下面小编给大家整理的高中英语课堂中的德育(人教版高考复习)(共含9篇),希望大家喜欢!同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“yanzi680”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
胡锦涛在十七大报告中指出:要全面贯彻党的教育方针,坚持育人为本,德育为先。其实早在春秋战国时期,孔子在谈到知识教育和道德教育关系时指出:“弟子入则孝,出则悌,谨而信,泛爱众,而亲仁,行有余力,则以学文”,可见孔子是把德育放在第一位,把知识教育放在第二位的。他所规定的课程内容:礼、乐、射、御、书、数,也是把德育放在前面。孔子认为,德育是一个国家赖以存在和得以治理的根本,是培养圣贤君子的重要手段,在教育工作中居于首位。既然德育在学校的教学过程中居于首要的位置,就应该贯穿于各门学科的教学之中,英语学科也不例外。然而,在英语课堂中不能直接的进行思想道德教育而应该结合英语教学从以下几个方面进行渗透。
(一) 寓德育于教师的言行之中
《教育学》中明确指出“德育是教育者按照一定的社会或阶级的要求,有目的,有计划,有系统地对受教育者施加政治、思想和道德影响,通过受教育者的积极认识、体验和实践以形成他们的品德和自我修养的能力。德育是我国全面教育发展的一个重要组成部分。我国中小学德育由下列三部分组成:道德品质教育、政治教育和思想教育。通过这三方面的教育,从而引导学生树立科学的人生观、价值观和时间观。在英语教学过程中抓好学生的政治思想教育是以项面广、量大、时间长的艰苦细致的工作。教师在教学过程中必须根据德育原则,学生品德形成的规律和学生的实际情况进行教育,才能达到对学生进行德育的教育目的。古人云“师道立,圣人出”。榜样的力量是无穷的,因此教师在平时要衣着得体,言行一致,对学生进行潜移默化的言传身教。教师要提高自身的文化、思想修养,站在育人的角度上去教育、影响学生。在教学过程中倾注自己的情感,以情动人,以情育人,激发师生间的情感共鸣,产生扣人心弦的力量,使“有情”为媒体,“有效”为目的,让学生在吸取知识营养的同时,从教师良好的师德上形成自己良好的品德
(二) 寓爱国主义教育于外语学习目的性教育之中
孔子曰“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者”。对于英语这样一门记忆量非常大的学科的来讲, 进行目的性教育是尤为关键的。绝大部分的高中生对英语学习的兴趣都不大,他们学习英语的目的只是为了高考。大部分学生认为英语外国人的语言我们没有必要学。有的学生甚至说等我们中国强大了让外国人学习中文。教师应不失时机地抓住青少年这一心理特点, 进行外语学习目的性教育,培养他们正确的学习态度和良好的学习习惯。其实在一定程度上,我们之所以要求学生学习英语跟我们的国家还处在社会主义初级阶段是有一定的关系的。我们还必须学习世界各国的先进科学技术, 具有普遍实用性的经济、行政管理经验和其它有益的文化学到手, 把学习英语与我国建设事业紧相连。。在当前的形势下, 我们青年一代学好英语更有十分重要的意义。实行对外开放政策, 使我国和世界上其他国家的交往日益增多, 与世界各国人民的友谊日益增强。学好英语有利于我国科技,经济,政治等多个领域的发展,为了建设我们伟大的祖国我必须学好英语。对学生进行学习外语目的性教育, 往往能启迪学生的理想, 拓宽思想境界。
(三)寓德育于课文内容之中
在英语教学中渗透德育是英语教学的技能之一。高中英语教材的
内容涉及思想、文化、政治诸多领域,给这种范围更加广泛,内容更加丰富的德育提供了可能性与依据。在文化知识的传授中进行德育,犹如进行饮食疗法,进食具有药效的食物,不仅可吸收到人体所需的多种营养,又可获得疗效,有病治病,无病强身,且无产生抗药性之虞。因此外语课中的德育,主要应在课文的讲解中体现。牛津高中英语模块一第二单元reading“Home alone”中讲述了孩子和家长之间的问题,通过该文章可教育学生在家要理解父母,多与父母交流,有话好好说。模块一第三单元阅读文章”Dying to be thin…”讲述了一个女明星为了美丽吃减肥药而导致肝功能衰退的故事。通过这篇文章可教育学生要追求内涵而不是一味追求外在的美丽,更不可以牺牲健康来追求美丽。模块五第二单元阅读文章”The economy or the environment --- must we choose?”讲述了工业发展对环境造成的破坏。通过这篇文章可培养学生的坏境意识,教育孩子要爱护和保护我们校园、城市环境。在牛津高中英语教材中像这样有教育意义的文章还有很多。这就要求教师要有自觉的态度并以深刻的分析和充沛的情感来感染学生。
(四)寓德育于例句之中
在外语课中,一般的做法是通过例句的政治内容来体现德育。这无疑是可供选择的一种方法,但要适度。如果每个例句都编成标语口号向学生灌输,其结果可能既不利于德育,又不利于智育。说其不利于德育,因为这种过滥的做法容易引起学生的疲劳和反感。一旦如此标语口号的内容就不易为学生理解和吸引,德育的目的难免落空。说其不利于智育,因为例句的功能是帮助学生掌握词语的正确用法。若句句都是标语口号,例句会显得生硬别扭,不能有效地起到示范作用。当然在不影响语言地道用法的前提下,可作适当改造,使其具有健康的思想内容。。一般来说,具体、形象的东西比抽象、概念化的东西更易于人们所接受。因此提倡具体形象,反对抽象概念应当是我们设计例句的思想内涵所应遵循的一条原则。例如要为“determine (决定,决心)一词设计例句,试比较:例一: He was determined to adhere to the Four Basic Principles (他决心要坚持四项基本原则。)例二:His family and career being in China ,he was determined to go back home after his graduation. (他下定决心学成回国,因为他的家庭和事业在中国。)例一包含一个概念---四项基本原则,而为了引进这一概念, 这首先就分散了学生对目的词be determined 用法的注意力。其次,“四项基本原则”又是略词,这就使一本来就抽象的概念更加模糊不清。看到“四项基本原则”一语,若不停下来闭上眼睛背一背,头脑里就不会出现它所包含的完整内容。而大概很少有人会这样做,因为他们急于要知道的不是这个,而是determine 的正确用法。甚至有人可能一时弄不清楚这一略语究为何物,因为学生在学习这一例句时,在头脑里多数会以一个模糊的X取代“四项基本原则”而略过,把注意力集中在be determined to 这一语词上。那么,设计这一例句的政治目的就这样落空了。例二的内容就较为具体。其所传递的信息也较为丰富。它既叙述了一件具体的事情:一个留学生下定决心学成归国,又提供这件事所以会发生的具体原则:他的家庭和他的事业在中国。 “家庭”一语则使人想起天伦之乐,使句子富于人情味。天伦之乐同社会主义崇高事业加在一起,这种吸引力是够强大的,作为“学成归国”的动力和原因,自然会让人信服。到此我们可以看到,例二虽不是政治口号,却包含了政治口号的具体内容;虽无“四项本原则”这一字眼,却蕴含着四项基本原则的精神。由于全句的内容具体,信息丰富,因果关系具有逻辑力量,又透发出人情味,因此易于为学生所接受,既接受词语的正确用法,又受到了“四项基本原则”潜移默化的影响,可以说是智育、德育两落实。把例一例二作对比,孰优孰劣,何取何舍,就十分清楚了。另外,牛津高中英语模块三第一单元中的短语pay back可以设计例句,“He studies hard in order to pay back his parents in the future.”(他努力学习为了将来报答他的父母) 高中教材单词量大,知识点丰富,在语言的讲解过程我们还可以取出很多这要既有德育意义,有充分体现语言点的句子。
1. 张奠宙. 数学教育研究导引[M ]. 江苏教育出版社. 1994.
