下面是小编收集整理的语法系列讲座15 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)(共含16篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“晕晕”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
语法系列讲座15
（七）不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。
（1） 一般式（to+动词原形）：表示与主句谓语动词动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如：
We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。（ 不定式go out 与 see同时发生。）
They invited me to have dinner with them. 他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你（to see发生在hope之后）
（2） 进行式（to be+现在分词）：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。例如：
She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他进来时，我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他们似乎很快活。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他听见父亲的声音，假装正在做作业。
The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
（3）完成式（to have+过去分词）：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如：I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。（已见过）
I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。（已经等过了）
动词不定式的完成式和下列动词的过去时连用，表示过去没有实现的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它们的过去时。另外还有should/would like/love。这个结构表示“本打算/想/计划…”的意思。例如：
The game were to have taken place in Room. 比赛原计划在罗马举行。
He planned to have gone abroad last week.= He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他原计划上周出国的。
I’d like to have been offered the job and(to have been)given the opportunity to prove myself. 我真想（当时）把这个工作给了我，给我个机会让我证明我自己。
同样的意思也可用上述动词的过去完成时加动词不定式的一般式来表达。例如：
I had hoped to visit the great pyramid .= I hoped to have visited the great pyramid.=I hoped to visit it, but I didn’t. 我本希望参观大金字塔的。
They would have liked to have your help.=They would like to have had your help.=They wanted to have your help but they didn’t have it. 他们本想得到你帮助的。
（八）不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：
一般式：to be+过去分词
完成式：to have been+过去分词
例如：
You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged . 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
We’re glad to have been invited. 受到邀请我们很高兴。
What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么？
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
（九）为了避免重复，不定式可省略，但to有时保留，有时不保留。例如：
You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力，你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to. George 说要离开上海，但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了，还有的准备退。
He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的快。
I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to). 我倒是想现在干，但没时间。
“Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和我一起去吗？”“愿意。”
“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.” “你考试及格了吗？”“没有，我努力了，但没成功。
“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.” “你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗？”“我不想唱。”
You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to) again.如果他们再要求你，你最后唱一首英文歌。
后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构，还有：
used to 常常 be going to 打算
mean to 打算 ought to 应该
plan to 计划 want to 要想
（十）两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than 连接时，第二个可省略to，尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。例如:
I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. 我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。
You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。
I’m anxious to go and ask him about it. 我急于去问问他这个事。
Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? 你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿？
We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema. 我们无事可做，只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
He had nothing to do except talk nonsense. 除了胡说八道，他没别的事干。
I would rather die than be insulted. 我宁死也不受侮辱。
I’ll do anything but work on a farm. 除了去农场干活，我什么都干。
It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。
It’s better to take a taxi than (to) wait here. 搭出租车也比在这等强。
句子中but后面的不定式带不带to，取决于but前面的句子里含不含do，只要有与do/did有关的词（do作谓语，to do作定语等等），but后面的不定式就省掉to。例如：
I can do nothing but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去，我别无选择。
I have nothing to do but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去我没事可干。
He did nothing but cry all day long. 他除了整天哭，什么也不干。
Now let’s do some exercises:
1．用动词不定式结构完成下列句子：
1）Let’s _______ （早回家）. → go home early
2）I am going _____ （问问题）. → to ask some questions
3）I’ve been hoping ______ （会见格林先生）ever since I left school → to see Mr. Green
4）It is difficult ______ (照顾这么多小娃娃). → to look after so many babies
5）He likes _____ （在月光下散步）. →to walk in the moonlight
6）She is afraid ____（独自去）. → to go alone
7）I pretended ______ （睡着了）. → to be asleep
8）I should like _____ （今晚去看那个话剧）. →to go to watch that drama tonight
9）Be careful ____ (别着凉). →not to catch cold
10）Mr. Green seemed ____ （越来越不喜欢他）. →to dislike him more and more
11）It is too heavy _____ (你搬不动). →for you to carry
12) You have to work hard ____(考试及格). →to pass the examination
13) Tom intends ____(找个新工作). →to look for a new job
14) What do you want ____ (吃)？ →to eat
15) I hate _____(这么早离开),but I am afraid ____(我不得不这么早离开). →to leave so early; I have to
16）The enemy soldiers refused ____ (再战斗下去). → To fight anymore
17) He decided _____ (成为物理学家). →to become a physicist
18) The woman came out ____ (看看在发生什么事). →to see what was happening
19) I mean _____ (完成这个任务), one way or another. →to accomplish the task
20) He was planning _____ (和她一起去). →to go with her
21) He seems _____ (过去是个猎手). →to have been a hunter
22) I happened _____(看过这本书). →to have read the book
23) I happened ____ (正挨着他站着) when he was shot. →to be standing next to him
24) The enemy is believed ____ (已被击败). →to have been defeated
25) The teacher wanted the composition ______ (当堂做完). →to be finished in class
26) He appears _____ (是你的朋友) but I doubt if he is. →to be your friend
2．汉译英
1）学生们要求进来。 The students asked to come in.
2）我希望不久可以见到我奶奶。 I hope to see my grandma soon.
3）我刚才设法把门打开了。 Just now I managed to open the door.
4）我答应等他。 I have promised to wait for him.
5）那位官员拒绝见我。 The official refused to see me.
6）他们似乎误了火车。 They seem to have missed the train.
7）你想要和我一起走吗？ Do you want to go with me?
8）他没答应走开。 He didn’t promise to go away.
9）他答应不走开。 He promised not to go away.
10）记住不要和那个阿飞(teddy boy)说话。
Remember not to speak to (talk with) that teddy boy.
11）我希望不久接到他们的来信。 I hope to hear from them soon.
12）比尔好像并不明白。 Bill doesn’t seem to understand it.
13）你一定要记住，到七点钟你才能离开。
You must remember not to leave until seven o’clock.
14）那些人不愿意留在这里。 Those men don’t want to stay here.
15）望你及时把它完成。 You are expected to finish it in time.
16）登山的人没有到达山顶。 The climbers failed to reach the peak (top of the mountain).
17）他认为(expect)我会等他吗？ Does he expect me to wait for him?
18）你没有告诉他在信上贴邮票吗？ Didn’t you tell him to put a stamp on the letter?
19）你愿意帮我学习这一课吗？ Will you help me (to) learn this lesson?
20）为什么你不让她帮助你？
Why not get her to help you?或Why don’t you get her to help you?
21）请你让前面那个人把帽子摘下来。 Please ask that man in front of you to take his cap off.
22）你要我干什么呢？ What would you like me to do?
23）如果你的朋友们想留下，就让他们全呆在这里吧。
Let your friends all stay here if they want to.
24）我们尽量设法使他明白。 We tried to make him understand.
25）我不知道怎么开始。 I don’t know how to begin.
26）很抱歉，我星期六没来。 I’m sorry not to have come on Saturday.
27）李红要一个人做全部工作。 Li Hong wants to do all the work alone.
28）我很高兴见到你。 I am very glad to see you.
29）你不能使那些孩子们安静下来吗？ Can’t you make those children keep quiet.
30）你打算带多少人去看电影呢？ How many people are you going to take to the cinema?
31）我没有把药吃完，因为你叫我别都吃了。I didn’t finish the medicine because you asked me not to.
32）如果你要我给你做早饭，我就给你做。 I will cook your breakfast if you would like me to.
33）这水太脏，不能用。 The water is too dirty to use.
34）那些石头太重，你搬不动。 Those stones are too heavy for you to carry.
35）那台电视机太贵，我买不起。 That TV set is too expensive for me to afford.
36）工人们太累了（be tired enough），立刻就睡着了。The workers were tired enough to go to sleep at once.
37）那孩子很累，以致立刻就睡着了。 The boy was so tired that he went to sleep at once. 38）那个老头累得站都站不直。 The old man was too tired to stand up straight.
39）你想去看电影吗？？？不，我宁愿呆在家里。Would you like to go to the cinema? ？No, I’d rather stay at home.
40）你不愿意你的朋友先和他谈谈吗？Wouldn’t you like some of your friends to talk to him first?
41）学生们急于知道考试的结果。 The students are anxious to know the results of the exam.
42）说实话，我不懂文学。 To tell the truth, I know nothing about literature.
43）我听到他们在隔壁房间里谈话了。 I heard them talk in the next room.
44）我已下定决心要更加努力地学习。 I have made up my mind to study even harder.
45）美国有可能消灭恐怖主义吗？ Is it possible for the United States to wipe out terrorism? 46）你把你的计划向他解释一下，方便吗？ Is it convenient for you to explain your plan to him?
47）如果你有机会去西山的话，我愿意和你一起去。If you have a chance to go to the Western Hills, I’d like to go with you.
48）等你想好了，请把你的决定告诉我。After you think it over, please let me know what you have decided to do.
49）探身窗外是危险的。 It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
50）遵守法律是每个人的义务。 It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.
51）约翰感到心跳得很快。 John felt his heart beat fast.
52）汤姆到浴室去洗手。 Tom went to the bathroom to wash his hands.
53）小王站在椅子上，这样看节目就看得更清楚些。 Xiao Wang stood up on a chair so as to see the performance better.
54）他走出房间以便听不到闹声。 He went out of the room so as not to hear the noise any more.
55）孩子们急于要动身。 The children were anxious to start.
56）别惹我们笑了。 Don’t make us laugh.
57）应该把这件事告诉老师。 The teacher ought to be told about it.
58）这所房子只出租，不出售。 The house is to let, not to be sold.
59）他们是来看的，不是来给人看的。 They came to see, not to be seen.
60）这个成语难于解释，但不难（be no trouble）用。 This idiom is hard to explain, but it is no trouble to use.
