英美文学教学

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篇1：英美文学教学

摘要：英美文学教学是英语专业学生进行文学作品赏析的重要课程，对于学生了解西方文化具有重要的作用。

《王子与贫儿》是马克・吐温以英国流传的《王子和侍从》作为素材创作的一部小说，讲述了贫苦儿童汤姆和富贵王子爱德华交换社会地位之后的奇遇的童话式故事，具有十分深刻的现实意义。

单从作品本身的语言结构来讲，具有十分深远的教育意义。

本文旨在对《王子与贫儿》在英美文学教学中的应用进行分析和探讨。

关键词：《王子与贫儿》 英美文学 教学设计

引言

《王子与贫儿》的原型是一个英国古老的童话故事，将两个身份完全不同的人进行身份对调之后，发生了诸多意想不到的事情。

马克・吐温借助这样的故事表达了自己心中对主流社会的批判。

马克・吐温创作的一个重要特征就是利用幽默的语言将自己的观点阐述出来，展示自己的批判精神，《王子与贫儿》这部作品对他的创作方式就是一种很好的阐释，让读者在阅读的时候，会捧腹大笑，但是笑过之后也会对其中的深刻含义进行思考。

一、英美文学的教育的重要性

英美文学教育是当前高校教育过程中的一门重要课程，在英美文学教育过程中，各种文学作品是重要的教材，通过对各种英美文学作品进行阅读和分析，可以培养学生对英美文学作品的鉴赏能力，同时也可以加深学生对西方文学以及文化的了解，在英美文学教育过程中，应该要对各种英美文学作品进行利用，有助于学生在学习过程中更好地掌握英美文学的精髓，提升文学素养，培养文学底蕴。

与此同时，英美文学教育也能不断提升学生的基本语言能力与人文素质，培养学生对英美文学作品的鉴赏能力，同时能增加对西方文化的了解，帮助学生树立正确的人生观和价值观。

落实到具体的教育过程中，主要有几个方面的作用。

第一，能够引导学生对作品的创作者有一个全新的认识，一个作家的成就，不仅在于他的文学作品，更在于他的经历以及创作成就。

第二，通过对作品的语言特色、作者的写作风格的介绍，引导学生欣赏作品中的写作手法和词语词汇运用特色，可以培养学生对英美文学作品的鉴赏能力，能够明白英美文学创作的规律。

第三，通过对具体的作品的教育，能够让学生对作品的主题思想以及表达的深层次含义有一个认知。

由此可见，加强英美文学教育具有十分重要的意义。

二、《王子与贫儿》背景的教学设计

马克・吐温是美国文坛上的一个代表人物，具有多重身份，是小说家、著名演说家、杰出作家，也是一名著名的记者。

马克・吐温的文学创作之路与他的人生轨迹有很大的关系，十二岁时由于父亲去世，迫于生计，他只好辍学开始到工厂当小工，为了维持生计，他换过很多工作，做过密西西比河的领航员、矿工，也当过新闻记者，在从事新闻行业的时候，渐渐发现自己喜欢上了写作，于是开始创作一些有趣的小品，从而开始自己的写作生涯。

他一生创作了大量作品，有小说、剧本、散文、诗歌等，从内容上讲，主要是对各种社会现象以及人性的丑恶进行批判;从风格上讲，幽默与讽刺是他的写作特点。

正是由于写作风格比较独特，因此他成为美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人且一些主要作品都已经有了中文译本。

对他的作品进行阅读和分析可以发现，从美国最初的资本主义形成一直到发展成为帝国主义的过程中，都有马克・吐温的作品一路陪伴。

由于经历得较多，他的创作也逐渐从轻快的笔调转化为辛辣的讽刺，再到悲观厌世。

前期创作中，马克・吐温的作品以辛辣讽刺居多，而后期的作品语言比较激烈，因此他的作品成为很好的英美文学教学素材，在我国很多高校的英美文学课程中，都可以见到他的文学作品。

《王子与贫儿》是马克・吐温创作中期的作品，在他的文学创作生涯中，可以算作是过渡作品，采用童话讽刺的形式，对美国的资产主义社会进行了十分猛烈的抨击，这部作品在美国文学领域中占有十分重要的文学地位，与他的《汤姆・索亚历险记》、《哈克贝利・费恩历险记》有同样的现实意义。

在这部作品中，作者对人物性格的描写十分深刻，对人的审美已经达到了一种炉火纯青的地步，尤其是对儿童的心理的刻画，十分生动形象，是真正做到了从儿童的角度来看待问题、看待社会，将人性中的矛盾、复杂描写得十分到位。

《王子与贫儿》这部作品有两个突出的特点：一个是两个主人公的错位，让他们与原来根本不属于自己的现实环境发生了碰撞，在这种陌生的环境中，总会闹出很多笑话，展现人物的固执、善良以及人性中的矛盾性和复杂性;另一个是通过对人物形象在身份错位之后的环境中的心理状态进行描绘，揭露了封建统治者与劳动人民在生活上以及人性上的对立状态，塑造了丰满的人物形象。

三、小说《王子与贫儿》教学课堂设计

(一)主题思想设计

文学作品之所以能够对读者产生深刻的影响，其中一个重要的原因就在于作者用一种艺术的方式将生活中的琐碎以及各种现象展现出来，为现实披上了文学的衣裳。

马克・吐温非常善于使用夸张的表现手法，尤其是对各种社会的丑恶现象进行描述时，这种夸张手法的应用，会给读者带来更大的冲击力。

在这部作品中，作者使用的夸张的表现手法，对小说的主旨就是一种很好的展示。

马克・吐温对以汤姆的父亲为代表的底层社会的愚昧无知和贪婪残暴进行了深刻的描写，汤姆一出生就没有得到过任何关爱，唯一得到的就是父亲的打骂以及压榨，虽然有好心的牧师一直循循善诱这个可怜的孩童，但是他的父亲却一次次地将他引到另一条完全相反的道路上。

这种矛盾的生活使得汤姆的人生观和价值观都发生了改变，人性中的自私以及贪婪在汤姆父亲的身上得到了很好的体现，无耻和残暴的行径背后是作者对现实生活的一种观察和讽刺，这种夸张的背后也隐藏了底层人民的无奈，作者虽然也会同情底层人民的生活，但对于他们的狭隘以及贪婪心理的批判更为严重一些。

此外，作者对资产阶级的昏庸无能也进行了深刻的.批判，尽管亨利八世是英国历史名望较高的君主，但是外界对他的质疑和批判依旧很多，昏庸和无能成为这位国王全文的标签。

作为统治者，其愚昧无知的态度使他丧失了对国家的观察和统治能力，统治者对自己所管理的国家没有充分的了解就盲目地进行管理，是作者极力批判的一个方面。

夸张的手法在这部小说中随处可见，尤其在对人物形象进行刻画的时候夸张手法更加明显，马克・吐温利用这种方式对丧失自己的人格、理智和良知的行为进行了控诉，对于底层人民的痛苦生活表示同情，更对愚昧的统治者进行批判。

这些现象在美国社会中十分平常，马克・吐温不愿意看到但是又不得不接受现实。

(二)创作语言风格赏析

在马克・吐温的创作过程中，幽默以及辛辣讽刺是两大特点。

在这部小说中，这两种语言形式也有所应用，爱德华与汤姆的人生轨迹的对比，本身就是一种极大的讽刺，当两个身份互换之后，在生活中所出现的各种闹剧，隐藏了一种深深的悲哀。

作为一个贫苦儿童，汤姆过够了穷人的生活，他一直都渴望自己可以过上王子一样的生活，但是成了王子之后，他在奢华和浮夸的生活中调整自己，以便能够尽快进入角色。

一个普通人能够顺利地成为一个国家的继承人，这无疑是对传统的贵族观念的一种巨大讽刺，这是作者对传统的出身观念的一种否定。

在描述的过程中，作者使用的夸张的表达手法，将这种讽刺加强，给人带来更多哲学的思考。

爱德华在与汤姆交换身份之后，走入底层社会中，他切身体会到底层人民生活的疾苦，作者使用了极为夸张的语言对他进入底层社会之后的生活进行了描绘，所以当爱德华在尝遍了人间疾苦之后，还是希望可以回归到贵族生活中，即使是曾经的贵族亨利也仅仅是用一种玩笑的态度来看待这位落难的公子王孙。

这种黑色幽默的语言表达方式，道出了作者的重要思想，其实在平行的社会中，人与人之间并没有什么区别，人与人之所以会有区别，在思想上会有不同的想法，是因为他们所处的环境不同。

(三)人物形象分析

篇2：英美文学教学探讨

英美文学教学探讨

摘要:阐述了英美文学在我国高校英语专业教学中的地位，指出了其在培养学生的语言修养和文学素质、塑造完美人格、增强跨文化交际意识和文化鉴赏能力等方面的重要作用，并针对英美文学教学现状，在教学模式、教学内容和考核方式等方面提出了一些建议。