2. 黄艳华 德育在英语教学中的实施 黔东南民族师专学
第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一. 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is + 名词 + 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句
It is natural that…很自然…
It is strange that…奇怪的是…
(3) It is + 不及物动词 + 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It + 过去分词 + 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达:That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
(3)It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达:That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达:Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达:Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如:
I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语,例如:
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语,例如:
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意:that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如:
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:
正确表达:I admire their winning the match.
错误表达:I admire that they won the match.
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:
正确表达:He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达:He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如:
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
高一英语名词性从句专项练习
1.____he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about
3. Energy is ____makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.
A. that B. which C. of which D. of that
8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.
A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave
C. /; must leave D. when; should leave
9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is _____he said really true?
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. who D. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A. WhatB. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped
20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
Keys:
1-5 ABABC 6-10 AABAC 11-15 BBCAB 16-20 BCBAA
走出词汇教学的低效
[摘要] 本文简要分析了当前高中英语词汇教学中存在的误区,剖析了高中英语词汇教学的实际问题,同时对中学英语词汇教学提出了建议。
[关键词] 词汇教学 误区 教学建议
引言:常常听到高三的老师说;“真是没办法!学生高一,高二像没学过似的。现在高三了,做文章理解,很多词,学生都说不知道,没学过了。这学生还怎么教啊?!”也常常听到学生说“单词最麻烦了。老记不住。老忘记!最怕听写单词了!”的确,作为英语最基础的词汇,它不知道使多少老师和学生头疼。很多时候老师不辞辛苦的一次又一次的喊学生去听写单词,这样,老师和学生的精力都被单词给耗掉了很多。
一、当前高中词汇教学中存在的误区
词汇是构成语言最基本的材料,人类的思想交流也是通过由词构成的句子来实现的。扩大词汇量是提高学生听、说、读、写能力的前提。听 说 读 写 四个方面的技能在语言学习中相辅相成,相得益彰。然而。词汇教学长期以来一直是英语教学中的一个薄弱环节。在词汇教学中还存在诸多误区,主要表现在以下两个方面:
1. 以死记硬背单词意思代替词汇教学
许多教师认为,词汇教学费时多而收效不明显,因此把教学的重点放在让死记硬背单词意思上,老师布置一下学生要记的单词,并且告知第二天要反馈,所以早自修老师进入教室学生总是把英语课本翻开在单词表,并且像小和尚念经一样死记硬背单词,殊不知,过了今天,这个单词的影子早就没了,更何况使用单词了,这种以死记硬背单词来代替真正的词汇教学在高三年级尤为普遍,其结果是学生长期缺乏使用的体验,使学生失去对英语学习的兴趣和热情,每次考试单词拼写平均得分率不高。
2. 以高考单词拼写模拟训练来代替词汇教学
高考单词拼写测试采用的题型是比较单一的填空题,这主要是出于标准化测试的需要。平时教师经常训练单词拼写,其目的主要是为了能在高考单词拼写上多得几分,可是学生长期训练这种呈现题目-做题目-核对答案的单一,机械的模式,不仅不利于提高学生的英语水平,而且使很多学生对英语课失去了兴趣。
二、目前在中学的英语教学中词汇教学过于薄弱
目前,越来越多的学生似乎认为,既然英语考试越来越重视阅读理解,客观试题在考试试题中占的比例越来越大,那么也许没有必要在词汇的学习上花费太多的时间.尤其令人遗憾的是,不少教师也持这一观点。在教学实践中,他们把时间越来越多地花在培养阅读能力和应试技巧上,而花在词汇教学上的时间越来越少,即使在教授词汇过程中,也显得缺乏足够的理论和令人信服的经验来指导词汇教学和学生的词汇学习。这种现象令人担忧。实际上,随着理解题和应用题在试题中越来越重要,应该说词汇在外语教学中的地位只能变得更重要,而不是不重要。端正对这个问题的认识,无疑是我们搞好外语教学的一个重要课题。
