as happy almost C. as almost happy D. almost happy as
20. She is older than _____ there years.
A. me for B. I am by C. I for D. me by
21. I think it's _____ for walking.
A. very much hot B. much very hot C. too much hot D. much too hot
22. I'm sure she expected to be back _____.
A. before long now B. now long before C. long before now D. now before long
23. John's record was ____ on the team.
A. not so good as all the players B. not so good as any players
C. not so good as any other players D. not so good as that players
24. They are ____ to arrive in time.
A. possible B. impossible C. likely D. like
25. Which one is correct ?
A. The reward is worthy B. That work is worthy of doing
C. This question is worthy to consider D. There is nothing worthy of being mentioned
26. We are studying ______ books now.
A. three physics very difficult B. very difficult three physics
C. very three difficult physics D. three very difficult physics
27. She has a _____ stamp.
A. green square valuable HongKong B. HowKong valuable square green
C. square valuable green HongKong D. valuable square green HongKong
28. The stars are ______ when there is no moon.
A.the brightest B. brightest C. more brighter D. much bright
29. He is the most famous musician _____.
A. live B. alive C. living D. lively
30. Bob _____ after he finished the heavy Job.
A. fell fast asleep B. fell sound sleep C. fell to asleep D. went to his sleep
31. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _____.
A. open B. to open C. to be opened D. opening
32. We don't care if a hunting dog smells _______, but we really don't want him to smell ____.
A. well ; badly B. well ; well C. badly ; bad D. bad ; bad
33. Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be ____ many poor people.
A. such ; such B. such ; so C. so ; so D. so ; such
34. The pianos in the other shop will be ______, but _____.
A. cheaper ; not as better B. much cheap ; not as better
C. cheaper ; not as good D. more cheap ; not as good
35. John plays football ______, if not better than David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D.so well as
36. “How did you find your visit to the museum ?”
“I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was _____ than I expected.”
A. far more interesting B. even much interesting
C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting
37. The salesman showed her several bags and she chose _____ one as she didn't want to spend
too much money on it.
A. the less expensive B. the least expensive
C. less expensive D. least expensive
38. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
39. He had never spent a ______ day.
A. more worry B. most worrying C. more worrying D. most worried
40. How beautifully she sings ! I've never heard ______.
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice
41. “Are you interested in her answer ?”
“Not at all . It couldn't have been _____.”
A. worse B. better C. so bad D. the worst
42. Which is ______ country, Canada or Australia ?
A. a large B. large C. a larger D. the larger
43. Paper produced every year is _____ the world's production of vehicles.
A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight
C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavy as
44. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ____ money and ____ people.
A. less ; fewer B. less ; few C. less ; less D. fewer ; fewer
45. Some people are against the plan , but _____ support it.
A. much more B. many more C. no more D. any more
46. It's believed that _____ you work, ____ result you'll get.
A. the harder ; a better B. the more hard ; the more better
C. the harder ; the better D. more hard ; more better
47. The climate of Shanghai in summer is not so hot as _____.
A. Nanjing B. of Nanjing C. that of Nanjing D. in Nanjin
48. Though he was an _____, he was _____ in all kinds of _____.
A. action, active , activity B. actor , actively, activity
C. actor , active, activities D. activity, actor, active
49. Which is not an adverb ?
A. brotherly B. hardly C. on D. highly
50. This one is _____ too large. Give me a smaller one.
A. so B. very C. fairly D. rather
51. It is _____ to travel by air than by water.
A. much more excited B. a lot more exciting
C. a lot more excited D. much exciting
52. China Daily is _____ a newspaper , so it is helpful to us all.
A. no more than B. not more than C. more than D. less than
53. The book seems to be _____ like a dictionary ______ a grammar.
A. more ; than B. much ; than C. many ; rather than D. very instead of
54. This new type of TV set is very thin, and it is ______ than a one hundred-page book.
A. no thinner B. no thicker C. not thinner D. less thicker
55. The bookshelf is of ______ the other one.
A. the same height as B. as higher as C. high as D. the same high as
56. The new building is _____ the old one.
A. the size of five times B. five times big than
C. five times than the size of D. five times the size of
57. Betty stood _____ to her teacher and watched ______ what he was doing.
A. close ; closely B. close ; close C. closely ; close D. closely ; closely
58. He was hit by a bullet but _____ he was only ____ wounded.
A. lucky ; badly B. luckily ; badly C. luckily ; slightly D. lucky ; slightly
59. The boy looked _____ , but his weak breath suggested hat he was still _____.
A. dying ; alive B. dead ; living C. dead ; alive D. dying ; living
60. This is one of the best films. I've ever seen, it not _____.
A. the best B. best C. the better D. good
61. The water melon is _____ of the two.
A. worse far B. worst by far C. by far the worse D. far worse
62. “I'm as poor as you.” Means “_____”.
A. I'm not as rich as you B. I'm no richer than you
C. You're richer than I D. I'm even poorer
63. He looked _____ and looked _____ at the policeman.
A. calm ; calm B. calmly ; calmly C. calmly ; calm D. calm ; calmly
64. There must be ______ with the machine.
A. something wrong serious B. something serious wrong
C. something seriously wrong D. something wrong seriously
65. My father was _____ asleep and my mother was also ____ asleep.
A. fast ; sound B. deep ; deeply C. very ; well D. wide ; very
66. Tom is _____ any other student in his class.
A. so brightly a boy as B. as bright a boy as
C. as a bright boy as D. the same bright as
67. These problems are different in essence, so they should be dealt with _____.
A. totally B. specially C. separately D. particularly
68. To plant the tree , we must dig _____.
A. a hole three feet deep B. three-foot-deep a hole
C. a three-feet-deep hole D. a three feet deep hole
69. Those _____ glasses are too _____ for the child to reach.
A. high , high B. tall , tall C. tall , high D. high , tall
70. Which of the following sentence is wrong ?
A. He didn't catch as many birds as he had hoped
B. She looked after the children as gently as possible.
C. We ought to rest as much as possible.
D. They should work hard as possible as they can.
71. Yesterday we had a lecture given by a _____ teacher.
A. well-mannered , young school B. young, well-mannered school
C. well-mannered, school young D. school, well-mannered young
72. They said nothing , looking ____ at the headmaster.
A. sad B. worried C. excited D. coldly
73. The _____ amount of money was not known although they knew it was large.
A. real B. actual C. true D. all
74. I can't thank you _____ much for your kindness, because without your help I can't have succeeded
in the examination.