关键词:英美文学;教学内容;教学模式

英美文学课作为我国高校外语院系的一门专业课，在各类高校外语院系的教学计划中占有举足轻重的地位。该课程历史跨度大，作品纷繁多样、风格各异，文学流派众多，且受文化背景的影响，因此，一直是难教难学的课程。正是由于这些原因，这两门课程曾一度受到冷落。在一些院校，英美文学曾被列为选修课或合班课。随着改革开放的不断深人，英美文学教学也受到了重视。颁发的新大纲将英语专业课程分为英语专业技能，英语专业知识和相关专业知识3种类型。英美文学属于相关专业知识这一类型中的必修课，这说明英美文学教学在外语教学中起着非常重要的作用。然而，随着市场经济的发展，大学生就业从传统的分配型转向市场选择型。很多学生把学习热情投人到有助于就业的实用性课程，如商务英语、外贸英语、法律英语、旅游英语等，不再把主要精力集中在研读英美文学原著上。受这种急功近利思想的影响，作为英语专业主干课程之一的英美文学，面临着越来越严重的挑战。如何采取切实可行的措施改变外语专业英美文学面临的困境，是广大外语教师必须认真考虑的问题。这一问题的最终解决除了受制于社会环境、教育思想等方面的因素外，更主要的`还是要依靠广大外语教师的共同努力。 1英美文学在英语专业人才培养中的作用要改变英美文学教学面临的困境，首先要确立英美文学在英语专业人才培养方面的重要作用。这就要求各外语院系要改变办学思想，不应把自己只定位为社会和市场适应者的角色。本科英美文学课程应把目标定位于“通过经典文本的阅读体验和阐释，增进人生阅历，丰富跨文化知识，培养审美能力，陶冶精神情操，提高语言和思维能力。”川依据这个定位，可从3 个方面确立英美文学在人才培养中的重要作用。 1.文学与学生语言运用能力的培养文学语言是语言大师经过加工雕琢了的艺术语言。它具有形象生动、精美凝练和典雅深邃等特点，是学生学习和模仿的最好材料。另外，文学语言也是生活的语言，它反映生活，具有朴实自然、真实鲜活、通俗易懂的特性，易为学生阅读和吸收。在英美文学语言的海洋里有许许多多贴近社会、贴近生活、富有乡土气息的语言材料，是学生广泛接触、观察体验各种语言现象和自由猎取语言知识的广阔天地。在这里，学生可以欣赏弗朗西斯·培根散文中富于哲理催人奋发的警句名言、文学大师莎士比亚优美典雅的十四行诗以及绘声绘色的戏剧语言;可以欣赏弥尔顿庄严厚重的史诗、海明威语言的简洁以及马克·吐温语言的幽默和奥斯丁语言的睿智，等等。文学语言是学习语言的丰富多彩的语料库。学生通过阅读文学作品不仅学习和巩固英语语言知识，而且还可以增强英语语感，提高流利使用英语的能力。因此，“外国文学是真正学好外语难以回避的途径。”

1.2文学与学生跨文化交际能力的培养 21世纪是一个多元文化的世纪，多种文化将交汇碰撞、交流融合。在国际经济、文化、政治等领域交流日益频繁的今天，跨文化交际能力的培养显得尤为重要。如果不了解英美国家的风俗文化、行为习惯、思想观念和价值取向，就会产生误解甚至冲突，影响交际的顺利进行。英语人才的培养不仅是英语语言能力的培养，而且也是跨文化能力的培养。然而，后者恰恰是现阶段英语专业学生的薄弱环节之所在。文学是民族文化的载体，它反映一个民族各个文化的因素，是学生英语背景知识的来源，是学生了解英语民族的政治、经济、社会生活、思想观念、风土人情等文化因素最鲜活、最丰富、最直接的材料。文学作品所包含的文化知识、文学知识及其具有的哲学、人文、美学等价值是某一民族社会文化的缩影，是培养学生的文化意识、提高文化修养的重要源泉。 1.3文学与学生人文素质的培养外语专业的学生，其语言基本功及文化素质至关重要，是一个人事业成功的重要因素。然而，一个人事业上的成功很大程度上取决于他的品德修养、心理素质、文化素养和交际能力等。因此，学生的人文素质是事业上取得成功的决定性因素。“在文学课上阅读足够的作品是加强人文价值学习的一个很好的途径’。人文精神是西方文学发展的一个重要方面。人文精神源自古希腊、罗马。文艺复兴时期的人文精神主要强调人是世界之本、世界中心，提倡自由和个性解放，倡导学术研究，相信人可以通过智慧改变世界。英美文化受人文精神影响较深，在漫长的历史发展中积淀了大量的人类文明的优秀成果。学生通过阅读英美文学作品，可以感受到人类对真、善、美的追求和对假、恶、丑的憎恶。在这色彩斑斓的文学天地里，学生的价值观和思想将得到净化升华，价值取向和思辨将找到正确的航向。这些是学生信仰真理、追求真理、尊重科学、认知社会和自我的丰富养料，对陶冶性情、塑造完美人格和形成人文精神具有重要的意义。

篇3：英美文学论文

【摘要】在认知语言学派中，隐喻是一个非常重要的分支并且被广泛的使用。隐喻不仅融入了语言学的思想，同时也是人类思维的一种反映。隐喻性的语言是对语文自身进行隐秘的一种文字表达方式，成为语言学中的重要组成部分。探索与认知语言学派的源头，一般都会让想到在文章中常用的修辞手法。在社会文化背景的影响下，隐喻具有很明显的文化特征，其不同的隐喻反映了不同的文化思想和深刻内涵，但是文化所具有的共性使得在中文和英文学习中隐喻具有相似的功能，对于隐喻的作用及内涵进行深入的分析与探究，有利于我们更好的理解英美文学中所蕴含的文化背景及其思想观点，对于提高学生英美文章阅读能力具有积极的促进作用。

【关键词】隐喻 语言文化 社会背景 文章内涵 英美文学作品

隐喻是历史最为悠久且使用范围也相当广泛的一种修辞手法，也是人们在日常表达及写作中常用的一种语言表达类型。只要我们留心注意就会发现，隐喻在语言表达中具有不可或缺的作用，正因为如此，才让许多语言学者们对隐喻的研究如此热衷，并对此一直坚持不懈的深入研究。

一、隐喻的含义及其在英美文学评论文章中的作用

在高校英美文学作品的教学，是为了让学生能够对原著有深层次的理解和鉴赏，了解西方的'文化背景及价值醒他，从而提高大学生的英语阅读水平及鉴赏能力。而在一些英美文学评论的文章中，隐喻的运用将会直接影响到学生对原著的把握和分析。

隐喻在人们的生活中无处不在，存在于人们的日常语言交际中，存在于人们的思维行为中。换句而言，用中国的成句来解释就是人们常说的指桑骂槐。他们相似的地方都在于借助于人们比较熟悉的事物来比拟那些比较抽象、陌生的事物，利用熟悉的物体过渡到陌生事物达到让人们更为形象了解的效果。

隐喻包含本体和喻体，但是本体和喻体之间完全不属于同一类型的事或物，但二者之间存在的共性和相似之处则构成了“隐喻空间”。隐喻能够有效的增强文学作品语言的生动性。

二、英美文学评论文章中社会文化的渗透与隐喻的关系

隐喻不仅自身人们日常生活中所体现的语言现象，更是人们的一种思考问题的模式或是范式，虽然我们对于隐喻的具体使用方法并不陌生，但是隐喻的使用来不开社会环境和文化知识的影响。在英美文学评论文章中，隐喻的使用充分体现了原作者对某一个领域的熟知和掌握程度，既能在两个不同的领域之间进行迂回，同时又能让人去理解与明白作者的意思，足以可见作者的个人知识范围之广和写作技巧水平之高。

隐喻离不开特定的社会文化背景，但是同时与文化之间也是相互影响和相互作用。隐喻是文化中不可缺少的一部分，而文化在隐喻的使用过程中发挥这引导的作用。在以往对历史文化和隐喻的相关研究中，一些专家学者认为隐喻从某种程度上来说反映了作者所处的社会背景和所代表的文化模式。

同r，隐喻在文章中所呈现的方式与作者的思维形式紧密相关。隐喻作为一种修辞手法，无疑能够增强文学作品的渲染力和感染力；隐喻作为一种认知现象来阐述的话，可以解释为对具有相似性事物的联想；隐喻作为一种语言手段来看的话，那么隐喻所表达的就是重复性的并且具有重要意义的内容。随着认知语言学的不断发展，隐喻受到了许多学者的高度关注和议论。

三、英美文学评论文章中的关联隐喻分析

在不同的文化形态背景下，有着其特定的话语模式，同时也表征着这个时代人们的生活方式及交流方式。而所处文化背景的差异性则会造成人们对英美文学作品理解的方式和角度也具有明显的差异。因为语言代表着一个民族的文化模式，折射出社会形态下的社会形象。人们所处的社会环境对于话语的方式具有直接的影响。如英国是一个四面环海的岛国，那么在英美文学中作者运用隐喻时可能会与大海、航行等内容相关。