二、动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。 动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。
（一）做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：
Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。
在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如：
It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。
Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗？
It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。
It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。
It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。
（二）动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完成， contemplate沉思、打算，defer推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue 停止， dislike不喜欢，dispute不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢， escape逃脱，excuse 原谅， fancy想象，feel like 想要， finish结束， 严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止， recall 回忆， report报告，resent 怨恨， resist抵制、阻止，risk冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明白、理解，等等。
例如：
He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。
David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
（我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ）
I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语：
abhor憎恶，attempt 试图，begin 开始，cannot bear 无法忍受，cannot stand无法忍受，cease停止，continue，继续,，decline 拒绝，deserve值得，disdain蔑视，dread害怕，endure忍耐，forget忘记，hate 痛恨，intend打算，learn学，like 喜欢，loathe厌恶，love喜欢，mean意思是、意味着，need需要，neglect疏忽，omit省略，忽略，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，propose建议，regret后悔，remember记得，require需要，scorn蔑视、瞧不起，start开始，try尝试，努力，entail必须，involve涉及，necessitate使成为必要，等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样，个别不同。
（三）动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。尤其是在短语动词后面。如：
The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。
Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗？
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own way.
Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你，
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列讲座28
So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes. 她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。 Involved in the problem are some teaching methods. 牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。
Written on the label is the model of the machine. 写在标签上的是机器的型号。 Very important in our lives is reading. 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。 Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship. 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。 注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。 如： Terribly hot it certainly was. 天确实是太热了。 A very reliable person he is. 他是一个可靠的人。
（2）某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。 如： Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen! 亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁！ May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归来！ May you succeed. 祝你成功。 May your country become rich and strong. 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。
（3）在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours, thus (方式状语)，so (程度状语)，in the distance, in front of (地点状语)等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装；如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。 如： Often did we warn them not to do it. 我们经常警告他们别做这事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。 Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. 他不止一次帮我做实验。 Thus was the Emperor deceived. 皇帝就这样受骗了。 So busy is he that he has no time to spare. 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。 In the distance was a tall tree. 远处有一棵大树。 翻译练习（地点状语放在句首，倒装）： 1)在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。 Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 2)教室的外面站着一个男孩。 Outside the classroom stood a boy.
3)农舍后面是一片稻田。 Behind the farmhouse was a rice field. 4)小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
（4）在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构；主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。 例如： “You all did well in the exam,” said the teacher. “你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。 “How is your mother?” asked her friend. “你母亲近况如何？”她的朋友问道。
“Let’s go,” suggested Mary. “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。 “Nonsense!” shouted the man. “胡说！”那个人喊道。 “Whom are you looking for?” she asked. “你找谁？”她问道。 “Yes, I’m a new student,” he answered. “对，我是新生。”他回答说。
倒装句综合练习
1．把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首： Models: The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out. (hardly) →Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out. It can’t be done in any other way. (in no other way) →In no other way can it be done. 1)They had never seen such a sight before. (never before) →Never before had they seen such a sight. 2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began. (no sooner) →No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began. 3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances. (under no circumstances) →Under no circumstances will she do such a thing. 4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated. (not until) →Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin. 5)I will on no account sign this document. (on no account) →On no account will I sign this document. 6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it. (so badly) →So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it. 7)You will succeed only by working hard. (only) →Only by working hard will you succeed. 8)He seldom takes a holiday. (seldom) →Seldom does he take a holiday. 9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money. (not only) →Not only did he advise me what to do, he also lent me the money. 10)He hardly realizes how ill he is. (hardly) →Hardly does he realize how ill he is. 11)The old man didn’t say a word. (not a word) →Not a word did the old man say. 12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking. (not a sound) →Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking. 13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy. (hardly ever) →Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy. 14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. (rarely) →Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 15)He didn’t speak to us even once. (not even once) →Not even once did he speak to us.
2．用倒装结构翻译下列句子： 1)枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。 Crack went the gun and away flew the birds. 2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。 Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers. 3)他简直没有时间玩。 Scarcely could he find time for playing. 4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。 Near our school there stands a high building. 5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。 Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself. 6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。 Hardly could she express her gratitude in words. 7)要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。 Had you arrived a little earlier, you could have caught the train. 8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。 Only after a week did she know about her father’s death. 9)他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。 Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. 10)如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。 Had you followed his advice, you would have succeeded.
it 用法小结
it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。
一、it作句子的真正主语
1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。 例如： What’s this? －It is a sheep? 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? －It’s me (I). 谁？？是我。 It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。
2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。 例如： What time is it? －It’s nine. 几点了？？九点了。 It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? －It’s Saturday. 今天星期几？？今天星期六。 What’s the date today? －It is October 1st. 今天是几号？ ？今天是十月一日。 What season is it? －It is summer. 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。
3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。 例如： Is it cold in this room? －No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗？？不冷。 What’s the weather like today? －It is fine. 今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。 It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。
4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。
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语法系列讲座26
It was in the library that I met Jack yesterday. 是在图书馆我昨天碰到了Jack. 原句：I met Jack in the library yesterday. It might have been on the bus that I lost my purse. 可能是在公共汽车上我丢失了钱包。 原句是：I might have lost my purse on the bus. 强调地点状语，也可改为：It was on the bus that I might have lost my purse. It was under the tree that I was sitting then. 当时我正坐在那棵树下。
3．强调宾语。 例如： It was Tom’s bike that she borrowed, not mine. 她借的是Tom的自行车，不是我的。 It is his dog that he’s sold, not his car. 他已卖掉的是他的狗，不是车。 It was a cat that your dog was running after. 你的狗追的是只猫。
4．强调宾语补足语： 例如： It was wonderful that we considered his plan. 我们认为他的计划是绝妙的。 It is Lincoln that they named the aircraft carrier. 他们把那艘航母命名为林肯号。 It was captain that the team chose him. 那个队选他当的是队长。 It was white that Tom was painting the fence. 汤姆当时正在把篱笆涂成白色的。 这句话的原句是： Tom was painting the fence white. 类似的结构有：color the sun red, color the tree green, paint the wall pink 等，这里，颜色作宾语补足语。 It is a fine player that we believe Jane. 我们相信Jane是一个出色的选手。 It is the Buckingham Palace that the British Queen’s office building is called. 英国女王的办公大楼被称作白金汉宫。 It is Cadillac that this car is named. 这辆车被命名为卡迪拉克。
二、强调谓语动词
用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。 注意：谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。 例如： You’re quite wrong？she does like you. 你错了，她真的喜欢你。 Do come in. 快进来。
用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。
1．强调一般现在时动词谓语： 例如： I work hard. → I do work hard. She loves you. → She does love you. My father smokes a lot. → My father does smoke a lot.
2．强调一般过去时动词谓语： 例如： I called you in the morning. → I did call you in the morning. I attended the meeting yesterday. → I did attend the meeting yesterday. I handed in the paper yesterday. → I did hand in the paper yesterday. He wrote a letter to me yesterday. → He did write a letter to me. He came to see you yesterday. → He did come to see you yesterday.
三、其他表示强调的方式
1．把要强调的部分放在句首： 例如: That film？what do you think of it? Asleep, then, were you?
2．用某些特殊的词来表示强调，如really, certainly, definitely, very等。在口语中，such 和so 都常用于强调句。 如： Thank you so much. It was such a lovely party. I really enjoyed it. This is the very book that I am looking for. 我要找的就是这本书。
练习
把下列句子改成强调句，强调黑体词部分；然后把第1－8句和第10句改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →It was Mary who gave me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →It was the day before yesterday that we went to the Great Wall.
3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →It is the bike that I want you to repair for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →It is in February that the days begin to get longer. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →It was a meeting that we held in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →It was Mr. Li that I met in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →It was after liberation that my parents began to learn to read and writed. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →It was in 1985 that I joined the party. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →It is at the gate that she will be waiting for me. 10)Li Hong and Zhang Ming cleaned the classroom this morning. →It was Li Hong and Zhang Ming who cleaned the classroom this morning.
把下列句子改为强调动词谓语的句子。 1)Mary gave me the news. →Mary did give me the news. 2)We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. →We did go to the Great Wall the day before yesterday. 3)I want you to repair the bike for me. →I do want you to repair the bike for me. 4)The days begin to get longer in February. →The days do begin to get longer in February. 5)We held a meeting in the room yesterday. →We did hold a meeting in the room yesterday. 6)I met Mr. Li in the bookshop. →I did meet Mr. Li in the bookshop. 7)My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation. →My parents did begin to learn to read and write after liberation. 8)I joined the party in 1985. →I did join the party in 1985. 9)She will be waiting for me at the gate. →将来时,通过重读谓语进行强调.
倒装
英语句子的语序一般是固定的：主语在前，谓语在后，这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况：语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的，叫语法倒装；为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的，叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识，以便在写作和口语中使用，这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。
一、语法倒装 1．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装 例如： Shall I open the door? 要我开门吗？ Are you cold? 你冷吗？ Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗？ Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜欢哪张画？ How are you getting along? 你目前怎么样？ When will there be lasting peace in the world? 什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平？ 2．There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。 例如： There are not many people who want to read this book. 想看这本书的人不多。 There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave. 在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。 There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate. 碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。 There is going to be a change in our arrangement. 我们的安排将有一个变化。
3．当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though,可以替换。 如： Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.