A. too B. very C. quite D. that
75. I'm not sure what time I'll arrive, maybe half past seven or a quarter to eight. _____, I'll be there as early as possible.
A. Anyhow B. However C. Thus D. Therefore
76. He's a slow learner. There is no reason, _____, to expel (开除) him from school.
A. though B. otherwise C. somehow D. therefore
77. ---You'd better be _____ about what happened in your family.
---Of course I will let no one else know it.
A. silent B. quiet C. calm D. speechless
78. ---Did you enjoy yourself at the party ?
---Sorry to say. I didn't. It was _____ a meeting than a party.
A. more of B. rather like C. less of D. more or less
79. Not _____, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A. obviously B. surprisingly C. particularly D. normally
80. It is generally true that the lower the stock markets fall, _____.
A. the higher the gold price raises B. higher the price of gold price
C. the higher the price of gold rises D. higher the gold price raises
答案: 1-5 CAACB 6---10 DCCBC 11---15 ADBDC
16-20 BCAAB 21-25 DCCCD 26---30 DDBBA
31---35 ACBCB 36---40 ABCCD 41---45 ADDAB
46---50 CCCAD 51---55 BCABA 56-60 DACCA
61---65 CBDCA 66---70 BCACD 71-75 ADBAA
76-80 AAABC
形容词、副词部分解析：
2. ever 多用于疑问句、否定句、比较状从和条件句中，通常不用于答语。
6. with care 用作状语，care 的修饰词可用special ，great , more 等。
11. any 用于肯定结构中意为“任意的”“任何的”。全句意为“有吃的总比没有好”。
15. no worse than 在本句中意为as good / delicious as (并不比…差；一样好)。
28. 本句中the stars 实际是“泛指”，不是与其它“星星”比较，没有表示范围的状语，故最高级形 容词前不用定冠词。
32. 本句中第一个smells是实义动词“嗅觉”，第二个smell是系动词“闻起来”。
38、39. 两句中都没有明显的连接比较状语从句的连词than， 属于“暗含比较句”。特别注意下列关于比较等级的句型。
51. “a lot more exciting … than … ” 比 … 更令人兴奋得多，a lot = much
52. 本句答案C：“more than”意为“不仅仅”“不只是”。
53. “more like … than …”“更象…而不是…”
54. 本题为并列句，前一句中明确告诉我们“…very thin”，故答案应为no thicker than = as thin as …
61. 本句中有“…of the two”, 指两者之间“更为…”，比较级worse 前面的定冠词不可省略。
62. 参见15题说明及54题。
72. 本题应用副词作状语，修饰“looking … at sb”，而不是“看起来+形容词作表语”的结构，四个选项中唯coldly 为adv.
74. “cannot …too …”意为“无论怎样也不过分”，常用于语气较强的肯定含义。
76. “though”作ad.常用于句末或句中，表示“然而，可是”“尽管如此”。又如：
He thinks I'm too easy-going. It doesn't matter though.
77. silent 有“沉默”“不表态”之意；quiet 安静，不出声；calm（情绪）镇定，平静；speechless未发言，不讲话，说不出话来。
78. “more of”意为“在更大程度上”，又如She's more of a singer than a nurse.
80. 本题为“the more … the more ”句型，the higher 后面所接句子的主语，“the gold price”和“the price of gold”皆可，但谓动只能用不及物动词“rises”，而不可用及物动词“raises”。
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语法和词汇重点-------动词短语
【押题依据】动词短语是历年高考考查的一个热点，每年必考。在每年的单项填空题15道题中至少有一道题测试动词短语。设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。动词短语考查面广，灵活度强，在历年高考题拟题中倍受青睐。
[押题1]Some of the students have already learned enough English to ____ a conversation with a native English speaker.
A. hold on B. keep on C. go on D. carry on
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是不仅要理解供选择的四个动词短语的意义，而且要结合题干中的名词与动词短语的关系来进行判断选择。
【答案解析】选项A、B、C三个动词短语都表示“继续”之意，与题干中名词a conversation with a native English speaker构成短语，不符句意。答案D。
[押题2] You’d better fly somewhere in the west. Then you can ____ a hire car and travel around.
A. take up B. get on C. pick up D. turn on
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据所给动词短语的意思，结合题干句作出正确选择。
【答案解析】take up开始学，从事，占去； get on 上车，相处,进展； pick up 拾起，学会，收听到，搭车；turn on打开。根据句子意思，应选择pick up，搭乘出租车。答案C。
[押题3]We’ve invited Mr and Mrs Brown to dinner. But we’ll have to because of the baby’s sickness.
A. took up B. made up C. gave up D. put off
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是注意区别give up与put off的差异。
【答案解析】根据句子意思，首先排除选项A开始学，从事，占去；B组成，构成；而选项C（give up放弃）强调主观意义，不符句子意思，故应选put off（推迟）。答案D。
[押题4]They have most carefully the time and money needed to complete the project.
A. picked out B. left out C. figured out D. taken out
【解题关键】 由于选项B、C两个动词短语为不常见短语，意义生疏，故解题时必须根据题干句子意思进行排除选择。
【答案解析】pick out挑出，选出； leave out 漏掉；figure out算出； take out拿出，取出。根据句子意思：他们十分仔细地算出了完成工程所需要的钱和时间，故应选figure out。答案C。
[押题5]The actress who had been thought highly of to be a great disappointment.
A. turned up B. turned out C. turned down D. turned in
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是理解句意：区别四个由动词turn所构成的短语意义，作出正确选择。
【答案解析】turn up调大（音量），出现；turn out结果是，证明是，生产，制造； turn down调低，拒绝；turn in交上去。答案B。
[押题6]-It’s a good idea. But who’s going to ____the plan?
-I think Tom and Mike will.
A. carry out B. get through C. take in D. set aside
【解题关键】该题提供的四个短语意义较广，解答该题的关键必须结合句子意思进行排除从而得出正确答案。
【答案解析】carry out执行，实行；get through完成，度过，通过；take in吸收，领会； set aside不理会，搁置。根据句子的意思：这是一个好主意，但谁去执行这个计划呢？故选carry out。答案A。
[押题7]Most people didn’t accept the theory when it was first ____.
A. set about B. set off C. put forward D. put out
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是结合句子的意思将短语代入，采用排除法进行选择，注意句子的意思与选项动词短语的意义一致。
【答案解析】set about 着手；set off出发，激发； put forward提出； put out扑灭。句意为：当这个理论最初被提出时，绝大多数人不能接受。故选put forward。答案C。
[押题8] Without proper lessons, you could ____ a lot of bad habits when playing the piano.
