以下是小编精心整理的高考英语第二轮总复习讲座之九Unit9 非谓语动词（共含10篇），希望对大家有所帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“哈哈哈得很小声”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
I. 分词的归纳与总结
A. –ing结构做定语后置
Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
Who were those people waiting outside?
The road joining two villages is very narrow.
I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.
There were some children swimming in the river.
B. 以-ing or –ed 结尾的形容词做表语
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored.
以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以–ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。又如：
Julia thinks politics is very interesting.
The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.
We were shocked when we heard the news.
Everybody was surprised that he passed the exam.
C. 动词或介词+ing做宾语
a）在下列词后的动词要用-ing形式
enjoy, stop, finish, consider, avoid, practise, suggest, mind, risk, keep, appreciate, admit, miss, delay, etc.
I enjoy dancing.
Would you mind closing the window?
Amy suggested going to the cinema.
Don’t keep interrupting me while I am speaking.
b）介词(in, for, about, before, …)+ing
What are the advantages of having a car?
How about playing tennis tomorrow?
I bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday.
Before going out, I phoned Sarah.
What did you do after leaving school?
c）动词+介词的词组+ing
I am thinking of buying a house.
Do you feel like going out for dinner tonight?
I am used to driving on the left because I’ve lived in Britain for a long time.
Are you looking forward to seeing Ann again?
I prefer driving to travelling by train.
这类的词组有give up, put off, carry on, succeed in, dream of, insist on 等
D. 动词-ing形式做宾语补足语
I saw him walking along the street at night yesterday.
I could hear it raining.
I found Sue in my room reading a letter.
类似的词还有：feel, listen to, look at, notice, watch, observe, etc
E. –ing 从句做状语
Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (=while he was playing)
A man ran out of the house shouting. (=he ran out of the house and he was shouting)
Having finished her work, she went home. (=after she had finished her work, she went home)
Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (=because I felt tired, I went to bed early)
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the cinema. (=because I had already seen it twice, I …)
II. 不定式的基本结构
A. 结构 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing --------
完成式 to have done to have been done
B. 例句
（1）The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. （定语）
（2）They decided to finish the job on time. （宾语）
（3）I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. （宾补）
（4）He was the best man to do the job. （宾补）
（5）They went there to visit their teacher. (状语)
（6）My question is how to find out some useful information. （疑问词引导）
附： 动词搭配表
I. v. + to do
1.wish to do 2.hope to do
3.promise to do 4.decide to do
5.refuse to do 6.agree to do
7.expect to do 8.manage to do
9.fail to do 10.prefer to do
11.plan to do 12.want to do
13.ought to do 14.have to do
15.used to do/be use to do 16.seem to do
17.would like to do 18.in order to do
19.so as to do 20.set out to do
21.make up one's mind to do 22.take trouble to do
23.It takes sb. some time to do 24.be going to do
25.be about to do 26.happen to do
27.pretend to do/to have done/to be doing
28.be thought/believed /said /reported to do
29.have no choice but to do
II. v. +adj. + to do
1. be willing to do 2. be likely to do
3. be able to do 4. too ... to do
5. be glad to do 6. be determined to do
7. be ready to do 8. be sure to do
9. be pleased to do 10. be afraid to do
11. be surprised to do 12. be eager to do
13. be anxious to do
14. It is important/necessary...for sb. to do
15. be...enough(for sb.) to do 16.be the first/last to do
17. be careful not to do/take care not to do
III. v.+ sb. + to do
1. help sb. to do 2. order sb. to do
3. tell sb. to do 4. wish sb. to do
5. want sb. to do 6. force sb. to do
7. get sb. to do 8. drive sb. to do
9. forbid sb. to do 10. cause sb. to do
11. allow sb. to do 12. permit sb. to do
13. persuade sb. to do 14. advise sb. to do
15. invite sb. to do 16. prefer sb. to do
17. require sb. to do 18. call on sb. to do
19. It cost sb. some money to do 20. think/consider sb. to be
IV. v.+ sb. / sth.+ do/ doing / done
1. see 2. hear 3. notice 4. watch 5. listen to 6. look at
7. feel 8. have 9. observe
e.g. I saw him come in. He was seen to come in.
him working
the problem settled
V. v. + do
1.can, may, must, should, need, will, dare
2.please do 3. had better do 4. would rather do...(than do)
5.why (not) do 6.let/make/have sb. do
7.have nothing to do but do
There is nothing to do but do They could do nothing but do
VI. v.+ doing
1.enjoy doing 2.risk doing
3.avoid doing 4.keep doing
5.practise doing
6.suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb.(should) do
7.miss doing 8. finish doing
9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing
11.resist doing 12. consider doing
13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do
14. imagine doing 15. keep on doing
16. go on doing 17. insist on doing
18. be busy doing 19. set about doing
20. give up doing 21. feel like doing
22. can't help doing
23. spend/save/waste/kill/time (in) doing
24. It is no use/good doing
25. prefer doing to doing
26. look forward to doing
27. succeed in doing
28. be afraid of doing
29. have trouble/difficulty (in) doing
30 There is trouble / difficulty (in) doing
31. prevent / keep /stop sb. from doing
32. thank you for doing
33. praise sb. for doing
34. punish sb. for doing
35. excuse sb. for doing / sb.'s doing
36. apologize for doing
37. be (well) worth doing / be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done
38. want / need / require doing
e.g. The boy wanted to wash his handkerchief./ The boy wanted washing.
I need to buy a new pair of trousers. / The trousers need mending.
39. do some reading/washing/cleaning/shopping/cooking/more speaking
40. go swimming/dancing/shopping/skating/boating/sightseeing/skiing
VII. v.+ to do / doing
A. 意义差别不大
begin/start e.g. When shall we start working/to work?
Suddenly it started to rain.
Now he began to realize/know his mistakes.
B.接doing表示一般情况,接to do表示具体
1. like/love e.g. I like swimming. But I don't like to swim this afternoon.
2. hate e.g. I hate getting up early. I hate to get up at this time.
3. prefer e.g. He prefers doing to talking.
I'd prefer to go by bike rather than walk this time.
C. 接doing表示已完成的动作,接to do表示未做的动作
1. remember e.g. Remember to close the window before you leave.
I remember being taken to the Great Wall when I was young.
2.forget e.g. Don't forget to lock the door.
I'll never forget meeting him for the first time.
D.意义有差别
1. try e.g. He tried to escape but he was caught.
He try unlocking the door with another key.
2. stop e.g. Stop talking, please. Let's stop to work.
3. regret e.g. I regret to say/tell you/inform you that you failed in the test.
How I regret telling him the news.
4.mean e.g. I'm sorry if I have hurt your feeling. But I didn't mean to.
The incident probably means war/fighting between the two nations.
5. go on
e.g. After he had finished his homework, he went on to write a letter.
Having been put into prison, he went on writing songs.
6. be afraid to do/of doing
e.g. I’m afraid to go out at night.
Most people are afraid of snakes.
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when learning a foreign language.