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语法系列讲座23
如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。（everybody believes 是插入语） At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable. 在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。
5．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致： 例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。 这就是用英文写成的使用说明。 Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets? 你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗？ So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception. 就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。 6．非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who（whose, whom）和which代表人和物； 例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。 她的兄弟们？？两个人都在美国工作？？每个星期都给她打电话。 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd， 那些公共汽车？？大多已经坐满了人？？被一群愤怒的人围着。
That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years. 那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。 Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England。 板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动，我对它知之甚少。 The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。 7．关系副词（=介词+关系代词）：
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 说明
when(=at / on / in / during which) 时间名词 时间状语 非正式文体中，有时用that代替关系副词
where(=in / at which) 地点名词 地点状语
why=(for which) 只有reason 原因状语
例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met. 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed. 雨下得不是时候。 This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents. 这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。 Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place. 这就是谋杀发生的地方。
He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired. 他没给任何解雇我的理由 This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live. 这就是我父母以前住过的房子。
注意事项： （1）在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略， 如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage 在我读大学的那些年里 the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy 他不高兴的理由 The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed. 天体运行的方向是不可改变的。 He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks. 他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。
（2）是用关系代词还是用关系副词： 关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词，一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分；二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。 如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year. 这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当地点状语） This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in. 这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当介词宾语，可省略。） This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year. 这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。（充当主语） This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party. 这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。（充当宾语，可省略。）
The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough. 他给的理由不够充分。（充当宾语，可省略） The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough. 他做那件事的理由不够充分。（充当原因状语）
This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。 【比较：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 这是她买的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】
I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an. 我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。 That is the reason why he did not come that morning. 那就是那天上午他没来的原因。
（3）定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。 例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock. 任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。（不用will touch） I would give her anything that she asked for. 她要什么我就给她什么。（不用would ask） The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock. 第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。（不用will open） There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks. 任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。（不用will order）
但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时， 如：Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow. 那些明年出国受训的人员，将从明天开始学习外语。 注：①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which： 例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived. 爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。 This is the best film that I’ve ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。 She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived. 她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。
②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which： 例：He was the first man that we saw in the village. 他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。 There is little that is interesting. 没什么令人感兴趣。
I still remember the first time that we met. 我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。 I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you. 我将尽一切可能帮助你。
Everything that can be done has been done. 能做的一切都做了。 God bless this ship and all who sail in her. 愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。 All that I can say is thank you very much. 我能说的是（千言万语变成一句话）：非常感谢你。
③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which， 如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited. 我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。 我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导， 如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us. 让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。 I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do. 如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。 She works in the same office as I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。
She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does. 她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。 He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样的人。
I’ve never seen such kind people as they are. 我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，
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语法系列讲座13
辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether）等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。
（一）作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如：
To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。（ it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面）
To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.
撒谎并非总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。
It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单身是违反自然的。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。（for a dog是不定式的主语）
For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything.
一个人什么都知道是不可能的。
For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。
It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了，那可太不应该了。
It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我们不接受邀请不合适。（否定）
It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。
但是，下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出：
careless粗心的，clever聪明的，cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘气的，nice好的，polite礼貌的，right正确的，rude无礼的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong错误的，等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢？
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 ＋of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如：
1、 It is difficult for me to learn English. 更强调学英语很难，不能写成
I am difficult to learn English. （这句话含有逻辑错误。）
2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time. 强调你不明智。
It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。
It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John杀害动物真是残忍之极。
It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her. Jack对她说这个，很无礼/礼貌。
（二）作宾语及宾语补语。
1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：afford负担得起，agree同意，arrange安排，ask要求，attempt试图，beg乞求，begin开始，choose选择，claim声称，consent同意，dare敢，decide决定，decline谢绝，desire欲想，demand要求，determine决心，expect期待，fail失败，forget忘记，hate讨厌，help帮助，hope希望，intend打算，learn学习，like喜欢，long渴望，manage设法，mean打算，need需要，offer主动提出，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，prepare准备，pretend假装，promise答应，refuse拒绝，remember记得，seek寻求，seem好像，tend倾向，threaten威胁，undertake承担，volunteer志愿，want想要，wish希望等。
I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。
My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties.
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有：ask询问，advise建议，consider考虑，decide决定，discover发现，discuss讨论，explain解释，find out查明，forget忘记，inquire打听，know知道，learn学会，remember记得，show演示，tell告诉，teach教，think想，understand懂得，wonder想知道，等等。例如：
I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。
They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。
此外，这种不定式结构还可作主语，表语，和介词宾语等。
How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. 怎样过幸福生活是个很难回答的问题
The question is whom to choose for the position. 问题是这个位置选谁。
That was a discussion about how to increase their strength. 那是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about what to do with her. 关于拿她怎么办，他啥也没说。 She asked my suggestion just now about where to go for her holidays. 关于去哪里度假，她刚才征求了我的意见。
3、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有：ask请求，advise劝告，allow允许，beg乞求，believe相信，call on号召，cause促使，compel强迫，command指挥，direct指导，enable使…能够，encourage鼓励，expect期望，feel觉得，force迫使，get使得，hate不喜欢，have使，hear听见，help帮助，inspire鼓舞，intend 打算,invite邀请,instruct指示，know知道，lead引导，let让，like喜欢，listen to 听，look at看，make 使得, notice注意到, observe观察，order命令，permit允许，persuade说服，prefer更喜欢，press施加压力，remind提醒，request请求，teach教，tell告诉，urge敦促，want 想要，warn警告，wish希望，等等。
I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college student. 托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。
They helped you to get on the bus, didn’t they? 他们帮你上了汽车， 是吗？
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有：feel觉得，have使，hear听见，help帮助，let让，listen to 听，look at看，make使，notice 注意，see看见，observe 观察，watch观看 等，一类是感官动词，一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the accident happen. 一位警察看见事故发生。
We listened to her talk about her experience abroad. 我们听她讲国外的经历。
We’d be glad to have you work with us. 我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。
上述help后面的不定式省掉to与保留to都可以。在被动语态中，上述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。
I heard the dog come in. 我听见那条狗进来。
=The dog was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw her go out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to go out by bike. 有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? 我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱子吗？
You may as well help me (to)get things straight. 你不妨帮我把东西整理好。
She helped the old woman (to) cross the street. 他帮助那位老妇人过街
在had better（最好），would rather（宁愿），would sooner（宁愿），would (just) as soon（宁愿），cannot but（不能不，不由得不），cannot help but（不能不，不由得不）等成语后面也跟不带to的不定式：
He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
You had better go away right now. 你最好立即就走。
I would rather take this method. 我倒愿意采取这个办法。
I’d rather walk than take a bus. 我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。
She’d rather die than lose the children. 她宁可死也不愿失去孩子们。
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
She’d sooner stay at home.
I would as soon do it by myself.
I would just as soon stay as go. 我宁愿住下也不愿去。
We couldn’t but weep at the sad news.
You can’t but respect them.
Rather than和sooner than同义，都是“宁可”，“与其…（不如）”，“不是…（而是）”的意思。当它们放在句首时，其后跟不带to的不定式；在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可不带to:
Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything. 他把一切都告诉了妻子，而不是冒离婚的危险。
Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. 她宁可当女招待养活自己，也不嫁给那个男人。
He decided to write rather than telephone. 他决定写信，不打电话。
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 经理相信重要的是投资买新机器，而不是增加工资。
Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to do the job myself. 与其让John干这件事情，我宁可自己动手。
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。
在Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式：
Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢？ =Why don' t you come with us?
Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢?
Why not relax yourself? 为什么不放松你自己呢？
Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格呢？
Why not give the $40 to Tom? 干吗不把那40美金给汤姆呢？
For God’s sake, why bring that up again? 看在上帝的份上，干吗又提这事呢？
Why split hairs over the color of the dress? 干吗对连衣裙的颜色吹毛求疵呢？
Why run this risk? 干吗冒这个险？
Why risk breaking the law? 干吗冒犯法的险呢？
5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时，常用it来代替不定式短语，而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有：consider认为，feel觉得，find发现，make使，think认为，等等。例如：
I think it best to go. 我想最好走。
Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你觉得派我们的医生去对吗？
I found it strange for her not to come today. 我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。
注意：hope希望，demand要求，suggest建议，这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列讲座21
What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否认识他是两件不同的事。
What she told me is none of your business. 她和我说的什么用不着你管。
What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.
以what从句为主语的“主一系一表SVC“句型中，如果主句的表语是复数，主句谓语动词用复数形式;what从句本身是复数意义，主句谓语动词也可用复数。
如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.
我需要买的是四只茶杯和一双运动鞋。
What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.
被认为是五条狗的东西实际上是五只羊。
3.集体名词family，class，crew(全体船员或机组人员)，crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population等做主语时，若作为一个整体看待，后面谓语动词用单数; 如就其中每一个成员来考虑时，则用复数。
例如: My family is a big one.我家人多。
My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都爱好音乐。
Eighty percent of China' s population are peasants. 百分之八十的中国人口是农民。
China has a huge population. 中国有众多的人口。
The population of China is the largest in the world. 中国的人口是世界上最多的。
People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害出)等作主语时，后面的动词要用复数。
如：There were many people waiting outside. 有许多人在外面等着。
The police are searching far the murderer. 警察在搜捕凶手。
The cattle are grazing in the fields. 一群牛在田野里吃草。
Foliage(树叶)，machinery(机械)，equipment(设备) ,furniture(家具)，merchandise(商品)等通常做不可数名词，动词用单数，
如:The merchandise has arrived undamaged滴品已经到达，毫无损坏。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 本工厂里的所有机械都是中国制造的，
4.不定代词either，neither，ever y，each，one，the other, another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数，包括“every/each/no……and every/each/no……”作主语时。
如：Every/Each plane and every/each pilot is ready to take off.
每架飞机和每个飞行员都已准备好起飞。
No plane and no pilot is ready to take off.
没有一架飞机、没有一个飞行员已准备好起飞。
Here are two books. Either of them is worth reading.
这有两本书，都值得一读。
Neither of these two dictionaries contains this ward.
这两本词典都没收入这个字
Everyone is here. No one is absent. 大家都到了，没有人缺席。
Somebody is using the phone. 有人在用电话。
I have two sisters. One is here, and the other is not here.
我有两个姐妹，一个在这儿，一个不在这儿。
Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。
Either day is OK. 两天中哪一天都行。
5. what，who，which，any，mare，some，half，mast，all，none.等代词可以是单数，也可以是复数，主要靠意思决定。但指不可数名词时作单数看待。
例如：Which is your book? Which are your books?