A. give up B. catch up C. keep up D. pick up
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意短语pick up的意义及题干句意的理解。
【答案解析】give up放弃；catch up赶上； keep up维持； pick up学会，搭车，拾起，收听到，无意中得到。根据句子的意思：如果没有正确的指导，弹钢琴时就会染上许多坏习惯。答案D。
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第四章 形容词和副词
形容词用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。而副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。
高考重点要求：
1、形容词、副词比较级，最高级常用句型
2、形容词的倍数表达法和副词的位置
3、多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序
4、分清常用同义、近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别
第一节 知识点概述
一、形容词
（一） 形容词在句子中的作用
1．大部分形容词能作定语、表语或宾语补足语, 如：
a beautiful park 一座美丽的公园
The play Tea-house（茶馆）is both moving and interesting.
Who left the window open?
2．“定冠词the + 形容词”表示一类人或物，作“主语或宾语”，意思为“……的一种人”，“……的一类东西或事情”。如：
The new will take the place of the old . （新事物将代替旧事物。）
The young are fond of sports .(年轻人喜欢体育运动。)
3．有些形容词只能作表语 如：
ill, glad, asleep, afraid, alive (活着的)，alone(单独的)
4．某些动词加-ed 和 –ing都可构成形容词，加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”，加-ing的形容词则用来描写事物， 如：
We were excited when we heard the exciting news.
5．有些名词加后缀可变成形容词， 如：lovely, friendly, windy, careful, careless, wooden等
（二） 形容词在句子中的位置
1．形容词一般放在被修饰的名词之前。两个或两个以上形容词修饰一个名词时，形容词排列的次序一般应考虑下面二种情况。
（1）与被修饰名词关系比较密切的形容词位置靠近名词， 如：an exciting American film
（2）音节少的形容词位置在前，音节多的形容位置在后。
2．在下列情况下，形容词应后置：
（1）修饰复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等，如：anything important, nothing easy
（2）同表示数量的词组连用， 如：twenty feet long, five years old
3．几个形容词修饰一名词时，一般顺序为大小（little除外）、形状、色彩、由来、用途。如：
a fine round maple（枫木）writing table,
a famous old English country house
二、副词
（一） 副词在句子中的作用
副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词皆由形容词加-ly 构成，如：careful-carefully.
副词主要被分为以下几种：
1．时间副词，如：often，early，usually，now
2．地点副词，如：here，above，outside，below，there
3．方式副词，如：hard，fast，badly，well
4．程度副词，如：very，quite，much，still，even，almost
5．疑问副词，如：how，when，why
（二） 副词在句子中的位置
1． 时间副词和地点副词的位置
表示确定时间的副词和地点的副词，一般放在句尾，如句中同时有地点副词和时间副词，地点副词通常在前，时间副词在后。
2． 修饰形容词和副词的程度副词，除enough后置外，一般放在被修饰词的前面。副词在此作状语。 如：
be well enough, go fast enough
3． 修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种
（1） 修饰不及物动词时，该副词要后置，如：sing well
（2） 修饰及物动词时，可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后；如宾语较长也可放在动词和宾语之间。如：study English hard，see clearly the words on the blackboard
（3） 及物动词和副词（如：down，on，off，in，out，up等）组成的动词词组，其宾语是名词，该名词可放在副词之前或之后：如是代词，该代词一定要放在副词前。
He cut down the tree. / He cut the tree down. / He cut it down.
4. 形容词原级、比较级和最高级的用法：
（1） 两者比较情况一样，常用“as+形容词原级+as”句型。
He is as tall as his monitor .
（2） 两者比较，表示一方在某方面不如另一方，常用“not so /as +形容词原级+as”句型。
A train doesn’t travel so fast as a plane .
（3） 三者或三者以上比较，表示某人某物“最……”时，用“the+形容词最高级+比较范围”句型。
Asia is by far the largest of the seven continents .
She writes (the) most carefully of the three .
（4） 比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”
It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.
She is becoming more and more active in taking part in social activities.
（5） the +比较级，the +比较级“越……越……”
The harder he studies , the greater progress he will make .
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1. 形容词一般按限定词，一般性描绘、大小、长短和高低、形状、年龄和新旧、颜色、国籍、地区和出处、物质和材料、用途和类别这一顺序来修饰名词的。
2. 在名词前出现几个形容词作定语时，常常涉及词的排列顺序问题。例如：a fat old lady不能说成an old fat lady，a small black leather handbag不能说成a leather black small handbag等。
3. 形容词的词序问题比较复杂，前置形容词的排列顺序由它们和被修饰名词之间的关系决定，关系密切的靠近被修饰词，关系较远的离之稍远。
4. 在as+形容词／副词+as的结构前可加上nearly , almost , just , quietly , half , exactly , 及倍数表示比较的程度。
例如：My income is half as high as my father .
5. 最高级前可用nearly , almost , about , next , by far , by no means 或序数词进行修饰。
例如：Of the three boys , Mike is by no means the most diligent.
6. 比较级的其他用法
1）比较级 + and + 比较级 “越来越……”。例如：
It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.
2）the more…the more… “越……，越……”。例如：
The more fruit you eat, the healthier you will be.
3）no more than “只不过，仅仅”，后面接名词或数词，起形容词作用。 例如：
What he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。
4）no more…than… “和……同样不……”。例如：
He can no more play the piano than I can play basketball. 他不会弹钢琴和我同样不 会打篮球一样
5）no less than “多达，竟有……之多，不下于”。例如：
There were no less than two thousand people at the match. 这场比赛不下于两千人到场观看。
6）no less…than “和……一样，不逊于”。例如：
Our monitor is no less diligent than he used to be. 我们的班长和以前一样勤奋。
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
答案为D。
【解析】 检查考生对反意疑问句（附加疑问句）的掌握和运用能力。A是B的三倍通常可使用以下几种形式：
1) A is three times as adj.（原级） as B
2) A is twice adj.（比较级）than B
3) The n. of A is three times that of B
4) A is three times the +n. of B。
例2、Many students signed up for the_________ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A.800 metre long B.800 metres long
C.800 metre length D.800 metres length
答案为A。
【解析】 长、宽、高及年龄等作定语修饰名词时位置可在前也可在后，在前边时要注意加连字符“-”，其中单位名词用单数，其形式为：数字-单位名称单数-长、宽、高等。如放在后边，不用连字符，数词大于1要用复数。从题干看：800米远的比赛应为800 meter long。
例3、At times, worrying is a normal ____ response to a difficult event or situation----a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.