隐喻也反映了人类的一种思维模式，借助于隐喻来表达一些抽象陌生的事物。如何正确的理解英语文学作品中的隐喻，关系人们对周围世界的认知与理解。

隐喻中包含了对社会制度的评判、对个人信仰的推崇、作者心理变化、社会文化背景灯各方面的内容。虽然，在理解隐喻时不能完全依赖于对于社会文化的理解，但是文化在理解隐喻的过程中起到一个纽带的作用，促进了各国人们进行更好的交流。因此，在阅读这些作品时，只有掌握了各国的知识背景，才能帮助我们更好的去理解文章中的隐喻，这样才能实现用英语与人进行无障碍的交流，从而达到高校开设英美文学课程的真正教学目标，提高大学生的英语交际能力和对语言的掌握能力。

当然，对于作品中的隐喻我们不可能去一一的深入且全面的了解与研究，但是采用有效的文化理论和基础知识去理解或是阐释文中的隐喻结构，对于当今大学生英语学习和其他语言的学习还是显得尤其必要的。

四、结语

综上所述，英美文学评论文章中的隐喻反映了原作者的个人经验感受和所处的社会文化背景，隐喻的生存空间已经变得相当广泛，并且不断的渗透到人们生活中的各个领域中，为此，隐喻的使用离不开作者对事物的认知及渊博的学识，只有当人们真正的认识到隐喻的作用并且能够深入的理解其含义时，才能充分的体现隐喻使用的意义。

参考文献：

[1]殷兆武.英美文学评论文章中的隐喻研究及启示[D].新疆大学，.

篇4：英美文学教育

摘要：在当代全球化趋势的影响下，英语教育中的英美文学教育显得尤为重要。

英美文学的学习对于学生人文素质的培养以及人生观和世界观的认识等具有深远意义。

本文对英美文学教学的可行性、必要性、作用及我们应如何加强英美文学教育进行阐述，旨在加强英美文学教育，促进对英语语言的学习，加强语言运用能力，培养出更加优秀的人才。

关键词：英美文学;必要性;人文素质;价值观

随着时代的前进，现代社会已发展成一个环境复杂并且文化多元的社会。

英美文学在世界文化中的地位越来越重要。

英美文学从其发展来看，经历了复杂而长期的过程。

文学是以语言文学为工具的形象化地反映客观现实的艺术，包括戏剧、诗歌、小说、散文等。

文学是对人生经历与体验的文化体现。

文学作品隐含了对人生百态的思考、价值取向的意识形态。

人们通过阅读英美文学作品、了解西方、习俗、宗教等方面的知识，从而了解西方政治经济文化。

目前我国各高校开展了英美文学课程，在教学方面对学生进行英美文化方面的教育。

英美文化教育具有一定的可行性和必要性及重要意义。

有利于学生人文素质的培养、语言的学习、认知功能和艺术价值的提高。

一、可行性

首先，学生英语能力的提高为英美文学教育提供了条件。

随着全球化趋势的不断加强，越来越多的人开始学习英语，面向世界。

英语的学习也已经深入到我国教育的各个阶段。

目前，大学生的英语水平有了明显的提高，阅读范围扩大，词汇量明显增加。

因而具有文化底蕴的英语语言学习显得尤为重要。

许多学生希望在学校中开展英美文学的教育，不少学校已经开始了各种形式的英美文学选修课，并且受到大多数喜爱英语、热爱文学的学生的欢迎。

因此英美文学教育具有可行性。

其次，师资力量的不断增强使英美文学教育有了切实保障。

据我们所知，近些年大学英语教育的师资力量具有很大提升。

每年各高校招收大量的英语教师，并且对英语教师的要求也越来越严格，大部分教师都是研究生学历，还有博士学历的，其中很多教师的主攻方向是英美文学方向。

因此英美文学教学的教育具有可行性。

二、必要性

首先，英美文学教育在英语专业中的地位和作用。

在大学英语教学中出现了这样一种现象：老师辛辛苦苦的教，学生刻苦的学，投入大量的时间和金钱，但是还是有很多学生在学习英语上很费力，许多学生发音不准确，译义不准确等各种毛病凸现出来。

这种现象是由于长期以来学校注重以语言形式的教学，只注重语音语法词汇的教学，却忽视了对学生兴趣和人文素质的培养。

因此，我们必须重视英美文学教育，加强英美文学教育在英语教育中的比重，扩大英美文学对学生的积极影响作用。

其次，英美文学教育对于语言的掌握有很大影响。

目前，在英语学习中许多学生在背单词时往往是死记硬背，不仅枯燥乏味而且效率低。

而英美文学是一个很好的工具，文学语言源于生活，语言朴实，易于理解。

英美文学作品中包含了大量的词汇，学生可以扩大词汇量，并且能体会具体的语境，这样就容易提高对英语的实际运用能力，并且在英语作品和电影中发音纯正是学生学习和模仿的绝佳材料。

有利于英语水平的进一步提高。

因此实施英美文学教育具有必要性。

三、英美文学教学的作用

首先，英美文学教学有助于培养大学生的人文素质。

培养学生的人文素质成为困扰我国高等教育的一个重要问题。

这一问题的出现很大一方面是由于在英语教育中缺乏对学生英美文学教育。

而文学是提高大学生人文素质的一个重要途径。

通过英美文化教育可以给学生们树立正确的人生观、价值观指明了道路，起到了引导作用。

其次，任何一部作品都反映出这一作品在怎样的环境下产生，反映时代背景。

通过学习英美文学学习可以加强我们对于当时社会背景的了解;加深对于人物性格特点进行分析和学习;正确地评判某种精神，如批评和赞扬。

从而形成自己独特的思维方式。

例如，马克思主义的《镀金时代》，它标志着浪漫主义时期的终结，是美国现实主义文学的开端，是一个时代的真实写照，人们希望的“黄金时代”化为泡影，出现的却是令人失望的“镀金时代”;19世纪五、六十年代批判现实主义的作家勃朗蒂姐妹在她们的作品中以资本主义工业文明为背景苗珊瑚社会底层人民的贫苦生活，从而狠狠地揭露社会现实;斯托夫人的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是美国黑奴悲惨命运的忠实记录，描述了黑奴们的悲惨遭遇，反映了美国当时黑奴制的严重性。

我们通过阅读这些作品或欣赏话剧、电影能充分了解当时的社会环境，对于我们在现实生活中培养积极进取的精神，维护我们的合法权益，培养坚强的性格，合理分析事情具有深远意义。

最后，通过英美文学的学习能过陶冶人的情操，有助于塑造人的品格，在大多数的英美文学中宣扬善有善报、恶有恶报，推崇积极向上的精神，提倡助人为乐的人文情怀，反对个人主义、拜金主义。

学生对于社会的认识还不够全面，极容易走上犯罪道路。

学生通过这方面知识的学习对他们的德行、品质进行文化熏陶培养，使学生调整人与人、人与社会、人与自然的关系，培养学生良好的情操，从而培养出特质体美各方面发展的新时代接班人。

四、如何加强英美文学教学

读经典作品。

这里指的读经典作品不仅仅是作品中的精彩片段，而最好是读名家的完整作品。

在教学中加设英美文学作品阅读课，教师通过事先了解并在课堂上对同学进行指导。

这样同学在认认真真读完一部完整的文学名著后理解作者所要表达的观点、作品的特色及反应的社会现实，加上老师的指导就会收到很好的效果。

老师也应向学生推荐非常著名、非常有影响力的作品。

如莎士比亚的很多作品，马克・吐温的《汤姆索亚历险记》，玛格丽特・米切尔的《飘》，湖畔派诗人华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》，丹尼尔・笛福的《鲁宾逊漂流记》等等许许多多的作品。

在加强英美文学教学中结合其他学科方面的知识也利于学生对英美文化的了解，扩展视野。

例如观赏英语经典电影，听西方音乐歌剧，欣赏西方艺术作品，了解西方宗教及风俗民情。

从而使我们的知识积累增加，在学习中感悟人生价值，培养积极向上的精神及民族自豪感等。

结束语

以上内容主要讲述了进行英美文化教学的可行性、必要性、产生的作用及我们应如何加强英美文学教育。

作为新世纪的学生，祖国的栋梁面临着各种挑战，有很多东西需要我们去学习。

英美文学肯定会从中受益匪浅，学习英美文学对于当代学生具有重大而深远的意义，有助于我们在学习道路上越走越远。

现在就业形势如此严峻学习它也可以为以后的就业打下良好的基础。

篇5：英美文学论文答辩

英美文学论文答辩

英美文学论文答辩

英语专业毕业论文答辩自述报告【1】

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society.

And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

毕业论文答辩会问什么问题【2】

一、自述(用英语完成)：

1、先问好，再开始自述，自述时间为5-10分钟，要简明扼要，必须将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件。

2、主要陈述内容(即Powerpoint文件主要内容)：

(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;

(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如，商务方向：采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);

(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文，最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容，如，商务方向：做了哪些调查，得出什么结论，计划如何实施项目);

(4)仍然存在的`问题(如，商务：在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);

3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述，但是可以看PPT文件)。

4、语言最好简单清楚，不要直接用论文中内容，应该用解释性的句式，如：When I was designing the lessons, I found that .