Here' s same mare (coffee). Here' re same more (tomatoes).
None of the books are/is easy enough for us.
Most of Most of
All of All of
Some of The money was stolen Some of The member was there.
Half of Half of
None of None of
Two thirds of Two third of
由Many a或mare than one所修饰的词做主语时，意义上虽然是复数，但谓语动词用单数形式。none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数.
如：Many a person is far his plan. 很多人赞成他的计划。
Mare than one people is against his plan. 不止一个人反对他的计划。
6.表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的单位名词，尽管是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词都用单数形式。如果看作组成该数量的一个一个的个体，则动词用复数。
如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 走二十英里可是很长的一段路。
Ten years is a long time。十年很长。
Eight minutes is enough. 八分钟够了。
Twelve dollars is too dear. 十二美圆太贵了。
There are six silver dollars in each of the stacking. 每只袜子里有六个一美元的银币。
7. “the+形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念或指个别事物时谓语动词用单数。
如：The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顾。
The beautiful is laved by all. 人人都爱美，
The difficulty we do at once. The impassible takes a little loner.
困难的事情我们马上做。不可能的事情需要稍微长一点的时间。
还有the unknown(未知的事物)，the unexpected(出乎意料的事)，等等。
8. 如果主语由”a kind/sort/type of this kind/sort/type of +名词”组成，不管名词是单数还是复数，动词通常用单数。
如：This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of men annoys me. 这种人让我烦。
This kind of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples is…这种苹果很贵。
类似的还有:a portion of(一部分)，a series of(一系列)，a pile of(一堆)，a panel of (一个小组委员会)，
如：A series of accidents has happened here. 这里发生过一系列事故。
9. Means作“方法、手段”讲时，单复数同形，其前面有each, every, neither, either,等单数a念的定语时，谓语动词用单数;若有all, both，these等复数概念的定语时谓语动词用复数。
“None of the means”作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
如：There is/are no means of learning what is happening. 没法知道正在发生什么事。
No means is /are left untried. 没有没试过的方法了。
Every means is to an end. 每一种手段都能达到一种目的。
A bicycle is a means of transport. 自行车是一种交通手段。
All possible means have/Every possible means has been tried.所有的方法都试过了。
三、就近一致
1.当主语由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or连接时，谓语动词通常和最临近的那个主语一致。
例如：Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他来做这件事。
Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你，汤姆上课也迟到。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
孩子们和老师都不知道这件事。
2.当there be结构后面有并列主语时，谓语也和最临近的那个一致。
如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table.
桌子上有一本词典和许多本书。
There' re ten chairs and a table in the house.
屋子里有十把椅子和一张桌子。
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you.
这儿有一支笔，几个信封和一些纸给你。
这种就近一致的情况在非正式文体中越来越普遍。但在下列情况不提倡模访。
如：Where is your mother and sisters?
你妈妈和你姐妹到哪儿去了?
Is your sister and her husband coming to see you?
你姐姐和姐夫要来看你吗?
One in ten are expected to take part in the contest.
预计每十个人就有一个要来参加这次比赛。
3.做主语的名词或代词后接with，together with，along with，as well as等短语时，谓语动词一般和前面名词或代词一致。这些短语前后可用可不用逗号。
如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital
一个妇女抱着个婴儿正向医院走来。
The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car.
这个姑娘和那些那孩子一样也学会了开汽车。
二、代词一致
代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致，
如：One must do one' s best to increase production.
Everybody talked at the tap of his/their voice.
If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替)
在写作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一个不定代词，而且所有格要与其一致。
三、肯定与否定一致
下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时，须作相应的变化:
肯定句 否定句
We've had some money. We haven't had any money.
I was talking to someone I wasn't talking to anyone.
They sometimes visit us. They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.
He has arrived already. He hasn't arrived yet.
Li is coming too. Li isn't coming either.
Both of us are going. Neither of us are going.
He likes both of them. He doesn't like either of them.
注意：“so/neither+助动词/情态动词+名词/代词”结构中须用倒装语序，
如：My wife likes classical music very much and so do.
She doesn' t like jazz and neither do.
Now let' s do multiple choice exercises:
1) __d__ great number of people visit the Palace Museum every day.
a. There are a b. While a c. They are d. A
2) The disabled __b__ trades in special schools.
a. is taught b. are taught c. be taught d. have
3) The captain, as well as the coaches __d__ by Xiao Zhou' s performance in the match.
a. was impressed b. had impressed c. impressed d. be impressed
4) Every means __a__ been tried ever since the machine brake down.
a. has b. have c. are d. is
5) The number of motorcycles __b__ lest the roads became too crowded.
a. are to be limited b. is to be limited c. have to be limited d. to be limited
6) You as well as he __a__ to blame far the accident.
a. are b. is c. have d. has
7) Neither you, nor I nor anyone else __d__ the answer
a. is knowing b. are knowing c. know d. knows
8) The high standard of the nation' s literature, art, and science __c__ widespread attention.
a. was captured b. have captured c. has captured d. were captured
9) No one except his parents __b__ where the bay has gone.
a. know b. knows c. has known d. have known
10) Neither my wife nor I myself __d__ able to teach my daughter to sing English songs.
a. has been b. is c. are d. am
11)My father seldom watches television in the evening. __d__
a. So does my mother b. My mother does either
c. My mother doesn' t too d. Nor does my mother
12) “I am going to visit the Marco Palo Bridge tomorrow.” “__b__”.
a. I am so b. So am i c. So go i d. So I go
13)I haven' t read today' s People' s Daily Yet, and I haven' t read today' s China Daily. __c__
a. bath b. too c. either d. neither
14) Mary has lived in London and Manchester, but doesn' t like __b__ very much.
a. both b. either c. the two d. both of
15) Li Hong and I can go to the beach with you. __c__
a. but either can Xiao Wang b. and so Xiao Wang car
c. but Xiao Wan can' t d. and Xiao Wan also can
16) 1f Bob' s wife wan' t agree to go an holiday in winter, __c__
a. neither he will b. neither wan' t he c. neither will he d. he want neither
17) “Do you want to have coffee or tea?” “Oh, __b__ ”.
a. either does well b. either will do c. each is good d. each will be fine
18) “Xiao Zhou plays computer games all the time.” “__a__ does Li Hong.”
a. So b. Either c. Neither d. Also
19)I haven' t finished my homework yet, __d__
a. So has he b. Neither he has c. He has too d. He hasn' t either
20)I would like another drink and __b__
a. so does John b. so would John c. John does too d. John will too.
定语从句
所谓从句，就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句是中国人学英语的难点之一。
其实定语从句很有规律，总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限定性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一，它们从句中只起状语的作用，表示时间的就用who门，表示地点的就用where，而why只修饰一个词，即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词：
who，which，that作从句的主语
whom，which，that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
以下情况只能用that，不能用which:
i. 先行词为不定代词all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothing
ii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
iii. 先行词既有人又有物的时候
以下情况只能用which，不能用that;
① 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
② 介词+关系代词的结构中
关系副词：
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语
why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分，定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成定语从句，就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时，先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的，就用who。或that;指人并作宾语的，就用whom或that;指人并作定语的，就用whose。指物并作主语的，就用which或that认指物并作宾语的，还是用which或that认是物并作定语的，就用whose或of which。这样找好并替换以后，再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的词语一律不变)，这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，最后，如果还有其它句子成分，就把它们放到定语从句的后面，就行了。
例如：
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在这两个句子中，the book是相同的，定语从句修饰的就是the book。把后面这一句变成定语从句，找个关系词来代替the book；在将要被变成定语从句的名子中，the book是物并作宾语，所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。这时，就成了”that/which you were looking for yesterday?”，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定语从句就完成了，主句是问句，所以句末用问号。that/which代替的是原句中的宾语，原句变成了从句，它们仍然
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语法系列讲座19
16) As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.
-----Going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.
17) When I was learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.
-----When learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.
18) As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.
-----Being one of the exploited himself Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.
19) The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.
-----Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
20) What is the book? It is being translated.
-----What is the book being translated?
21) As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him.
-----Not knowing his address we could not get in touch with him.
22) As she had been there many times, she knew the place quit well.
-----Having been there many times, she knew the place quite well.
23) As we had not got a reply from them, we became quite worried.
-----Not having got a reply from them, we became quite worried.
24) Because they had been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.
-----Having been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.
25) He was a League member. He ought to take the lead in such activities.
-----Being a League member, he ought to take the lead in such activities. such activities.
2、 改正下列句子中的错误(注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致)。
Example:
Climbing to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.
-----Climbing to the top of the hill, one can see a magnificent view.
-----If one climbs to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.
1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home.
-----It being Sunday I shall have quiet day at home.
2）Entering the house, the door closed with a bang.
-----Entering the house, he closed the door with a bang.
3）Walking through the park, the flowers made a lovely sight.
-----Walking through the park, we saw a lovely show of flower.
4）Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.
-----As I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.
5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years, no one recognize him.
-----As he had been away from his hometown for more than thirty years, no one recognize him.
四、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题
1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语，常用于下列句型中:
(1) in order to和so as to do(以便，为了):
She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决心加紧学习，好赶上别人。
(2)too……to do……(非常…… 以至于不能……)
The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。
(3) ……enough to do……(足以做……)
The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.这厅大得足以容纳一千人.
(4)only to do……(不料却……)
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。
(5)“be+情绪形容词+to do”这个结构，不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。
We are proud to be trained here in China.在中国受训我们感到自豪。
2、动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。但在It’s no use(good)，it’s Useless后面常用动名词作主语。
例如
Her present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her… (泛指)
To teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach … (特指)
It’s difficult for him to finish the了ob in a week.