A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable
答案：C
【解析】 effective有效的；individual个人的；inevitable不可避免的；unfavorable不利的。
例4、You're standing too near the camera. Can you move ________?
A. a bit far B. a little farther C. a bit of farther D. a little far
答案为B。
【解析】 too near的意思是“太近了”，说话人的意图是让对方站在比这远一点，所以要用副词的比较级。这句话的意思是：你站得太靠近镜头了。你能离远一点吗?a bit of后接名词。
例5、In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, ________. A. our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be the better
C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be
答案为C。
【解析】 “the more…the more…”的意思是“越……越……”。由于选项A、B和D的词序都不对，所以不能作为答案。这句话的意思是：近年来，旅游公司成功地向我们推销了这样一个观点：我们走得越远，我们的假期过得越好。
例6、It is generally believed that teaching is_________ it is a science.
A. an art much as B. much an art as
C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
答案为D。
【解析】 在as/so…as…结构中，第一个as/so是副词，后接形容词；第二个as是连接词，后接句子。其正确语序为as much an art as. 这句话的意思是：人们普遍相信，教学像科学一样是一门艺术。
例7、Americans eat _______vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
A. more than twice B. as twice as many
C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many
答案为D。
【解析】 不论哪种形式的比较级其修饰词均应放在前面。more than twice表示数量，放在as…as结构前的意思是“是……的两倍多”。译文：美国人现在每人所吃的蔬菜是19的两倍多。
例8、-I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.
-You can never be ________ careful in the street.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
答案为D。
【解析】 否定词not/no/ never + too/enough结构表示“再怎么……也不过分”或“越……越好”。这句话的意思是：在街上(骑自行车)你越小心越好。
例9、Broadly speaking , I would agree with Shirley , though not ________
A. widely B. thoroughly C. entirely D. extensively
答案为C
【解析】 本题考察副词辨义，widely :广泛地，很大程度上；thoroughly彻底地，entirely完全地，extensively大量地、广阔地、巨大地。根据句意，说话人并非完全同意她的意见，not entirely（不完全地）恰如其分地表达了这一意思。
例10、-You don't look very ________. Are you ill?
-No, I'm just a bit tired.
A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy
答案为B。
【解析】 从题意看，look在这里是系词(看上去，看起来)后应加形容词，四个选项的词性均符合，但good是指人品好坏或东西好坏；strong则表示结实、强壮，与题意不符。healthy“健康的，健壮的”。well可作形容词和副词。作形容词时表示“健康的；气色好”，用于修饰人。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with _____ money and______ people.
A. less… less B. fewer...fewer C. less...fewer D. fewer...less
2. -Can I help you?
-Well, I’m afraid the box is ______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
3. -Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office?
-I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ______ works here. He left about three weeks ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
4. The piano in the other shop will be ______, but ______.
A. cheaper...not as better B. more cheap...not as better
C. cheaper...not as good D. more cheap...not as good
5. ______ I went to the railway station to see my friend off.
A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner
C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner
6. Mrs. smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
7. -How did you think of visit to the museum?
-I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was _____ than I expected.
A. far more interesting B. even much interesting
C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting
8. Those oranges taste _____.
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
9. Canada is larger than ______ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
10. The experiment was ______ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
11. Which is ______ country, Canada or Australia?
A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger
12. -Will you give this message to Mr White, please?
-Sorry, I can’t. He ______.
A. doesn’t any more work here B. doesn’t any longer here work
C. doesn’t work any more here D. doesn’t work here any longer
13. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ______.
A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening
14. My elder brother is ______ a singer ______ I am.
A. no other…than B. no more…than C. not other…than D. not more…than
15. Sunlight is ______ necessary ______ fresh air to a healthy body.
A. not less…than B. no less…than C. no more…than D. not more…than
16. She doesn’t speak _____ her friend, but her written work is excellent.
A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as
17. It takes a long time to go there by train, it’s _____ by road.
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
18. -Mum, I think I’m _____ to get back to school.
-Not really, My dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
19. -If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.
-OK, but do you have ______size in blue ? This one’s a bit tight for me .
A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger
20. John plays football ______, if not better than David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
21. If there were no examinations , we should have ______ at school .
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
22. We all write ______, even when there’s not much to say.
A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less
23. -Do you remember _____ he came?
-Yes I do, he came by car.
A. how B. when C. then D. if
24. Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be _____ many poor
people?
A. such...such B. such...so C. so...so D. so...such
25. -How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
-It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the ______ days at the seaside.
A. few fast sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
26. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
27. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____.
A the better voice B. a good voice
C. the best voice D. a better voice
28. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ______.
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
29. Wait till you are more ______. It’s better to be sure than sorry.
A. inspired B. satisfied C. clam D. certain
30. If I had _____, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting stories.
A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday
C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough
31. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is_____ known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
32. _____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
33. It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don’t speak the language.
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
34. Many people have helped with canned food, however, the food bank needs ______ for the poor.
A. more B. much C. many D. most
35. I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an) ______ trick.
A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple
36. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
37. It wasn’t ______his appearance I liked ______his personality.
A. so much …as B. no less…than C. so much …as D. no more …than
38. It’s believed that ______ you work, ______ result you’ll get.
A. the harder...the better B. the more hard...the more better
C. the harder...a better D. more hard...more better
39. Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose _______ one.
A. the less expensive B. the most expensive
C. less expensive D. more expensive
40. We don’t care if a hunting dog smells ______, but we really don’t want him to smell _____.
A. well...well B. bad...bad C. well...badly D. badly...bad
41. It was ______ late to catch a bus after the party, so we called a taxi.
A. too very B. much too C. too much D. far
42. If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice.
A. good B. the best C. better D. the better
43. We waited _____ for the bus.
A. long time B. a long time C. the long time D. some long time
44. She is _____ to leave as soon as possible.
A. hurried B. anxious C. worried D. nervous
45. We are all going to the games. Why don’t you come ______?
A. up B. across C. along D. to
46. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___ she was getting.
A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest
47. -Are you satisfied with her answer?
-Not at all. It couldn’t have been _____.
A. worse B. so bad C. better D. the worst
48. Last night I had a terrible cold and ached all _____.
A. the way B. over C. at once D. the worst
49. Their cheerful voices showed that they were having a ______ discussion.
A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly
50. ______book of this writer is East and West.