【模拟试题】
1. ____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET96, 23)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lost
2. The patient was warned __________oily food after the operation. (NMET 96)
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
3. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776B.C., did not include women players until 1912. (NMET97)
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
4. I would love _______to the party last night but I have to work extra hours to finish a report.(NMET 97)
A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. (NMET98,23)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
6. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99,25)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
7. Robert is said __________abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. (NMET 99)
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________it more difficult.(NMET 99)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
9. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job. (NMET春北京 00)
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
10. __________late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (NMET01)
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep
11. Tony was very unhappy for ___________to the party. (上海，40)
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _________the next year. (NMET2000, 22)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
13. I really appreciate ________to relax with you on this nice island.
A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time
14. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears __________everything. ( 上海)
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
15. ____________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. ( 上海)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
16. ---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
---The key ________the problem is to meet the demand _________by the customers.
(NMET2002 北京)
A. to solving, making B. to solving, made
C. to solve, making D. to solve, made
17. The research is so designed that once _________nothing can be done to change it.
(NMET2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
18. Generally speaking, ________according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
( 上海)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
19. The teacher asked us ________so much noise. (NMET2003 北京)
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
20. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________in the kitchen. (NMET2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
21. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain __________as the plane was making a landing. (春季上海)
A. at B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
22. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents___________. (NMET2004 重庆)
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
23. ____________the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
(NMET2004广东)
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
24. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________the exam. (NMET2004 福建)
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
25. The flowers _________sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.
(2004 上海)
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
26. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when __________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET2004全国)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
27. He looked around and caught a man ________his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
28. This company was the first ________portable radios as well as cassette tapes recorders in the world. (春上海)
A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced
29. ___________with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (NMET2005 春季北京)
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
30. The storm left, ____________a lot of damage to this area. (NMET2005全国)
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
【试题答案】
1-5 CCCDC 6-10 DABCA 11-15 DCBDC 16-20 BDBDB
21-25 CACDB 26-30CDBCD
英语语法复习非谓语动词：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。
非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词)，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中作状语。
(4)谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
mean to do想要(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)
forget to do忘记(要做的`事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)remember doing记得(做过)
go on to do继而(做另一件事)go on doing继续(做原来的事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型：cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：
Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.
When Iconsider how talented he is as apainter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型：be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.It's no good/use/picnic doing sth.have agood/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth.There is no doing sth.
I know it isn't important but Ican't help thinking about it.There is no use crying over spilt milk.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
4.there be非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：
For there to be successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
(for there to be…在句中做目的状语)
It isn't cold enough for there to be afrost tonight,so Ican leave Jim's car out quite safely.(for there to be…在句中做程度状语)
There being no further questions,we'll stop here today.(there being…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：
He would always ignore the fact of there being such acontradiction in his inner thought.
动词及动词短语的考查点多面广，综合性强，备受命题者青睐。
考点一、考查动词词义辨析
这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。
例Recently, these companies have _______ some workers because of the drop in economy.
A. hired B. dismissed
C. refused D. employed
【解析】四个选项都是及物动词，且都可以与worker构成动宾关系，但从题干中的the drop in ?economy可知，只有B项符合题意。
考点二、考查近义动词辨析
这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。
例When his brother was to cross the street, he was knocked down by a truck and badly _______。
A. injured B damaged
C. harmed D. destroyed
【解析】 这四个动词都有伤害，损害之意，但具体用法不同。injure指在意外事故中受伤damage主要指对于物体的不彻底的破坏，这种破坏或因自然灾害所致，或因人为造成，常含可以修复之意;harm用于肉体或精神上的伤害，有时可指引起不安或不便;destroy表示毁坏十分彻底，常含无法修复再用之意。从题意来看，答案为A。
考点三、考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配
英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。
例 With modern equipment, many mysteries have _______ to light in recent years.
A. bought B. come
C.
thrown D. appeared
【解析】 题意为由于有现代化的设备，近年来许多谜团被揭开。揭露，将曝光是come to light，故答案为B。
考点四、考查同根动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项都是由同一个动词加不同的介词或副词构成。从历年高考试题来看，那些搭配能力强、语义丰富的常用动词短语是命题的重点对象。解答这类试题时，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。
例How I wish that I could _______ my ideas in simple and wonderful English when chatting on the net.
A. set out B. set off
C. set in D. set up
【解析】分析题意为我多么希望在网上聊天时能用简单而又漂亮的英语表达我的思想啊。由题意可知，空缺处应该是表达;解释之意，而四个选项中只有set out有此意，故答案为A。
考点五、考查同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由不同的动词加相同的介词或副词构成。解答这类试题的关键首先还是弄清题意，然后选出符合题意和句子结构需要的动词短语。
例When I was twenty, I had to _______ before graduation and work in a clothes shop to help support my family. A. drop out B. come out
C. leave out D. stay out
【解析】分析题意为在20岁时，我不得不辍学到一家服装店工作以帮助养活我的家人。从题意可知，空缺处应该是辍学之意，四个选项中，只有A项的drop out有此意，故答案为A。
例Take care during the holidays! Drinking too much can _______ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
A. contribute to B. relate to
C. attend to D. devote to
【解析】分析题意为节日期间要当心!喝酒太多会导致心脏病和引起高血压。由题意可知，空缺处应该是导致之意，四个选项中，只有A项contribute to有此意，故答案为A。
考点六、考查不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由四个不同的动词构成的动词短语。解答这类试题的关键是根据题干意思，选出符合题意的动词短语。
例The society today offers the young generation more chances to _______ their talent and skills.(合肥质检)
A. give out B. take in
C. show off D. carry on
【解析】分析题意为当今社会给年轻一代提供了更多的机会来展示他们的才能和技能。由题意可知，空缺处应该是炫耀;展示之意，故答案为C。
【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案
1.(高二第一学期期末六校联考，英语，30)How lovely these children are!
Yeah.They______ memories of my childhood.
A. called out B. called for C. called up D. called on
【解析】call out出动, 向叫喊， call for 需要，要求， call up召集, 使想起, 提出, 打电话给， call on号召, 呼吁, 约请, 访问。此句意思是他们引起了我对童年的回忆。因此选C。
【答案】C
2. (2008度高二第一学期期末六校联考，英语，33)Many kids ________ the net bar, and _____had a bad effect on their studies.
A. are addicted to; it B. get engaged in; which
C. are related to; what D. are addicted to; which
【解析】be addicted to 意思是对上瘾，符合题意。And 是一个并列连词，后面应该是并列句，而不是从句，因此排除B和D。be related to与有关，不符合题意，因此排除。
【答案】A
3.(山东省莒南一中200820高三第一学期学业水平阶段性测评，英语，21)
After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane her job as a doctor
in the countryside.
A.set out B.took over C.took up D.set up
【解析】set out出发, 开始 take over接收, 接管take up从事 set up设立根据题意，应选C。
【答案】C
4. (江苏省扬州中学2008-20度高一第二学期3月月考，英语，34)Though we _________serious natural disasters, we are sure to overcome all difficulties.
A. give away B. affect with C. suffer from D. deal with
【解析】give away分发, 放弃, 泄露， affect影响及物动词， suffer from遭受 ，deal with处理。从 we are sure to overcome all difficulties.这句话可以推断出前半句的意思应该是尽管我们遭受着严重的自然灾害，因此应选C。
【答案】C
5. (重庆市十二校2OO9年高三第一次质量调研抽测试卷,英语，32) The shop assistant was fired as she was _________ of cheating customers.
A.accused B.charged C.blamed D.caught
【解析】be accused of 被控告 accused与of 搭配，符合题意。 be charged with被控告charge 和with 搭配。 blame 责备。
【答案】A
6.(河南省实验中学08-09学年下期高三第二次月考，24) Asked suddenly about the matter ,he couldnt an answer at once.
