下面小编给大家整理了考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析（共含12篇），供大家阅读参考。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“宇宙里的一个人”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。
There is another way to commit evolutionary : stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftodayDeveryone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopiahas arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No otherspecies fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 yearseven thepast 100 yearsour lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did notevolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase todescribe those ignorant of evolution: they look at anorganic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond hiscomprehension。 No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyondcomprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be athow far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us。
15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to thefirst paragraph?
[A]A lack of mates。
[B]A fierce competition。
[C]A lower survival rate。
[D]A defective gene。
16. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。
[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。
[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of thetribes。
[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。
17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____。
[A]life has been improved by technological advance
[B]the number of female babies has been declining
[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution
[B]Ways of Continuing Man s Evolution
[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature
名师解析
15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the firstparagraph?
根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?
[A]A lack of mates. 缺少配偶。
[B]A fierce competition. 激烈竞争。
[C]A lower survival rate. 低存活率。
[D]A defective gene. 有缺陷的基因。
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文中第一段提到做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高这说明男人的存活率相对是比较低的。
16. What does the example of India illustrate?
印度的例子证明了什么?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。
富人往往孩子比穷人少。
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。
自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of thetribes。
中产阶级的人口比部落人口少80%。
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。
印度是出生率很高的国家之一。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 使用事例来证明是常见的逻辑思维模式。既然有事例，我们就需要看到它的论点是什么。本文中提到，进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。首先现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子表明了当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当，再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。其次，印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层人群中，已经失去了80%的效力是为了证明人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了，换言之，自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。答案应该是[B]选项。
17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolvingbecause____。
作者认为我们的身体已经停止进化，因为____。
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
技术进步改善了人的生活
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
女婴的数量一直在减少
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
我们人种已经到达进化最高阶段
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
贫富差距间的区别正在消失
【答案】 A
【考点】 逻辑关系题。
【分析】 文中提到停止进化是在第三段第一句对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束。第三段中指出，在过去的10万年甚至过去的1中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切，机器代表的就是技术，因此我们可以判定[A]是正确答案。
18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
以下哪一个最合适做本文标题?
[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution 人类进化中的性别比例变化
[B]Ways of Continuing Man s Evolution 继续人类进化的方式
[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature 自然进化的未来
[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere 人类进化无路可走
【答案】 D
【考点】 文章主旨题。
【分析】 文章中在第一段结尾提到由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。第二段中说再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。第三段提到但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。这些都表明作者认为进化机制已不再起作用，认为自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。因此可以认为人类的进化是无路可走的。另外三个选项都不全面或者不对题。 [D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere
难句解析：
1. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but thisratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-oldsthere are twice as many women as men。
【结构分析】本句由三个分句构成。第一个分句是There are about 105 males born for every 100 females，一个there be句型;第二个分句butthis ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity是一个简单句;第三个分句是一个therebe结构。
2. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for naturalselection to take advantage of it have diminished。
【结构分析】本句要注意的是有两个主语，分别是differences between people和the opportunityfor natural selection to take advantage of it。
3. The grand mediocrity of todayeveryone being thesame in survival and number of offspringmeans that naturalselection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to thetribes。
【结构分析】本句的主干是The grand mediocrity means that+宾语从句。其中compared tothe tribes是分词结构作状语。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型独立主格结构做插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。
全文翻译：
做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会消失了。50年前，婴儿，尤其是男婴，存活的机会取决于体重，过轻一公斤或过重一公斤几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎没有什么区别。由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。
进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子。当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当。再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层中已经失去了80%的效力。
对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经形成。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有造成身体上的改变，而且没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远，感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。
1.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案
2.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及解析
3.考研英语阅读理解真题及答案
4.考研英语阅读理解B型试题及答案
5.考研英语二翻译真题、答案及来源分析
6.考研英语二阅读理解真题题型分析
7.考研英语试题真题及答案（完整版）
8.20考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案
9.考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案
10.考研英语真题及答案（word版）
Could the bad olddays of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cutsin March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up fromless than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scarymemories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, whenthey also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning ofgloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time aswinter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in theshort term。
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oilnow accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, soeven quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pumpprices than in the past。
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, andso less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift toother fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensiveindustries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobiletelephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar ofGDP rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil pricesaveraged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in , this wouldincrease the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. Thatis less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become moreenergy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed。
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroundof general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizableportion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. TheEconomist s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%， and in 1979 byalmost 30%。
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A]global inflation.
[B]reduction in supply。
[C]fast growth in economy.
[D]Iraq s suspension of exports。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price ofpetrol will go up dramatically if
[A]price of crude rises.
[B]commodity prices rise。
[C]consumption rises.
[D]oil taxes rise。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now。
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks。
[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices。
[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A]optimistic.
[B]sensitive.
[C]gloomy.