A. Known to be the best B. It was the best known
C. Known as the best D. The best known
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列讲座25
What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如： That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。 I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。 Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。 He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。 Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如： He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。 Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。 I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。 And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。 The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。 It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。 I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。 Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。 They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。
2．用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如： Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。 He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。 He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。 It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。 You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。 We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。
3．引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如： Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。＝No matter what she would do, … Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。＝No matter what may come, …. Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。＝…no matter what might come, … Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say, …
练习
关于名词性从句我们就讲到这里。Now let’s do some exercises related to this part： 一、选择最佳答案填空 1．______ he always serves the people very well is known. A. What B. That C. Which D. Who 2．______ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Whether D. Which
3．I don’t care ____ she has no money. I care____ she is honest or not. A. if…if B. whether…whether C. if…whether D. whether…if 4. They found at last ____ they had been looking for. A. that B. what C. where D. which
5. He will be here on time. But I’m not sure _____ he drives or takes the train. A. whether B. if C. when D. how 6. The reason why he was late is ___ he got up too late. A. that B. because C. as D. for
7. I want to know ____ the leather coat belongs to. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 8. Can you tell me ___ the hospital is? A. where B. who C. that D. whether
9. We all know ____ she will be our English teacher. A. which B. what C. that D. who 10. I wish _____ he would pass the examination. A. how B. whether C. when D. that
二、把两个单句合成主从复合句
model: Does he live there? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me whether (if) he lives there?
1. Can Mike write a little Chinese now? I want to know. →I want to know whether/if Mike can write a little Chinese now. 2. Did Jenny try to explain why she was late? Can you tell us? →Can you tell us if/whether Jenny tried to explain why she was late?
3. Did the monkey want to eat bananas? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether the monkey wanted to eat bananas? 4. Do you like sports? I ask you. →I ask you if/whether you like sports.
5. Does she play basketball? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether she plays basketball? 6. Has the whole street been cleaned? I don’t know. →I don’t know if/whether the whole street has been cleaned.
7. Were there a lot of people in the street? Can you tell me? →Can you tell me if/whether there were a lot of people in the street? 8. Are they preparing for the sports meet? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether they are preparing for the sports meet?
9. Had John told Mr. Smith about his past? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me if/whether John had told Mr. Smith about his past. 10. Has anybody ever been into some of the pyramids? Please tell me. →Please tell me if/whether anybody has ever been into some of the pyramids.
强调
Hello, everyone. 英语的强调主要有两种：一是强调非谓语（包括主语、宾语、状语等）；二是强调谓语动词。
一、强调非谓语
其基本句型是：“It + is/was + 被强调的成分 ＋ that/who + 其她成分”。It 没有实意，只起语法作用，引导被强调的部分。当被强调的是人时，可用who(m)/that, 其他情况用that。 例如： It was I who/that met Jack yesterday. 是我昨天碰到了Jack. （强调主语） It was Jack that/whom I met yesterday. 我昨天碰到的是Jack。 （强调宾语） It was yesterday that I met Jack. 是昨天我碰到了Jack. （强调时间状语） 这几句话复原为非强调句就是：I met Jack yesterday. It is people, not things, that are decisive. 决定的因素是人，不是物。 （强调主语） It is because the book is very important for my present job that I bought it. 是因为这本书对我目前的工作很有用，我才买了它。 （强调原因状语） It was in the supermarket that I gave the book to him. 是在那家超市里我给了他那本书。（强调地点状语）
1．强调主语： It was John who broke the window. 是John打破了窗子。 原句：John broke the window. It is this overpass that will be pulled down. 将被拆掉的是这个天桥。 原句：This overpass will be pulled down. It is the people who/that are really powerful. 真正有力量的是人民。 原句：The people are really powerful.
2．强调状语：
（1）强调时间状语。 例如： It was at that moment that he changed his mind. 是在那一刻他改变了主意。 It is every day that Professor Smith goes swimming. 史密斯教授是天天去游泳。 It was not until Saturday that he began to prepare for the examination. 他直到星期六才开始为考试作准备。 注意：这句话的原句是He did not begin to prepare for the examination until Saturday. 变成强调时间状语，注意 “not” 位置的变化。
（2）强调地点状语。 例如：
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法-----动词和动词短语
编号：081030 编者：管月敏
一. 单句改错：
1. She’s having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn’t know whom to turn.
2. “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even looking down from her book.
3. He was grown up in the countryside, so he knows a lot about farmers.
4. If we can go over our present difficulties, then everything should be all right.
5. --- Have you got up with some new ideas?
--- Yeah. I’ll tell you later.
二. 用所给动词的适当短语填空：
1. give
1) You must finish your papers before 12:30, when they shall be _________.
2) He doesn’t only ____________ money; he spends his whole life in looking after the poor.
3) The gas _____________ an unpleasant smell.
4) Finally he was persuaded to ______________ smoking.
5) The news of the mayor’s coming to our school for a visit was __ on the radio yesterday.
2. get
1) Hardly could he ____________ this amount of work in such a short time.
2) It is going to rain. Can you ___________ the clothes for me?
3) It took me an hour to get intention _______ to her.
4) I am afraid I didn’t ___________ well with my studies.
5) ---The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
---Don’t worry.We have already _____________ two thirds of it.
3. take
1) I won’t __________ much of your time.
2) When shall I __________ my new duties?
3) He has ___________ Spanish recently.
4) The young politician __________ the leadership of the party.
5) I will ___________ your number and ask him to call you back.
6) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026___________ at 18:20.
4. turn
1) ___________ the light before you go out.
2) A big wave ___________ the fishing boat. Luckily, no one was injured.
3) I needn’t have taken my umbrella, because it __________ to be a fine day.
4) To my delight, the key I lost __________ the other day.
5) Believe it or not, Tom is the right person you can __________ when you are in trouble.
6) He is very discouraging because every time he offers some help to her, it will be __________.
5. break
1) I was still sleeping when the fire __________ , and then it spread quickly.
2) The car __________ on the way again.
3) The young man was so impolite that he kept __________ with silly questions.
4) Their friends all wondered what ___________ their marriage?
5) The poor man had his house ____________ last night.
6. put
1) Never ___________ until tomorrow what you can do today.
2) ____________ your toys and let’s have dinner.
3) You’d better ___________ your coat before going out. It’s so cold outside.
4) The toy car was pulled down. Can you _____ it _____ again?
5) Mother __________ all the lights before going to bed.
7. go
1) --- Do you think that housing price will keep __________ in the years to come? Many people can’t afford it.
--- Sorry, I have no idea.
2) We were all tired out, so we couldn’t ___________.
3) Suddenly all the lights ___________, and it was all dark.