A. come up with B. look for C. put up with D. answer for
【解析】come up with得出答案 look for寻找 put up with提出 answer for负责根据题意，应该选A.
【答案】A
7.(吉林市普通中学20082009学年度高中毕业班下学期期中复习检测，英语，18)
My daughter is not sure what to_______ at the university; she cant make up her
mind about her future.
A. take up B. make up C. pick up D. build up
【解析】句意：我的女儿在大学里不知道学什么，对自己的未来他心里还没有底。take up开始学;开始从事。make up组成，构成;编造;pick up拾起;学到;获得;build up逐步建立;增强。
【答案】A
8.(杭州二中高三年级第五次月考，英语，6)His colleagues ______ him though he himself didnt think he had done anything special.
A. thought highly of B. looked up to
C. sing high praise of D. show great respect for
【解析】think highly of 固定搭配，译为对评价高符合题意。Show great respect 后应用介词to, C 说法错误，look up to 向上看，不合题意。
【答案】A
9.(大庆市高三年级第一次教学质量检测试题，英语。33)Hard work and lack of sleep have her beauty and youth in recent years.
A. worn out B.tried out C made out D.sent out
【解析】worn out耗尽，筋疲力尽; tried out试验, 考验, 提炼;make out书写, 填写, 拼凑, 进展, 说明, 设法应付, 理解, 辨认出; sent out发出。
【答案】A
10.(厦门市高中毕业班质量检查，英语，23)Its obvious that the Beijing Olympic Games a great seccess.
A.kept B.showed C proved D.remained
【解析】show sb sth 出示某物给某人看;keep保持;prove证明是;符合题意，remain仍然。
【答案】C
11. Before the war broke out, many people ______in safe places possessions they could not take with them.
A. throw away B.put away C.gave away D.carried away
【解析】 句意：战争爆发前，好多人把一些不能带走的东西存放在安全的地方。put away存储，存放;throw away扔掉;give away 泄露，赠送;carry away拿走。
【答案】B
12. The company is atarting a new advertising campaign to ______new custumers to its stores.
A.join B. attract C.stick D.transfer
【解析】 句意：为了把新的顾客吸引到店内，公司开始了一场新的广告战。Attract吸引;transfer 转让，转移。
【答案】B
13. Modern plastics can ______very high and very low temperatures.
A. stand B.seeking C.finding D.looking for
【解析】 句意：新型的塑料袋能够承受很高和很低的温度。stand承受，经受，经得起。hold支撑,carry 运载 support 支撑，养活。
【答案】A
14. It was already past midnight and only three young men ______in the house.
A.left B.remained C. delayed D. deserted
【解析】 句意：已过午夜，只有三个青年那字还在茶馆里。leave,离开，使保留;desert,抛弃，舍弃。A 项应用被动语态， C 和D不合句意。
【答案】B
15.In this seaside resort，you can __________all the comfort and convenience of modern tourism.(山东)
A.enjoy
B.apply
C.receive
D.achieve
【答案】A。
【解析】这几个动词均可以作及物动词，但是意思、含义不一样。enjoy表示.享受之乐，欣赏，喜爱，apply表示运用，应用，专心，致力，receive表示领受，接到，收到，得到(信、命令、请帖等)，achieve表示完成，做到;获得(胜利等);达到(目的)，实现。根据句意只能选A。句意：在这个海滨娱乐场，你可以享受所有现代旅游的舒适与便利。
16.We ________the last bus and didnt have any money for taxi，so we had to walk home.(全国 Ⅰ)
A.reached
B.lost
C.missed
D.caught
【答案】C。
【解析】reach意为到，抵，到达(特定地点，目的地等)，lose意为丢失，丧失，miss意为没赶上(车子等)、错过，catch意为赶(得上)(火车等);追着，捕捉;逮着根据句意只能选C。
17(福建卷，33)The news of the mayors comong to our school for a visit was ______on the radio yesterday.
A. turned out B.found out C. given out D.carried out
【答案】C
【解析】 句意：新市长要求来我校参观的消息已于昨日通过广播公布了。A项意为结果是，制造生产 B项意为查清，弄明C项是分发，散发D项为履行，实施
18(20湖北卷，27)If we can ______our present difficulties, then everything should be all right.
A. cone across B. get over C. come over D. get off
【答案】B
【解析】 句意： 如果我们能克服目前的困难，一切都会很顺利的。come across 偶遇;get over克服，越过;come over 过来，顺便来访;get off 下车，使动身。
19 (2007山东) Its the sort of work that__________a high level of concentration.
A. calls for B. makes up
C. lies in D. stands for
【答案】A
【解析】call for要求make up弥补，编造，组成lie in在于stand for代表。句意是正是这种工作要求精力高度集中。故正确答案为选项A。
20. (2007浙江)We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only__________violence.
A. runs into B.comes from
C. leads to D. begins with
【答案】C
【解析】run into撞上，陷入come from来自于lead to导致，引起begin with以开始。句意是我们坚信战争不会解决任何问题，它只会引起暴力。故正确答案为C。
21. The teacher has a peculiar way of ______her students nervousness when then speak English.
A. breaking down B. going over C. taking off D. giving away
【解析】A 句意：这位老师有一种疏导学生在说英语时产生的紧张情绪的独特方法。 Break down :to separate something such as an idea or statement into smaller parts in order to make it easier to understand or deal with .go over 复习; take off脱下，起飞;give away分发，赠给，泄露(秘密)。
22. In the cross-lake swimming race, a boat will be ____in case of an emergency.
A. standing by B. turning on C. getting on D. running on
【解析】A 句意：有船只严阵以待，预防紧急情况。stand by 为不及物短语：to wait and be ready for action if needed 准备行动;待机;turn on 打开;get on进展;run down撞倒。根据句意，B 、C、D 三项均不符合。
23. You _____only half the price ,how would the seller sell the jacket to you ?
A. spent B. paid C. charged D. offered
【解析】D句意：你仅出半价，店员怎么会把这件夹克卖给你呢?offer: to say that you will pay a particular amount of money to buy something 出价六万英镑买这所房子。 Charge(收费)不符合题意。抚讲价(offer)而后才能药费(spend)或支付(pay)帮A、B两项不合常理。
24. He _____the problem _____in his mind for a whole week before he did anything about it.
A. switched; on B. kicked; up C. turned; over D. took; on
【解析】C句意：在采取措施之前，他在脑中将这个问题反复思考了一个星期。turn over :to think about carefully仔细考虑;switch on把开关打开;kick up引起;take on呈现、雇用、承担。
25. At times the balance in nature is ______ , resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.
A. troubled B. confused C. disturbed D. puzzled
【解析】C trouble主要指遇上难解决的问题而使人苦恼、忧虑;puzzled 指人是困惑的，因此将A、D两项排除;根据句意，自然的平衡本身并不是混乱的(confused),而不受到了人为的干扰(disturbed),才会导致不可预见的影响。因此选择C项。
26. So, how is your new roommate ?
She really ____. She always making loud noises at midnight and when I remind her , she always makes rude remarks.