[D]scared。
名师解析
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is 最近的油价上涨的主要原因是
[A]global inflation. 全球通货膨胀。
[B]reduction in supply。供应量减少。
[C]fast growth in economy. 快速的经济增长。
[D]Iraq s suspension of exports. 伊拉克暂时停止石油出口。
【答案】 B
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据题干可以定位到第一段的第二句话Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oilhas jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December。，说明由于石油输出国决定降低供给量，使得油价上升。所以本题的答案是[B]。[D]不是该现象的主要原因，因为OPEC的相关决定才是能够影响石油价格的走势的主要原因。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price ofpetrol will go up dramatically if
从文中可以推断出，如果________，汽油的零售价格将会剧烈上升。
[A]price of crude rises. 原油价格上升。
[B]commodity prices rise. 日用品价格上升。
[C]consumption rises. 消费上升。
[D]oil taxes rise. 油税上升。
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据题干可以定位到第三段的第三句话In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price，so evenquite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump pricesthan in the past。.意思是说在欧洲，税占汽油的零售价的五分之四，因此相比以往，原油的价格变化对汽油的影响不会很明显。也就是说税的增加会导致汽油价格的猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。本题一个理解的难度是muted effect，另外一个是pump price。mute表示哑巴的，无声的，沉默的，和effect连用，表示影响不明显而pump price是一个很形象的说法，pump指的是泵，这里很形象用pump指代汽油。根据上述分析，可以得出答案是[D]。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
《经济展望》的评估表明在富国
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
重工业变得更加能源密集型。
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
收入损失主要由于波动的原油价格造成。
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
制造业面临严重影响。
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
油价变化对国民生产总值没有大的影响。
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据本题的关键词《经济展望》的估计可以定位到The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oilprices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, thiswould increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP。。也就是说，油价的上涨对GDP 的影响很小，只有0.25%0.5%。因此我们可以得出答案[D]。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that 从文中我们可以得出的结论是
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now. 油价冲击已经不再那么骇人听闻。
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks. 通货膨胀看起来和油价冲击无关。
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices. 能源储备能够使油价下降。
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavyindustry。
原油价格的上升导致重工业的萎缩。
【答案】 A
【考点】 文章主旨题。
【分析】 本题的几个选项需要通篇理解。文章第三段指出油价的经济影响不会那么严重，作者指出其原因是原油价格占汽油价格的比例不高，发达国家对石油的依赖减弱，此次涨价的背景不一样了。文章最后一段说这次油价上涨与20世纪70年代的上涨不同，对各国的影响也基本没有反映出来，连物价基本都没有变动，也就是说，油价冲击已经不是那么可怕。所以答案是[A]。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems 从本文中我们可以看出作者看上去是
[A] optimistic. 乐观的。 [B] sensitive。敏感的。
[C] gloomy. 沮丧的。 [D] scared。恐惧的。
【答案】 A
【考点】 作者态度题。
【分析】 本文作者主要讲的就是这次油价上涨的影响不大。尤其是第三段和最后一段的第一句话，强调人们不必担心此次油价上涨，因为这一次的情况与20世纪70年代不同。由此可见作者的态度是乐观的。
难句解析：
1. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter gripsthe northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short time。
【结构分析】本句的主语是Strengthening economic growth，谓语是could push，插入成分是一个时间状语，其中有一个as引导的定语从句，修饰time。
2. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oilprices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, thiswould increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP。
【结构分析】本句的主句是The OECD estimates... that，if引导一个条件状语，comparedwith $13 in 1998是过去分词短语做比较状语，主句是this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only0.25-0.5% of GDP，其中的主语this指代的是if条件句。
3.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroundof general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand。
【结构分析】本句的主干是One more reason is that.。.。在that引导的表语从句中，它的主语是it，指代的是the rise in oil prices。
全文翻译：
过去经济衰落的糟糕日子会不会重来?自从石油输出国组织在3月同意减少原油供应，原油的价格已经从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年的恐慌，当时油价上涨了4倍;以及1979D1980年的那一次，当时的油价也上涨了近3倍。前两次的石油恐慌都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢?
本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这又一次推动着油价上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，加上北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。
然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨带来的经济影响不会像70年代那么严重。现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额比70年代要小很多。在欧洲，税占了汽油零售价的4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。
发达国家对石油的依赖也比从前要少得多，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在其最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果全年油价均价22美元左右，与的13美元一桶相比，这仅仅会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25%D0.5%。这还不到1974年或1980年收入损失部分的1/4。另一方面，由于重工业转移至一些新兴石油进口国，它们对能源可能更加敏感，也更可能会受到强烈影响。
另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与70年代的上涨不同，这次油价上升的大背景不是普遍的物价暴涨及全球过旺的需求。世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数一年来总的来说没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70%，而1979年也上升了近30%。
1.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及解析
2.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案
3.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析
4.2017考研英语阅读理解真题及答案
5.2017考研英语阅读理解练习试题
6.考研英语试题（阅读理解）
7.考研英语阅读理解B型试题及答案
8.考研英语阅读理解测试题
9.考研英语阅读理解B型试题
10.考研英语阅读理解试题
Text 3
The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
31.The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as
[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’s wealth.