Tom’s being late again made me angry. 汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
3、动名词和不定式作定语时的区别。
作定语时:现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系(现在分词可以改为定语从句)，可以置于于被修饰词之前或之后，动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途(可以改为for短语)，而者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，它一般只能置于被修饰词之前。
请看几个词组:
现在分词作定语: a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping
a flying bird=a bird that is flying
a crying baby=a baby that is crying
boiling water=water that is boiling
动名词作定语: a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
a flying suit=a suit for flying
drinking water=water for drinking
4、动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。在look at，listen to, feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式只是陈述事实。
例如:
Did you hear someone knocking at the door?你刚才听到有人敲门吗?
Yes I did. I heard him knock three times.是的，我听到他敲了三下.
I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.
昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。
I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.
昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。
〔注意〕find后面可用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补，不用不定式。
如：
正：I found him lying on the ground.
误：I found him lie on the ground.
下列动词常跟分词作宾补:
catch抓住，have让、{吏，keep使处十某状态，get使得，see看见，hear听见，find发现，feel感觉到，leave使处于某状态，make使(只接过去分词)，want想要，start引起，notice注意到，observe观察，watch观看、注视，set使处于某状态，等等
5. allow, permit, forbid，encourage，advise的用法相似，具体如下:
(1) 后面无宾语时，接doing,.
例如:
Sorry we don' t allow smoking in the lecture room.对不起，本教室里不许抽烟。
The school doesn' t permit smoking in class.学校不许在课上抽烟。
Mrs. Green forbade smoking in her house.格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class.老师鼓励在课堂上多说英语。
(2)后面有宾语时，接to do.
例如:
Tom' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视上看那个电影。
The school doesn' t permit its students to smoke in class.学校不允许它的学生们在上课时抽烟。
Mrs. Green forbade us to smoke in her house.格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class.老师鼓励每个人在课堂上多说英语。
The doctor advised me to take more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。
(3)接doing时，doing前面可以带自己的形式主语(意思上的主语，也叫逻辑主语)
例如:
That teacher doesn' t permit our smoking in his class.老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽烟。(our是smoking的主语)
Paul' s mother will forbid his going with you.保罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。
The doctor advised my taking more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。
6、非谓语动词的正误辨析:
(1 )正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。
误: The house painted will be a bookstore
正: The house being painted will be a bookstore.
正: The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore.
析:现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义，但是过去分词表示动作已经完成，而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。
(2)他竟然会缺席，这使我感到惊讶。
误：It is astonished to me that he should be absent.
正：It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.
正：I am astonished that he is absent.
析:一般来说，由现在分词转化而来的形容词，有主动意味，说明事物的性质或特征，多可译为令人感到……的;而由过去分词转化而来的形容词，有被动意味或表示已完成的动作，长译为“感到……、觉得……”。
（3）这本书我读起来太难了。
误：The book is too difficult far me to read it
正：The book is too difficult far me to read
析：句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以应去掉，否则就犯了重复的毛病。
(4) 打开抽屉，他拿出词典。
误：Opening the drawer, and he took out a dictionary.
正：Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.
析：并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。
(5) 他别无选择，只有躺下来睡觉。
误：He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping.
正：He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep.
正：He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep.
正：He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep.
析：在这种句型中，but和except后用不定式，不用动名词。并且若句中含有动词do时，but，except后跟省掉to的不定式。
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语法系列讲座16
Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy. 从西安回来后，他一直很忙。
He warned me against swimming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
改为不定式短语：He warned me not to swim in this lake.
We came out without being seen. 我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out. 做完作业之前，你最好别出去。
改为用before 作连词：Before you finish your homework, you’d better not go out.
（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语，宾语，表语等。在非正式文体当中，经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词，把名词所有格简化为名词。例如：
I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
I can hardly imagine Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Linda’s coming will do you good.（主语） 林达的到来对你有好处。
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.（表语）使他生气的是他们笑。
（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：
（1）完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言，我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him before. 我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。
恨不相逢未嫁时。 → I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.
（2）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时，动名词要用被动语态。例如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那样对待。
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英国受过训，她感到自豪。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at.
（六）某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语，但意义有差别。
（1）like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱，厌恶的动词后面，可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语，意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有should或would时，一定要用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要，愿意，打算。例如：
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜欢跳舞。（泛指）但他不喜欢和你跳。（特指）
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him. 他看上去很累，我不想打扰他。
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight. 我不喜欢看书，但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本杂志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 小吉姆今晚喜欢被带去看戏。
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位记者还想见见你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我们不喜欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事，（但不得不做）”。如：
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想现在打扰你，但没有办法。
（2） forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
例如：
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。（关灯的动作没做）
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的，但她忘记关过灯。（已关过灯，她忘了）
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→She came to pay back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
（3）remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
例如：
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗？（已见过面）
You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要记着明天离开。（还没离开）
（4）stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如：
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下来，在路边的一块大石头上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活着，你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。
（5） regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔
例如：
I regret saying that. 我后悔说了那话。
I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。
（6）try to do sth努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事试一试
例如：
You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱们用另一种方法做这工作试试。
（7） mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
例如：
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果这意味着拖延一个多星期，我就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想帮助你们，没别的。
我不是想伤害你，对不起。→I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
宣布台独就是对中国宣战。→Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
（8） go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth继续做原来的事情
例如：
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完数学后，接着又做物理。
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long. 我希望这雨别一天下个没完。
现在做一些练习：
1．根据括号里的汉语意思用动名词填空：
1)（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise. (Swimming)
2) His work is (修自行车). (Repairing bicycles)
3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork (吃肉). （for eating meat）
4) We will only succeed by (努力工作）. (working hard)
5) I don' t want to force you into (做违反你愿意做的事情). (doing something against your will)
6) Tom hates (早晨9点以后起床). (getting up before 9 o' clock)
7) I could' t help (迟到). (being late)
8) (等着没用) there won' t be another bus. (It's no use waiting)
9) Are you against (今天开会). (having the meeting today)
10) Instead of (挨批评), she ought to be praised. (being criticized)
2. 用动名词结构将下列句子译成英语：
1）她听见敲门声，停止了工作去开门。
When she heard the knocking at the door, she stopped working to open the door.
2）谢谢你给我写信。
Thank you for writing to me.
3）雨停了，太阳开始出来了。
It stopped raining and the sun began to shine.
4）希望你原谅我问了这么多问题。
I hope you will excuse me for having asked all these questions.
5）你要吃点什么，别不好意思说。
If you want something to eat, don’t be shy of saying so.
6）我一向很喜欢在这里工作。
I have always enjoyed working here.
7）我建议再等半个小时。
I suggest waiting for another half an hour.
8）我不得不认为（believe）又一不幸事件将要发生。
I can’t help believing that another unlucky event will happen.
9）我盼望着收到他的信。
I am looking forward to receiving his letters.
10）那辆汽车需要修理。
That car wants fixing up (repairing).
11）我记得我们离开房间之前把灯关上了。
I remember switching off the lights before we left the room.
12）你对早起已经很习惯了。
You are quite used to getting up early.
13）中国球迷们正盼望见到这些足球明星。
Chinese football (soccer) fans are looking forward to seeing the football stars.
14）光线够好的，可以看书。
The light is good enough for reading.
15）作为一个中国人，他感到骄傲。
He is proud of being a Chinese.
16）我善于游泳。
I am good at swimming.
17）他尝试过(try one’s hand at)写一本书。
He has tried his hand at writing a book.
18）我真的记得去年和他见过面。
I do remember meeting him last year.
19）把门打开，让猫出去好吗？(Do you mind…)
Do you mind opening the door to let the cat out?
20）这个电影很值得一看。
This film is well worth seeing.
3. 用动词不定式或动名词填空：
1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought.
→ to see
2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down.
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语法系列讲座17
→ walking
3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out.
→ to see
4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two astronauts on its surface.
→ sending; landing
5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday.
→ to put
6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing.
→ see
7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question.
→ speaking
8) He made her ___ (go) although she wanted ___ (stay).
→ go; to stay
9) Please remember ____ (give) her this letter.
→ to give
10) We heard him ___ (say) that he disliked ____ (go) abroad any more.
→ say; going
11) The child enjoyed ___ (play) at the seaside.
→ playing
12) The little boy was made ___ (take) the medicine.
→ to take
13) I watched the shop assistant ___ (take) the goods down for the shelf and put them on the counter.
→ take
14) He remembers ___ (go) to Shanghai with his parents when he was five.
→ going
15) She had her husband ___ (wash) her dirty linen.
→ wash
16) The thief kept ____ (say) he hadn’t taken the purse.
→ saying
17) The policeman saw him ___ (steal) the bicycle and ride away on it.
→ steal
18) I’ve persuaded him ___ (help) us do the job.
→ to help
19) You had better ____ (go) home now. It looks like rain.
→ go
20) Let me___ (know) if you had decided ____ (go).
→ know; to go
21) He promised ___ (come) to our party.
→ to come
22) I forget ____ (see) you there.
→ seeing
23) Don’t forget ___ (see) your grandma this Sunday.
→ to see
24) I must apologize for not ___ (let) you know earlier.