英语文学论文答辩自我陈述范例：

Good morning all the appraiser committee members. I come from *** , majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***.With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

the thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to irrationalism. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially Lessing's works.

Secondly, Comparing to the studies abroad, which extends most than 50 years, the Lessing study in China is relatively new. Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of From Rationalism to Irrationalism-on Doris Lessing's Construction of Dreams in Psychological Fictions as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about the different arrangements for the dreams and hallucinations in Lessing's works at different period, the thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to irrationalism.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

The thesis consists of five sections: the introduction, three chapters of argumentation,and the conclusion.

The introduction includes a brief introduction to the writer and the writer's works concerned, the literary review of academic research at home and abroad, the main theory applied in this thesis, and an explanation to the thesis's content, structure and significance.The three chapters of argument consists of 1) an analysis of the coincidental consistency of Lessing's dream construction with Freudian theory; 2) a comparison between the hallucinations in “To Room Nineteen” and the dream images in The Golden Notebook,and an analysis to the distinction between Lessing's and Freud!s understandings on the mechanism of displacement and condensation, on id and superego, and on trauma; and 3) essing's transcendence over psychoanalytic concerns. The last section is brief conclusion of the whole thesis.

It restates Lessing's metamorphosis from rationalism to irrationalism.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问，学生用英语回答)：

1、大约有6-8个问题，时间将持续10-15分钟。

2、首先要听清楚问题，如果没有听清，可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话)。

3、回答时首先要态度好，要切题，而且不要保持沉默，不会时可以表示抱歉。

4、常见问题： (1)关于选题：如Why did you choose this topic for your paper 或Why were you interested in this project

(2)关于具体部分：

商务方向：SWOT,COSTING,FLOWCHART,RISK,STAKEHOLDER,如Do you think this point a piece of weakness of the shop 或Do you think this a necessary activity for the project

(3)关于背景知识及理论知识：如What does SWOT stand for (商务)

(4)关于论文存在的问题：如In the last sentence on page there are some grammatical errors.

(5)关于项目或论文将来的发展：如：商务方向：If possible, will you carry out the project, and if so, do you think it will make profit

5、带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致)。

6、最后要向老师们表示感谢。

篇6：英美文学选读

英美文学选读

American Literature

Chapter one : The romantic period

I. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:

1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.

2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:

The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.

3.His toward nature:

Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.

II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:

1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.

2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.

3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.

III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick

1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.

2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.

IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :

1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)

2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.

3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.

Chapter two : The realistic period

I. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.

Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.

篇7：英美文学试题

全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上，否则不计分。

PART ONE （40 POINTS）

Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)

Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your correct answer on the answer sheet.

1.“And we will sit upon the rocks, /Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.” The above lines are taken from ______.

A. Milton’s Paradise Lost B. Marlowe’s “The Passionate shepherd to His Love”

C. Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” D. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”

2.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ .

A. poetry and drama B. drama and novel C. novel and poetry D. romance and poetry

3.Here are four lines taken from Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene: “But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,/The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,/For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,/And dead as living ever him adored.” Who is the “dying Lord” discussed in the above lines?

A. Beowulf B. King Arthur C. Jesus Christ D. Jupiter

4.In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______. A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industry

B. his enterprise went bankrupt C. Bassanio was able to pay his own debt D. his ships had all been lost

5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?

A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.

C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.

6. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______.

A. heroic couplet B. quatrain C. Spenserian stanza D. terza rima

7. “Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.” The above lines are taken from .

A. Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism B. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”

C. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”

8. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______of his time.

A. persecution B. improvement C. prosperity D. disillusionment

9. The 18th century witnessed a new literary form－the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common people.

A. romantic B. realistic C. prophetic D. idealistic

10. As a whole, ______is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life— socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.

A. Moll Flanders B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Pilgrim’s Progress D. The School for Scandal

11. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative .

The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work .

A. Jonathan Wild the Great B. Tom Jones C. The Coffe-House Politician D. Amelia

12. In Sheridan’s The School for scandal, the man who wins the hand of his beloved as well as the inheritance of his rich uncle is ______ .

A. Charles Surface B. Joseph Surface C. Sir Peter Teazle D. Sir Benjamin Backbite

13. Which of the following works best represents the national spirit of the 18th-century England?

A. Robinson Crusoe B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Jonathan Wild the Great D. A Sentimental Journey

14. Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus Unbound, is a verse drama, which borrows the basic story from ______ .

A. the Bible B. a German legend C. a Greek play D. One Thousand and One Nights

15. In the first part of the novel Pride and prejudice, Mr. Darcy has a (n) ______ of the Bennet family .

A. high opinion B. great admiration C. low opinion D. erroneous view

16. In Byron’s poem “Song for the Luddites,” the word “Luddite” refers to the ______ .

A. workers who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment

B. rising bourgeoisie who fights against the aristocratic class

C. descendents of the ancient king ,Lud D. poor country people who suffered under the rule of the landlord class

17. Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps the best ______ characters created by Charles Dickens.

A. comic B.tragic C. round D.sophisticated

18. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers became social and moral ______ , exposing all kinds of social evils.

A. revolutionaries B. idealists C. critics D. defenders

19. “Is it not sufficient for your infernal selfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?”(Heathcliff uttered the sentence in the death scene of Catherine from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights.) The word “hell” at the end of the quoted sentence refers to ______ .

A. Heaven B. Hades C. the next world D. this world

20. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of ______ ,who never pays any attention to human feelings.

A. justice B. humor C. morality D. property

21. “He was silent with conceit of his son. Mrs. Morel sniffed, as if it were nothing.”(Sons and Lovers by D.H.Lawrence)From the above quotation, we can see that Mrs. Morel’s attitude to her husband is ______ .

A. sincerely warm B. genuinely kind

C. seemingly angry D. merely contemptuous

22. A boy makes a quest of his idealized childish love through painful experience up to the point of losing his innocence and coming to see the drabness and harshness of the adult world.

The above sentence may well sum up the major theme of ______.

A. Eliot’s poem The love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Bernard shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession

C. Joyce’s story Araby D. Lawrence’s story The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

23. Linguistically, compared with the writings of Mark Twain, Henry James’s fiction is noted for his ______.

A. frontier vernacular B. rich colloquialism C. vulgarly descriptive words D. refined elegant language

24. Which of the following statements about Washington Irving is NOT true?

A. Literary imagination should breed in a land rich in the past culture.

B. He is preoccupied with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil.

C. His stories are among the best of the American literature.

D. Some of his works are based on the materials of the European legendary tales.

25. Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas advocated by Emerson, the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism?

A. As an individual, man is divine and can develop and improve himself infinitely.

B. Nature exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human beings.

C. There exists an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul.”

D. Evil and sin are ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.”

26. Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______ .

A. the strict poetic form B. the free and natural rhythm

C. the easy flow of feelings D. the simple and conversational language

27. “Then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.” In the quoted sentence, the author might imply that ______.

A. nothing changes in the 5000 years of human history B. man’s desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destruction C. nature is evil as it was 5000 years ago D. nature has the ultimate creative power

28. “Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space ,—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.” The above passage is taken from ______.

A. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin B. Cooper’s “Leatherstocking Tales”

C. Emerson’s “Nature” D. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie

29. Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?

A. Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s Cabin B. James’s The Portrait of a Lady.

C. Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms D. Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

30. Beside symbolism, all the following qualities EXCEPT ______are fused to make Melville’s Moby-Dick a world classic.

A. narrative power B. psychological analysis C. speculative agility D. optimistic view of life

31. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.

A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious

32. In Daisy Miller, Henry James reveals Daisy’s ______ by showing her relatively unreserved manners.

A. hypocrisy B. cold and indifference C. grace and patience D. Americanness

33. The raft with which Huck and Jim make their voyage down the Mississippi River may symbolize all the following EXCEPT ______.

A. a return to nature

B. an escape from evils, injustices, and corruption of the civilized society

C. the American society in the early 19th century

D. a small world where people of different colors can live friendly and happily

34. Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily,” can be regarded as a symbol for all the following qualities EXCEPT______.

A. old values B. rigid ideas of social status C. bigotry and eccentricity D. harmony and integrity

35. As a Modernist poet ,Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______ .

A. cubist school of modern painting B. Imagist Movement

C. stream-of-consciousness technique D. German Expressionism

36. The statement that a boy’s night journey to an Indian village to witness the violence of both birth and death provides all the possibilities of a learning experience may well sum up the major theme of ______ .

A. Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily” B. Hemingway’s story “Indian Camp”

C. Irving’s story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” D. James’s story “Daisy Miller”

37. Which of the following plays by O’Neill can be read autobiographically?

A. The Hairy Ape B. The Emperor Jones C. The Iceman Cometh D. Long Day’s Journey Into Night

38. When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.

A. Henry James B. Scott Fitzgerald C. Ernest Hemingway D. William Faulkner

39.After his experiences in the forest, Young Goodman Brown returns to Salem ______.

