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10“Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.”
.同意
1、由于全球化的影响,城市现代化发展快,be homogenized,文化传统在小城镇和小村比较多 distinct cultural traditions, folk art, crafts, traditional songs, customs and ceremonies, burgeon in small towns and rural regions
2、大城市税收丰富,还有私人赞助 private/business patronage ,不需要政府资助保护文化传统
3、小城镇和乡村文化传统多,但比较穷,需要资助,否则 threaten the survival of no money to repair ancient building
ISSUE10
政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持,因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。
1 大城市的经济生活和文化生活活动发达,但是国家的文化传统并不是在城市中,而是在更广泛的农村中流传和保存
2 大城市的文化活动确实很多,是文化交流的中心,文化的输出和传播很活跃,比如北京,包括举报传统文化节等等。国家财政支持大城市可以使中国文化让世界所认知但是并不能够起到保护传统文化的作用,因为传统文化并不在大城市里。
3 文化与文化传统是不同的两个概念。大城市中的文化并不传统,因为大城市糅杂了许多中文化,使得这里的文化并没有很好的得以保留并且很不纯正。比如上海,上海当时是很多国家的殖民地,东西文化交融,南北文化交界,这里的文化极为多样,以至于并谈不上传统文化,上海人保留了很少中国的风俗习惯,甚至春节都没有了鞭炮。相反,在中国的广大农村,没有遭到外来文化的污染,传统文化大多得以保留,比如很多中国的农村都保留着春节放鞭炮和大集会的习惯。
4 目前,由于城市化进程加快,农村生活水平越来越高,很多传统文化正在流失。比如,以前中国很出名的一些传统手工艺都失传了,因为现在的年轻人不感兴趣。再比如,由于资金匮乏,很多传统大型活动也都取消了。因此政府应当加大在农村的投资以保存现有的传统文化。
.府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持,因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。
关键词:政府,主要城市,财政支持,保留文化传统
核心:如何保留文化传统
1 文化传统是怎么来的,有哪些?-长久依赖人们生活的习惯,文化,信仰,历史等
2 这些都怎么产生的-不同的时代,不同的地点,有不同的文化传统,所以,地理历史的原因及时间演变都是造成。。
3 文化传统有哪些表现-节日,建筑,服装,语言,思维等
4 钱对这些有什么作用
5 结论-有用的方面,无用的方面
.过历史上的发展,有文化传统的积累。城市确实更可能成为国家文化交流的中心,比如,北京的京剧,西安。因为主要的大城市往往是经济文化较发达的地区。比如,在纽约几乎每一周里都有各种游行,中国新年的游行,St. Patrick’s Day (爱尔兰的节日)游行等等
大城市作为经济文化交流的中心,文化间的交流,使得本国的文化与外来的文化互相作用,不利于原汁原味本土文化传统的保留。文化交流必然会趋于同化,相互影响,一个地区的文化传统很难在这样的冲击下独立生存下去。比如我们现在整天大吃 KFC Pizza 看美国大片,听摇滚音乐,冲击了中国传统的地方戏剧和音乐。
反观乡村,也孕育和保存着一些已经被历史遗忘的文化传统,如美国乡村音乐,blues and jazz 都起源于南方小城镇,而美国的小说也大多起源于中部平原地区
关于政府的财政支持,政府的确是应该支持大城市的,如果它需要的话,毕竟大城市的发展关系着整个国家的经济发展。然而,我们应该明确的是政府绝不是因为文化的考虑而支持大城市,相反,为了保留文化传统,国家应该加大对小城镇或农村的支持力度。
【题目】
“Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financia l support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation 's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.”
