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不定式时态的用法
不定式的时态有4种形式:
一般时、进行时、完成时、完成进行时。
1)不定式的一般时:
不定式的一般时用得最多,在时间上它主要表示将来,即它发生的时间在前一个动词(谓语动词)后面,只有极少数场合(表示原因时)表示发生在谓语动词之前或与谓语动词同时,或者基本同时。
She came to learn Chinese.
她来学中文。
(came发生在前,to learn发生在后)
Let me ask him to come.
我叫他来。
(先ask,后to come)
I am sorry to hear that.
听到这话我很难过。
(先to hear,后感到sorry)
2)不定式的进行时
不定式的进行时可以表示将来、同时两种时间,妈表示该动作发生在谓语动作后面或者同一时间。
She pretended to be listening attentively.
她假装在认真地听。
(“假装”和“听”同时发生)
They didn’t expect us to be arguing so heatedly.
他们没想到我们会在激烈地争论。
(to be arguing发生在expect后面)
The two appeared to be imitating each other.
两人显得在相互模仿。
(“模仿”与“显得”同时发生)
3)不定式的完成时
不定式的完成时表示动作发生在谓语动作(或者状态)之前。
He felt very lucky to have left the house before the fire.
他在火灾发生之前离开了那房子,他感到很庆幸。
(“离开房子”出现在“庆幸”之前)
She was said to have resigned her job.
有人说她已辞掉工作。
(“辞掉工作”发生在“有人说”之前)
1)不定式的一般时:
不定式的一般时用得最多,在时间上它主要表示将来,即它发生的时间在前一个动词(谓语动词)后面,只有极少数场合(表示原因时)表示发生在谓语动词之前或与谓语动词同时,或者基本同时。
She came to learn Chinese.
她来学中文。
(came发生在前,to learn发生在后)
Let me ask him to come.
我叫他来。
(先ask,后to come)
I am sorry to hear that.
听到这话我很难过。
(先to hear,后感到sorry)
2)不定式的进行时
不定式的进行时可以表示将来、同时两种时间,妈表示该动作发生在谓语动作后面或者同一时间。
She pretended to be listening attentively.
她假装在认真地听。
(“假装”和“听”同时发生)
They didn’t expect us to be arguing so heatedly.
他们没想到我们会在激烈地争论。
(to be arguing发生在expect后面)
The two appeared to be imitating each other.
两人显得在相互模仿。
(“模仿”与“显得”同时发生)
3)不定式的完成时
不定式的完成时表示动作发生在谓语动作(或者状态)之前。
He felt very lucky to have left the house before the fire.
他在火灾发生之前离开了那房子,他感到很庆幸。
(“离开房子”出现在“庆幸”之前)
She was said to have resigned her job.
有人说她已辞掉工作。
(“辞掉工作”发生在“有人说”之前)
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英语语法知识:不定式
1.某些动词后要接不定式
某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,其中最常用的动词有:agree,afford,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,care,choose,continue,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,fear,forget,hate,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise, refuse,regret,remember,seek,tend,try,volunteer,want,wish等。
What do you plan to do tomorrow?
She hated to move from such a nice village.
In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students
2.不定式的被动式
不定式有被动式,当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式要用被动式,在句中可作主语,宾语,定语,状语,复合宾语等。作定语时,通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。
The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.
She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.
3.不定式的`完成式
当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,不定式要用完成式,在句中可作宾语,状语以及构成复合宾语,复合谓语。
She seemed to have heard about the news already.
He was believed to have been a very rich man.
4.不定式的完成被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,不定式要用完成被动式,在句中可作主语,宾语或构成复合宾语,复合谓语。
The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.
It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.
5.带逻辑主语的不定式短语
不定式可以有逻辑主语,其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格(或名词) +不定式”。带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.
I think it better for you to see the doctor.
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.
I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.
6.带疑问词的不定式短语
不定式前可以加某些疑问代词,如who、what、which,或疑问副词,如when、where、how、why等,构成一种特殊的不定式短语,可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
How to improve English is often discussed among the students.