[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.
[C]an example of bankers’ investment.
[D]a handsome reward for researchers.
32.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means
[A]the profit-oriented scientists.
[B]the founders of the new award.
[C]the achievement-based system.
[D]peer-review-led research.
33.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.
[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.
[C]legitimate concerns over the new prize.
[D]the demonstration of research findings.
34.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel
[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.
[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.
[C]They are the most representative honor.
[D]History has never cast doubt on them.
35.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A]acceptable despite the criticism.
[B]harmful to the culture of research.
[C]subject to undesirable changes.
[D]unworthy of public attention.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track ”(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:“we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciaction
[D] skepticism
Text 2
All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.
26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A]the growing demand from clients.
[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.
[C]the prospect of working in big firms.
[D]the attraction of financial rewards.
27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?
[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.
[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
[D]Receiving training by professional associations.
28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.
[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.
[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.
29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
30.In this text, the author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.
[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.
[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.
[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.
Specialization canbe seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation ofscientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis forfurther research. But specialization was only one of a series of relateddevelopments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was thegrowing professionalisation of scientific activity。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals andamateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the wordamateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedinto the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share itsvalues. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with itsconsequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally mostobvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development ofgeology in the United Kingdom。
A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy ofresearch, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptableresearch paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studiesrepresented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentiethcentury, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionalsonly if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the oldway. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologicaljournals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by thewidespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in thetwentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separatejournals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateurreadership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to cometogether nationally in a different way。
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization wasalready well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, itsfull consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In sciencegenerally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucialperiod for this change in the structure of science。
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly seen in sciences such as _________。
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________。
[A]there is little distinction between specialization andprofessionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_________。
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
名师解析
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly seen in sciences such as_________.
19世纪专业化的发展在_______等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。
[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学
[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学
[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学
[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点。在这四个选择项中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了文科学科，只有[D]选项中的物理学和化学均是以数学和实验作为基础的科学，因此可以推断[D]选项符合原文，是正确答案。
22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出______。
[A] there is little distinction between specialization andprofessionalization
在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas ofscience
业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity
专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 选项[A]中提到专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别，而实际上，它们指的是不同的领域和方向，specialization针对研究对象，professionalization针对研究者，因此可以排除。选项[C]说专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。[D]选项明显错误，因为文中提到既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会。第三段指出局部的研究只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择[B]。
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate______。
作者提到地质学发展是为了说明______。
[A] the process of specialization and professionalization
专业化和职业化的过程
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
科技出版政策的变化
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
职业人士对业余人士的歧视
【答案】 A
【考点】 作者目的题。
【分析】 根据题干地质学发展定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展;以及第四段第一句虽然职业化和专业化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是[A]。[B]选项认为是业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响. 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响。
24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是_______。
[A] the development in communication 交流的发展
[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展
[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。这句话的含义实际上就是科学知识的积累促进了专业化。因此可以判定[C]是正确选项。[A]选项是不对的，因为根据其中的交流一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到专业化影响了交流过程，而不是反之。[B]不对，专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的，不是其成因。[D]为专业化的结果。
难句解析：
1. Nevertheless, the wordamateurdoes carry aconnotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into thescientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。
【结构分析】本句的主句是the wordamateurdoes carry a connotation，后面有一个that引导的同位语从句，解释connotation，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of sciencebased especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can beillustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
【结构分析】本句的主干是The trend was naturally most obvious and can beillustrated。主语是the trend，两个谓语部分为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个部分中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training是过去分词做后置定语修饰areas of science。
3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced bythe widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentiethcentury。
【结构分析】本句的主干结构是The overall result has been to do sth。。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是a result，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个that引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by.。.。
4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to cometogether nationally in a different way。
【结构分析】这是一个并列句，由whereas连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists，而后面说theamateurs have tended either to remainor to come。
全文翻译：
专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是业余这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。
对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值的研究;而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在19世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在20世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。
1.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案
2.考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析
3.考研英语阅读理解B型试题及答案
4.考研英语阅读理解B型题试题附答案
5.考研英语阅读理解B型题试题及答案
6.考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析
7.考研英语阅读理解B型题测试题及答案
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9.20考研英语阅读理解试题【附答案】
10.考研英语一试题及答案
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(28)
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry－William Shakespeare－but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights。
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise -making。
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus―and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side―don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall。
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive。
Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better。) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low。
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) ― lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m。
26. From the first two paragraphs , we learn that
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue。
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage。.