【翻译】
政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持,因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。
【提纲】
观点:不同意。大城市的经济文化的确繁荣,但是一个国家的文化传统却并不是在大城市中而是在小城镇或者乡村中得以保存和发展。
1. 审视当今的大城市,经济高度发达,各种各样的文化在这里汇聚,并且相互融合发展,大城市成为了一个国家的经济文化中心。比如,在纽约几乎每一周里都有各种游行,中国新年的游行,St. Patrick’s Day (爱尔兰的节日)游行等等
2. 然而我们应该明白一个国家的文化传统和文化是不同的两个概念。大城市作为文化中心,更多的起到的是一个文化交流平台的作用,而不是作者所说的传统文化的发源地。实际上,大城市在一定程度上是非常不利于产生和保存文化传统的。文化交流必然会趋于同化,相互影响,一个地区的文化传统很难在这样的冲击下独立生存下去。比如我们现在整天大吃 KFC Pizza 看美国大片,即使不懂英语的人也能说出好多英文商标品牌。
3. 相对而言,我们应该更重视乡村以及小城市,它们往往更完整的保留了传统文化,如美国乡村音乐,blues and jazz都起源于南方小城镇,而美国的小说也大多起源于中部平原地区。
4. 关于政府的财政支持,政府的确是应该支持大城市的,如果它需要的话,毕竟大城市的发展关系着整个国家的经济发展。然而,我们应该明确的是政府绝不是因为文化的考虑而支持大城市,相反,为了保留文化传统,国家应该加大对小城镇或农村的支持力度。
.护城市传统文化
一、文化不是在城市中保留的,在乡村保留的更好,而且交给政府有问题,应该私人基金
二、城市不是保存的地方(It is ill-conceived that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved well in cities )
1.诚然,城市是经济文化政治中心,但concentration 不等于传统文化。 Hodge-podge, 传统和 modern rhythm imcompatible
2.相反,农村反而更接近祖先的方式,peaceful
三、不该给政府( though in rural areas, it is fallacious, on the basis of the scant re sources, to delegate the right of deciding which traditions to preserve to a handful of bureaucrats. )
1.没有哪个权威可以决定某种传统的价值
2.一种传统兴盛会导致另一种被压制
3.打破原有的平衡
四、私人基金更好(in an affluent society, private foundations and non-profit organizations are even more effective of supporting cultural traditions. )
1.多样化不会导致不平衡 Beijing Opera Association, Kite Fans, Kirigami Preservation Organization
2.自愿
10T “Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.” 10 . 政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持,因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市
① 大城市有很多是由于气候温和,环境舒适,交通便利,才有人类生根发芽的。如:希腊 Athens,纽约。他们见证了民族的发展历史 美国独立、南北战争、工业革命。Stature of liberty Athenaeum
② 有的大城市是后来政府斥资兴建的。如:巴西利亚 Brasilia 为了首都发展
③ 小城市和乡村应该引起重视。A 他们与外界沟通不畅,风俗更有可能保留。如:丽江东巴文化 现在还用象形字glyph B 需要投资带动经济发展
It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in culture. Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibility of preserving a nation’s culture traditions.
Indeed, in some major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development than in those cities where long culture traditions are preserved. Nevertheless, admitted that, there are also some major cities that are characterized by their long culture traditions, similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations.
37“In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.”
.同意
1、竞争中优胜劣汰,选拔出最优秀的人才;产品;
2、竞争可以激发斗志,促进创新与发展市场经济;岗位
3、当然竞争也会带来压力、不良影响学生;健康;
1 、“We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.”
.分同意
意见相同的人有共同关心的问题,容易交流,可以学到
In addition, their views reveal the importance and the core of our work and their positive suggestions could provide us a more insightful understanding of the topic and more thoughts for further work. However, all the help described above can only promise our success in completeness of our own ideas about the topic. Breakthrough will be hardly achieved because it requires a distinct vision never created before to lead people. Without different opinions, it is difficult to jump out from our own myopic thinking.
.我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多;意见分歧阻碍了学习。
① 与意见相同的人效率高。大家基本观点一致,气氛比较和谐,还可能是受的教育相同。如:有时遇到一个问题,会倾向于和自己有相同观点的人讨论,和其他人根本谈不来。
② 承认有时与意见相背的人讨论时降低效率的。A 有时根本立场就不一样,根本无法达成一致。B 有时纯粹就是争论而忘了初始的目的。
③ 和意见相背的人在一起还有可能难以提高A 一方面可能压力较大而不说出意见 B 可能难以接受自己的意见被驳斥is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views
④ 但是也能从意见相背的人那里学到很多。和同样的人在一起,有相同的思考方法和论点,无法获得进步。而意见相背的人,可以 A 提供新的思路 如:不同学科的学生可能倾向于使用不同的分析方法 B 给出我们所不了解的实证经验,如:文化传统或立场不同而对一件事情有着不同的看法。
Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion ar e confined to the same level of cognition with us.
It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours. Admittedly that, it is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other’s challenge.