三.正确认识词汇在语言中的地位
词汇教学重要吗?众所周知,词汇是语言的建筑材料,如果词汇贫乏,词义含混,就会造成理解和表达的障碍。语言学家曾指出:“No matter how well he learns grammar no matter how beautifully he sounds, without rich words to express a wide range of meaning or to understand other’s ideas and thoughts, communication in a foreign language just can’t happen in any meaningful way.”从语言学家的话里可以看出词汇是语言的基础,不掌握词汇是无法表达意思,从而进行交际的。一个人掌握词汇的多寡和牢固与否,直接影响他的语言表达能力,影响他思想表达的丰富与准确程度,著名语言学家里弗(River)也认为,掌握足够的词汇是成功运用外语的关键,没有词汇就没有能运用所学的结构和功能的意念。我们多年的教学实践也表明:同学们在掌握了英语的基本语音和语法知识后,英语能力的提高在很大程度上取决于词汇的发展。
因此,作为教师要知道(还要给我们的学生宣传,让我们的学生明白):要学好英语,词汇非常关键,必不可少。因而英语教学中的词汇教学是其他英语教学的基础,其重要性是不言而喻的。
四、学习词汇的有效方法
认识到词汇在语言中的重要地位,认识到词汇学习是贯穿整个外语教学与学习过程的重要环节,就应提高对词汇教学和学习的重视,确立词汇教学在外语的教与学中的重要地位。
教育部颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准》(实验)对词汇教学提出了较高的要求,体现在词汇教学“质”(即掌握词汇的深度)和“量”(词汇量的多少)两个方面。一方面,要求学生掌握的词汇量显著增加。另一方面,新课标提倡从用的角度出发学习词汇。这说明,对词汇学习的要求不仅仅限于辨认、识记和理解,还在于运用和表达;词汇教学不仅要扩大学生的词汇量,还要提高学生运用已知词汇的熟练程度。
那么,我们在教学过程中,在保证学生心理优势的前提下,怎样才能有效地扩大学生的词汇量和提高学生运用已知词汇的熟练程度呢?这就需要我们在教学过程中运用形式多样的教学方法。下面是笔者通过自己的教学实践,总结出词汇教学的几条有效方法,同时对词汇教学提出的几点建议作为同行教师和学生在英语教与学时的参考。
1、挖掘学生学习词汇的兴奋点,提高词汇学习的效率
中学生由于记不住英语单词,使得学习兴趣锐减,厌学情绪大增,课堂上学生消极被动,毫无参与兴趣,教学毫无生气。因此在教学过程中我们要把激发学生学习英语的兴趣作为首要目标。
(1)形象教学语言来激发学习兴趣。教学语言的运用是一门艺术。这种语言艺术使用得当与否,对教学效果有着非常直接的影响。讲解词汇时如果教学语言单一枯燥,学生也必然会觉得索然无味。如果把讲解词语与适当补充相关知识、幽默,笑话、习语谚语及相关词语典故相结合的话,不仅可以活跃气氛和激发学生的兴趣,还可以扩大其知识面,开阔其视野,例如,在讲 like 单词时,这样一个有趣的故事帮助我很轻松地教会了学生其用法。一个在宾馆实习的学生在招待外籍客人时很礼貌的问道:“Are you like tomatoes ?”外籍客人听后很生气。后来那个学生才知道“Are you like tomatoes?”是“你像西红柿吗?”“Do you like tomatoes ?”才是“你喜欢西红柿吗?”学生们听后哈哈大笑,并对 like 这个词的用法有了较深刻的印象。
(2) 教学形式的多样化。教无定法。英国著名语言学家埃克斯莉说:“教英语的最好方法就是能引起学生学习兴趣的那种方法。”现举几个例子,供大家参考。
①在课堂上开展小组与小组,个人与个人间的学习比赛,竞赛,游戏等活动,如猜词,表演 word square,寓学习于娱乐之中,激起学生强烈的进趣心。
②用模拟、示范动作或面部表情介绍词汇。如:Look! I am opening the door. I am writing some words on the paper. 然后利用手势、动作指导学生模仿做。
③. 利用诱导的方法介绍新词汇。如:老师指着眼睑问What about this? Look! I can open and close them. They are ... eye ...?学生答“眼睑”。老师接着板书出 eyelids。这样诱导的优点是在于学生的注意力会集中到这个新词上来,对了解这个词产生兴趣。
④.用简笔画为教学内容提供情景,然后围绕情景开展教学活动。单词、词组、句型可用单幅简笔画,语法、对话和课文则可用连环画式的多幅简笔画。利用多幅简笔画教对话和课文的方法,可总结为四句话十六个字,即“一情一景,三五句话,给关键词,看图复述”。
2、强化语音教学,为词汇教学打好基础
在英语学习中,有些学生虽然学了几年,但还不能照着英标正确拼读单词,特别是多音节词,这无疑给记忆单词带来了困难。针对这一难点,我采取了由音到形再到义的顺序。音是学生接受一个词的最初印象,如果读不出音就记不住形,无音无形就更谈不上义。因此,要牢记一个单词首先应把音念准,要念准单词就必须认真听,然后反复模仿,同时还要教会学生读音规则,音节划分,以及各字母在其音节中的读音。因为有了正确的发音。才有正确的拼写。如:horse,house,sheep,ship,shirt,skirt等。有时用顺口溜巧记 oo 发短音的单词,如“好脚站在木头上,遇到老 K 发短音”(good,foot,stood,wood,book,cook...)。英语单词大部分是符合读音规则的,对于很长的单词要求学生按音节划分来记忆。一个单词,不管有几个音节,只要读得准,一般都能拼得准,无需一个一个字母地死记硬背。如:dic-ta-tion,mag-ni-fi-cent,e-xa-mi-na-tion 等。久而久之学生尝到使用读音规则记忆单词的甜头,便自觉地学习读音规则,并运用到实践中,使单词记忆由难变易。但有些英语单词用一般方法很难记忆,必须找出其特点,如:cinema 一词,常有学生写成 cinina,我指出这个单词有三个元音字母,其顺序倒过来是 a-e-i,刚好是五个元音字母的前三个。再如,friend 一词,一些学生初学时,根据读音常写成 frend,我对学生说,“我和别人交朋友,其中没有我(即 I)行不行?”这样一提,学生就再也不会拼错了。特殊记忆的方法因词而异,多种多样,它形象生动有趣,尽管不一定科学,但不失为帮助学生记忆单词的有效手段。
3.、利用英语构词法进行词汇教学