A. turns me over B. turns me down C. turns me off D. turns me out
【解析】C turn sb.over :把移交，把交给;turn sb. down:拒绝;turnsb.off :使对(某人)感到厌烦、使不感兴趣;turn sb.out:驱逐，赶走。根据句意她总是在午夜弄出很大的响声，我提醒她时，她还总是说些粗鲁的话，由此可知她是使我烦透了，选择C项。
27. People have planted a great many trees in order to ____wind and sand in the desert.
A. hold down
B. hold up C. hold back D. hold out
【解析】C hold down压制，限制;hold up推迟，耽搁;hold back阻挡，抑制;hold out提供，提出。句意：人们种了大量的树，为了阴挡风和沙尘。由此可知答案为C项。
28. Would you like to go to Paris with us next year ?
Id like to, but my mother ______ that I am too young.
A. is against B. opposes C. objects D. explains
【解析】C前三项意思相同，都可以表示反对(做)、某事：be against(doing)sth.:oppose(doing) sth.; object to(doing) sth.。但是objiet还可接宾语从句，这时它为及物动词，意思为提出异议。前一句邀请对方一起去Paris，答话人说他很愿意去，但是妈妈提出异议说他年龄太小。D项explain虽然也可执着that 从句，但是它的含义为解释不能明确地说明妈妈的态度是赞成还是反对。
29. Theres no bear left and the pubs are shut so youll have to _______.
A. go out B. go off C. go without D. go through
【解析】C go out外出，熄灭;go off爆炸，中断;go through通过，完成，经历;go without忍受某事物的缺乏。句意：啤酒卖完了，酒吧也都关门了，所以你只好将就一下了。
30. The film World without thieves ______ a great success and brought in a large profit to the cinema.
A. appreciated B. enjoyed C. won D. seized
【解析】B易误选C，win 指赢得了比赛、奖励、胜利等，不可以与a great success 连用。Enjoy享有，如：He enjoys a reputation for honesty. 本题中的enjoy a great success 意为 win large sales。句意：《天下无贼》一举成功，同时也给电影院带来了巨大的盈利。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动词ing和过去分词等几种形式，这是历年高考必考内容，每年都会有1-2题涉及该部分要点。考点集中在：非谓语动词作定语的区别;动名词和不定式作宾语的用法比较;现在分词和过去分词的用法比较;特定句型中非谓语动词的用法等。
【高考考点透视】
1.非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。
2.非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。
3.非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。
4.不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。
5.不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。
6.过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。
7.不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。
8.带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。
考点一、考查谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别
英语句子至少应该包括主语与谓语两部分,而多数情况下谓语都由动词来充当。如果对句子成分划分不清，把谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆,做题效果可想而知。要克服这一毛病，关键在于正确判断、识别动词在句中是否充当谓语。如：
1.Thechildren(play)_____theviolinovertherewillgoonthestagenextweek.
根据句子结构，我们可以看出这是一个简单句。主语是Thechildren，谓语部分是willgoonthestage，动词play显然在句中不作谓语，应用非谓语动词形式。依据play与它的逻辑主语children之间的主动关系以及拉小提琴动作正在进行，可以判断用现在分词作定语修饰children，意为正在那边拉小提琴的小孩，因而正确答案为playing。
考点二、考查作状语的非谓语动词的辨析
作状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的辨析，即是选择动词不定式、现在分词还是过去分词作状语,不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同。动词不定式主要作目的、结果和原因状语;现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随状语，两者不同之处在于：现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,即它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间的关系是主动关系，而过去分词作状语时，虽然它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语，但过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。请看下面例题：
1.____tiredofTomsall-talk-no-actionattitude,Juliadecidedtodothejoballbyherself.
A)TogetB)Tohavegot
C)GettingD)Havegot
一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此，首先可以确定这是一个简单句，非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语gettiredof与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系，以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，没有明显的先后顺序，可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度，故正确答案为C。
考点三、考查非谓语动词逻辑主语的分辨
非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语，但仍然有自己逻辑上的主语。历年各种考试的重点在于正确分辨非谓语动词的逻辑主语是什么，两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，特别是非谓语动词作状语的时候。我们知道，当非谓语动词放在句首作状语的时候，一般来说，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，那么，当它的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，又会出现什么现象呢?请看下面例题：
1.Thelastbus(go)____,wehadtowalkhome.
2.Weather(permit)____,thespaceshipwillbelaunchedtomorrowevening.
这两个非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语都不是句子的主语，而是分别有它自己的逻辑主语，即是末班车开走了，而不是我们走了,是天气允许,而不是飞船允许，这种现象或结构就是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动关系,正确答案分别为havinggone和permitting。
请再看下面例题：
3.Thework(finish)_____,theymaygohome.
4.Theproblem(discuss)_____atthemeeting-roomnow,theworkershadtowaitoutdoors.
同样，这两道题的结构也是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的被动关系以及非谓语动词所表示动作发生的时间性，可以判断正确答案分别为finished(已完成)和beingdiscussed(正在进行)。
考点四、考查非谓语动词时态与语态的把握
非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语，但它仍然具有动词的特征，即可以有自己的主语(逻辑主语),也可以有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生,就用非谓语动词的一般式或进行式(侧重强调动作正在进行);如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，就用非谓语动词的完成式(特别强调动作发生的先后)。非谓语动词的语态在于正确把握非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。例如：
____thatBobhadgotpromoted,hisfriendscametocongratulatehim.
A)HeardB)Havingheard
C)HearD)Tohear
依据非谓语动词hear与其逻辑主语hisfriends之间的主动关系，以及前后句的逻辑关系，可以断定用现在分词形式来作时间状语，再根据现在分词的动作听说发生在主要谓语动词来之前，由此判断应该用现在分词的完成式(只用作状语时使用)，意为听说Bob已得到提升，他的朋友都来向他表示祝贺，故正确答案为B。
考点五、考查非谓语动词作主语时句式的转变
非谓语动词(动词不定式或动名词)作主语主要考查其句式的转变，习惯上通常把it作为形式主语放在句首，作题时要善于分辨这种形式上的转变。请看下面例题：
1.Itisanhonourforme(be)_____yourEnglishteacher.
2.Itisnouseofus(wait)_____athomelikethis.
根据对句式的分析，可以判断出It是形式主语,真正的主语由非谓语动词(动词不定式或动名词)来充当。依据表语的特性以及句式的特点,我们可以断定第1题应该填动词不定式，即tobe，第2题应该填动名词，即waiting。
六、考查作定语的非谓语动词的判断
非谓语动词作定语主要考查非谓语动词作后置定语的情况，这里关键要把握住非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动行为还是被动行为,以及非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间性，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。一般来说，用现在分词一般式作定语往往表示动作是主动行为且正在进行当中，如果动作是被动行为且正在进行当中，就用现在分词一般式的被动语态;用过去分词作定语往往表示动作是被动行为且已经完成;用动词不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，如果是被动行为，就用动词不定式一般式的被动语态。例如：
1.Theboy(cry)____overthereismyyoungerbrother.
依据cry与它的逻辑主语Theboy之间的主动关系和cry的动作正在进行，所以用现在分词作定语修饰boy，因而正确答案为crying。
【精选试题】名校模拟题及其答案
1.Everyoneinourclasswasworkinghardanddoingwhatwecould_______agoodcollege.
A.enter。mB.toenter
C.entering。mD.entered
2Heranasfastashecould_____tocatchtheearlybus.
A.tohope。mB.hope
C.hoping。mD.hoped
3.Hespenteveryminutehecould_____spokenEnglish.
A.practise。mB.topractise
C.practising。mD.practised
4.Beforegoingabroadhedevotedallhecould_______hisoralEnglish.