→ letting
三、分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。
作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成时。
例如：
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。（现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。）
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。（过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。）
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。（过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。）
作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。
现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。
过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。
例如：
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失败了三次，不想再干了。（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe…) 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。（walking 表示同时发生的动作）
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。（gone 表示完成的状态）
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。（cut 是及物动词的过去分词，表示“被人理发”。）
分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。
例如：
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁，就去找警察帮忙。
（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别
（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它修饰的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如：
convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众
the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级
a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮
（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如：
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）
stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）
a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）
再看一些例子：
boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们
（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。
再看一些例子：
surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
（3）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。
例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
常用的还有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。
（4）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。
例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。
分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。
例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了。
（二）用法
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列讲座25
What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如： That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。 I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。 Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。 He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。 Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如： He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。 Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。 I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。 And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。 The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。 It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。 I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。 Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。 They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。
2．用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如： Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。 He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。 He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。 It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。 You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。 We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。
3．引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如： Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。＝No matter what she would do, … Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。＝No matter what may come, …. Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。＝…no matter what might come, … Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say, …
练习
关于名词性从句我们就讲到这里。Now let’s do some exercises related to this part： 一、选择最佳答案填空 1．______ he always serves the people very well is known. A. What B. That C. Which D. Who 2．______ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Whether D. Which
3．I don’t care ____ she has no money. I care____ she is honest or not. A. if…if B. whether…whether C. if…whether D. whether…if 4. They found at last ____ they had been looking for. A. that B. what C. where D. which
5. He will be here on time. But I’m not sure _____ he drives or takes the train. A. whether B. if C. when D. how 6. The reason why he was late is ___ he got up too late. A. that B. because C. as D. for
7. I want to know ____ the leather coat belongs to. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 8. Can you tell me ___ the hospital is? A. where B. who C. that D. whether
9. We all know ____ she will be our English teacher. A. which B. what C. that D. who 10. I wish _____ he would pass the examination. A. how B. whether C. when D. that
二、把两个单句合成主从复合句
model: Does he live there? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me whether (if) he lives there?
1. Can Mike write a little Chinese now? I want to know. →I want to know whether/if Mike can write a little Chinese now. 2. Did Jenny try to explain why she was late? Can you tell us? →Can you tell us if/whether Jenny tried to explain why she was late?
3. Did the monkey want to eat bananas? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether the monkey wanted to eat bananas? 4. Do you like sports? I ask you. →I ask you if/whether you like sports.
5. Does she play basketball? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether she plays basketball? 6. Has the whole street been cleaned? I don’t know. →I don’t know if/whether the whole street has been cleaned.
7. Were there a lot of people in the street? Can you tell me? →Can you tell me if/whether there were a lot of people in the street? 8. Are they preparing for the sports meet? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether they are preparing for the sports meet?
9. Had John told Mr. Smith about his past? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me if/whether John had told Mr. Smith about his past. 10. Has anybody ever been into some of the pyramids? Please tell me. →Please tell me if/whether anybody has ever been into some of the pyramids.
强调
Hello, everyone. 英语的强调主要有两种：一是强调非谓语（包括主语、宾语、状语等）；二是强调谓语动词。
一、强调非谓语
其基本句型是：“It + is/was + 被强调的成分 ＋ that/who + 其她成分”。It 没有实意，只起语法作用，引导被强调的部分。当被强调的是人时，可用who(m)/that, 其他情况用that。 例如： It was I who/that met Jack yesterday. 是我昨天碰到了Jack. （强调主语） It was Jack that/whom I met yesterday. 我昨天碰到的是Jack。 （强调宾语） It was yesterday that I met Jack. 是昨天我碰到了Jack. （强调时间状语） 这几句话复原为非强调句就是：I met Jack yesterday. It is people, not things, that are decisive. 决定的因素是人，不是物。 （强调主语） It is because the book is very important for my present job that I bought it. 是因为这本书对我目前的工作很有用，我才买了它。 （强调原因状语） It was in the supermarket that I gave the book to him. 是在那家超市里我给了他那本书。（强调地点状语）
1．强调主语： It was John who broke the window. 是John打破了窗子。 原句：John broke the window. It is this overpass that will be pulled down. 将被拆掉的是这个天桥。 原句：This overpass will be pulled down. It is the people who/that are really powerful. 真正有力量的是人民。 原句：The people are really powerful.
2．强调状语：
（1）强调时间状语。 例如： It was at that moment that he changed his mind. 是在那一刻他改变了主意。 It is every day that Professor Smith goes swimming. 史密斯教授是天天去游泳。 It was not until Saturday that he began to prepare for the examination. 他直到星期六才开始为考试作准备。 注意：这句话的原句是He did not begin to prepare for the examination until Saturday. 变成强调时间状语，注意 “not” 位置的变化。
（2）强调地点状语。 例如：
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法知识归纳(定语从句)
1． 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。
This is the man who helped me.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?
在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。
The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.
The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother.
在下列情况下多用或须用 who
① 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced.
②先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时，多用who。
All who heard the news were excited.
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.
③先行词为those和people时多用who。
Those who want to go please sign their names here.
People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
④在非限制性定语从句中作主语须用who，作宾语须用whom。
Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term.
⑤在被分割的定语从句中须用who.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who.
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.
⑦一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is modest and studies very hard.
Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点：
① whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。
That’s the child whose father is an engineer.
② whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.
It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time.
I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease.
③ whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。
The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.
Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.
④whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+名词=the +名词 +of which
The novel whose title( the title of which) is Red and Black is very interesting.
He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.
2 which引导的定语从句
which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语。
This is the book which you want.
The building which stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
注意：whom, which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上。介词放于前面时，作宾语的关系到代词不能省略。在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。
There was no single person the street to whom she could turn for help.
This is the person whom you are looking for.
3．由that引导的定语从句
that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作宾语。
The letter (that) I received was from my father.
注意：在下面几种情况下必须用that 引导定语从句：
①先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。
All (that) we have to do is to practice every day.
② 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
③先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
④ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时。
He is the only person ( that) I want to talk to.
⑤先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.
⑥ 当主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that，以免与先行词重复。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
⑦ 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that it used to be.
4.as引导的定语从句
as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句，构成, the same …as…, such…as…, so…as…等结构。
I like the same book as you have.
I shall do it again in the same way as you did.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
注意：此处要注意定语从句和状语从句的区别。试比较：
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question as nobody worked out.
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question that nobody worked it out.
注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.
Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.
Tom is the one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.
② 关系代词whom, which, that在限定性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略。
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
① 从意义上：同位语从句对名词作补充说明或进行解释，而定语从句进行修饰，限定，相当于一个形容词的作用。
② 从结构上：同位语从句由连接代词/副词引导，最常用的连接词一般不省略，也不在从句中担任成分，而定语从句由关系代词/副词引导，在定语从句中作主语不能省略作宾语可省略。
③从涵义上：同位语从句与所说明解释的名词无逻辑关系，而定语从句所修饰的名词是该从句逻辑上的主、宾、表、定、状语等。例如：
The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us.
The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.
④同位语从句对说明解释的名词有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句所修饰限定的先行词无限制，即可指人，又可指物。
定语从句补充强化练习
1. The most important thing _______ we should pay attention to is the first thing _______I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that
2. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons _______ none of us has ever heard of.
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
3. He never reads anything ________ is not worth reading.
A. which B. that C. who D. as
4. I have bought such a watch _________ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
5. The house ________ roof was damaged has now been repaired.
A. which its B. whose C. that he D. that
6. The pen ________ he writes is a Hero 60.
A. with it B. with which C. with what D. with whom
7. This is the very bus _________ we’ll go to the theatre.
A. in that B. what C. by which D. on which
8. He is the only one of the teachers __________ Spanish in our school.
A. who teaches B. who teach C. which teaches D. that teach
9. I’m not the person who _________ to be frightened by such a horrible scene.
A. am B. is C. are D. was
10. The girl I saw _______ brown hair and blue eyes.
A. had she B. she had C. has D. had
DDBCB BDABD
责任编辑：李芳芳
高二不定式语法教案
Unit 1 Grammar----The Infinitive (1)
Content: the Infinitive used as object and object complement.
Teaching aims:
1. Review the Infinitive used as object and object complement.
2 .Ss are able to understand the meaning and the function of
the Infinitive.
3. Ss can use the grammar to express their ideas in communication.
Aid: multiple-media , paper .
Procedures:
Step 1: Lead in: Help the students to us the infinitive to communicative .
Situation:
National day is coming .
What do you want to do during the National Day ?
1. Ask the students to brainstorm on their plans for the National Day by the structure of infinitive.
2. Ask the students to make sentences by using the given picture.(We plan to climb the mountains.
We plan to go fishing .
We plan to go camping .
We plan to swim. )
Step2: Help the students to recognize the functions of the infinitive by reading the story and underlining the structure.
《The tiger and the mouse》
A tiger and a mouse were walking in a field when they saw a big lump of cheese lying on the ground. The mouse wanted to eat the cheese itself ,so he said, “Please , tiger, let me have it. You don't even like cheese. Be kind and find something else to eat.” But the tiger put his paw on the cheese and said: “It's mine! And if you don't go , I'll eat you too.” The mouse was very sad and went away.
The tiger tried to swallow all of the cheese at once but it got stuck in his throat and whatever he tried to do he could not move it. First,he wanted the dog to help him, but the dog failed to do it .He suggested that the mouse should help him . So the tiger went to ask for the mouse's help . “Open your mouth and let me jump in. I'll nibble at the cheese until it is small enough to eat” The tiger opened his mouth, the mouse jumped in and began nibbling at the cheese. The tiger thought: “I really am very hungry…”
Step3.Ask the students to explain the infinitive of structures.
Step 4. Learn to use the Infinitive used as object.
A. Brain storm on verbs ( verb+ to do).
1. Show the students more verbs.
afford agree ask be decide come dare demand desire determine expect hope fail happen help learn mean manage offer plan pretend promise refuse wish forget, remember
2. Practise the infinitive by using the given pictures, Ask the students to make some sentences with the infinitive.
Eg1:The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
Eg2.It is raining hard ,Jack is holding a newspaper over his head . He forget to take an umbrella.
B. Brainstorm on some verbs which follow “how to do; what to do …”as an objects.
动词+what(when, where ,how )+ to do
1.Show the students some verbs followed by how to do (What to do ) as an object.
decide, know, forget, learn, understand,
wonder, find out, explain,
2.Practisethe structure, Ask the students to make some sentences according to the pictures.
Eg1. The teacher is showing the student how to use the recorder.