A. desperate and gloomy B. renewed in his faith C. wearing a black veil D. unaware of his own sin

40. According to Mark Twain, in river towns up and down the Mississippi, it was every boy’s dream to some day grow up to be ______.

A. Methodist preacher B. a justice of the peace C. a riverboat pilot D. a pirate on the Indian ocean

PART TWO (60POINTS)

Ⅱ.Reading comprehension(16 points,4 for each)

Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

41. “One short sleep past, we wake eternally,

And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die.”

Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B.What does the word “sleep” mean? C. What idea do the two lines express?

42. “Never did sun more beautifully steep

In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;

Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

The river glideth at his own sweet will:

Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!”

(William Wordsworth’s sonnet: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802)

Questions:

A. What does the word “glideth” in the fourth line mean?

B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the “river”?

C. What idea does the fourth line express?

43. “With Blue—uncertain stumbling Buzz—

Between the light—and me—

And then the Windows failed—and then

I could not see to see—” Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?

C. What idea does the quoted passage express?

44. “‘Is dying hard, Daddy?’

‘No, I think it’s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”’

Questions: A. Identify the work and the author.

B. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?

C. Why did the father add “It all depends” after he answered his son’s question?

Ⅲ. Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)

Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

45. It is said that B. Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea. Try to summarize this theme briefly.

46. Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing her novel Wuthering Heights. Try to tell Bronte’s way of narration briefly.

47. “In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”?

48. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism?

Ⅳ. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)

Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

49. Discuss the possible theme in W.B. Yeats’s “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and how that theme is presented in the poem.

50. “My faith is gone!” cried he (Goodman Brown), after one stupefied moment. “There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.”

Comment on this passage from Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”.

1-5 B A B D C 6-10 B D A B B 11-15 B A A C C 16-20 A A C D D 21-25 D C D B D 26-30 A B C D D

31-35 B D C D B 36-40 B D B A C

41. A. The peam is “Death,Be not Proud”, which writted by John Donne

B. The world “sleep” means “death”;

C. The two lines express the idea that there is nothing frightening in

death. Though we might die,we can keep alive spiritually forever.

42.A The word “glideth” means “flows”; B wordsworth uses personification to describe the “river”

C The fourth line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things , which implies the beauty of the nature;

43. A The poem is “I heard as Fly buzz --when I died--” by Emily Dickinson.

B “windows” symbolically stand for the door to heaven.

C The quoted passage vividly describes the moment of my dying and expresses my doublt of the existence of eternal heaven.

44. A. The work is “Indian Gamp” by Ernest Hemingway.

B. Nick was preoccupied with the pain and violence of death.

C. By adding “It all depends” the father meant that death means differently to different poeple. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it's a pretty easy,while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.

IIII.

45. The play deals with the themes of prostiution as a big bussiness in the bourgeois society . The play launches possibly the sharpest and the bitterest attack ever made by Shaw upon the very foundation of the “civilized” capitalist world.

The play hits the very heart of capitalism as a social system according to which economic exploitation is not only considered the legitimate thing adopted everywhere but is pursued shamelessly by “dignified”members of the society through the lowest and the dirtiest means.

46.There are complicated narrative levels in Wuthering Heights The main narrative is told by Nely ,Catherine's old nurse. to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter gives an account of what he see at Wuthering Heights.In the main narrative by Nelly s the sub---narrative told through Isabella's letters a Nelly.While the central intrest is maintained,the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks,This marks the story all the more enticing and genuine.

47. From the “rocking-chair” we can draw that Carrie was dreaming of the bright future.

Although she was often disillusioned ,she was not at all in despair.

48. Naturalism is one school of realism where the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but

more ironic and more pesimistic. The American naturalism accepted the more negative implication of Darwin's evolutionary

theory and used it to account for the behavior of theose characters in literary works who conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes,their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society,and portrayed misery and poverty of the 'underdogs' who were deomostrably victims of society and nature. One of the most familiarcially as an explanation of sexual desire, Articically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure. Philosophically,the naturalists believe that the realand true is always partially hidden form the eyes of the individual,or beyond his control.

49. The major themes in Yeats's peoms are usually Celtic legends ,local folktales,or stories of the heroic in Irish history. Many of his early poems have a dream quality,expressing melancholy,passive and self-indulgent feelings.But ina number of poems, Yeats has achieved suggestive pattern of meaning by a careful countpointing of contrasting indeas or images like human and fairy, natural and artifical,domestic and wild ,and ephermral and permanent. “Innisfree” is just a popula representative fo such peomss;

around a “fairlyland” background,the peom is imagery give the peom a haunting quality. The charity and control of the peotry is very delicate with natural imagery,dream-like atmospher and musical beauty. The possible theme is that tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal “fairlyland” where he could live calmy as a herimit and enjoy the beauty of nature. The peam consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter ,with each stanza rhymed abab.Innisfree is an inlet in the lake in Irish lengends. Here the author is referring to a place for hermitage.

50. This passage appears after Goodman Brown's experience in the forest. Brrown attends a witch's Sabbath in the woods and is confronted with a vision of human evil there. After he returns to his home,he lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again.The passage exemplifies the concern of guilty and evil in Hawthorne's work. Its hero experience from the transition from naive young man who accepts both society in genral and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard to a sistrustful and doublful person.Howevers,the

story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers fell that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer, and he does not permit hismself to determin whether the events of the night of trail are real or the mere figment of a dream.

薄冰英语语法 第八章 被动语态

第八章 被动语态

8.1 语态的含义和种类

语态（voice）是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的.关系。

英语的语态分为主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：

（1）Yesterday! I parked my car outside the school. 昨天我把我的汽车停在学校外边。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

（2）A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room. 听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。

被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态，但较常用的有下列十种：

1）现在一般时

（3）Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王，办公室有事找你。

（4）I am not so easily deceived. 我不是轻易上当受骗的。

2）过去一般时

（5）I was invited to the concert. 我应邀参加了音乐会。

（6）Our house was built in 1969. 我们家的房子建于1969年。

3）将来一般时

（7）We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我们希望会达成一项协议。

（8）This matter will be looked into in the future. 这件事将来是要查明的。

4）过去将来一般时

（9）He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他说这座桥明年将建成。

（10）Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再过半小时，所有的门都要上锁—所有的灯都要熄灭。

5）现在完成时

（11）My car has been repaired. 我的汽车已修好了。

（12）The party has been planned since the new year. 这聚会自新年起就已筹划了。

6）过去完成时

（13）The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折门上面的门帘夏天已经取下来。

（14）Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 图蒂望着那些已经点着并放在洞口附近的提灯。

7）将来完成时

（15）The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。

（16）This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天，这个班将由布朗先生教毕二年了。

8）过去将来完成时

（17）The headmaster said the article would been completed translated by six o’clock. 校长说这篇文章将在6点钟以前翻译完毕。

（18）He said that the bridge would have been completed before July. 他说这桥将于7月前完成。

9）现在进行时

（19）This question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。

（20）The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由姑母照看着。

10）过去进行时

（21）When I called, tea was being served. 我来拜访时，正值上茶之际。

（22）With his fingers, he gently searched the crown and brim of his hat to be sure it wasn’t being crushed. 他用手指轻轻地摸找帽顶和帽边，以肯定它没有被压坏。

[注一]完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。它们的被动意义可用完成时态来表示，如He has been being examined.（他已被考过。）一般应代之以He has been examined。将来进行时与过去将来进行时一般也不用被动语态。其被动意义可用一般时态来表示，如He will be being examined while we are there.（他将在我们在那里时被考。）可代之以He will be examined while we are there。

[注二]关于非限定动词的被动语态见本书第十章有关各节。

被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，后面一般不接by短语。如：

（23）Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. 每年都几百人死于道路交通事故。

（24）The boy got hurt on his way to school. 这男孩在上学的路上受伤了。

被动语态可含有情态动词，其结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”。如：

（25）This must be done as soon as possible. 这件事必须尽快做。

（26）What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。

（27）These stairs are very dangerous. They should be repaired. 这楼梯很危险，应该修理了。

（28）Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 过马路要非常小心，要看两边，不然会被车撞倒的。

有不少短语动词相当于及物动词，所以这些短语动词亦有被动语态。如：

（29）Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory. 我们实验室做了许多有趣的实验。

（30）Boxing was gone in for here in the early 1950s. 20世纪50年代初期，这里拳击很盛行。

有些由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词，其结构比较松散，变成被动语态时也可以将名词和其后的介词拆开（使介词和其后的宾语合成一介词短语）。这种被动语态常用于正式文体中。如：

（31）Mess had been made of the house. 家里乱作一团。（主动句是：The owner had made mess of the house.）

（32）Good use is made of the library. 这图书馆的利用率很高。（主动句是：They make good use of the library.）