A.improve。mB.toimprove
C.improvingD.toimproving
5.Heknowsnothingaboutit,sohecanthelp_______anyofyourwork.
A.doingB.todo
C.beingdoingD.tobedone
6.Allhertime_______experiments,shehasnotimeforfilms.
A.devotedtodoB.devotedtodoing
C.devotingtodoingD.isdevotedtodoing
7.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,_____constantlywillbepartofyourlife.
A.youflyB.yourflight
C.flightD.flying
8.Notonlyshouldyougetused______underdifficultconditionsbutyoualsoyoupaymoreattention______yourworkwell.
A.towork,todoB.toworking,todoing
C.towork,todoingD.toworking,todo
9.Bothofmyparentsinsisted_______acomputerforme,butIdontthinkitisnecessary.
A.tobuyB.buying
C.onbuyingD.inbuying
10.Doyouhaveanythingmore______,sir?No.Youcanhavearestordosomethingelse.
A.typingB.tobetyped
C.typedD.totype
11.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen____it,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.
A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard
12._____andoutofbreath,wereachedthetopofthemountainandstopped_____thebeautifulscenery.
A.Tiring;toadmireB.Beingtired;admiring
C.Tired;toadmireD.Tired;admiring
13.Dontleavethewater____whileyoubrushyourteeth.
A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun
14.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman_____hishandintothepocketofapassenger.
A.putB.tobeputC.toputD.putting
15._____thediamond,hehadtolookforaplacetohideit.
A.HavingstolenB.HavingbeenstolenC.StolenD.Stealing
16.Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthan_____.
A.thatyoufinishquicklyB.finishingquicklyC.tofinishquicklyD.finishquickly
17.Youwillseethisproductmadeinthisfactory_____whereveryougo.
A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising
18.Themonumentwasbuiltinhonoroftheexplorerwhowasbelieved_____theriver.
A.tohavediscoveredB.tohavebeendiscovered
C.todiscoverD.havingbeendiscovered
19.Haveyouconsidered_____yourjobasateacher?
Yes.Ilikethejobbecauseateacherisoftenconsidered_____agardener.
A.tochange;tobeB.tochange;beingC.changing;beingD.changing;tobe
20.Mr.Greenissaid_____anexperimenttoprovethenewmethodofsolvingtheproblemwhenyoung.
A.todoB.tohavedoneC.tobedoingD.tohavebeendoing
21.Seeingthesoldierswell_____fortheflood-fight,thegeneralnoddedwithsatisfaction.
A.prepareB.preparingC.preparedD.havingprepared
22.(山西省晋中市2009学年度高三年级第一次调研考试题，35)Iwalkedoutofthecinema,
Idnevercomebacktothishellofaplace.
A.determiningB.decidedC.todetermineD.todecide
23.(山东省日照市20高三模拟考试，26)Everytimehehadachance，hewouldtalkaboutthegreatdifficultyhehadinthenewcountry.
A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.settle
24.(山东省济宁市20082009学年度高三第一阶段质量检测，32)Therewasasuddenburstoflightaterriblenoise.
A.followingB.tofollowC.followedD.followedby
25.(福建福州八中2009年元月高三调研考试试卷，30)inaredskirtintheopeningceremonyofthe2008OlympicGames,thelittlegirlLinMiaokewontheheartsofthepeopleallovertheworld.
A.DressedB.WornC.DressingD.Wearing
26.(福建福州八中2009年元月高三调研考试试卷，34)Theproblemsatthemeetingtomorrowarereallyhardtosolve.
A.discussedB.todiscussC.tobediscussedD.discussing
27.(唐山市2008-2009学年度高一第一次教学质量检测，20)
Whenwhyhebehavedthatwayattable，hemadenoreply.
A.beingaskedB.askedC.askingD.toask
28.(唐山市2008-2009学年度高一第一次教学质量检测，23)，Momhadacupofcoffeeandafewminutesrest.
A.WithherhouseworkdoneB.Withherhouseworkbeingdone
C.WithherhouseworkdoingD.Withherhouseworktodo
29.(湖南省衡阳市八中2009年上期高二第一次月考试卷，31)Themanagerintroducedtherulesthatshewouldliketosee_______thenextyear.
A.establishB.establishingC.establishedD.toestablish
30.(重庆市一中08-09学年高二上学期期末，22)_____inthoughtcompletely,hedidntevenknowwhatwasgoingon.
A.LosingB.LostC.HavinglostD.Havingbeenlost
【答案与解析解析】
1.
【解析】其实正确答案应是B此句为省略句，即在could后省略了动词do，若把句子补完整应为Everyoneinourclasswasworkinghardanddoingwhatwecoulddotoenteragoodcollege。即句中的不定式短语(toenteragoodcollege)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。
2
【解析】此题的答案是C不是A，其中的现在分词短语hopingtocatchtheearlybus用作伴随状语。
3.
【解析】此题答案选C，这与前面动词spent的搭配有关，即spend(in)doingsth。若将此句补充完整，即为HespenteveryminutehecouldspendinpractisingspokenEnglish.
4.
【解析】此题答案选D，注意两点：一是devoteto是固定搭配，意为把贡献给二是其中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
5.
【解析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：
canthelptodosth=不能帮助做某事
canthelpdoingsth=禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
6.
【解析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：
(1)devote意为致力于，献身于，主要用devoteto或bedevotedto，其中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。
(2)选A错误：若将do改为doing则可以。
(3)选B正确：allhertimedevotedtodoingexperiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。
(4)选C错误：因为allhertime与devote为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。
(5)选D错误：若单独看Allhertimeisdevotedtodoingexperiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is改为being也可选它。
7.
【解析】最佳答案为D。由于空格后出现了constantly这一副词，这就说明不能选B或C，因为B、C均为名词，不能受副词constantly的修饰。A和D均是可能的，因为其中有动词fly。但若选A，youfly是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语willbe相冲突，所以只能选D，即动名词flying在此用作主语。
8.
【解析】正确答案为B，因为getusedto与payattentionto这两个结构中的to均为介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的to也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形
9.
【解析】答案应选C。其实，动词insist后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist通常用作不及物动词;若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词on或upon，即用于insiston[upon](doing)sth;但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是that从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。
10.
【解析】最佳答案是B。确实，在have+宾语+不定式结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如Ihavesomeclothestowash等，即尽管其中的someclothes与其后的不定式towash具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如Ihavesomeclothestowash中的towash就是由该句主语I来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的totype这一动作不是由句子主语you来完成的，而是由说话者我来完成的。
11.
【解析】happentohavedonesth为不定式的完成时,表示一个已经完成了的动作,强调对于现在的影响.
【答案】D
12.
【解析】tiredandoutofbreath为形容词和介词短语在句中作状语。stoptodosth.停下来去做另外一件事
【答案】C
13.
【解析】非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,选项A、D表示将来可能发生的动作;B表示宾语持续性动作,根据句意选B,表示水不停地流出。
【答案】B
14.
【解析】catchsbdoingsth表示发觉或当场捉住sb在做一件事情。
【答案】D
15.
【解析】从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。
【答案】A
16.
【解析】题意为正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。
【答案】C
17.
【解析】advertise意为为登广告。madeinthisfactory作定语修饰product;advertised作宾语补足语。
【答案】B
18.
【解析】用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。
【答案】A
19.