Eg2. The man doesn't know where to go .
3.Ask the students to make their sentences orally in class.
Step5. The Infinitive used as object complement.
(Verb+ object +to do)
1.Brain storm on verbs( verb+ object+ to do).
2. Show the students some more verbs.
ask, beg, choose, expect , want, tell, order, show, …
3.help the students to tell the different meaning between an object and an object complement .
Eg1. The manager wants to speak to Tom and say,
“我想和汤姆谈话。”
Q: Who will speak to Tom ?
The manager.
The manager wants his secretary to speak to Tom.
我想让你和汤姆谈话。
Q: Who will speak to Tom ?
His secretary.
Eg2:In the circus, the trainer taught the dog to stand, to sit, and to bark on command.
4.Practise the function by completing the sentences .
1).We planned to climb the mountain, my little sister begged to go with us .(我们计划爬山，我的小妹妹求跟我们一起去。)
2) Tom begged me to play the computer games with him .
（汤姆求我跟他一起完电脑游戏。）
3) The worker happened to know the place where we wanted to go ,We wanted him to be us to be our guide .
（那个工人碰巧去过我们想要去的地方，我们想让他当我们的导游）
4)My father promised to buy a new bike for me .
（我爸爸答应给我买一辆新自行车）
5）He expected to be forgiven .（他期待着他人的谅解）
6）What do you expect me to say ?(你要我说什呢？)
Step6.
1. Observe the sentences and get to understand the infinitive
without “to”.
1).Didn't you hear anyone say anything about it ?
2).What made you thing like that ?
3).When there were 3.2 seconds left in the basketball match ,I felt the atmosphere （气氛）grow tense .
2.Brainstorm more verbs. (动词+ do)
see, watch, notice, hear, do, make, let +do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性
3. Ask the Ss to make sentences by using the verbs in thebrackets.
Eg1.Every day we have to do a lot of home work .(make )
Teacher Li makes us do a lot of homework everyday .
Eg2. When I passed his room he was singing . (hear )
I heard him sing .
Eg3. When I was walking along the river, suddenly
a boy fell into the river, immediately a man jumped into the river and saved him . (see)
Step7:Ask the student to make up sentences with the verbs they have learned, pay attention to the infinitive.
Homework: Write down 10 sentences with the verbs they have learned .
Unit 1 Grammar----The Infinitive (2)
Content: the Infinitive used as attributive ,adverbial modifier,
and subject modifier .
Teaching aims:
1. Review the Infinitive used as attributive ,adverbial modifier, and subject modifier .
2 .Ss understand the meaning and function of the Infinitive.
3. Ss can use the grammar freely in communication.
Teaching Procedure :
Step1.
Lead in : Try to analyse the sentence, How is the Infinitive used.(P5 ,1)
Step 2:Practise the Infinitive used as attributive
1.Look at the picture and make up a sentence.
Eg1. After he finished college, he had a lot of jobs to choose.（他有许多工作可选）
Eg2.He is a Senior 3 students ,He has lots of homework to do .
（她有许多作业要做）
Eg3.The general manger wants his secretary to his office ,
he has something important to tell her .
（他有重要的事情要告诉他）
2.Ask the students to sum up the structure.
Noun (Pron.) to do
Step 3.Review the Infinitive used as an adverb.
1. Lead in.
Eg1.When do you get up every morning ?
At 5 o'clock .Why do you get up so early ?
In order to catch the first bus. (not to be late for class).
n order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
Eg2. He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
2. Used as a cause I'm glad to see you.
3.Ask the students to anylise the sentences and find out their functions.
1) He came to help me with my math .( 目的 )
2) They started early so as to catch the first bus . (目的 )
3) In order to serve the people well, I study hard . ( 目的 )
4) They ran over to welcome the champions . ( 目的 )
5) To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner . ( 原因 )
6) We jumped with joy to hear the good news . ( 原因 )
4．Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning .
1) She raised her voice loud so that she might be heard .
(She raised her voice so as to be heard .)
(In order to be heard she raised her voice loud.)
(she raised her voice loud in order to be heard. )
( To be heard she raised her voice loud .)
(She raised her voice loud to be heard .)
Situation: Task :
You have watched the man basketball matches in the Olympic Games. Are you pleased with the result ?
Do you know what Yao Ming think of it ?
Why did he feel disappointed ?
2.Yao Ming felt very disappointed ,because he didn't reach his aim in the basketball match .
Yao Ming was very disappointed not to reach his aim in the basketball match .
Step 4.Ss try to understand the function of the Infinitive used as attribute . Ss try to change the sentences using the Infinitive.(p6,3)
Step 5.Practise the infinitive, to make some more sentences with the Infinitive.
Task: Situation:
A tourist is in hospital ,a policeman goes to ask for some information of the robbery.
“Why did you go to the city ?
What did you want to do ?
What did you do yesterday ?
What did you see ?
What did you do ?
What happened next ?”
1.I came here to spend （来度假）my holidays.
2. I want to watch （想看）the sun rising above the sea level.
3.I watched the sun rise （看日出）yesterday.
4.I saw the burglar stealing into the bank（看见盗贼进入银行） when I was watching the stars at night .
5.I chased(追赶)the burglar.
6.I felt my head bump against something(感到我头碰到什么东西)then I felt the earth shaking .
Homework: Finish writing the interview .
补充材料：
The Infinitive used as subject .
It's +adj.+ to do
1.Eg:It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
2.Brain storm on phrases( verb+ do).
3. Show the students more adj.
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
It's +adj.+of sb.to do
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:You often offer some money to the begger .
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It's very kind of you .
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
Summmary:
It's+adj for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
责任编辑：李芳芳
名词
分类说明
名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。
普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience)；不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。
可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式；集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。
不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风)；有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰．如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。
专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。
名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格；表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。
普通格作定语又分三种情况：
1．名词一般用单数形式；
2．clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式；
3．man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。
所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：
1．名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法；
2．of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词；
3．of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。
目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up．I just turned it off，that’s a11．”said the boy．的选项A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty就是考查词汇辨析；如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students．中的选项A．place B．area C．space D．room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。
因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。
回放真题
真题1(甘肃、青海卷28)
The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles．
A，length B．distance C．way D．space
【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度；B是：距离；C是：道路，方法；D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。
真题2(2004湖北卷21)
Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children．
A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance
【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管；B意思是：够得着的地方；C是：空间；D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。
真题3(2004浙江卷28)
-Brad was Jane’s brother!
一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!
A．No doubt B．Above all C．No wonder D．Of course
【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。
真题4(2004上海卷45)
The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment．
A．escape B．absence C．attendance D．appearance
【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除；attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。
真题5(2004上海卷52)
In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality．
A．contact B．contrast C．connection D．conflict
【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。
真题6(2004上海卷53)
Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China．
A．enjoyment B．appreciation C．entertainment D．reputation
【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。
真题7(2004天津卷26)
I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________．
A．reach B．hand C．hold D．place
【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示，掌管；C是：控制，照管；D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。
真题8(2004上海春季卷27)
The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk．
A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four．hours D．a four hours’
【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey；另一种是：a+数词．量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。
真题9(北京卷29)
-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke．1 was very tired．
-There is no ________for this while you are on duty．
A．reason B．excuse C．cause D．explanation
【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解释，与句意不符。
真题10(2003上海卷28)
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them．
A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of
【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多；接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。
真题1l(2003上海卷46)
“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy．
A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty
【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实；而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任；duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。
真题12(2003上海卷50)
One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters．
A．result B．account C．reason D．increase
【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因；账户”；result意为“结果”；reason意为“理由，原因”；increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。
真题13(2003上海卷52)
Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1．
A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures
【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”；mood意为“心境，情绪”；consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。
真题14(2003北京春季卷28)
The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well．
A．idea B．sense C．thought D．thinking
【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法；thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系；thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力；鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。
真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)
If you’re driving to the airport．Can you give me a ________?
A．hand B．seat C．drive D．1ift
【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.
真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)
Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students．
A．place B．area C．space D．room
【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B；space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。
真题17(上海春季卷21)
The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．
A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop
C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’ shop
【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示；其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents．goods．sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。
真题18(2001上海春季卷22)
His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.
A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public
C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public
【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”； the public 意为“公众”
真题19(上海春季卷33)
What he has done is far from _______.
A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy
【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.
责任编辑：李芳芳
第一章 名词
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。
高考重点要求：
1、 分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别
2、 物质名词和抽象名词数的转化
3、 掌握名词的’s 属格，of属格,双重属格
4、 名词复数的构成
第一节 知识点概述
名词分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
一、普通名词
普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。
（一）可数名词及其复数形式
（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成
（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如： handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
（二）可数名词和不可数名词
英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。
1．可数名词
可数名词一般可以分成以下二类：
第一类：如bike，desk， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例：
There are fifty bikes at this shop．这家商店有50辆自行车。
第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：
She cares for nice clothes．她爱好穿着。
2．不可数名词
不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：
（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：
Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。
（2）由much，little等词修饰。例如：
They have saved much money for future use．他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。
（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：
Go and fetch me a piece of chalk．给我去拿一支粉笔。
要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。
不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：
如： a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水
a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱
a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋
二、专有名词
专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。
（一）人名
英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Mary Smith , George Washington。
（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：
How’s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？
（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：
Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?