英语词汇量庞大,浩如烟海,但有其内在规律可寻。如果能掌握基本的构词方法,就能很容易地突破记忆单词的难关。词根、前缀和后缀是构成单词的三个元素,这三者是扩大词汇量的三把钥匙。单词的核心是词根,单词的附件是词缀。词根在词中起着重要的作用。一个词根领导统辖一群单词,在这一群单词中,每一个单词的基本含义都以这个词根的基本意义为基础,一个词根的意义决定了一群单词的意义。如运用己学的 use,帮助学生进行词缀分析推测出 useful,useless,user 等。当然,不是所有的单词都是由词根加词缀意义,还有其它的构词法,如合成法,即将两个或两个以上的词结合而成新词。学生在学新词之前,先学会了两个词。在这样的基础上再来把两个词组合在一起。运用学生己学过的词合成的新词易于记忆和理解。如在学生学过 wait 与 room 的基础上就很自然地推测出 waiting-room 的含义来了。利用这种方法可以扩大学生的词汇量。
4.词句结合,语篇综合,注重语境教学
语言作为人类交流思想的工具,是在实际运用中不断发展和完善起来的。词汇的意义存在于特定的语境中,只有在上下文中词义才能明确和具体。如果脱离语境进行词汇教学,即使学生记住了词汇的形式和意义,也很难将其运用于实际交际活动中。因此,词汇教学应融入到句子和语篇的教学中,做到词不离句,句不离篇。教师应为学生创设运用所学语言的语境,帮助学生在语境中熟悉词义,掌握其用法,深化对词汇的理解,所以我在教学时从词汇入手,积极创造生动,有趣的语言环境,给学生提供更多动口,动手的机会,让其在特定的语言环境中学习英语,以求学生听,说,读,写能力的全面提高。为此我在以下几个方面进行了尝试:
(1)在进行词汇教学时,坚持精讲多练的原则,力求用较短的时间讲授,以较多的时间操练。采用英汉对译,师生对话,学生问答,小组讨论等多种形式,对所讲授知识进行练习,练习中尽可能在新句型中练习;日单词,在日句型中练习新单词,使学生在练习中学习,既掌握了新知识又复习巩固了旧知识。
(2)英语课堂教学,坚持用英语授课。尽可能用学生所学单词,短语,句型进行提问,对话,同时还注意培养学生听、说、读、写的兴趣。
(3)阅读是增加词汇量的重要途径。通过阅读可以开阔学生眼界,拓宽知识面。我总要制定阅读计划,提出目的要求,编写日头和书面练习。阅读材料的选择可采取教师推荐,也可以让学生自选。选择的材料要力求知识性强,趣味性浓,词汇量适合学生的实际阅读水平。我还进行定期检查,要求学生留有读书笔记,检查形式有提问,扩写或缩写文章,小测验等,以了解学生的阅读情况。这样精讲多练相结合,精读泛读相结合,长此以往,坚持不懈,收到了良好的教学效
5.学以致用,学用结合,在运用中掌握
不管用什么方法来学习词汇,都要学以致用。只有在语言使用(包括听、说、读、写)中才能深化和巩固词汇知识“(桂诗春,)。教师在词汇教学中不应仅呈现例句,讲解用法,还应为学生提供运用词汇的机会。教师应组织形式多样的任务型或体验式的课堂教学活动,设计口头和笔头的词汇运用练习,使学生在学中用,在用中学。
6.课内课外并举,隐性显性结合,拓展词汇学用渠道
传统的词汇教学多局限于课堂和教材,而现代英语词汇教学则主张通过三种途径:直接词汇教学、附带词汇学习和独立策略发展(崔义平,;肖礼全,2006)。直接词汇教学即传统意义上的课堂上由教师指导的,刻意的、专门的、显性的词汇教学。附带词汇教学(也称词汇的隐性教学)是指引导学生在阅读、视听等语言学习活动中习得词汇。教师要鼓励和引导学生把词汇学习从课内延伸到课外,充分利用各种学习工具和学习资源,特别要通过广泛的课外阅读,开展词汇自主学习活动,从而有效地扩大词汇量,拓宽知识面。
7.科学记忆,循序渐进,提高词汇学习效率
记忆是语言学习中最重要的认知能力,英语学习离不开记忆。科学记忆词汇要求首次过度学习,多感官参与,及时复习,以“词块“为单位输入,提高对词汇的加工速度和记忆效率。词汇学习还应做到循序渐进,因为对单词的理解、记忆和运用都需要一个过程,要经过“初次音形义的了解-多种语境意义理解-多种感官并用记忆-与听说读写语言技能相结合的运用-多次的回忆-不断的校正-经常提取(运用)”等若干“工序”,才能成为长久的记忆(陈琳等,)
8.用多种方式进行系统的复习
“学得快,忘得快”是当前中学生在英语词汇学习过程中存在的通病。这主要是因为没有及时复习巩固所致。复习是学习之母,系统的进行复习,不仅有巩固记忆的作用,还能加深对所记忆单词的理解。通过多种方式对单词进行系统的复习帮助学生记忆和理解词汇是有必要的。复习的目的是防止遗忘和恢复遗忘了的单词。词汇记忆是个循序渐进的漫长过程。因而复习工作也要有长期安排。复习要在原有基础上扩大加深和提高。复习单词要和提高实际运用英语能力相结合。复习方式也要多样化,利用各种直观手段、情景和电化设备。复习过程中要注重归纳性复习。复习的目的是防止遗忘和恢复遗忘了的单词。只有灵活多样的复习方式才有利于避免学生的厌烦心理,提高复习效果。
五、结束语
总之,词汇教学是英语教学的重要内容,我们要继承和发扬传统的、行之有效的词汇教学方法和经验,积极探索提高词汇教学效率的策略,并结合教学内容和学生实际,创造性地选择和使用词汇教学的方法,使学生在掌握英语知识的同时,提高运用英语的能力。我们一定要教育学生扩大词汇量绝非一朝一夕之功,要坚持常年不懈,教育学生在平时的学习中,养成良好的学习英语单词的习惯,为将来更深层次的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
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9.王文斌,2001,《英语词汇语义学》[M],浙江教育出版社。
312300 浙江省上虞中学 罗素娥 82880208
【内容摘要】在现行的英语教材中,已经开始用人文性取代思想性,体现了时代的进步。学习英语就要在学习人文知识的基础上培养人文精神。英语教育不仅应注意语言工具训练,还要贯彻人文教育思想。在英语知识教学及英语能力训练中,贯彻人文精神以培养学生,收到潜移默化春风化雨之功。
【关键词】英语教材 人文思想 因材施教
人文主义起源于对人类的伦理道德、知识智能和文学艺术的自由和理性的思考。它的核心是重视人,尊重人的权利、人的思想自由和自我选择。人文是一种精神文化,它可以激发人的动机、热情、创造性和调动人的内在潜能,可以对人和人的社会生活进行合理、有效的导向,可以使人与人之间相互沟通,使民族凝聚,使社会形成有力的整体。人文教育就是培养人文精神的教育。它又可表述为以人为本的精神,它通过把人类积累的智慧精神、心性精华与阅历经验传授给下一代,以期能洞察人生,完善心智,净化心灵,理解人生的意义与目的,找到正确的生活方式。
英语,是一种语言,也是文化的载体,是一门兼有工具性和人文性的学科。对于学习者,语言既是工具又是文化。语言教学本应是一切学科中最富有人性、情感、表现力和想象力的。中学生具有很强的求知欲和接受新知识的能力,其思想也正处于最后的发展和定型期。因此,人文思想教育应在中学英语教学中占有一定的比重。在我们的英语教育过程中不仅应注意语言工具训练,还要贯彻人文教育思想,将人文精神渗透到英语教学中,让学生具有文学的感觉、艺术的感觉、美的感觉,这才是真正意义上的英语课。所以,我们应当充分利用英语语言教学的优势,让学生在掌握英语语言技能的同时,加强它所包含的人文思想教育,从而提升学生的思想修养、人文素质,促进素质教育的实现。