【解析】consider作考虑解时，后常接-ing形式(短语)作宾语;作认为解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或tobe的复合结构。
【答案】D
20.
【解析】由whenyoung可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。
【答案】B
21.
【解析】由固定短语be(well)preparedfor可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。
【答案】C
22.
【解析】determining与主语I是主谓关系，逗号后面不是一个并列句，因此排除选项B。不定式一般表示将来，不符合题意。
【答案】A
23.
【解析】havedifficulty(in)doingsth为固定搭配，因此选B。
【答案】B
24.
【解析】根据常识，先看见闪电，后听见雷声，因此要用过去分词，由by引出宾语。
【答案】D
25.
【解析】Dressedin+衣服，固定搭配，表示处于一种状态。
【答案】A
26.
【解析】Theproblems与discuss之间是被动的关系，应用被动语态;tomorrow这个时间状语决定应该是将来的事情，不定式可以表示将来，因此选C。
【答案】C
27.
【解析】句意：当他被问到在餐桌旁为什么那样表现时，他没有做出回答。根据题意，应选过去分词，此处为省略句，相当于whenhewasasked......。
【答案】B
28.
【解析】housework和do是动宾关系，过去分词done表示被动和完成，符合题意。意思是做完家务后，妈妈喝了一杯咖啡，然后休息了一会儿。
【答案】A
29.
【解析】seesthdone固定搭配，establish与rules之间是动宾关系。句子的意思是：经理介绍了一些她希望明年生效的规定。
【答案】C
30.
【解析】句意强调主语沉思，而不知道下一步将要做什么事情。由主语he，我们可知应用主动语态，排除选项D;Havinglost表示动作发生在主语动作之前，不和题意，排除C;过去分词作形容词，可以表示主语所处的一种状态，符合题意。
【答案】B
一． 非谓语动词功能比较表
主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语
动名词 V V V X V X
不定式 V V V V V V
现在分词 X V X V V V
过去分词 X V X V V V
二． 非谓语动词的否定式、复合结构
1、谓语动词的否定式为：not+非谓语动词（not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分not +过去分词）
2.不定式的复合结构为：of/for+to do注：若其前的形容词为情感形容词当nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介词宜用of；若其前的形容词为hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等非情感形容词时，介词宜用for。动名词的复合结构为：形容词性物主代词sb/sb’s+doing(若该结构不位于句首作主语也可用“名词或宾语+doing”来表示。例如：
His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
不定式时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
分词 时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doingbeing done
完成式 having done having been done
二、非谓语动词用法比较
（一）作主语比较：
1、位于句首常用动名词作主语。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.
2、It作形式主语时，非情感形容词或名词作表语时常用不定式作真正主语；若useless, nouse, no good作表语时，常用动名词短语作真正主语。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.
3、不定式短语或动名词短语用语俚语、成语中作主语时，要遵循上下文的一致性原则。例如：To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.
To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.
(二)作表语比较：
1． 动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答What的问题。例如：
-What is his job? -His job is teaching.
2． 不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，常表示将来的动作。例如：
When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.
3.分词作表语时，说明主语的状态，回答How的问题。现在分词作表语表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；过去分词作标语，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一个已经发生了的动作。例如：The news is exciting. We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.
(三)作宾语比较：
1、只跟不定式作宾语的及物动词：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,
2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟动名词作宾语。
3.后跟动名词作宾语的动词词组：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to admit to, prefer…to, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, be busy look forward to (to为介词), no good, no use, It's worth…, can't help, It's no use /good, be capable of, be proud of, think of / about, hold off, put off, keep on, insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, good at, take up, give up, burst out, prevent … from… 等。
4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth 2).mean to do sth/doing
3).try to do sth/doing sth.4).go on to do sth/doing sth.
5).stop to do sth/doing sth6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth
5.need,require,want等动词表示“需要”时，后跟不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
（四）作宾补比较：
1、ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.
2、let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth
be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.
3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb /sth. doing
4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done
5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth
6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)
7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked
8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.
9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done
10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done
11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.
(五)作状语比较
1、不定式在句中只能作条件或结果状语（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容词或副词连用。）
2、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语系句子的主语。如果逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的主谓关系，须用现在分词作状语；若逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的动宾关系，须用过去分词。分词在句中可作条件、时间、方式、伴随、让步、（自然而然的）结果、原因、比较等状语。
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
3、如果句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，则不能用分词作状语，而用独立主格结构（主语+分词；主语+介词短语；with+宾语+介词短语）试比较：
Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)
4、分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
5、逻辑主语问：分词作状语的逻辑主语是句子的主语；分词作定语的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词；分词作宾补的逻辑主语是其宾语。
（六）作定语比较
1、动名词作前置定语，说明所修饰的名词的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）
2、不定式作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的动作的未来性，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
A plan/law/way to do sth.
3、单个分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的状态。表示正在进行或主动的动作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用现在分词；表示已经发生或被动的动作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用过去分词作定语。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有过去分词，而没有现在分词。
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written (=which is written )
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A.speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
试比较：
The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.
The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现
(86)26. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
(86)27. Only one of these books is__________.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. wroth of reading D. worth reading
(86)28. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. breakD. breaking
(86)29. I can't imagine_____ that with them.
A. doB. to do C. being done D. doing
(87) 30. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
(87)31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _____.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
(87)32. Though he had often made his little sister_____, today he was made_____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
(87)33. They would not allow him_____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
(88)34. She didn't remember_____ him before.
A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met
(88)35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
(89)36. Do you know the boy_____ under the big tree?
A. layB. lain C. layingD. lying
(89)37. Go on_____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
(89)38.There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
(89)39. “What do you think of the book?”“Oh, excellent. It's worth_____ a second time.”
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
(89)40. She pretended_____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(89)41. “Good morning. Can I help you?”“I'd like to have this package_____, madam.”
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
(89)42. _____ your coat at once. We must hurry.
A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on
(90)43. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
(90)44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
(90)45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
(90)46. Last summer I took a course on___________.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
(91)47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
(91)48. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
(91)49. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sailB. to sailC. sailing D. to have sailed
(91)50. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot_____
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(91)51. John was made_____ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
(92)52. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(92)53. --I usually go there by train. --Why not_____ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(92)54. I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(92)55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. howD. where
(92)56._____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receivingB. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
(93)57, “Can't you read?” Mary said_____ to the notice,
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C .angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
(93)58.How about the two of us_____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
(93)59. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
(93) 60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
(94)61. --I must apologize for_____ ahead of time. --That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
(94)62, The missing boys were last seen_____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(94)63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
(94)64. The first textbooks_____for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
65.--You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: --Well, now I regret_____ that.
A. to doB. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(95)66. Paul doesn't have to be made_____. He always works hard.