（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：
The Turners have gone to America．特纳一家人去美国了。
（二）地名
（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：
Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai
（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：．
Silver Lake；Mount Tai
（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：
the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara
（三）日期名
（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Christmas , National Day
（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Sunday , Tuesday
（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：
April , December
三、名词所有格
名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加’s构成；另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：
Children’s Palace 少年宫
Tom’s bike 汤姆的自行车
the title of the book 书名
the legs of the table 桌子的腿
（一）所有格形式的构成
（1）单数名词后加’s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：
the girl’s father 女孩的父亲
（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如：
two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行
（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如：
the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日
（4）以s结尾的名词或人名，可以加’s，也可加’号。例如：
Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟
the boss’s handwriting 老板的书写
（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，要分别在各个名词末尾加’s，如：
John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间
若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s，如：
John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间
（二）“’s”所有格的用法
’s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：
（1）表示时间：
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
（2）表示自然现象：
the moon’s rays 月光
（3）表示国家、城市、机构：
……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业
（4）表示度量衡及价值：
..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值
..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离
（三）“’s”和of所有格所表示的关系
1．表示所有关系
可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：
John’s pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔
不可说：a pen of John
但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用’s也可用of表示。例如：
Mary’s hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手
也可以说：the hands of Mary
2．表示主谓关系
the doctor’s advice（The doctor advised）医生的建议
his mother’s request（His mother requested）他母亲的请求
3．表示动宾关系
the war prisoner’s release 释放战俘
children’s education 年轻一代的教育
4．表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）
the city of Rome罗马城
the city of Pairs巴黎城
第二节 实战演
第二章 代词
用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。
高考重点要求：
1、 物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法
2、 定代词的指代含义以及数的情况
3、it的基本用法
第一节 知识点概述
一、人称代词
1． 人称代词不仅仅指人，也可以指事或物。
2． 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he（him），阴性she（her）和中性it（it），复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式they和them，不分性别。
3． 选用什么人称代词，取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。
二、物主代词
物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。
物主代词的用法：
（1）形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如：
His pencil box is on the desk.
This is our school.
（2）名词性物主代词作名词用，本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。
作主语：
Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的，我的书包是黑色的。（mine=my school bag）
作表语：
It’s his. 这是他的（东西）。
作宾语：
He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典，你可以借我的。（作及物动词的宾语）
“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调：
He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
注意：
试比较下面两句句子：
This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。（照片是我拥有的，但不一定照的是我本人）
This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。（照片上是我本人）
三、反身代词
反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。通常在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。
四、指示代词
（一）指示代词是具有指示概念的代词
this 这； that 那； these 这些； those 那些； such 如此的； same 同样的
（二）指示代词的用法
（1）this、 that、 these、 those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
（2）such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样的”，such a 这样一个，such as 像…这样的。
（3）same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。
例如：
1） That is our English teacher. （主语）
2） This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)
3） I prefer this (these) to that (those). （宾语）
4） What he likes best is this/that. (表语)
5） I have never read such an exciting book. （定语）
6） I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)
7） Such is our trip plan. (主语) （指上文提到过或刚说过的内容）。
8） She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)
9） We were born on the same day. (定语)
注意：
1） this、 these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用；that、 those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用。
2） 打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。
3） such 作定语时，如名词前有不定冠词，应把such置于不定冠词之前 。
4） 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。
五、疑问代词
1．Who 用于询问别人姓名，身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。
2．Which 指的物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个；What 指的物无范围限制，侧重于种类。
3．Whose 用于明确所有者。whom 在口语中，多为 who 代替。
六、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词（如：anybody, something, no one）。这些不定代词大多可以代替名词，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词（如somebody等）只能作主语、宾语和表语。而every和no只能作定语。
七、it的用法
（一）作无人称代词
1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如：
It rains continually in the south in June.
It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.
2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如：
Where is my notebook? It was here just now.
There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.
3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。例如：
The baby cried because it was hungry.
Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?
（二）用作强调句，构成强调结构
句型结构：It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如：
It was last night that they left for H.K.
It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.
（三）it作形式主语和形式宾语
it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如：
I found it interesting to study English.
It is of great help to master a foreign language.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1.不定代词可作主语，当作主语时，要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数，以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。
2.不定代词还可作定语。当作定语时，应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数，以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。
例:Much has been done to fight pollution；each of them has got a present.
3.many, few和both用于可数名词，表示复数概念。
4.All, both和each和含有every的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定。
例：Not all the students have been to the Austrlia.
She can’t work out both of the difficult problems.
Everybody cannot work out the problem.
5.Neither,none和含有no的复合代词表示全部否定。
例:None of us can answer the question.
Neither of the questions is right.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.
A. others B. the other C. either D. another
答案：B
【解析】 根据上文neither的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个，所以用the other。这句的意思是：贸易谈判没有取得进展，因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件。
例2、Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we've decided to stay for_________ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other's
答案为A。
【解析】 another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two, three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再待两星期。而 other，the other用于两者之间的另一个，other's是other的所有格形式，故B、C、D都不可选。
例3、The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
答案为B。
【解析】 it指代前面提到的单数名词。指同一个事物，此句中指a new house；而one指“同名异物”；which引导定语从句，但题干中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥；A为复数，更易排除。
例4、In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案为D。
【解析】 it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，而选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文：实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序是一项很难的工作。
例5、Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ________?
A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest
答案为D。
【解析】 wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。
例6、If this dictionary is not yours, _______ can it be?
A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who else’s
答案为D。
【解析】 考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else's“其他什么人”，用于所有格。
例7、One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
答案为C。
【解析】 木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的；另一面染成白色的，考查one…the other结构，由此排除B、D；原句结构为“…the other(should be painted)white，为避免重复可省略。
例8、-He was nearly drowned once.
-When was _______ ?
- _______was in when he was in middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This
答案为A。
【解析】 用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复；it指代时间。
例9、-Your coffee smells great!
-It's from Mexico. Would you like_________?
A. it B. some C. this D. little
答案为B。
【解析】 some相当于some of this coffee.
例10、Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
答案为C。
【解析】 这句话的意思是“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能和饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比。”that在句子中代表the pleasure。一些考生只注意到Few pleasures是复数，而没有注意到这里指的是饮一杯冷饮的乐趣，误填了those。注意：使用代词时一定要弄清楚指代关系。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A、B、C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
2. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ____.
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
3. Playing tricks on others is ____ we should never do.
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
4. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
5. I got the story from Tom and ____ people who had worked with him.
A. every other B. many others C. some other D. other than
6. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.
A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however
7. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute.
A. they B. one C. who D. it
8. -One week’s time has been wasted.
-I can’t believe we did all that work for ____.
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
9. If you run after two hares, you will catch ______.
A. none B. neither C. nothing D. no one
10. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ___ to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. on one
11. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ?
A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others
12. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?
-________ way as you please.
A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either
13. You must never think that you are good at ______while others are good at ______
A. everything …something else B. everything…nothing
C. all…none D. nothing …all
14. -Do you like _____ here?
-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A. this B. these C. that D. it
15. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ______ he' s done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
16. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
17. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
18. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
19. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______ .
A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers
20. My mother opened ______of the drawers in turn , trying to decide what he was going to put in ______of them .
A. every…each B. everyone …every
C. every one …everyone D. each …each
21. -He was nearly drowned once.
-When was _______ ?
-_______was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that…It B. this…This C. this…It D. that….This
22. -You're always working. Come on. Let's go shopping.
-_______ you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
23. -Do you want tea or coffee?
-________. I really don't mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
24. Some students will remember these terms as the most successful ______in the history of our school.
A. ones B. ones’ C. one D. one’s
25. This new rule may please some, but we don’t expect it to please _____.
A. more B. other C. all D. any
26. No agreement was reached during the peace talk as neither side would give way to _____
A. another B. other C. the other D. any other
27. _____ who laughs last laughs best.
A. He B. One C. That D. Those
28. Children should be taught how to get along with _____
A. another B. other C. others D. an other
29. These plants are watered _____.
A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days
30. -Would you like some wine?
-Yes, just _____.
A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit
31. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help
A. he B. which C. she D. it
32. -Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s ?
-No, but it’s almost the same as _____.
A. her B. yours C. them D. their
33. -Have you finished your report yet?
-No, I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less
34. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____.
A. it B. those C. them D. one
35. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
36. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
A. some…any B. other…some C. some…other D. other…other
37. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
38. -Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I’m afraid _____ day is possible.
A. either B. neither C. some D. any
39. If you want to change for a double room you ‘ll have to pay _____$15.
A. another B. other C. more D. each
40. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
41. My brother’s handwriting is better than ______in his class.
A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. anyone’s else’s
42. Some people would rather ride bicycles as bicycle riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.
A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither
43. Both teams were in hard training, ______ was willing to lose the game.
A. either B. neither C. another D. the other
44. His camera is more expensive than _____.
A. hers B. her C. it D. its
45. _____ of my classmates could work out the maths problem because it was too difficult.
A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None
46. _____ have worked together for 10 years.
A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. He, your and I D. You, he and I
47. The machines made in China are as good as _____ imported from abroad.
A. they B. those C. these D. ones
48. Listen to _____. There should be no error, no delay, and no waste.
A. that B. this C. those D. these
49. _____ of them promised to help me.
A. Every one B. Everyone C. Every D. Everybody
50. She thought _____ a great honour to be invited to speak to us.
A. that B. this C. it D. it is
责任编辑：李芳芳
改错专项训练(6)
Mrs Smith loved flower and had a small 1． 。
but nice garden．On summer，her roses（玫瑰花） 2． 。
were always the best on her street．One summer 3． 。
afternoon her bell rang，and w hen she went 4． 。
to the front door，she saw a small boy out． 5． 。
He was about seven year old，and was 6． 。
holding a lot of nice roses on his hand． 7． 。
“I am selling out roses，”he said．“Do you 8． 。
want any ？They are quite cheaper．They 9． 。
are fresh（新鲜）．I pick it this afternoon ．” 10． 。
参考答案：1．flower→flowers，名词复数表类别。2．On→In，用于季节前。3．√4．√5．out→outside，意为“在外面”。6．year→years。7．on→in。8．去掉out， sell out意为“售完”，此句不表此义。9眂heaper→cheap，quite后接形容词或副词的原级。10．it→them。
责任编辑：李芳芳
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