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms。
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism。
27. It can be inferred from Para 3 that
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately。
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers。
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers。
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater。
28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2, Paragraph 4)， the author implies that
[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects。
[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties。
[C] the town is not really short of money。
[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid。
29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending。
[B] the company is financially ill-managed。
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable。
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise。
30. From the text we can conclude that the author
[A] is supportive of both sides。
[B] favors the townsfolk’s view。
[C] takes a detached attitude。
[D] is sympathetic to the RSC。
名师解析
26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that 从前两段，我们可以得知
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC ’s contribution to the town’s revenue。
镇上的人否认皇家莎士比亚剧院公司对小镇的收入有什么贡献。
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage。
皇家莎士比亚剧院公司的演员台上台下都模仿莎士比亚。
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms。
皇家莎士比亚剧院公司的两个分支相处不融洽。
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism。
镇上的人从旅游业中没有挣到什么钱。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 本题的关键词“前两段”明确告诉我们答案的得出必须要通读完这两段。“众所周知，埃文河上的斯特拉特福德镇只有一个产业――威廉・莎士比亚，但是却有两个完全分离并且越来越敌对的分歧双方。一方是皇家莎士比亚剧院公司，它在埃文河的莎士比亚剧院上演精彩的戏剧作品。另一方则是当地的居民，他们很大程度上依赖那些不是来看戏而是来参观莎士比亚出生地以及其它景点的游客而生活。斯特拉特福德镇知名的居民怀疑剧院没有对他们收入的增加做出过哪怕是一分钱的贡献。他们公开表示讨厌莎士比亚剧院公司的演员，他们的长头发、胡须、拖鞋以及吵闹声。极具讽刺意味的是，他们赖以谋生的莎士比亚当年就是个留着胡须的演员，而且吵吵闹闹也有他的.一份。”[A]“镇上的人否认皇家莎士比亚剧院公司对小镇有什么贡献”意思是合适的，从第二段第一句话可以得出这样的结论。选项[B]“皇家莎士比亚剧院公司的演员台上台下都模仿莎士比亚”是不正确的，因为文中仅仅说斯特拉特福德镇居民讨厌他们的这些打扮，但是没有说这些演员是在模仿莎士比亚，更不用说什么台上台下了。选项[C]的问题出在它把“two branches”的意思弄错了，这两个分歧方指的是莎士比亚行业的两个组成部分，一个是剧院，一个是居民。选项[D]说“镇上的人没有挣到钱，”显然和原文不符，因为“他们的生计靠的就是那些来参观莎士比亚故居的人”，其中“live off”可意为“靠……生活”。
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that 从第三段中可以推断出
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately。
观光客不能分别参观城堡或者宫殿。
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers。
来看戏的人花的钱比观光者花费多。
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers。
观光者的购物比来看戏的人多。
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater。
来看戏的人除了剧院哪里也不去。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 本段关键词“第三段”。[B]试图比较谁花的钱多，可以定位到第三段第二和第三句，文中提及观光客通常不看戏。而来看戏的人通常的确会进行一些观光。而且后一句说“剧院认为，他们为镇上带来了最多的税收，因为来看戏的人会花很多的钱在酒店和饭店。”这样一来不难判断，[B]是正确的。[A]中提到城堡、宫殿，可以定位到第三段第二句，“乘车来的观光客经常会顺道去参观沃维城堡和布伦亨宫。他们通常不看戏，有人甚至会惊讶地发现在斯特拉特福德镇居然有剧院”。“on the side”的意思就是“另外，兼职”，说明这些人是顺道来看看这些城堡、宫殿什么的，不是特意来看戏的。这推断不出“观光客不能单独参观城堡或者宫殿”这一层意思。至于[C]，第三段并没有提到观光客的购物多少问题，也就无从谈起谁的购物多。至于[D]，显然是不正确的，并不是什么地方都不去，因为第三句已经提到，来看戏的人通常的确会进行一些观光。
28. By saying“Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line 2, Paragraph 4)， the author implies that
作者提到“Stratford cries poor traditionally”(第四段第二行)的含义是
[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects。
斯特拉特福德镇支付不了扩张项目的费用。
[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties。
斯特拉特福德镇一直财政困难。
[C] the town is not really short of money。
斯特拉特福德镇并不是真的缺钱。
[D] the townsfolk used to
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(27)
In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of difference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite。” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act。” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization。
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation－language, home ownership and intermarriage。
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence。” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families。” Hence the deion of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By foreignCborn immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans。
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.Cborn whites and blacks。” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of AsianCAmerican women are married to non-Asians。