A. learnB. to learn C. learned D. learning
(95)67. We agreed_____ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(96)68. The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating
(96)69. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. LosingB. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
(97)70. I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to goB. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(97) 71. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
(97)72. -- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?-- I______, but I had an unexpected, visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
(97)73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. couldD. was able to
(98)74. _____ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave
(98)75. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. payB. paying C. paidD. to pay
(98)76. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. madeD. to make
(99)77. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
(99)78. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. DO not make
(99)79. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door___ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. readB. reads C. to read D. reading
80. I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
(2000)81. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
()82. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
()83. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002)84. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002上海)85. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
(2002上海)86. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_____ if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of strikingB. was sure of having struck
B. C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
(2002上海)87. Though______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lackedB. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
(02上)88. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
(2002上海)89. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
(2002春招)90. Prices of daily goods______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
(2002上海春招)91. In some parts of London, missing a bus means______ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. waitD. to be waiting
(2002上海春招)92. When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
(2002北京)93--How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
(2002广东)94. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to seeB. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002广东)95. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002广东)96. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. beginsB. having begun C. beginning D. begun
(全国)97. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
(2003全国)98. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
(2003上海)99. The discovery of new evidence led to______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(2003上海)100. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
(2003上海)101. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
(2003上海)102. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need______.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving
(2003北京春招)103. --Why did you go back to the shop? --I left my friend______ there.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(2003北京春招)104. The manager,______ his factory's products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. knownC. to know D. being known
(2003北京春招)105. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeingB. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
106. Don't be discouraged. ______ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. TakingB. To take C. Take D. Taken
(2003上海春招)107. Friendship is like money: easier made than ____.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
(2003上海春招)108. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attendedD. The president's attending
(2003上海春招)109. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invitedB. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
(2003上海春招)110. Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
(广东) 111.________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004天津) 112.Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. runB. running C. being run D. to run
(2004浙江) 113.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
(04全国III) 114.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
(04全国II) 115. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
(04全国II) 116.“We can't go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
(04全国IV) 117.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
(04全国IV) 118.Alice returned from the manager's office, ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tellD. telling
(04辽宁) 119.I don't know whether you happen ________ , but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(04江苏) 120.The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
(04北京)121.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(04福建)122.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
(04辽宁)123.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
(04上海)124.The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
(04上海) 125.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(04上海) 126.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
(04上海)127.Having been attacked by terrorists, ________ .
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
(04全国III)128.Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现KEYS:
1. CBBDA 6.ACDCB 11. A/D CBAB 16. ABCCB 21. DABCA 26. BDBDA
3l. CA AAA 36. DABCA 41. DCAAC 46. ADBCC 51. AADCB 56. CACDC
61. BACDC/D 66. BCCCB 71.CCDDC 76.AABDB 81.CABCA 86.DCDCB
91.AABBC 96.DDDCB 101. AAAAD 106.CADAB 111C B B C B
116 A C D DD121. C. D. B. C B 126 A. B D
概论：不受主语的人称和数的制约，也不体现时的特征，不能独立充当谓语，只能与一定的助动词结合构成进行体、完成体或被动语态。
形式：不定式、分词、动名词。
I. 不定式
一、主语（体现名词特征）
To know the main facts is not enough.
It is a great pleasure to be here.
It made me happy to find Marry there.
Is it a good idea to go swimming today?
What fun it is to read Mark Twain’s book!
It’s important for us to master English.
It’s kind of you to say so.
二、表语（体现形容词特征）
To see is to believe.
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Cf. I am to leave tomorrow.
You are to answer for it.
三、宾语（体现名词特征）
1.agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, like, love, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等后面可以接宾语不定式。
He agreed to smoke no more.
What did he say he wanted to do?
2.decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, wonder后可以接不定式特殊结构。
what to do.
where to go.
whom to ask.
I don’t know who to do it.
when to stop.
how to get there.
Which to choose.
从例句得出不定式特殊结构的规律：没有进行时态、没有被动语态、没有why.
四、宾补（体现形容词特征）此时宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。
1. 感觉动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at。
Did you see him go out?
2. 表示“致使”等意思的动词have, let, make, advise, cause, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn等。注：有下划线的动词接省略to的不定式宾补。
I made him leave without any hesitation.
I can’t get her to talk.
3.心理状态的动词consider, declare, find, prove, believe, discover, feel, judge, suppose等。
We found him to be dishonest.(to be可以同时省略)
4.短语动词long for, would like, prepare for, wait for, call on等。
The Party has called on us to learn from Lei Feng.
五、定语（体现形容词特征）
It’s time to go to bed.
Have you anything to say for your self?
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
I’ve brought this chair to sit in.
You’ve given me much to think about.
He’s always the first to come and the last to leave.
六、状语（体现副词特征）
1.目的状语(句首或句末)
He was running to catch the bus.
She opened the door for the children to come in.
I took my shoes to be mended.
He went early in order/ so as not to miss the train.
(In order) To draw maps properly, you need a special pencil.
2.结果状语（句末）
She went abroad, never to return.
Would you be so kind as to lend me some money?
He is such as fool as to think he is right there.
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
That’s much too heavy for you to lift.
She woke up early to find it was raining.
I got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
3.原因状语（句末）
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
I pretended to be happy to know him.(原因)
I pretended to be happy to stop my mother from worrying.(目的)
原因不定式与目的不定式的区别：（1）如果不定式前可以加上in order或，就是目的状语；（2）如果表示目的不定式结构表示的动作后于谓语动词的动作；如果表示原因，不定式结构表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作。
*关于不定式与形容词搭配
A．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语。
（1） 表示喜怒哀乐的形容词angry, glad, happy, proud, sorry, thankful, astonished, delighted, disappointed, excited, interested, moved, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等；
He was delighted to see his old friend again.
（2） 表示运气的形容词lucky, fortunate等；
We are lucky to make such a good friend.
（3） 表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词afraid, anxious, determined, eager, free, ready, willing, prepared, able, disable等；
She was afraid to go out at night.
(4) 表示可能性、确定性的形容词likely, certain, sure;
*He is likely to see Marry.= He will probably see Marry.
=It is likely that he will see Marry.
*She’s certain to do well in the exam.= She will certainly do well in the exam.
= It is certain that she will do well in the exam.
*James was sure to need help.= James will surely need help.
=James will need help, that’s sure.
(5)表示性格特征、行为表现的形容词brave, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, lazy, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, wise等；
John was careless to break the cup.
=It was careless of John to break the cup.
转换成由how引导的感叹句时，it is/was常省略，如上句：
How careless of John to break the cup!
B．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。
（1）能转换的
Mary is easy to teach.
=To teach Mary is easy.
=It is easy to teach Mary.
Mary is easy for you to teach.
=It is easy for you to teach Mary.
=For you to teach Mary is easy.
Mary is an easy pupil for you to teach.
=Mary is a pupil easy for you to teach.
这类句型中的形容词通常为cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, expensive, impossible, funny, interesting, pleasant, hard, important, improper, nice, splendid, strange, useful等。
如果不定式为不及物动词，则要加上介词或副词，如：
Mary is pleasant to talk to.
Foreign countries are often exciting to go to.
（2）不能转换的
The coffee is bitter to taste.
The grass is very smooth to walk on.
This map is clear to read.
These cookies are tasty to eat.
注意：不定式有时用被动语态与主动语态没有区别，如：
This is too important a matter to leave/ to be left until tomorrow.
These books are not strong enough to use/ to be used as a platform.
There is so much work to do/ to be done.
动词的---ing形式有时在用法上相当于名词，因此叫做动名词，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
一、主语
Reading is learning, but using is also learning.
Seeing is believing.
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
但是表语形容词是important, necessary等时，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn English by using it.
动名词复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词，常用属格，如：
Her going there won’t do any harm.
It is no use Mary’s pretending that she didn’t know the rules.
二、表语(表示主语的内容)
Seeing is believing.
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
What she hated most was resting at home and doing nothing.
My job is teaching English.
注意：有时不定式作表语可以表示将来时，如：
We are to go to the new museum for a visit tomorrow.