然而,长期以来,英语教学中忽视人文教育,见物不见人的现象十分严重,显然不利于真正的英语教学。我国传统的高中英语教学被窄化为一种输入--产出,或手段--目标的过程,视丰富多彩的语言现象为一道道有标准答案的选择和判断题,生动形象的语言本身被肢解成一个个支离破碎的语言项目,整个教学讲究控制和效率,注重接受性的知识灌输和“成才教育”,而忽视语言的多元价值、文化内涵及对人的精神的关注,即忽视“成人教育”。
现在,我们很容易就可以看出英语教材已经开始用人文性取代思想性,这是对英语教育规律探索的新成果,也体现了时代的进步。但人文性与思想性之间是什么关系,还缺乏深入的探索,以至在教学中不同程度地存在忽视思想教育的倾向。
作为英语教师,一方面要传授语言知识,创造语言环境,想方设法提高学生的实际运用语言的能力;另一方面更要抓住教学过程中的各种机会,充分利用课本里的点点滴滴对学生进行人文教育,实现“教人做人”的教学初衷。
当今高中教师在教学任务紧、高考压力大的形势下,在英语教学中很少体现人文性。如何做到既教书,又育人,尽可能提升学生的文化知识及人文素质,笔者谈一点自己的体会。
一、挖掘教材中的人文文化资源,让学生得到熏陶
在我们的教材中,表现人文思想的篇章和材料,俯拾即是,对这些丰富的精神养料,教师可以通过讲授课文内容直接对学生进行教育;可以通过课文作者简介和背景资料的介绍进行点拨;可以通过语言品味,形象剖析来启发学生思考,可以让学生在诵读中吸其精神化为已有,还可以结合作文教学进行引导。让学生在获得语文知识的过程中,潜移默化地吸取精神营养,逐渐提高做人的修养,养成美好的品质和高尚人格。
(一)、“尊重”教育
1、尊重劳动及普通劳动者
劳动为全人类创造了财富,人人都应该尊重劳动及普通劳动者。英语有一个词“tip”(施小费),中国学生大多不能理解其深义。浅表的理解好像是对“the tipped”(接受施与者)的不尊重甚至可怜,其实不然,“tip”的过程,正是培养人尊重劳动,尊重普通劳动者的过程。我们经常教育孩子要尊重劳动,要尊重我们身边的普通劳动者,劳动并没有高低贵贱之分等等,可是没有具体细微的行动,一切都似纸上谈兵。而当你“tip”时,你会想到社会是由无数劳动者组成,每一个组成部分都同样重要,缺一不可,尊敬之情油然而生。
2、尊重大自然
大自然是生命的源泉、人类的母亲。当今社会人们愈来愈意识到人类与大自然相依相存的关系。高一英语下册Unit 17有一篇读物“Animal Experiments”,谈到科学家及动物权益保护主义者对“Animal Experiments”的不同态度。动物作为大自然不可或缺的一部分,人们应该用什么方式、态度来对待它们呢?是朋友还是敌人,抑或是掠夺对象?本文第一句话“In Britain, every year 2.5 million animals die in experiments to develop and test new medicines.”由此引发这样的问题:“Is this the right attitude towards animals?”学生对此反应强烈,态度也不尽相同,但是都认为,人类应该在保护自己利益的同时,对大自然少点侵害,对我们周围的万种生灵、花草树木多点尊重。须知“sustainable development”是和谐社会的重中之重,人与自然的和谐相处是和谐社会的基本要素。学生通过反思人类的行为,会觉得尊重大自然其实就是尊重人类本身。
(二)、“平等”教育
1、种族“平等”
我们生活的这个世界之所以五彩缤纷,趣味盎然,乃是因为我们有多种民族的多种文化。人类历史其实就是各民族争取平等权力及民族独立的斗争史。高二英语下册Unit 14的读物“No voice, Not Heard…”第一句话说“Freedom fighters can be found everywhere, and they are of all times.”确实人类为争取自由平等权力的斗争一天也未曾停止。当读到就在上世纪上半叶,美国南部各州的黑人仍然住在隔离区,仍然在公园、学校、车站等地,不能与白人平起平坐时,学生就愤愤不平。当听到Martin Luther King说“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”时,学生们非常激动--这么简单的愿望在当时的南方黑人看来竟是如此遥不可及。
2、男女“平等”
占人口1/2的女性未得到平等权力的社会,何谈和谐、平等?还是在“No voice, Not Heard…”此篇读物中,有这样的句子“Starting at almost the same time were the international movements for the fights of women.”。女权运动开展这么多年,到21世纪的今天,仍有很多国家未给妇女选举权,更不用提广泛意义上的平等权益。就算是西方发达国家,女性仍受到不同程度的歧视。事实上,Sex discrimination就像一个幽灵,从未离开过这个世界。真正意义上的equal rights for women离我们仍然遥远。高一英语Unit 17 “Great women”的“Warming up”中,出现了一些杰出女人的照片(Madam Curie, Pearl S, Buck…”),讲述了黑人女杰Oprah Winfrey及一个独自闯极地的女性的故事。她们都是女性的杰出代表,她们的成功向世人表明,女人并不比男人逊色。她们的成功秘诀是由于她们拥有的strong will。要让学生特别是女生明白:命运不是决定于性别,而是决定于性格,争取男女平等是整个社会的责任,更是女人自己的责任。
(三)、“关爱”教育
1、关爱残疾人士
爱是人类最高尚的情感。爱可以化解矛盾,消除隔阂,抚慰灵魂,为人类带来终极的和平。高二英语下册Unit 17 Disabilities是一篇很好的培养爱心的材料。此单元第一部分“Warming up”中,出现几幅图,很好地告知了人们在公共建设方面,如何体现对残障人士的关爱。要让学生明白,残疾人士是我们的一部分,公共设施属于我们也同样属于他们。要让残疾人士感觉到他们没有被边缘化,要让他们同样有归属感。在此单元读物“Disabled? Not Me!”中,有这样的句子:“People like Xiaowen and many other disabled people in our country have taught us the importance of giving a chance to receive education.”要让学生明白,全社会的人都应该关爱我们身边的残疾人士,要让他们享有同样的入学、就业乃至组建婚姻家庭等权力。其实有时爱他们并不像我们想像的那么难,“It is simply a matter of opening door and offering guidance.”