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power。”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment。
21. The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing。
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture。
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers。
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite。
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption。
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
[A] are resistant to homogenization。
[B] exert a great influence on American culture。
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture。
[D] constitute the majority of the population。
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world。
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants。
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants。
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。
25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C]. fruitless. [D]. harmful。
名师解析
21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
“homogenizing”(第一段第二行)一词的大致意思是
[A] identifying. 识别 确认 [B] associating. 联系，联合
[C] assimilating. 吸收，同化 [D] monopolizing. 独占，垄断
【答案】 C
【考点】 词义题。
【分析】 本题的答案直接可以定位到第一句话。文章说“尽管人们不停地谈论差异”，用到了表示转折的“in spite of”，后面显然就是与前面的意思相反了。差异的反面自然是相同。如果考生没有把握，只要继续读两句，就会发现作者描述的都是一个同化了的社会的特征。而“homogenize”这个单词，如果从词根来分析，也不难判断。“homo”表示相同的，比如同性恋就是“homosexual”，而“homogenize”的原意就是“使均匀，均质化”，所以只有[C]“assimilate”这个单词合适。“assimilate”的本意是“吸收，消化”，后引申为“使相同、使相象”，以及“把(移民或文化出色的群体)同化到盛行的文化中”。[A]“identify”一般表示对身份的“识别，确认”，不合题意。[B]“associate”表示“联系，联合”，不合题意。[D]“monopolize”(独占， 垄断)，这个单词由“mono(单一)＋pole(极)”构成，用在本处意思不符合。
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
在作者看来，19世纪的商场
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. 在传播流行文化方面发挥了作用。
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers. 成为了和普通消费者关系亲密的商店。
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. 满足了知识精英的需要。
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 其出现归功于消费文化。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 题干关键词“department stores”出现在第一段第三句，该句子的意思是“人们沉迷于一种始于19世纪的商场的消费文化”。随后进一步解释说“商场和那些精品店不一样，是人人都可以去的，购物变成了一种民主和公众的活动”。也就是说，商场对于流行文化的传播起到了推动的作用，故[A]为本题的正确答案。[B]的错误在于它故意将那些迎合精英人士的精品店与其顾客的那种亲密的关系用在商场与普通消费者的关系上。[C]的错误在于商场满足的是普通大众的需要，而不是那些知识精英的需要。至于[D]，它故意颠倒了因果关系，商场的出现推动了流行文化的发展，而并不是流行文化导致了商场的出现。而且作者在这一段结束的时候，还提到，其它的一些推动流行文化发展的`因素还有大众传媒、广告以及运动业。
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
本文暗示现在美国的移民
[A] are resistant to homogenization. 对于同化是抵制的。
[B] exert a great influence on American culture. 对美国文化施加了很大的影响。
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. 对大众文化几乎没有威胁。
[D] constitute the majority of the population. 占人口大多数。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 题干中出现了“immigrant”这个关键单词，就是告诉考生，本题解题的关键是和移民相关的内容。只有阅读完相关的内容，才有可能正确答对本题。“immigrant”可以定位到第二段。文章说“移民正在快速适应这个大众文化”。第二句就引用记者的话说“如今的移民既未达到前所未有的水平，而且也不抵制同化”。这样一来，就可以排除[A]。后面提到美国移民的人口比率只有百分之几，显然不可能是人口的大多数，因此[D]“移民占人口大多数”可以被我们排除。不但人数不占优势，所占比率还在缩小，因此，可以说[C]“对大众文化几乎没有威胁”是合适的。至于[B]项，文中没有提及。但是考虑到人数这么少，对美国施加巨大的影响一说就不太现实了。
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
第五段中为什么提到阿诺德・施瓦辛格和葛斯・布鲁克斯？
[A] To prove their popularity around the world. 为了证明他们在全球都很受欢迎。
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. 为了表明公众对移民的恐惧。
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants. 为了举出成功移民的范例。
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture. 为了展示美国文化的强大影响。
【答案】 D
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(21)
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars。” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says。
Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening。
Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job。
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting。
31. By “Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1)， the author means
[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation。
32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation？
[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked。
33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3, Paragraph 3)， the author is talking about
[A] gold market. [B] real estate. [C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment。