25“Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
.意,但简化之前也需要把事情先变复杂 deep understanding
1、当人们把事情弄得越来越复杂时,其实是没有花工夫总结归纳
大家都可以把事情弄复杂,因为不需要归纳总结,许多事实、数据、资料堆在一起就显得复杂了;这并不会对工作带来好处,没有效率、不清晰;需要 effort and courage把复杂的事情简化,abstract the essence; make an outline; inform
市场调查,许多背景信息,调查结果关系复杂,重要的是把对公司有用的信息总结出来,如市场发展趋势,消费者购买倾向
2、越是简单明了的东西包含的智慧、努力、勇气越多 简单的东西背后包含了许多努力,把复杂的思想用简单的方式呈现出来
excellent leader is one who can remain calm, seize the strategic point of the problem and give clear instructions when faced wi th complex alternatives. 计算机软件的发展把复杂的事情变的简单易处理,DOS需要许多命令调用程序,windows click the buttons
3、在简化复杂事情之前需要花精力把事情弄得 bigger and complex
full-blown ;对复杂事物简化后得到的事物可以包含主要内容,没有经过充分深入分析某事物,直接用简单的形式表现出来,其实是没有经过思考
teaching; before present the knowledge in a clear way; easy to understand
analyze the relationship among all the knowledge objects, students' previous knowledge structure, ability in understanding; synthesize into a teaching plan which is somewhat complex but can be presented in an intelligible way
Otherwise...
ISSUE25
把事情变得复杂谁都会,难的是如何把事情变得简单
1 我们的个人生活正在变得复杂;比如现在的 Audio player 功能越来越复杂,因为 manufacture不用费太多的cost就可以给它们加上 functions of radio ,displaying lyrics and electronic books reader; 人们健康的生活也被赋予了极多的限制,比如很多 specialists甚至邻居大妈都叮嘱我们吃这个可以提高什么含量,进行什么手术可以排除什么的 potential danger。
2 我们的社会的关系太复杂,我们每天生活的太累。比如我们现在的圣诞节,甚至已经变成了一种负担,而不是简单的节日;比如现在盛大而复杂的婚礼,变成了一场闹剧,新郎新娘是小丑一样。我们多么向往过去那些简简单单的生活阿。
3 简单的世界需要勇气和能力,比如苹果的 shuffle,比如reform of official system。
ISSUE196
相比科技带给我们的好处,它带来了更多问题,这些问题可能威胁或者毁掉我们的生活质量
1 科技的迅速发展和极度膨胀,给我们带来了很多烦恼。个个领域都出现了各种各样的问题,这使得我们的生活变得不好。比如,先进的科技使得先进的武器成为可能,同样是一个炸弹,现在的能比原来的多炸死几万人,我们的生活随时都会随着一声巨响而消失;比如,互联网的 virus,每年都有 billion dollars 的损失,并且极大的威胁到了我们的隐私,这使的我们在生活中不得不安装大量的杀毒软件并提心吊胆害怕自己的数据被 stolen。从这两个例子来看,我们的生活正在被科技毁掉。
2 然而科技带给我们更多的是好处。尽管很多人都在说科技的不是,但是没有几个人愿意回到过去落后的时代去生活。人们现在的生活因为科技变得方便和丰富多彩。我们想听到我们亲爱的声音看得到她的容貌,永远不再需要骑马狂奔几公里,因为我们有电话,有网络视频;甚至我们可以一踩油门就到了爱人的家门口;因为有了发达的医学,我们不在因为骨折 fracture of bone 而终生残疾,我们也不会因为家人或者朋友感冒而过分担心;因为发达的电视,我们可以坐在沙发上跟随国家地理频道的镜头去旅游……从这个意义上来说,科技大大提高了我们的生活质量,这些提高远大于它们带来的问题。
3 我们也不要因为科技带来的问题过分 pessimistic, 因为各种政府正在致力于解决这些问题。我们很高兴的看到越来越多的国家签署了禁止使用核武器条约,我们也很高兴的看到越来越多的立法来限制企业对环境污染;甚至,越来越多的人参与到保护野生动物的行列中来。科技不是魔鬼,而是我们创造的工具,好好运用,我们的未来是美好的,
25T “Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
.每个人都能把事情搞大搞复杂。而真正需要努力的却是相反的—-------即要把事情越简单化越好
① 事情确实是越变越复杂了。原因:全球化、通信工具都使得人们之间的距离拉近,要解决一个问题要牵扯到很多人。现状:政府机构越来越庞杂 Lending even more credence to th e statement is the so-called “big government” phenomenon. 、学科分类越来越多。
② 人们的解决方法是:简化复杂的事情。A 一部分工作由电脑取代,如复杂的计算、存储和数据分析。B 对工作进行分类,每个人只做一部分,专攻。
③ 把事情简单化从表面来说容易,实际很难,需要对整个事情有通盘的考虑,并能分清主次。to make things simple means to have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals, and ulti mately to refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles
.同意
1、个人成功是社会繁荣的基础,确保个人利益才能促进社会利益
社会成功首先体现在个体的 well-being,个体利益得到满足后(research; invention; business) 才有动力促进社会利益
2 、如果只注重社会整体的成功,而忽略社会成员的幸福,整体的成功也不会久远。比如,一个国家倾尽所有财力(impose high taxes)去研究外太空,而不去发展经济,导致人民生活困苦,即使研究很成功也不能说这个国家是繁荣的,相反还有可能造成社会的不稳定。
3、把个人利益放在首位,通过促进个人成功推动社会成功
business; economy 个人成功后有 drive and resources for social sucess
19T “If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual
citizens.”