2、爱和友谊
爱人同样是崇高的感情。高一英语下册Unit17 Great women的读物“Alone In Antarctica”中,有这样的话:“I had to make a decision. Wait to get better or give up? I had to think of my family, which is very important to me, and do the right thing. I did so without regret.”这位50岁闯北极,60岁闯南极的女英雄,最后选择了放弃,因为她爱惜自己的生命,爱她的家人;因为她觉得生命、家人比个人成就更珍贵。长期以来,我们的文化过分渲染个人英雄主义,好似英雄应该弃生命、家人于不顾。要告诉学生,个人英雄主义固然可圈可点,可是家人、血缘、一切爱着你的人们是人一生的归属。“老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。”一个人会爱自己,爱家人,在爱的沐浴中长大,才会有爱的能力,才会去爱这个世界,去爱他(她)的祖国、家乡、朋友及家人。如果用“爱”作代价,英雄的价值将大打折扣。
再如,必修1 Unit 1 Friendship,它讨论的是朋友和友谊,初步涉及了人际关系的处理问题。而它所选用的文章《安妮日记》让学生对这部作品有了初步了解,也从而知道一些有关二战的历史背景。我们可以给他们讲讲“辛德勒的名单”,讲讲集中营,再来仔细体味《安妮日记》中写景的几句很美的语言,并叫他们试着翻译出来。在学习句子的同时,也让学生们从中感受到美丽与丑恶。
爱是一切美好情感的源泉。会爱的人,才会明白平等、尊重的内涵。事实上爱、平等、尊重是相互渗透,不可分割的整体。如果国民缺乏爱、平等、尊重这些基本人文素质,构建和谐社会是不可想象的。人人爱我,我爱人人,才是真正意义上的和谐社会。
二、尊重学生个性,体现教师教学中的人文关怀。
新课程改革要求把学生放在教学中的主体地位,强调了以人为本,也就是强调了要尊重学生。尊重学生,是尊重学生共性的同时,充分理解和尊重学生的个性差异,实施“因材施教”。教育学认为:个体身心的发展的水平受到多种因素的影响,主要是受到遗传素质、成熟、环境和个体实践活动的影响,而学校教育是一种特殊的环境,它对个体的发展有着特殊的意义。因为学校教育是由承担教育责任的教师和接受教育的学生共同参与和进行的,学校教育的环境具有极大的人为性,具有明确的目的,有指定的教育内容与活动计划,有系统的组织和特殊的教育条件,更重要的是学校教育弥漫着科学、文化和道德规范的气息。
(一)重视因材施教,关注差生
在教学中,教师的无意识地,习惯地把学生分为优生、中等生、差生,这对学生能力发展较慢或能力发展不平衡的学生是极不公平的。学生能力发展的差异性是客观存在的。因此,教师在课堂中教学要最大限度地了解学生,适应学生的能力发展,针对学生的不同情况,实施“差异教学”,使每一个学生都能在自己的最近发展区得到开发,得到发展。
(二)尊重学生的需要
尊重学生,还要尊重学生的学习需要,还给学生自由选择的能力,培养学生自主学习能力,有利于个性化人才的培养,在民主和谐的教学氛围中,在积极主动的学习过程中,学生可以自由地选择学习内容,教师可充分放手任凭学生按兴趣自由选择学习内容,然后按选择的内容互相交流,在交流中学生互相补充,互相联系,互相学习,自主性的学习才能进入学习的最佳状态,才能充分享受学习的乐趣。才能真正达到教学目的,让学生学有所得,学会学习。
(三)注重学习方法
学习应该不仅可以自由选择学习内容,还可以自由选择学习方式,教师可主导性地提供学习方式与选择,如讨论式学习、合作式学习、尝析式学习、自主式学习、探究式学习……。
三、英语教师在教学过程中要注意处理好以下制约人文教育的重要因素:
(一)、中学生的主体性培养是人文教育的突破口
所谓主体性即中学生作为主体者在进行认识活动和实践活动中的特性。中学生的主体性主要表现为:独特性、自觉性、主动性、创造性和整体性。
主体性是全面发展的人的根本特性。它集中了人的一切优秀品质和个性特征。是德智体诸方面得到和谐发展的表现。学生是行为主体。他们是否有自觉行动是养成人文精神的突破口,也是中学英语教学人文精神渗透成功的关键。中学生的特点,从角色定位看是学习者、消费者、创造者;从思想特点看有双重人格,是矛盾人。他们观念更新快,思想更开放;他们敏感度高,心理压力大;他们自我反思意识强,更加客观冷静;他们的价值取向日趋务实;他们的社会责任感在退化。这是英语教师对症下药的基点。
当前不少中学生对自身的角色定位不准,学习中还存在许多问题,特别是出现主体性缺失,没有个人发展的思想和行动。领导或教师的期待成了其奋斗目标,主体性培养是很严峻的任务。
当今的时代弘扬个人独特的社会主体性,与之不和谐的是在中学英语教育目的的价值取向上,却忽视中学生作为个体的人的发展价值,使教育对社会的需求缺乏必要的判断和自主选择,使培养的人缺乏鲜明的个性,独立的人格和创造活力。传统英语教学与中学张扬个性特别是人的全面发展的要求大相径庭,其中最明显的是对学生创新精神和创造力的压抑和挫伤等对人的主体性的要求。
教学中轻视人文素质的培养,急功近利,不能接受多元共存。还存在着“以官为本”的世俗气。中学生独特的社会主体性的培养是素质教育的突破口,它是提高中学生整体素质的路径,也是中学英语教学有效培养人文精神的路径。
(二)、重视中学英语教师人文素养的养成是人文教育的关键
学生是主体,教师是主导。这也提醒我们对中学英语教学中人文精神培养进行有效性思考时,重视教师的因素,关注教师人文社科知识储备,关注教师在改革教学内容,改进教学方法,提高教学效果中的作用,特别是教师的人文素养。
中学生对中学英语教师的角色期待,从人文素养的角度看主要有:以人为本,挖掘学生的潜能。这要求教师充分尊重学生,在教学活动中重视人的因素,正确认识人的价值,努力挖掘人的潜能,发挥人的主观能动。教师要营造宽松的环境,提供时空自由。教师授课风格要个性化。可以是师生平等的探讨与对话,可以是焦点访谈式。教师的讲授主要是提供思考的线索和参照。这点外籍教师的风格值得借鉴。教师要形象育人,以自己的道德,人格魅力感化学生。教师的角色要从知识传输者向学者、专家、创新者转化。教师要作为引导者,推动者和共同思考者,要培养学生独立思考,以怀疑的精神挑战权威;要培养学生的学习兴趣,从授业者到播火者。教师要注重学生非智力因素的培养,理解学生成才模式的多样化,促进个性发展。在了解学生的思想、政治观点、道德、法纪、人生观、恋爱观的基础上,了解其学习动机,调动其主观能动性,鼓励学生改革创新,鼓励学生适当地张扬个性等。所有这些都要求中学英语教师加强自身修养,特别是丰富人文社会科学知识,才不会辜负学生的期待。