34. Why can many people see “silver linings”to the economic showdown?
[A] They would benefit in certain ways。
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery。
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom。
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced。
35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] A new boom, on the horizon。
[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy。
[C] Caution all right, panic not。
[D] The more ventures, the more chances。
名师解析
31. By“Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1)， the author means
通过说“艾伦・斯拜罗还不至于咬手指”(第一段第一行)，作者的意思是
[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. 斯拜罗几乎无法维持自己的生意。
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. 斯拜罗过分投入于自己的工作。
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. 斯拜罗已经戒掉了坏习惯。。
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. 斯拜罗没有到绝望的境地。
【答案】 D
【考点】 词义和句意题。
【分析】 此类题目一般会考超纲词汇、熟词僻义、特殊场合用法等，本题属于考熟词僻义。“biting one’s nails”是习语，但是绝大多数考生是不会知道的。这个时候就必须将其放在上下文中来考虑。文章第一句和第二句之间的转折词“but”是推断出这个句子意思的关键“……斯拜罗还不至于‘biting her nails’，但是(她的生意已经不如从前)这位四十七岁的指甲修饰师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲数量却难遂其愿了。她的大多数顾客每周花费十二至五十美元，可上月两位长期客户突然不来了；她本人也不再去高档商场而去中档商场了。”由此可以推断出，第一句肯定是说她的境况还不至于糟糕到非常困难的地步。[B]、[C]肯定是可以排除的，而选项[A]“斯拜罗几乎无法维持自己的生意”则很具有迷惑性，可是如果考生把[A]带进原文读一遍就会发现这个选项和“but”无法连用，“斯拜罗几乎无法维持自己的生意，但是她的生意已经大不如从前”在逻辑上是讲不通的，所以只能选择[D]，这样一来，这句话的意思就是“(虽然)斯拜罗还没有到绝望的境地，但是她的生意已经大不如从前了”，语义上完全可以接受。
32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
公众对目前的经济形势怎么看？
[A] Optimistic. 乐观的。
[B] Confused. 迷惑的。
[C] Carefree. 无忧无虑的。
[D] Panicked. 恐慌的。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 本题属于事实细节题，考查公众对经济形势的看法。文章中关于公众的看法出现在第二段最后几句“不过，目前还不必敲什么警钟。消费者看起来只是适度关注，并没有恐慌。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。”由此可以判定正确答案是选项[A]。
33. When mentioning“the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 2―3, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about
当提及“400万到1,000万美元之间”(第三段第二、三行)时，作者在谈论
[A] gold market. 黄金市场。
[B] real estate. 房地产。
[C] stock exchange. 证券交易所。
[D] venture investment 风险投资。
【答案】 B
【考点】 词义和句意题。
【分析】 引用别人的话来证明自己的观点叫引证，用例子来证明自己的.观点叫例证。我们来看看作者引用这句话是为了证明什么“在大多数地区房屋价格保持稳定。经纪人巴巴拉・考克兰说，在曼哈顿‘出现了对400万至1,000万美元之间房子的淘金热(抢购)，资金来源以华尔街股票红利为主。’在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰・梯尔迪说：‘以前总是有20到30个卖主，而现在也许只有两三个。’”读懂这句话，就会明白，作者是在证明有人在投资房地产。选项[A]是出题人故意利用“gold rush”这个短语的字面意思来迷惑考生的，“gold rush”指淘金热，但是这里指的是“投资房产的狂热”。选项[C] 股票市场是利用考生可能会被华尔街误导而出的干扰项。至于选项[D]风险投资本章没有提及。
34. Why can many people see“silver linings”to the economic showdown?
为什么许多人能够在经济放缓中看到“银色的边”？
[A] They would benefit in certain ways. 他们可能以某些方式收益。。
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery. 股票市场显现了复苏的迹象。
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. 经济繁荣之前通常会有这样的滑坡。
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced. 购买力会增强。
【答案】 A
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 文章并没有直接说“银色的边”是什么意思，但是这却是理解的一个比较关键的地方。英语中有句谚语叫“Every cloud has a silver lining。”意思是“黑暗中总有一丝光明。”英美人士常用“银色的边”来形容或者比喻困难时的希望。但是仅仅了解这个短语的意思显然还是不够的，问题的关键是为什么许多人能够在经济放缓中看到希望？看原文“潜在的购房者会对利率下调欢天喜地。雇主们对就业市场少了些泡沫也并不在意。许多消费者似
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(25)
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”―the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line。” And one leading authority says that, these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it。”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep―when most vivid dreams occur―as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day”， says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement。
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events―until, it appears, we begin to dream。
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep。
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep―or rather dream―on it and you’ll feel better in the morning。
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses。
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes。
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears。
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs。
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] its function in our dreams。
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep。
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions。
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex。
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind。
[B] develop into happy dreams。
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep。
[D] show up in dreams early at night。
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams。
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control。
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression。
[D] dreams may not entirely belong to the unconscious。
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual。
[B] Seek professional help。
[C] Exercise conscious control。
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime。