区别的诀窍是表语不定式可以和主语对调，如：
Teaching English is my job.
三、宾语
1． 只接动名词作宾语的动词有：be used to, consider, delay,. dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep (on), look forward to, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, pardon, risk, suggest, permit, allow, forbid, advise, set about等。
I can’t risk missing the train.
I don’t mind Jane/ Jane’s buying another one.
2．接动名词和不定式作宾语都可以的动词有：
1) 动名词和不定式意义基本一致的动词：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, need, want, deserve等；
Jack loves listening / to listen to pop music.
My hair needs cutting.= My hair needs to be cut.
2) 动名词和不定式意义有些差别的动词：remember, forget, try, help,mean, stop, go on等。
I remember posting the letter.
I will remember to post the letter.
I’ve quite forgotten putting it there.
I forgot to put it there.
He tried to write better.
He tried writing better with a brush.
I couldn’t help finishing reading the book.
I’m sorry I can’t help finish doing the job.
Do you mean to tell me you didn’t post it?
If you didn’t do it, it will mean waiting for a long time.
They stopped talking.
They stopped to talk.
He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.
He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.
注意：regret的用法。
He regretted missing(= having missed = to have missed) the last train.
四、定语（表示被修饰的名词的性能或用途）
freezing point, living room, sleeping car, waiting room, dining room, writing dest, walking stick, washing machine, smoking room等。
注意：a singing bird中的singing现在分词，表示被修饰的名词的动作。
1． 常接不定式作宾语的动词有afford ,agree, arrange, ask, cannot help but, choose, dare, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, like, love, long, manage, mean, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, would like 等；
2． 常接动名词作宾语的动词有consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, pardon, risk, suggest, feel, allow, permit, forbid, advise, admit, feel like, set about, stick to, be used to, look forward to, insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, hear of, prevent from, keep from, stop from, be engaged in, oppose to, depend on, thank for, punish for, praise for, excuse for, aim at, devote to, be devoted to, spend in, have a good time in, have trouble/difficulty in, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be successful in, be interested in, be ashamed of, be proud of, be responsible for等；
3． 常接不定式和动名词作宾语都可以的动词有1)没有大区别的like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, 2)有区别的remember, forget, regret, try, help, mean, stop, go on, want/require/need/deserve等；
4． 常接不定式特殊结构作宾语的动词有decide, find out, forget, remember, know, learn, see, wonder, discuss, show, teach, explain, tell等；
5． 常接不定式作宾补的动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at; have, let, make; consider, declare, find, prove, think, judge, believe, discover, feel, suppose; ask, tell, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, get, invite, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn,等；
6． 不定式的逻辑主语的导入
1) John was careless to break the cup.
=It was careless of John to break the cup.
(brave, wise, clever, bright, cute, foolish, stupid, silly, cruel, good, nice, honest, kind, lazy, modest, polite, rude, selfish等)
2) For you to teach Mary is easy.
=It is easy for you to teach Mary.
(cheap, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, expensive, extraordinary, funny, interesting, important, impossible, possible, proper, improper, pleasant, splendid, strange, useful 等)
7． 主动表示被动
1) Apples are good to eat.
The chair is comfortable to sit in.
This is a hard problem to solve.
This is a problem hard to solve.
(easy, hard, difficult, dangerous, impossible, important, comfortable, interesting, funny, pleasant, good, nice, bitter, sweet, sour, hot等)
2) His hair needs cutting.
(want, need, deserve, require)
3) The old radio is past repairing.
The beauty of the Great Wall is beyond painting.
4) The film is worth seeing again.
8． 接过去分词作宾补的动词有：
1） Everyone thought the battle lost.
(see, hear, watch, feel)
2) She couldn’t wait to make it known that she had bought a new car.
(make, get, have, keep)
3) I want the book returned before Friday.
(wish, like, want)
9． 接现在分词作宾补的动词有：
1) Can you smell something burning?
(see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to)
2) I won’t have you saying that.
(have, set, keep, get, leave, send)
二、过去分词
及物动词的过去分词具有被动意义，不及物动词具有主动意义，表示已经发生过的事情。如：
The bird caught yesterday is a swallow.
Look at the fallen leaves. Oh, there are still falling leaver over there.
1．表语 可以作表语的过去分词较多，如amused, annoyed, astonished, attracted, bored, broken, closed, completed, connected, covered, crowded, decided, delighted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, encouraged, embarrassed, excited, experienced, fascinated, finished, frightened, gone, injured, interested, inspired, known, lined, lost, married, moved, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, seated, shocked, shut, stationed, surprised, surrounded, tired, upset, worried等。
The door remained locked.
Marry seemed worried at the news.
2．宾补 作宾补的过去分词一般来自及物动词，表示被动和完成的状态。能接过去分词作宾补的动词有：
1） 表示感觉和心理活动的动词：see, hear, watch, feel, think等。
Everyone thought the battle lost.
We found her greatly changed.
2） 表示“使役”的动词：make, get, have, keep等。
She made it known that she had bought a new car.
Jane got her bad tooth pulled out.
I have my hair cut every month.
King Louis XIV had his head cut off in the revolution.
Let’s keep the door closed.
3） 表示“希望，要求”的动词：like, would like, want, wish等。
I want the book (to be) returned before Friday.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
The readers wished the story (to be)continued.
I’d like the egg well done.
3．主语和宾语 名词化的过去分词，如the wounded，可以作主语和宾语。
The oppressed will rise up in no time.
They have sent the wounded to hospital.
The old worker often helps the inexperienced.
4．定语
1）前置定语 及物动词的过去分词具有被动意义，不及物动词具有主动意义，表示已经发生过的事情。
All the broken windows have been repaired.
a closed shop, an honoured guest, a defeated army, an unbroken record,
a badly-built house, a newly-published book, highly-developed industries,
man-made satellites, hand-made products, the risen sun, the fallen flowers.
注意：（1）有些过去分词可以由very或too修饰，还可以用于比较，如well-built, disappointed, well-dressed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, relaxed, satisfied, su rprised, tired, unexpected, unsettled, worried等。
（2）但是有些过去分词不能受very或too修饰，必须用very much, greatly, well, completely, half, hardly等修饰。如：
It’s a well/hardly/half finished job.
That was a greatly/very much admired performance.
2）后置定语 多用过去分词短语。
This novel is the best of its kind ever written.
He is a man loved by all.
I hate to read letters written in pencil.
请比较：You’re invited to the party to be given next Sunday.
5．状语 多来自及物动词，修饰主句谓语动词，其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。
1）原因状语 常放于句首
Filled with excitement, this is more than a novel about war.
The children, worn out, fell asleep at once.
Deeply moved by his words, Dr. Simpson agreed to go with him.
2）时间或条件状语
Heated, water changes into steam..(=When/If water is heated…)
United, we stand; divided, we fall.
3) 伴随状语
The boys watched the program, fascinated.
She sat at her desk, lost in thought.
注意：过去分词作状语时，前面往往带when, if, while, though, as if，这样就能使过去分词结构所表示的意义更加明确，这一结构可以看作是省略句，省略的是“主语+be”，主语必须与主句的主语相同。
If/When heated, water changes into steam.
Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
He stood there still, as if absorbed in the beautiful sight.
总 表
主语 宾语 表语 定语 宾补 状语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ √
分词 √ √ √ √
★ 非谓语动词作状语