8.2主动语态变被动语态

主动语态变为被动语态，可分为下列三种情况：

1）“主+ 谓+宾”句型变为被动语态时，先将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语（宾语如为人称代词，须将宾格变为主格）；然后将主动结构中谓语动词的主动语态变为被动语态；最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加by，再将主动结构中的主语置于介词by之后（如为人称代词，须将其主格变为宾格）。如：

（1）Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明了电话。（主动结构）

（2）The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. 电话是亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明的。（被动结构）

（3）The manager has not signed the papers. 经理没有在这些文件上签字。（主动结构）

（4）The papers have not been signed by the manager. 这些文件还没有由经理签字。（被动结构）

被动结构中的by短语，如无必要指出，则可省去。如：

（5）I posted that letter last night. 我昨晚把那封信投邮了。（主动结构）

（6）That letter was posted last night. 那封信是昨晚投邮的。（被动结构）

如宾语是—that从句，变为被动语态时可用it作被动句的形式主语。如：

（7）The know that he is an expert. 他们认为他是一位专家。（主动结构）

（8）It is known that he is an expert. 人们认为他是一位专家。（被动结构）

或把主动句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语。如：

（9）He is known to be an expert. 他被认为是一位专家。（被动结构）

[注一]将主动句变为被动句时，偶尔可把by短语放在过去分记词之前，如He was by someone known to have worked for the German fascists.（有人知道他曾为德国法西斯干过事。）这里将by someone移至过去分词known之前显然是由于known和其后的to have worked的关系更为密切。有时by短语也可放在主语补语之后，如Tea drinking is considered one of the pleasures of life by the Chinese.（喝茶被中国人认为是一种人生乐趣。）。

[注二]在较古的英语中，被动句中也可用of短语代替by短语。现仍见于少数一些说法中。如：

①He was beloved of everybody. 他受到大家的爱戴。

②He was devoured of a long dragon. 他被一长龙吞噬了。

被动结构中的by短语并不一定总是代表动作的执行者，它有时也可表方式或原因。如：

（10）A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以从他穿的服装认出来。

（11）I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我对他再次请我跳舞感到高兴。

2）“主+ 谓+宾+宾”句型（一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语）变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。这一保留不变的宾语叫做保留宾语（retained object）。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加介词to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。如：

（12）He told her a long story. 他给她讲了一个长故事。（主动结构）

（13）She was told a long story. 她听了一个长故事。（被动结构）

（14）A long story was told to her. 有人对她讲了一个长故事。（被动结构）

（15）Mother bought me a new coat. 母亲给我买了件新上衣。（主动结构）

（16）I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了件新上衣。（被动结构）

（17）A new coat was bought for me. 有人给我买了件新上衣。（被动结构）

[注]被动句中强调间接宾语时，其前的介词to不可省去，如Ample warning was given to then, not to me.（受到严厉警告的是他们，不是我。）。

上述句型中的两个宾语有时都是直接宾语。变为被动结构时，一般皆将主动结构中指人的宾语变为主语。如：

（18）The teacher asked the students a very unusual question. 教师向学生提了一个很不寻常的问题。（主动结构）

（19）The students were asked a very unusual question. 学生被问了一个很不寻常的问题。（被动结构）

偶尔也可将主动结构中指物的宾语变为主语，但指人的保留宾语之前一般不可加任何介词。如：

（20）He will forgive you your offence. 他将宽恕你的无礼。（主动结构）

（21）Your offence will be forgiven you. 你的无礼将得到宽恕。（被动结构）

3）“主+谓+复合宾语”句型（含有一个宾语加宾语补语）变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补语不变。如：

（22）They chose Tom captain. 他们选汤姆为队长。（主动结构，宾语补语为名词）

（23）Tom was chosen captain. 汤姆被选为队长。（被动结构）

（24）In spring, all the islanders paint their houses white. 春天的时候，所有岛民都把他们的房子涂成白色。（主动结构，宾语补语为形容词）

（25）Their houses are painted white. 他们的房子被涂成白色。（被动结构）

（26）They recognized him as a genius. 他们认为他是一个天才。（主动结构，宾语补语为介词短语）

（27）He was recognized as a genius. 他被认为是一个天才。（被动结构）

（28）We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again. 我们要求教师再解释一下这些难句。（主动结构，宾语补语为不定式）

（29）The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again. 教师被要求再解释一下这些难句。（被动结构）

（30）I found him lying on the floor. 我发现他躺在地板上。（主动结构，宾语补语为现在分词）

（31）He was found lying on the floor. 他被发现躺在地板上。（被动结构）

（32）We found all our seats occupied. 我们发现所有我们的位子都被占了。（主动结构，宾语补语为过去分词）

（33）All our seats was found occupied. 所有我们的位子发现都被占了。（被动结构）

但在下列情况下，主动句一般不能变为被动句：

1）谓语是：

a）及物动词leave，enter，reach，resemble，become(适合) suit，benefit，lack等。

b）不可拆开的take place，lose heart，change colour，belong to，consist of等短语动词。

2）宾语是：

a）反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词等。

b）虚词it，如cab it，foot it等。

c）身体的某一部分，如shake one’s head等。

d）某些抽象名词，如interest（兴趣）等。

8.3 被动语态的用法

英语里多用主动语态，但用被动语态的场合也不少，似乎要比汉语用得广泛。英语的被动语态常用于下列几种场合：

1）当我们不知道动作的执行者时。如：

（1）Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。

（2）Look! There’s nothing here. Everything has been taken away. 看！这里什么也没有。一切都被拿走了。

2）当我们不必要提出动作的执行者时。如：

（3）I was born in 1960. 我生于1960年。

（4）Such things are not done twice. 这种事不可再做。

3）当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时。如：

（5）She is liked by everybody. 她为人人所喜欢。（强调she）

（6）A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很痛快。（侧重a good time）

4）当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时。如：

（7）Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接头？（避免说出“我”）

（8）You’ll be contacted. 我们会和你联系的。（避免说出“我们”）

5）当我们出于行文的需要时。如：

（9）The film was directed by Xie Jin. 该电影由谢晋导演。（上文谈的是该影片）

（10）Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. 海伦九岁时被父母送到这座学校。（上文谈的是海伦）

6）有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。如：

（11）It’s done! （可缩略为Done!）成啦！（现在一般时被动式表动作已完成）

（12）He is said to be a good teacher. 他被认为是一个好教师。

（13）The line of flags was slung between two trees. 一列国旗挂在两树之间。

（14）He was born in 1919. 他生于19。

（15）She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe. 她被誉为是欧洲最佳歌手。

[注]被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写。

8.4 含被动意义的主动语态

有些不及物动词（其主语大都指物）的主动语态可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种：

1）某些连系动词。如smell，taste，sound，prove，feel等。

（1）The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。

（2）The food tastes nice. 这食物的味道好。

（3）That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。

（4）The story proved quite false. 这一套话证实完全是假的。

2）某些与can’t，won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move，lock，shut，open等。

（5）It can’t move. 它不能动。

（6）The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

3）某些可和well，easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，cook，photograph等。

（7）The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

（8）The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。

（9）The cistern doesn’t clean easily. 这水槽不容易弄干净。

（10）This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。

4）某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词，如wear，blow等。

（11）This material has worn thin. 这种布料已穿薄了。

（12）The door blew open. 门给吹开了。

有些不及物动词的进行时亦具有被动意义。如：

（13）Corn is selling briskly. 谷物畅销。

[注] 上述不及物动词有些亦可用作及物动词，但二者有所不同。如：

①The door opened. 门开了。

②The door was opened. 门被打开了。

例①强调the door本身内在的特性，表明“门”本身可开可关，不强调动作的执行者；例②则相反，强调“门被人打开了”，与门本身的特性无关。

8.5 被动语态与系表结构的区别

所谓系表结构，在此乃指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，于是就有一个如何区别它们的问题。总的来说，它们有以下几点不同：

1）被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。如：

（1）The composition was written with great care. 这篇作文写得很用心。（被动语态）

（2）The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得好。（系表结构）

（3）These articles are sold quickly. 这些货物售得快。（被动语态）

（4）These articles are all sold out. 这些货物全售出了。（系表结构）

（5）Such questions are often settled through negotiations. 这类问题通常通过谈判解决。（被动语态）

（6）The question is settled. 这个问题解决了。（系表结构）

2）系表结构一般只用于现在一般时与过去一般时。被动语态则除可用于上述两种时态之外，还可用于其它时态。如：

（7）I have been driven to it. 我是被迫至此。（被动结构）

（8）The flowers will be planted next week. 下周种花。（被动结构）

3）系表结构中的过去分词可被very所修饰；被动语态中的过去分词可用much修饰。试比较：

（9）He was very agitated. 他很激动。（系表结构）

（10）He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）

4）系表结构有主动意义，被动结构只有被动意义。现将具有主动意义的系表结构举例说明如下：

a）过去分词表心理、感情，如：

（11）She is resolved to become a ballet dancer. 她决心当一名芭蕾舞演员。

（12）I am quite puzzled. 我感到十分困惑。

b）过去分词是反身动词，如：

（13）The open square was bathed in light. 宽阔的广场淋浴在阳光中。（主动式是bathed itself）

（14）The way was lost between the trees. 小路消失在树林之中。（主动式是lost itself）

c）过去分词与介词搭配，如：

（15）He was puzzled about it. 他为那件事感到困惑。

（16）Are you interested in this subject? 你对这门课感兴趣吗？

（17）We were surprised at the news. 我们对那消息感到惊讶。

（18）She was scared out of her wits. 她吓得不知所措。

（19）The child is accustomed to sleeping alone. 这孩子习惯独自睡了。

[注]过去分词有时可后接with，也可后接by。一般来说，by强调动作，with强调状态，试比较：seized by a man 被人捉住，seized with a fever 发烧；covered by a lid 被盖子盖住，covered with a lid 为盖子所盖住

5）有时只能从上下文才能加以区别。如：

（20）The door was closed. 门关上了。

（21）The road was mended. 路修好了。

独立地看，上述两例，既可是被动结构，也可是系表结构。遇到这种情况，则应根据上下文去理解。

篇8：英美文学试题

PART ONE (40 POINTS)

I. Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)

Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your choice on the answer sheet.