4) ---- Didn't you have a good time at the party?
---- Of course I did. As a matter of fact, I had such fun that time seemed to _________ so quickly.
5) The poor girl has __________ such a lot since her parents died.
6) ---Could I use your dictionary?
---Sure, __________.
7) Whoever __________ nature will be punished by it.
8. make
1) She has grown up and I can’t ______ her ______ any more.
2) Culturl exchange __________ better understanding.
3) Mother was skillfully _______ her coat ______ my skirt.
4) He says he will get up at six tomorrow morning, but he’ll never __________.
5) The group is ____________ 6 experts and 20 students.
9. come
1) Tell me how the accident ___________ last night.
2) I __________ an old friend of mine at the station yesterday.
3) It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it _______ that she is two hours late on such a short trip.
4) These customs have __________ to us through many a generation.
5) You have ____________ a good idea.
掌握较好的＞80% 题号: 分析
掌握一般的60%~80% 题号: 分析
掌握较差的 ＜60% 题号: 分析
难点教学建议
Keys:
一. 1. turn 后加to 2. down---up 3. grown-brought 4. go-get 5. got-come
二. 1. given in; give away; gives off; given out
2. get through; get in; get …across; get on; get through
3. take up; take on; taken up; took over; take down; takes off
4. Turn off; turned over; turned out; turned up; turn to; turned down
5. broke out; broke down; breaking in; broke up; broken into
6. put off; Put away; put on; put…together; put out
7. going up; go on; went out; go by; gone through; go ahead; goes against
8. make…out; makes for; making into; make it; made up of
9. came about; came across; comes out; come down; come up with
责任编辑：李芳芳
中学语法大全 代词
目录
人称代词的用法 2
人称代词之主、宾格的替换 2
代词的指代问题 3
并列人称代词的排列顺序 3
物主代词 4
双重所有格 4
反身代词 4
相互代词 5
指示代词 6
疑问代词 7
关系代词 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代词比较辩异one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
“the”的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her作主语补语）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me作主语补语= It's me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
返回顶端〉〉
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
返回顶端〉〉
代词的指代问题
1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
返回顶端〉〉
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －>第三人称 －>第一人称
you －>he/she; it ->I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －>第二人称 －>第三人称
we －>you －>They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
返回顶端〉〉
物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语，例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
返回顶端〉〉
双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
返回顶端〉〉
反身代词
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
返回顶端〉〉
相互代词
1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2） 相互代词的句法功能：
a. 作动词宾语；
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
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指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如：
单数 复数
限定词：This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代词： This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能；
a. 作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1：
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this. （this作宾语时不能指人）
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
说明2：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(错) He admired that who danced well. （that作宾语时不能指人）
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）
返回顶端〉〉
疑问代词
1） 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：
指 人： who, whom, whose
指 物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？
限定词： Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？
说明1：
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘？
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘？
说明2：
Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）
说明3：
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）
What are you looking for?
你在找什么？（现代英语）
说明4：
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。
返回顶端〉〉
关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见下：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
返回顶端〉〉
every, no, all, both,...
1）不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way
3) both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can't sing，neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.
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none, few, some, any,...
一、none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I 've bought some.
返回顶端〉〉
代词比较辩异one, that和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
返回顶端〉〉
one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
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“the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
返回顶端〉〉
anyone/any one;...
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--没有。
3．every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
返回顶端〉〉
both, either, neither,...
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
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many, much
Many，much都意为“许多”， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
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few, little, a few,...
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。
返回顶端〉〉
中学语法大全 倒装
目录
倒装句之全部倒装 17
倒装句之部分倒装 17
以否定词开头作部分倒装 18
so, either, nor作部分倒装 18
only在句首要倒装的情况 19
as, though引导的倒装句 19
其他部分倒装 19
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
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倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
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以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
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so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思“也不关心”，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
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only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
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as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
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其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示“也不”。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
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中学语法大全 定语从句
目录
定语从句 22
关系代词引导的定语从句 22
关系副词引导的定语从句 22
判断关系代词与关系副词 23
限制性和非限制性定语从句 24
介词+关系词 24
as,which非限定性定语从句 25
先行词和关系词二合一 25
what/whatever/that... 26
关系代词that的用法 26
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
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关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
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关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
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判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
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限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
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介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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as, which非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
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先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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what/whatever/that...
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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关系代词that的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
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中学语法大全 动词不定式
目录
不定式作宾语 28
不定式作补语 28
不定式主语 30
It's for sb/It's of sb 30
不定式作表语 31
不定式作定语 31
不定式作状语 31
用作介词的to 32
省to 的动词不定式 32
动词不定式的否定式 33
不定式特殊句型too…to… 33
不定式特殊句型so as to 34
不定式特殊句型Why not 34
不定式的时态和语态 34
动名词与不定式 35
不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
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不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
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不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
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It's for sb/It's of sb
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
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不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
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不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
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不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
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用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to习惯于， be used to习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
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省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
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动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
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不定式特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
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不定式特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
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不定式特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
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不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动被动
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
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动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to dostop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
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中学语法大全 动词
目录
动词 37
系动词 38
什么是助动词 39
助动词be的用法 39
助动词have的用法 40
助动词do 的用法 40
助动词shall和will的用法 41
助动词should,would的用法 41
短语动词 42
非谓语动词 42
动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 （having是实义动词。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
（has是助动词。）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。
5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）
6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
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系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
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什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
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助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
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助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
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助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
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助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
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助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
“What shall I do next week?” I asked.
“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较：
“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语，就成了：
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
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短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1） 动词+副词，如：black out；
2） 动词+介词，如：look into；
3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。
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非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
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中学语法大全 动词的时态
目录
一般现在时的用法 45
一般过去时的用法 45
used to/be used to 46
一般将来时 47
be going to/will 47
be to和be going to 47
一般现在时表将来 48
用现在进行时表示将来 48
现在完成时 48
比较过去时与现在完成时 48
用于现?
高考英语陷阱题总结归纳--形容词与副词
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. We don’t care if a hunting dog smells _____, but we really don’t want him to smell ____.
A. well, well B. bad, bad
C. well, badly D. badly, bad
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为两个smell 均为连系动词，后接形容词作表语。
【分析】这是1995年的一道上海高考题，最佳答案为D。句中的第一个 smell 为实义动词，意为“闻气味”、“嗅觉”，smell badly 意为“嗅觉差”；第二个 smell 为连系动词，意为“闻起来(有某种气味)”，smell bad 意为“闻起来气味难闻”。全句意为“我们并不介意一条猎狗的嗅觉不好，但我们的确不希望它的气味难闻”。
2. “_____ do you think of your English teacher?” “Oh, he is an _____ man.”