所谓学问,一学二问,如果一个学生只知道依据现有的教材一板一眼地学,教师也按部就班地教,那就培养不出思想前位、顺应潮流的复合性人才。而当学生思想火花一瞬即逝时,作为教师,就要敏锐地抓住。如果说科学精神追求的是“真”,那人文精神追求的就是“善”与“美”,它主张一切认识和实践都要充满人文关怀。人文精神和科学精神相比显得更理解人、关心人、爱护人。因此帮助人们树立正确的信仰,用人文关怀去关照一切社会行为具有重要的意义。而要让社会充满人性关怀,就要从学校开始,从班级开始,从课堂开始。
作为一个英语教师,在课堂教学中,不仅要传给学生充满“科学精神”的“业”,更要挖掘富有“人文精神”的“道”;这样我们的学生就能够拥有更广博的人文情怀,更加关心我们的社会,我们的国家,我们的世界,那么他离开校园的时候,带走的不仅仅是一个高的升学分数,更重要的是他真正学会了怎样做人,成为具备人文素养的新一代。
(三)、人文素养的培养要有新的评价形式与之相适应
虽然《高中课标》提出的“提供多种选择,适应个性需求”高度褒扬了人本主义,也体现出高中英语课程的人文性,但是事实从检验学习的考试形式看来,却没有和这种理念接轨。一考定终身的考试机制使学生很难把英语学习当成一种享受,还是沉浸在背语言点、记单词、做考题的苦差事中。教师在教学中不要只对学生进行期中、期末时的终结性评价,一味地强调学习结果,而是要善于运用形成性评价,重视学习过程和学习态度。经常结合自己的教学目标、教学内容和学生的学习环境以及学生的个体差异等设计出适合自己教学和学生学习的评价工具,制订出切实可行的评价标准,从而把人文素质教育贯穿在评价过程中。
另外,教师在给学生的作业加评语时要体现多样性和艺术性。作业评语是中学英语教学中一个重要的环节。首先,要善于使用多样化的语言形式,可以是已学过的单词、短语、句型、篇章,可以用不同的时态、语态、语气,也可以用即将接触到的语言。其次,所下的评语要有艺术性、针对性。对学习有困难的学生,作业中出现错误时,批评要少,鼓励要多点,树立他们自信心,鼓起他们继续学习的勇气; 对学习有余力的学生,批改时表扬带期望,通过评语向他们提出更高的要求,希望他们在学习上再接再厉,更上一层楼。评语就像教师同学生促膝谈心,表达的是特别的关爱。这样的评语,或赞扬或劝诫,学生会仔细阅读,心领神会。这样,人文素质教育就不知不觉地展开了。
人文是一个包罗万象的概念。英语课也不能变成纯粹的人文教育课。在教学的过程中,渗入一些人文思想教育,其目的是陶冶学生性情,提升他们的人文素养,让教学过程更生动有趣,以此来提高教育教学质量,全方位提高学生综合素质,使素质教育落到实处。
总之,培养人文精神,实施人文素质教育,是新课标的特色,是时代的呼唤,也是深化英语教学的基点。我们作为外语教学工作者,要在教学中积极主动地实施人文素质教育,尊重学生,关爱学生,挖掘语言中的文化内涵、情感因素等,培养学生美好的心灵、高尚的品质、健全的人格、高品位的人文精神和正确的人生观、世界观等,使他们能够适应未来生存发展的需要,成为知识经济时代全面发展的高素质人才。
【参考文献】:
[1] 吴鹏森,房列. 人文社会科学基础. 人民出版社
[2] 丁柏铨,胡治华. 人文社会科学基础. 首都师范中学出版社
[3] 刘献君. 在专业教学中促进科学与人文的相融. 高等教育
[4] 张晓黎. 中学生的新特点谈基层思想政治教育工作. 等教育论坛
[5] 胡伟平,刘克勤. 主体性培养是素质教育的突破口. 上饶师专学报
[6] 罗少茜. 英语课堂教学形成性评价研究. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,.
[7] 王蔷. 英语教师行动研究. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
[8] 张华. 课程与教学论. 上海: 上海教育出版社, .
[9] 教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准(实验). 中小学外语教学,2003,729.
[10] 钟启泉等. 普通高中新课程方案导读. 上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.
[11] 胡文仲. 外语教学与文化. 湖南:湖南教育出版社,.
[12] 李萃英,赵风平. 面向新世纪人文素质教育研究. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,.
68.Which can be the best title for this story?
A. Mother’s True love B. Early love between Students
C. To Ask or Not to Ask D. Dangerous Age
75. The best title for this passage is ________.
A. Life Begins at Sixty B. A Round Coast Sail
C. An Old Woman Sailor D. An Unusual Hobby
T: 关于68题,有的同学犯了一叶障目不见泰山的错误。文章最后一句已经点明主旨:It read: Mum, it was love that make you ask, but it would show your understanding of me if you hadn’t. .Mother’ true love 只是文章内容的一部分,作者其实更强调的是understanding ,及 true love 与 understanding 之间的矛盾。
关于75题,如果你选了C或D说明你并未理解文章的主旨。文章中说的是她60岁退休后想重圆儿时梦想,开始第二次人生追求。所以选A 它既概括了内容有升华了其中的精神内涵。C项,一位年老的女水手,难道她干了一辈子吗?D项,很多人都喜欢sailing,它也不是作者讨论的焦点。文章主要写人而非记事。
此外,在解这种题时大家还要注意两点:(1)英美人的思维方式一般是先亮明观点,而后再加以论述,所以文章和段落的首句尤为重要,请大家尤为注意。(2)选标题要注意两点:准确性和醒目性。醒目性就是能给人留下深刻的印象。
2.推理判断题。通常题干中出现 infer, What is the author going to write in the fourth paragraph?的词句。大家找一找咱们的卷子上有没有这样的题。