1.The most significant idea of the Renaissance is（   ）.

A. humanism B. realism C. naturalism D. skepticism

2.Shakespeare’s tragedies include all the following except（   ）.

A. Hamlet and King Lear B. Antony and Cleopatra and Macbeth

C. Julius Caesar and Othello D. The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night’s Dream

3.The statement “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”opens one of well-known essays by

A. Francis Bacon B. Samuel Johnson C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift

4.In Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent（   ）touch in his description of the simple though primitive rural life.

A. nostalgic B. humorous C. romantic D. ironic

5.Backbite, Sneerwell, and Lady Teazle are characters in the play The School for Scandal by（   ）.

A. Christopher Marlowe B. Ben Jonson C. Richard Brinsley Sheridan D. George Bernard Shaw

6.Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“（   ）in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

A. tragic epic B. comic epic C. romance D. lyric epic

7.In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,”William Blake expresses his perception of the“fearful symmetry”of the big cat. The phrase“fearful symmetry”suggests（   ）.

A. the tiger’s two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically set B. the poet’s fear of the predator

C. the analogy of the hammer and the anvil D. the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation

8.“What is his name?”

“Bingley.”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

The above dialogue must be taken from（   ）.

A. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice B. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

C. John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga D. George Eliot’s Middlemarch

9.The short story“Araby”is one of the stories in James Joyce’s collection（   ）.

A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. Ulysses C. Finnegans Wake D. Dubliners

10.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except（   ）.

A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people

B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings

C. the humble and rustic life as subject matter

D. elegant wording and inflated figures of speech

11.Here are two lines taken from The Merchant of Venice:“Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew/Thou mak’st thy knife keen.”What kind of figurative device is used in the above lines?

（   ） A. Simile. B. Metonymy. C. Pun. D. Synecdoche.

12.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”is an epigrammatic line by（   ）.

A. J. Keats B. W. Blake C. W. Wordsworth D. P. B. Shelley

13.The poems such as“The Chimney Sweeper”are found in both Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by

A. William Wordsworth B. William Blake C. John Keats D. Lord Gordon Byron

14.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is often regarded as a typical example of（   ）.

A. allegory B. romance C. epic in prose D. fable

15.Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by（   ）rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.

A. classical B. romantic C. sentimental D. allegorical

16.In his essay“Of Studies,”Bacon said:“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and（   ）.”

A. skimmed B. perfected C. imitated D. digested

17.“For I have known them all already, known them all—/Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,/I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.”The above lines are taken from（   ）.

A. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper” B. Eliot’s“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

C. Coleridge’s“Kubla Khan” D. Yeats’s“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”

18.(The)（   ）was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.

A. Romanticism B. Humanism

C. Enlightenment D. Sentimentalism 19.A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of（   ）, who never pays any attention to human feelings.

A. morality B. justice C. property D. humor

20.The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the （   ）.

A. bitter satire B. larger-than-life caricature C. Latinized diction D. dramatic monologue

21.George Bernard Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a grotesquely realistic exposure of the（   ）.

A. slum landlordism B. political corruption in England

C. economic oppression of women D. religious corruption in England

22.The story starting with the marriage of Paul’s parents Walter Morel and Mrs. Morel must be

A. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles B. D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

C. George Eliot’s Middlemarch D. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre

23.In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is（   ）. A. Washington Irving B. Ralph Waldo Emerson C. Nathaniel Hawthorne D. Walt Whitman

24.The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision.”The term“black vision”refers to

A. Hawthorne’s observation that every man faces a black wall

B. Hawthorne’s belief that all men are by nature evil

C. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his story

D. that Puritans of Hawthorne’s time usually wore black clothes

25.Theodore Dreiser was once criticized for his（   ）in style, but as a true artist his strength just lies in that his style is very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sought.

A. crudeness B. elegance C. conciseness D. subtlety

26.“He is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal Grail; his failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.”The character referred to in the passage is most likely the protagonist of（   ）.

A. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby B. Dreiser’s An American Tragedy

C. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

27.Almost all Faulkner’s heroes turned out to be tragic because（   ）.

A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and social institutions C. most of them were prisoners of the past D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable

28.Yank, the protagonist of Eugene O’Neill’s play The Hairy Ape, talked to the gorilla and set it free because

A. he was mad, mistaking a beast for a human

B. he was told by the white young lady that he was like a beast and he wanted to see how closely he resembled the gorilla C. he was caged with the gorilla after he insulted an aristocratic stroller

D. he could feel the kinship only with the beast

29.In（   ）, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference.

A. “After Apple-Picking” B. “The Road Not Taken” C. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

D. “Fire and Ice”

30.Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme and technique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereas Whitman likes to keep his eye on human society at large, Dickinson often addresses such issues as（   ）, immortality, religion, love and nature.

A. progress B. freedom C. beauty D. death

31.The Romantic Writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the（   ）in the American literary history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imagination D. return to nature

32.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be（   ）.

A. transcendentalists B. optimists C. pessimists D. idealists

33.With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,（   ）became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.

A. Sentimentalism B. Romanticism C. Realism D. Naturalism

34.American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were(a)“（   ）,”devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization.

A. Lost Generation B. Beat Generation C. Sons of Liberty D. Angry Young Men

35.In（   ）, Washington Irving agrees with the protagonist on his preference of the past to the present, and of a dream-like world to the real world.

A. “Young Goodman Brown” B.“Rip Van Winkle” C. “Rappaccini’s Daughter” D.“Bartleby, the Scrivener”

36.Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely characters in（   ）.

A. The House of the Seven Gables B. The Scarlet Letter C. The Portrait of a Lady D. The Pioneers

37.Like Nathaniel Hawthorne,（   ）also manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through symbolism and allegory in his narratives.

A. Mark Twain B. Henry James C. R. W. Emerson D. Herman Melville

38.In his realistic fiction, Henry James’s primary concern is to present the（   ）.

A. inner life of human beings B. American Civil War and its effects

C. life on the Mississippi River D. Calvinistic view of original sin

39.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s writing style?（   ）

A. Simple vernacular. B. Local color.

C. Lengthy psychological analyses. D. Richness of irony and humor.

40.Which of the following statements about E. Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story“A Rose for Emily,”is NOT true?（   ）

A. She has a distorted personality. B. She is physically deformed and paralyzed.

C. She is the symbol of the old values of the South. D. She is the victim of the past glory.

PART TWO (60 POINTS)

Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)

Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

41.“Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,

Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found”

Questions:

A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What idea do the two lines express?

42.“To be so distinguished, is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.”

Questions:

A. Identify the work and the author. B. What is the tone of author?

43.“‘Faith! Faith!’cried the husband. ‘Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.’”

Questions:

A. Identify the work and the author. B. What idea does the quoted sentence express?

44.“We passed the School, where Children strove

At Recess—in the Ring—

We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—

We passed the Setting Sun—”

Questions: A. Identify the poem and the poet.

B. What do“the School,” “the Fields”and“the Setting Sun”stand for respectively?

Ⅲ. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)

Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

45.As a rule, and allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?

46.“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of‘the system,’that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.”

What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?

47.Whitman has made radical changes in the form of poetry by choosing free verse as his medium of expression. What are the characteristics of Whitman’s free verse?

48.Some of Hemingway’s heroes are regarded as the Hemingway code heroes. Whatever the differences in experience and age, they all have something in common which Hemingway values. What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?

Ⅳ. Topics for Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)

Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

49.Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine in Pride and Prejudice, is often regarded as the most successful character created by Jane Austen. Make a brief comment on Elizabeth’s character.

50.Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.

温馨小贴士：正确对待考研英语作文模板

快考研了，对于英语作文的复习，大家比较常用的方法就是背模板，来听听一些阅卷老师的看法：

一、作文模板要背,但不要背太多。关键是要准!老师是人,当然知道大家都是模板,不会因为这个难为大家。模板不是错,也没有歧视,但你连摸版都背不准,都背错,那就是你的不对了.我发现很多同学上下句不连贯,但都很优美,可见是拼接的,按本人经验,模版一个就可以对付大多数,问题是你要会用,而不是背一堆,又不准,同时还自己拼,那怎么能行?