A. What, interesting B. What, interested
C. How, interesting D. How, interested
【陷阱】容易误选D，认为第一空应填 how，表示“如何”；第二空应填 interested，因为有的书上说 –ing 形容词主要说明事物，-ed 形容词主要说明人。
【分析】其实最佳答案应是A。英语中表示汉语的“你觉得……如何?”时，可用How do you like ...? 或 What do you think of ...? 注意两者搭配不同，即 like 与 how 搭配，think of 与 what 搭配。另一方面，有的书认为：-ing形容词说明事，-ed形容词说明人。此说法在很多情况下是可行的，但表述欠严谨。严谨的表述应该是：表示使(别)人感到如何, 用-ing形容词；表示人自己本身感到如何，用-ed形容词。比较：
All the children are interested. 所有的孩子都很感兴趣。
All the children are interesting. 所有的孩子都很有趣。
I read an interested expression on his face. 我看到他脸上露出一种感兴趣的表情。
I read an interesting expression on his face. 我看到他脸上露出一种有趣的表情。
再比较：
He is frightened. 他很害怕。
He is frightening. 他很吓人。
He has a frightened look on his face. 他脸上带有惊恐的神情。
He has a frightening look on his face. 他脸上带有吓人的神情。
3. The operation was successful, but I still felt _____.
A. very painful B. much painful
C. a lot of pain D. very paining
【陷阱】容易误选A，想当然地认为：pain 表示“痛”，其形容词painful自然表示表示“感到疼痛的”。
【分析】其实 painful 的意思并不是“感到疼痛的”，而是表示“使人感到疼痛的”、“使人感到痛苦的”，所以它通常用于说明事物，而不宜用于说明人。比较并体会：
他仍很痛苦。
正：He is still in pain.
误：He’s still painful.
你感到痛吗?
正：Do you feel any pain?
误：Are you painful?
见到你这样生活我很痛心。
正：I am pained to see you living this way.
误：I am painful to see you living this way.
听到他的死讯，我们都很痛苦。
误：We were all painful to hear of his death.
正：We were all pained to hear of his death.
他眼睛痛。
正：He has painful eyes.
误：He’s painful in the eyes.
4. “Our team is _____ to win the match.” “Really? But I don’t think so.”
A. easy B. difficult
C. possible D. sure
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，因为假若单纯从中文意思来看，四个答案均说得通。
【分析】正确答案为D，A、B、C三项填入空格处虽然从汉语来看说得通，但不合英语习惯。因为按英语习惯，easy 和difficult 后接不定式时，其主语(或逻辑主语)通常应是 it，而不能是具体的人或物，除非这个主语与其后不定式有动宾关系。如：
他回答案这个问题很容易。
误：He’s very easy to answer this quesiton.
正：It is very easy for her to answer this quesiton. (用形式主语 it 作主语)
正：The question is very easy for her to answer. (主语为具体的事物，但它与其后不定式有动宾关系，即 to answer this quesiton)
我们很难在半小时内完成这工作。
误：We are very difficult to finish the work in half an hour.
正：It is very difficult for us to finish the work in half an hour. (用形式主语 it 作主语)
对possible 来说，后接不定式时，其主语只能是 it，不能是具体的人或事物，即使该主语与其后的不定式有动宾关系也不可以。如：
我们可能会赢得这场比赛。
误：We are possible to win the match.
误：The match is possible for us to win.
正：It is possible that we will win the match.
正：It is possible for us to win the match.
5. I think he is _____ to tell us the secret, but I’m not sure.
A. possible B. likely
C. impossible D. certain
【陷阱】A、B、C三项均有可能被选择。
【分析】根据句意首先排除D；再根据上面一题的分析，排除A和C；也就是说，此题最佳答案为B。注意likely 的用法，它与possible所用句型不同，请看实例：
Are we likely to arrive in time? 我们会及时赶到吗?
It’s very likely that he will ring me tonight. 今晚他很可能会给我来电话。
They will very likely come by car. 他们很可能会坐汽车来。(该句中的likely为副词，而前两句中的likely为形容词)
6. Let’s make it at seven o’clock on Tuesday morning at my office if ________.
A. you’re convenient B. it is convenient for you
C. you feel convenient D. it is convenient with you
【陷阱】容易误选A或C，因为许多同学将汉语中的“如果你方便的话”直译为 if you are convenient 或 if you feel convenient。
【分析】最佳答案为B，因为英语中的 convenient不是表示“感到方便的”，而是表示“使人感到方便的”，所以 be convenient 的主语通常不能是“人”。要表示“如果你方便的话”，英语通常 if it is convenient for [to] you，其中的介词可用 for 或 to，但一般不用 with。顺便说一句，偶尔也可见到用人或物作 be convenient的主语，但此时的句子必须具备这样的特点：句子主语是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，如：
Mary is convenient to see on Sunday. / It is convenient to see Mary on Sunday. 星期天去见玛丽较为方便。
The furniture is convenient to move. / It is convenient to move the furniture. 这家具搬起来很方便。
7. We were two hours late that day, which was due to the ______.
A. crowded traffic B. crowded traffics
C. busy traffic D. busy traffics
【陷阱】容易误选A，因为许多同学将汉语中的“拥挤的交通”直译为 crowded traffic(s)；由于 traffic 不可数，排除含 traffics 的选项，所以许多考生便选定答案A。
【分析】其实，此题的最佳答案是C，因为英语的 traffic习惯上不用 crowded 修饰，而用 busy 或 heavy 修饰，以说明“交通”的“拥挤”。类似这样的在修饰语方面需特别注意的还有：
(1) 汉语的“绿茶”说成英语是green tea，但相应的“红茶”却是black tea 而不是 red tea。
(2) 可说thick soup(浓汤)，但不说thick coffee (tea)；要表示“浓咖啡(茶)”，可用strong coffee (tea)。
(3) 可说thin soup(稀汤)，但不说thin coffee (tea)；要表示“淡咖啡(茶)”，可用weak coffee (tea)。
8. Mary is very clever and _____ worth teaching, but her brother is not. Look, he is now _____ asleep in class.
A. very, very B. much, very
C. well, very D. well, fast
【陷阱】容易误选A，因为许多学生往往将汉语中的“很”与英语中的 very 等同。
【分析】但是，许多汉语中的“很”是不能用英语中的 very 来直译的。如汉语“我很喜欢英语”，在英语中就不能说成 I very like English，而应说成 I like English very much，因为副词 very 在英语中习惯上不用来修饰动词。上面一题不能选A，是因为形容词 worth 和 asleep习惯上不能用副词 very 来修饰，而是分别用 well 和 fast修饰，即说成 be well worth doing sth(很值得做某事)，be fast (或 sound) asleep(熟睡)，所以此题的最佳答案应选D。
9. “Could I take your order now?” “Yes. One _____ tea and two _____ coffees.”