We haven’t decided when to visit the place.
The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.
You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.
7.某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to,这些动词是feel, have,hear,let,make,notice,see,watch等。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.
I often hear them sing this song.
在谓语以外的句子成分中使用的动词一定要变词形(不能用动词原形),把动词原形变成不定式、-ing式或者过去分词,所以我们把这三种动词形式称为非谓语动词。
不定式的结构:
1.基本型:不定式符号to+原形动词 to work
2.带宾语:to+原形动词+宾语 to ask somebody
3.带宾补:to+原形动词+宾语+宾补 to ask somebody to come
4.带状语:to+原形动词+状语 to walk slowly
5.带连接词:连接词+to+原形动词 where to go
6.带逻辑主语:for…to+原形动词 for me to sing
7.to后插副词:to+副词+原形动词 tocarefully choose
8.否定式:not+to+原形动词 not to go
说明:
3.不定式可以在前边放逻辑主语,通常用for…引导,有时用of…引导。
注意:for…和of…的用法区别。
1) 要表示“难易程度,必要性”等客观情况时,用for…。
用于这种句式中的形容词常见的有:
easy, hard, difficult, possible, impossible,necessary, unnecessary, interesting, strange, important等等。
2)要表示“好坏,正确与否”等主观态度、感情时,用of…。
用于这种句式中的形容词常见的有:
kind, nice, good, wise, clever,foolish, stupid, right, wrong, considerate(体贴), polite, impolite, careful, careless…
For you to pass TOEFL is a piece of cake.
你通过托福考试是小菜一碟。
It is very common for young girls to wear miniskirts.
年轻姑娘穿迷你裙是很常见的事。
It is very kind of you to give me the present.
你送我这礼品真是太客气了。
4.不定式的否定式是在to前边加not。注意此处不能加do not, donot只用于谓语中。
我们可以叫他不要粗心。
×We may ask him don’t to be careless.
√We may ask him not to be careless.
告诉小孩不要吃烂苹果。
×Tell kids do not eat rotten apples.
√Tell kids not to eat rotten apples.
For him to get 85 marks is hard.
让他获85分太难了。
It is common for men to tie.
男士扎领带是很普通的事。
It is very kind of you to see me off at the airport.
你关我到机场真是太客气了。
5.有时候可以把一个程度副词或者方式副词插入不定式符号to和实义动词之间:
We want you to carefully consider it.
我们要你仔细地考虑一下。
He likes to extremely exaggerate things.
他喜欢极端地夸张事情。
They want me to accurately measure the width of windows.
他们要我准确地测量窗户的宽度。
No one told him to slowly down the hill.
没人叫他慢慢地下山。
用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。
例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)
C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)
Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)
注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in , two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示“过去常常或过去曾经”,要求加动词原形;后者表示“习惯于”,要求加名词或动名词。
用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示“过去的过去的动作或状态”。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard
B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。
注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)
分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在“开门”和“注意”这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。
用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)
注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)。
注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时
用法:A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。)
B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。
例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.
(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)
C) 表示“打算去……,要……”时,可用be going to do。
例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)
D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)
E) “be to do”的5种用法:
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)
b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
(孩子们,你们必须上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)
c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may)
例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)
d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。
例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to
C. is attended D. is attended to
will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should)
例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.
(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。)
例:I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
注意事项:
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。
例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。)
用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。)
注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考“一般将来时”和“现在进行时”的有关注意事项。
用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例: The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
C) would last D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。
注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.
(到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态)
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态)
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)
(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态)
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态)
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
(他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)
看过英语语法时态的人还看了:
1.英语语法大全之16种时态讲解
2.17英语语法八大时态
3.关于英语句子时态语法
4.常用英语语法知识点解析
5.英文语法时间表示方法
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
he seems to know this.
i hope to see you again. = i hope that i'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
i'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
he seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
he seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时:
she is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
★ 英语语法知识