二、考场上除非万不得已不要抄上面卷面上的句子。本人第一天连续发现4张卷子句子相同。上报组长,雷同卷,差点按0分处理,后来还好又发现类似卷子,原来都是从翻译抄下来的,0分终于避免了,但8分以下是跑不了了,欺骗老师啊~~~~

三、要有发光点,注意你是在考研,你让老师看到的是important,there be,那就等着8分左右吧,好象中国学生最会的句子就是there be,一片there be,更郁闷的是,有人还把时态弄错了,那完了,祈祷吧！用词,要对的起研究生(Q吧) 考试的水平啊,你就不能换点高级的词吗?

四、最重要的是每段开头.我算了一下,每份卷子,快的老师5秒,我差不多要10多秒。而且还要写两个名字,你觉得我能看到什么?首句!我们肯定不会乱改,但你要是在首句被我们看见低级词、低级句子、低级错误,那完了,这就决定你最终分数,就算你后面写的再好,也完了，前面是定性的,后面是定量的记得我的话!!!

五、多用难句,难词。要让我在枯燥的工作中惊艳,而且在5秒内,你就只有让我觉得,你很牛啊,从句子看出来,同时注意,不要写错！

六、一定要检查!特别是普通用法,要是普通用法错误,直接降一等,难的用法错了也就算了。你连there be都错,那能怪老师吗?我给的2个高分被组长打回原形,就是因为有低级错误!不要出错!

七、字体优美!强烈建议练练字,能写斜体的就很好，至少多3分,不能写的,字写明白,否则,损失的不止3分。

八、从北京地区改卷来看,分数比较多的是在,7,8左右,要按文章要求写,文章第一段多是描绘,注意上下句衔接,同时要有铺垫,不要上来第一个词就是confidence,太突兀了,看了有点晕。

九、作文不用花太多时间,但不花时间绝对不行,还是我说的,三个方面

1:背熟一个模版并运用好

2:不出错误

3:让老师惊艳的词句,就差不多了。

十、小作文没改,不知道,不过似乎他们看的速度比我们快的多,为你们祈祷~~呵呵。

十一、补充,套话还是要学的。背一点,最后可以筹字数起码,用的好的话也是个闪光点。

十二、好象没什么了,记住相信老师,北京地区分数低,不是老师随意压分,是我们严格执行标准,你们能做的,是提高水平!

十句对你不客气的英语口语

10句对你不客气的英语口语

1. Just wait and see. I won't let you get away with that.

咱们走着瞧。我不会让你得逞的。

2. You'll be sorry.

你会后悔的。

3. You're gonna get what's coming to you.

你会得到报应的。

4. If you're looking for a fight, you don't have to look far.

如果你想找人打架的话，不用找太远。

5. Watch your mouth. Do you know who you're talking to?

说话客气一点。你知道你在跟谁说话吗？

6. I'll get even with you sooner or later.

跟你的这笔账我迟早会要回来的。

7. Listen, you've picked the wrong person to quarrel with.

听着，你找错吵架的对象了。

8. You'd better take that back.

你最好收回那句话。

9. You want to take it outside? Anytime!

你想到外头解决(干架)吗？随時奉陪！

10. Don't mess with me! / Don't get fresh with me!

不要惹我！/ 给我放尊重一点！

英美文学作家作品

■ 英国部分

古英语Old English 450-1066

中世纪英语(文学) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century

乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry

文艺复兴(含义)The Renaissance - rebirth or revival

人文主义Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life

1.斯宾塞Edmund Spenser - the poets' poet

2.马洛Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English drama  Blank verse无韵诗体, hyperbole夸张

浮士德博士的悲剧

3.莎士比亚William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time

四大悲剧Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth

十四行诗第18首

《威尼斯商人》

《哈姆雷特》

4.培根Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness(简洁) & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method 归纳法 in place of deductive method 演绎法

《论学习》

5.邓恩John Donne

玄学诗派metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods Conceits, syllogism 三段论

《日出》

《致死神》

6.弥尔顿John Milton

《失乐园》

《复乐园》

《力士参孙》

新古典主义Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracy 怯懦

启蒙思想(运动) Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science

哥特式小说Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 神秘、恐怖

7.班扬John Bunyan

(“浮华集市”)

8..蒲伯Alexander Pope

《论批评》

“words are like leaves; and where they most abound. Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. ”what idea do the two lines express?

On fruit trees, where leaves are plentiful, fruit will be few. Similarly, in a piece of writing, where too many fine words are used, good sense will be reduced.

9. 笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people《罗宾汉》

10.斯威夫待Jonathan Swift - a master satirist讽刺作家. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently永存的 flawed有瑕疵的  Proper words in proper places

《温和的建议》

《格列佛游记》

11.菲尔丁Henry Fielding –英语小说之父 Father of English novel, Prose Homer Comic epic in prose

《汤姆?琼斯》

12.约翰逊Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener

《英文字典》

致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信

13. 谢里丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

《?情敌》

14.格雷Thomas Gray

The Graveyard(墓地) School《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》

?浪漫传奇Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of 人文主义精神the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace

The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's

浪漫主义时期 The Romantic Period

15.布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家

《扫烟囱的人》

16.华兹华斯William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous自发的, worshipper of nature' Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey骚赛

He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow洋溢 of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected沉思默想的 in tranquillity安静'.

“我孤独地游荡，就象一朵云”

《威斯敏斯特桥上,189月3日》

《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》

《孤独的割麦女》

17.柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational(对话的)

The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces –《古舟子咏》(又,《老水手之行》)

18.拜伦George Gordon Byron

拜伦式英雄'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin贵族血统, against tyrannical残暴的 rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》

19.雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley

Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus unbound, Is a verse drama. which borrows the basic story from a Greek play.

英国人民之歌

《西风颂》

20.济慈John Keats

4 great odes – 忧郁颂

21.简奥斯汀Jane Austen

《傲慢与偏见》

维多利亚时期 The Victorian Period

达尔文《物种起源》Darwin's

功利主义Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

22.狄更斯Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers批判现实主义作家 of the Victorian Age维多利亚时代

Character-portrayal描写 is the most distinguishing feature特点 of his works A mingling混合 of humor and pathos 悲伤,惆怅

《双城记》

23.勃朗蒂姐妹The Bront? Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Bront?, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.

《简?爱》

24.丁尼生Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist

拍吧, 拍吧, 拍吧

《过沙洲》

”尤利西斯”

25.布朗宁Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

《指环与书》

我逝去的公爵夫人

26.乔治?艾略特George Eliot: As a 女性作家woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

《米尔德马契》

27.哈代Thomas Hardy - both a 自然主义naturalistic and a critical realist writer 地方乡土色彩Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'

《德勃家的苔斯》

?夜里的相会

现代主义 The Modern Period

28.萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw- 1884 join the Fabian Society, strongly against the credo信条 of “art for art’s sake”, vehemently 激烈condemned the “well made” but cheap, hollow plays. He wrote more than 50 plays. Mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.

《鳏夫的房产》

29.高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy- was born into a upper-middle-class上层(富裕的)中产阶级 family.

《银盒》

第一个三步曲Trilogy--《福赛特世家》

第二个三步曲second Forsyte trilogy:《现代喜剧》

第三个三步曲

30.叶芝 William Butler Yeats was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin. organized the Irish National Dramatic Socirty and opened the Abbey Theatre. a moderate nationalist. build a mystical system of beliefs(history, life followed a circular spiral螺旋 pattern consisting of long cycles which repeatd themselves over and over on different levels).

象征symbol : “winding stairs旋梯”, “spinning tops陀螺”, “gyres旋转”, “spirals”

long poetic career, 3 period

《茵尼斯弗利岛》

《丽达及天鹅》

31. T. S.艾略特 T. S. Eliot

《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》《四个四重奏》

32.劳伦斯 D. H. Lawrence

《儿子和情人》

33.乔伊斯 James Joyce

《都柏林人》■ 美国部分

Started with Washington Irving's

called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature

New England Transcendentalism 先验主义/超验主义

1.欧文Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith

Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

First novel

2.爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement

3.霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne

Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity

4.惠特曼Walt Whitman

Openness, freedom, individualism

I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)

A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style

5.麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne

Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyon man's control

6.马克?土温Mark Twain - the true father of American literature

Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age

3 boyhood books

7.亨利詹姆斯Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association

8.迪金森Emily Dickinson

Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys

9.西奥多?德莱塞Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire -

The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder

Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis

Imagist movement, Jazz Age

10.庞德Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'

11.弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene

12.尤金?奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times

毛猿

13.司哥特?费兹杰拉德F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s

A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream

了不起的盖茨比

14.海明威Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize

Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure

15.福克纳?William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize

South, imprisonment in the past

Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view

Yoknapatawpha Country

old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.