名师解析
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams 研究人员已经逐步相信梦
[A] can be modified in their courses. 可以在过程中被修改。
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes. 容易受到情感变化的影响。
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. 反应我们内心的欲望与恐惧。
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 是神经修复的随机结果。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 题干关键词“researcher”在第一段第四句出现，而在此之前，作者主要介绍了过去有关梦的定义，包括“Freud”(弗洛伊德)以及“20世纪70年代神经学家”的说法。第四句开始，文章作者提到了当代的研究者的观点“梦可以调节人的情绪，梦不仅可以被驾驭，还可以有意识地对其进行控制，梦可以改变。”通过这样的一个分析比较归纳，考生应该能够比较容易地得出[A]这个正确答案。选项[B]属于干扰项，但是出题人故意偷梁换柱，将梦影响情绪说成情绪影响梦。选项[C]是“Freud”的理论，选项[D]是70年代的理论。
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
作者提及边缘系统是为了说明
[A] its function in our dreams. 它在我们梦中的功能。
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep. 快速眼睛运动睡眠的机制。
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions. 梦和情绪的关系。
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.. 它和前额皮层的区别。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 在第二段第三句中可以找到边缘系统及其含义，然后根据上下文谈论的内容，如上文的“情感大脑”和下文的专家的话，从而判断出答案是选项[C]。其他的三项，文中提到“边缘系统属于情感大脑”，但是并没有说它在梦中的功能，所以选项[A]不正确。文中对快速眼睛运动睡眠只不过给了个简单的词汇解释，并没有对其机制进行任何的讲解，故选项[B]扩大了范围。文中提到“前额皮层”，说它是智力和推理中心，但是没有讲解它和边缘系统的关系，所以选项[D]也属于典型的无中生有型干扰项。
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
白天产生的负面的.情绪趋于
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind. 在潜意识里面加剧。
[B] develop into happy dreams. 演变成快乐的梦。
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep. 一直持续到我们睡着。
[D] show up in dreams early at night. 在夜间早些时候出现在梦里。
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 做此题时，要求考生能够根据上下文寻找到正确的事实，“负面情绪”这个词组出处在第三段，在此之前作者有一句非常关键的话“大多数人看上去会在夜间早些时候做噩梦，然后发展成为快乐的梦，表明他们正在力图消除白天产生的负面情绪”。可见选项[A]加剧的说法正好相反，而[C]选项显然显得过早。最大的干扰源于选项[B]和选项[D]之间的联系与区别，很多考生选择了[B]，但是仔细阅读上文就会发现，负面的情绪会在恶梦里面出现，也就是在夜间早些时候出现，但是我们不能直接说负面的情绪直接演变成快乐的梦，而只能说，负面情绪通过恶梦向美梦转变的方式获得消除。所以说这道题目的干扰项[B]是出题人利用偷换概念的方式来迷惑考生的。
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that 卡特怀特似乎认为
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams。
及时苏醒对于摆脱噩梦非常重要。
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control。
想象噩梦有利于控制它们。
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression。
应该让梦自然发展。
[D] dreams may not entirely belong to the unconscious。
做梦可能未必完全处于无意识状态。
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 通过阅读所有卡特怀特的内容，终于发现可以在第四段第二句卡特怀特所相信的这一部分内容中找到答案的线索。这一段的主旨是“这一过程不一定是无意识的”，紧接着，“卡特怀特相信人能够对屡次出现的噩梦进行有意识的控制，比如：确认你梦中令你不安的事情，想象一下你想如何结束它，以及在下次做同样的梦时醒过来。”作者说这么多
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(30)
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad。
This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil。
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today。
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology。
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too。
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda－to lure us to open our wallets―they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks。
But what we forget―what our economy depends on us forgetting―is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air。
36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music。
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings。
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness。
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest。
37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something
[A] religious. [B] unpleasant. [C] entertaining. [D] commercial。
38. In the author’s opinion, advertising
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art。
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public。
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information。
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself。
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes
[A].happiness more often than not ends in sadness。
[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing。
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied。
[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms。
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery。
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality。
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society。
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths。
名师解析
36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that
作者引用诗人华兹华斯和波德莱尔的例子，其意图是为了表明
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music。
诗歌对于快乐的表达不如油画和音乐。
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings。
艺术源于正面和负面情感。
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness。
今天的诗人对于快乐持较弱的怀疑态度。
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest。
艺术家已经改变了兴趣的焦点。
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 题干关键词“华兹华斯和波德莱尔”，定位到第二段最后一句，“as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil”通过第一段的阅读我们得知，艺术家开始关注那些令人不快的情感。而第二段说，“以前不是这样的，绘画，音乐都适合表达快乐，只是19世纪的某个时候，当我们从华兹华斯的水仙花转向波德莱尔的恶之花时，越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看成是乏味的，虚假的，甚至是令人厌倦的。”因此我们可以得出结论，即“艺术家已经改变了兴趣的焦点”。故正确答案是[D]。[A]不合适的原因是文中没有将诗歌、绘画和音乐对于快乐的表现力进行比较。[B]从字面上来看，似乎是有道理的，但是这不是作者引用二人的目的所在，因为作者强调的是一个重点的转移。选项[C]的说法和第三段第一句的意思相反。