如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。
①首先,两者并不一定矛盾,可能同时发展
②当矛盾时,可能需要先牺牲一部分人的利益。
③长远来看,必须把个体利益放在社会利益之上。A 社会的发展是由一个个的个体所做出的。有责任使他们生活幸
福。否则,会引起** B 存在risk ,政府以社会的整体利益为借口来满足个人利益。
The achievement of social entire success owns much to ceaseless an d assiduous hard work of every citizen.
If a country overemphasizes the priority of its overall success in the process of thriving, it risks to obtaining the achievement at the expense of individual’s interest.
However, not every individual’s interest accords with th at of society.
Tim: A society is a community comprised by the members. It exists because its members exist. In my opinion, its overall success entirely depends on the welfare of its individual citizens. Such welfare should be prioritized.
Prior to our analysis, we need to agree upon the definition of “overall success”. Hypothetically, if we eliminate the elderly, the weak, the mentally and physically handicapped, and the unfit, then clearly our society consists of only healthy and intelligent members. It will likely become productive, and thus make considerable advancement.
Does this considerable advancement mean overall success? If it does, then we should indeed adopt a policy of master race, such as the one advocated by Nazis. We should place our emphasis on the society's success ahead of the welfare of individual members.
My definition of overall succe ss, however, is different. Rather, happiness of its members is the main criterion. If members are stressful throughout their life, this society is not deemed successful even if it enables its members to land on Mars.
Again, hypothetically, let us say that our world population is reduced from 6.2 billion to 100 million. All the unfit have been annihilated. These 100 million people are good looking, tall, smart, young, and healthy. Their earth is filled with bountiful food and is equipped with advanced technology. Now, let us examine the likelihood that they will be happy.
First, this master race still cannot defy agin g and death. The members will age and die. But according to their own regulations, people at the age of, say, 50 must be phased out. So, what do you think that those reaching ages of 35, 40, or 45 will feel?
Second, other than aging, the members do not dare to show any sign of weakness. If they are sick, they'd better pretend to be well. If they do not understand something, they will pretend that they are bright. If they are unable to accomplish some tasks, they will appear to be competent. So they constantly live in pretense and anxiety.
Finally, how will these cut-off limits of unfitness be defined? It is law of nature that nobody on earth is perfect. Nobody can possibly possess every nice attribute in him. If he is bright, but physically weak, will he be eliminated? The society will become chaotic, as there will be constant debates over the definition of unfitness.
In summary, based on three reason s stated above, members of this society will not likely live happy lives. If they will not, the society, deemed by me, is not successful. If I am allowed to uphold my own definition, then clearly we should accept every member, weak and strong alike, as he is, and prioritize his well being. The society does not necessarily have to make progress.
18“Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”
.分同意
1、在为观点辩护的时候要从对方立场上来分析观点的薄弱之处,如果不能 withstand critical arguments, 说明价值少;如果能够,说明有价值
technology bring challenge to modern life
2、当然,当排除异议和对照其他观点的时候,在比较的过程中可能有助于发现理念的价值。比如和一个理念的对立观点已经被证明是错误的,那么这个理念很可能是有价值的。
people can learn from past history
3、一个理念是否有价值要看它是否有用,这是要在实践中检验出来的
whether a teaching method is effective
18T “Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”
只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念,人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。
①在维护中更深入的理解此观点。
②心理学上说,越维护就越深信不疑。
③不是the only way 还可以通过实践经验来检验等
Think of those ideas which we have long been used to, maybe since we are young.
When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements.
Anyway, one should never be a bigot, who sticks to his own point of view and never budge even if lethal errors are rooted in.
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