A. black, white B. red, white
C. black, green D. red, black
【陷阱】容易误选B或D。
【分析】按汉语习惯，在“茶”前要加表颜色的形容词通常应是“红”和“绿”，即说“红茶”和“绿茶”。但是在英语中，人们虽然可直接用 green tea来表示“绿茶”，但却不能直接用 red tea 来表示“红茶”，汉语中的“红茶”说成英语应是 black tea，所以第一空应填black，即选A或C。对于第二空，coffee 前通常使用的表颜色的形容词是 white 和 black，其中 white coffee 指“牛奶咖啡”(因牛奶呈白色)，black coffee 指“没有加牛奶的咖啡”（即纯咖啡或清咖啡），由此可知上题的最佳答案应是A。
10. Entering the house we found him lying on the bed with his mouth _______ and eyes _______.
A. open, close B. opened, closed
C. opened, close D. open, closed
【陷阱】此题很容易误选A。
【分析】答案应选 D。open 和 close 均可用作动词，前者表示“开”，后者表示“关”，是一对反义词，如：
Please open your mouth and close your eyes. 请张开嘴，闭上眼。
但是 open 和 close 也可用作形容词，此时前者意为“开着的”，后者意为“接近的”、“亲近的”等，而并不表示“关着的”，要表示“关着的”，英语用 closed，即用作形容词时，open 与close 不是一对反义词，而与 closed 才是反义词。
11. A ______ road goes ______ from one place to another.
A. straight, straight B. straightly, straightly
C. straight, straightly D. straightly, straight
【陷阱】容易误选C。认为straightly 是straight 的副词形式。
【分析】在现代英语中，straight 既可用作形容词，也可用作副词。而straightly这个副词在现代英语中已被废弃，许多词典均不再收录此词。所以此题最佳答案应选A。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. It was _____ opportunity to miss.
A. too good an B. a too good
C. too a good D. too good
2. I don’t like it at all. It can’t be _____.
A. better B. worse
C. best D. worst
3. There was nothing special about this film - it was only ______.
A. particular B. average
C. interesting D. strange
4. She looks very _____ but I can’t remember her name.
A. similar B. familiar
C. friendly D. strange
5. He said he would return the money, and I was ______.
A. fool enough to believe him
B. enough fool to believe him
C. fool enough believing him
D. enough fool believing him
6. “This book is ______ more useful for us students.” “Yes, but it is _______ too difficult.”
A. quite, quite B. much, rather
C. rather, quite D. quite, much
7. The children all looked _____ at the broken model plane and felt quite _____.
A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly
C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad
8. The child dreamed that he had once lived in a _______ house in the forest.
A. wooden pretty little B. little pretty wooden
C. pretty little wooden D. wooden little pretty
9. He wanted to read more, so he asked his friends if there was _______ to read.
A. something easy enough B. something enough easy
C. enough easy something D. easy enough something
10. The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her, but she could not help worrying.
A. seriously wrong nothing B. nothing serious wrong
C. nothing seriously wrong D. serious nothing wrong
11. -How is your father?
-He’s fine. He’s______ to play tennis every Sunday.
A. enough active still B. enough still active
C. still active enough D. still enough active
12. -Did you wash your new suit in hot water?
-Of course not. I am not ______ foolish.
A. very B. that
C. very much D. too
13.-Which team is _______ to win the game?
-I don’t know, but I’ve found _______ for ours to win.
A. probable; it unlikely B. likely; it possible
C. possible; it possible D. likely; it possibly
14. He didn’t understand the _______ question, so there was a ______ expression on his face.
A. puzzling; puzzled B. puzzling; puzzling
C. puzzled; puzzled D. puzzled; puzzling
15. She can speak _______ in front of Mack, but she can’t eat ______ in his restaurant.
A. free, free B. free, freely
C. freely, free D. freely, freely
16. It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ____ to her mother.
A. close B. closely
C. closed D. closing
17. Fred is second to none in maths in our class, but believe it or not, he _______ passed the last exam.
A. easily B. hardly
C. actually D. successfully
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选A，too … to … 结构除用于“too + 形容词或副词 + to do sth”外，也可用于“too + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + to do sth”。
2. 选B，it can’t be worse 相当于 It’s the worst thing I ever knew。
3. 选B，average 意为“平常的”、“普通的”。
4. 选B，similar 指“相似”，familiar 指“熟悉”。
5. 选A，此处的 fool 虽为名词，但具有形容词的性质，相当于 foolish。
6. 选B。虽然 quite, rather, much 均可用于加强语气，但是修饰比较级或副词 too(太)时，只能用 rather 或 much，而不用 quite。
7. 选D。第一个 look是实义动词(注意与之搭配的介词 at)，第二个look 是连系动词。
8. 选 C。多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时，它们的位置遵循这样的原则：描绘形容词-大小（长短高低）形容词-形状形容词-年龄（新旧）形容词-颜色形容词-国籍形容词-材料形容词-用途（类别）形容词-名词（动名词）。
9. 选A。做对此题要注意两点：一是修饰something, anything, nothing 等复合不定代词的形容词，应置于被修饰语之后；二是副词enough 修饰形容词或副词时也应置于被修饰语之后。
10. 选C。wrong 修饰nothing，seriously 修饰wrong。
11. 选C。still 修饰 active，置于其前；而副词enough 修饰形容词或副词时应置于被修饰语之后。
12. 选B。that 在此用作副词，不是代词，用法相当于so。其余三者填入空格处语意不通。
13. 选B。理由见“典型陷阱题分析”第5题。
14. 选A。理由见“典型陷阱题分析”第2题。
15. 选C。第一空填 freely，意为“自由地”；第二空填free，意为“免费地”。
16. 选 A。close 与 closely 的区别是：指实际距离近，用 close；指抽象意义，用 closely。
17. 选 B。首先应弄清 second to none 的意思，照字面理解是“对谁都不是第二”，言外之意就是“第一”，或者说是“最好”。再联系句中的 but 可知，选项 B 最恰当。
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★ 语法和词汇考点详解----情景交际 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