37. The word“bummer”(Line 5. Paragraph 5) most probably means something
“bummer”(第五段第五行)一词的最有可能的含义是
[A] religious. 宗教的 [B] unpleasant. 令人不快的
[C] entertaining. 使人愉快的 [D] commercial. 商业的
【答案】 B
【考点】 词义题。
【分析】 本题考查考生能否根据上下文来推测某个单词意思的能力。根据提示定义到第五段最后一句。第五段说“早期时候的人，生活被苦难包围着。他们工作到筋疲力尽，生活没有保障，寿命很短。最强大的大众传媒教堂也时刻提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们有一天会成为蛆虫的食物。有了这一切，他们的确无需艺术也变成一个‘bummer’”。至此，意思很明了，即他们不再需要增加一个“令他们不快乐的事物”，“bummer”指的就是“something unpleasant”。
38. In the author’s opinion, advertising 在作者看来，广告
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. 随着反快乐艺术而出现。
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public. 是引起公众失望的原因。
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information. 代替了教堂成为主要的'信息来源。
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 创造快乐的幻觉而不是快乐本身
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 通过本题关键词“广告”(advertising)可以定位到第四段。作者提到“反快乐的艺术之兴起几乎可以追溯到大众传媒出现的时候，以及伴随大众传媒而出现的商业文化。对商业文化而言，快乐不仅仅是一种理想，更是一种意识形态”。因此[A]可以被排除，因为[A]的说法刚好与原文相反。“in the wake of”的意思就是“紧跟着，随着”。然后再定位到第六段，文章说，“西方人遭受商业信息的狂轰滥炸，而且这些信息总是很快乐。快餐食客，新闻主持人，短消息服务商，都在微笑、微笑、微笑。但是由于这些信息都有着一个自己的‘任务’(agenda)，即，诱惑我们打开钱包”，所以它使得快乐的概念看上去不可靠。后面作者又举了一个药品的例子，说这个药品的宣传很好，但是后来却发现它可能增加心脏病的发病率。综合以上所说，可以看出，广告创造的是快乐的幻觉而不是快乐本身，故正确答案为[D]。[B]没有根据。[C]的错误在于代替教堂的不是广告而是大众传媒。
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes
从最后一段中我们可以得知作者相信
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness.
快乐常常以痛苦告终。
[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing。
反快乐艺术令人不快但是使人耳目一新。
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied。
应该
考研英语真题：阅读理解试题及名师解析(13)
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term。
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies―to which heavy industry has shifted―have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed。
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%， and in 1979 by almost 30%。
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A]global inflation. [B]reduction in supply。
[C]fast growth in economy. [D]Iraq's suspension of exports。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A]price of crude rises. [B]commodity prices rise。
[C]consumption rises. [D]oil taxes rise。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now。
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks。
[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices。
[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A]optimistic. [B]sensitive. [C]gloomy. [D]scared。
名师解析
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is 最近的油价上涨的主要原因是
[A]global inflation. 全球通货膨胀。
[B]reduction in supply。供应量减少。
[C]fast growth in economy. 快速的经济增长。
[D]Iraq's suspension of exports. 伊拉克暂时停止石油出口。
【答案】 B
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据题干可以定位到第一段的第二句话“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December。”，说明由于石油输出国决定降低供给量，使得油价上升。所以本题的答案是[B]。[D]不是该现象的主要原因，因为“OPEC”的相关决定才是能够影响石油价格的走势的主要原因。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
从文中可以推断出，如果________，汽油的零售价格将会剧烈上升。
[A]price of crude rises. 原油价格上升。
[B]commodity prices rise. 日用品价格上升。
[C]consumption rises. 消费上升。
[D]oil taxes rise. 油税上升。
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据题干可以定位到第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price，so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。.”意思是说“在欧洲，税占汽油的零售价的五分之四，因此相比以往，原油的价格变化对汽油的影响不会很明显”。也就是说税的增加会导致汽油价格的猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。本题一个理解的难度是“muted effect”，另外一个是“pump price”。“mute”表示“哑巴的，无声的，沉默的”，和“effect”连用，表示“影响不明显”；而“pump price”是一个很形象的说法，“pump”指的是“泵”，这里很形象用“pump”指代“汽油”。根据上述分析，可以得出答案是[D]。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
《经济展望》的评估表明在富国
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
重工业变得更加能源密集型。
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
收入损失主要由于波动的原油价格造成。
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
制造业面临严重影响。
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
油价变化对国民生产总值没有大的影响。
【答案】 D
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据本题的关键词“《经济展望》的估计”可以定位到“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP。”。也就是说，油价的上涨对GDP 的影响很小，只有“0.25%―0.5%”。因此我们可以得出答案[D]。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that 从文中我们可以得出的结论是
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now. 油价冲击已经不再那么骇人听闻。
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks. 通货膨胀看起来和油价冲击无关。
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices. 能源储备能够使油价下降。
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。
原油价格的上升导致重工业的'萎缩。
【答案】 A
【考点】 文章主旨题。
【分析】 本题的几个选项需要通篇理解。文章第三段指出“油价的经济影响不会那么严重”，作者指出其原因是“原油价格占汽油价格的比例不高，发达国家对石油的依赖减弱，此次涨价的背景不一样了”。文章最后一段说“这次油价上涨与20世纪70年代的上涨不同，对各国的影响也基本没有反映出来，连物价基本都没有变动”，也就是说，油价冲击已经不是那么可怕。所以答案是[A]。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems 从本文中我们可以看出作者看上去是
[A] optimistic. 乐观的。 [B] sensitive。敏感的。