61. From the passage, we can infer that the leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall is because______.
A. the top of the tower is heavier than its bottom
B. the bottom of the tower is not heavier than its top
C. its center of gravity is still above the line of its bottom
D. its center of gravity is not above the line of its bottom
T: 文中说This empty box must fall over, because its center of gravity (c) is not over the line of its bottom(AB)
-----It will not fall, because its center of gravity is above its bottom.从中我们可以得知答案。做这种题时要注意,我们应该站在作者的立场上分析问题,去揣摩作者的意图,切忌根与自己的观点或者社会经验去推测。
3.猜测词义题。
卷子上有一道猜测词义的题,你作对了吗?
S: 没有。
T: 没关系,下面我给大家介绍几种猜词技巧,大家一边听我讲,一边听一边看一下观灯片上的句子。
(1)构词法。A.The room is uncomfortable to live in. 我们都能理解由comfort→comfortable→uncomfortable
的变化过程。平时大家就应该增强对各种词缀的敏感程度,在阅读中灵活运用构词法猜测词义。
(2)根据定义猜测词义。
b. A calendar is a list of days, weeks, months of a particular year.
c. Mary is indecisive, that is, she can’t make up her mind.
d. He needs a conditioner, a system that keep air in a place cool and warm.
咱们试着猜一下划线词的意思吧!
S7: calendar 日历
S8: indecisive 优柔寡断的
S9: conditioner 空调
T: Very good.
(3) 根据下句对上句的理解。
e. I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I won’t give it up easily.
S10: resolute 坚定的,果敢的
(4)根据常识猜
f. The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
S11: 我知道,划线词是门楣,横木的意思。
T: 还有一种是:
(5)借助词与词关联猜测词义。
g. She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.
根据other diseases 我们不难知道 glaucoma 肯定是眼病的一种
T: 最后一种
(6)对比关系和因果关系
h. Most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented.
S12: 我知道,dissented 不同意
i. He was not frugal since he spent money so freely.
S: 我猜到了,frugal 节俭的
T;卷子上72题就用这种猜测方法。
72.The underlined word “cosy”(in the first paragraph) means”_____”
A. bright B. dirty C. comfortable D. dark
原文中“Although the inside of the boat is very cosy , it has no running water or electricity.”很明显although是一个转折连词,前后两个分句的意思是相反的,it has no running water or electricity 说的是缺点,although 所引导的分句中cosy 必定是一个褒义词。 几个选项中只有C选项符合。
T: 4 细节理解。从文章中找到相应词句作为依据,弄清细节,获得准确信息。
细节题中有排序、图表型,正误型等。
排序题的技巧在于对比所给几个选项的特点,而后对比关键项,利用排除法得出答案。例如:C篇64 题
64.Which is the correct order according to the story?
a. The girl took a lift back in her monitor’s car .
b. The girl went to see a film with her schoolmates
c. The girl wrote a diary to her mother.
d. The mother pretended to be watching TV.
e. The mother worried about her daughter’s returning late
A. b, e, a, d, c B. e, b, a, d, d C. b, a, e, d, c D. b, e, a, c, d
大家试着用这种方法找一下答案。
S:选A
T: 对。图表型的题关键在于把文章内容与图表内容挂钩。B篇的60题是一个很好的例子。至于正误题,我们一定要看清人家问的是true or not true 以免犯不必要的错误。
Step 4 Summary and homework(3minutes)
T: Today we discuss the basic strategies and some specific skills about reading, which are very useful. Do you think so ? Yes. Today’s homework is another piece of paper for you to train your reading skills we learnt together today.
附录:阅读原文。
(A)
This is the story about the well-known millionaire. D.Rockefeller, and was told by a friend of his. This friend said that though Rockefeller gave away millions, he was very mean.(吝啬) about small sums of money.
One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for the cheapest room they had. Rockefeller said, “What is the price of the room?” The manager told him the price of the room.
“Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying at this hotel by myself and only need a small room.”
The manager said, “That room is the smallest and cheapest we have,” and added, “but why do you choose a poor room like that? When your son stays here, he always has our most expensive room: yours is our cheapest.”
“Yes”, said D.Rockefeller, “but his father is a wealthy man while mine isn’t.”
56. D.Rockefeller decided to have the cheapest room because__________.
A. He wanted to set an example to his son. B. He tried to save some money
C. His father was not a millionaire D. He hadn’t enough money to spend on himself
57. Which of the following puzzled the manager?
A. D. Rockefeller asked for the smallest and cheapest room
B. D. Rockefeller was so mean about money
C. D. Rockefeller was used to living the simplest life.
D. D. Rockefeller asked for the cheapest room while his son asked for the most expensive one.
58. What do you know about D. Rockefeller?
A. He was unwilling to spend much money on himself
B. He spoil(姑息)his son on purpose.
C. He was very strict with his son.
D. He didn’t care about what his son had done.
59.What do you know about D,Rockefeller?
A. He had nothing to do but enjoy himself.
B. His ideas about life were different from his father’s
C. He was the most wealthy man.
D. He felt satisfied with life.
(B)
Every object has weight. But the center of its weight is not always in the middle of the object. If the top of an object is heavier than its bottom, it will fall over easily. We say that its center of gravity(引力) is high. But if the bottom is heavier, it won’t fall easily. Then we say that its center of gravity is low.
Look at the first picture. This empty box must fall over, because its center of gravity(C) is not over the line of its bottom(AB).
Now look at the second picture. There is some heavy iron at the bottom of this box. It will not fall, because its center of gravity is above its bottom.
60. Please point out which box will not fall.
61. From the passage, we can infer that the leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall is because________.
A. the top of the tower is heavier than its bottom
B. the bottom of the tower is not heavier than its top
C. its center of gravity is still above the line of its bottom
D. its center of gravity is not above the line of it bottom
62. If an object has a low center of gravity,_______.
A. it won’t fall B. it won’t fall easily C. it is certain to fall over D. its top must be heavier
63. The passage is mainly about__________.
A. why things fall over B, a low center of gravity C. a high center of gravity D. that everything has weight
( C )
She is a cute (聪明的), quiet girl. As a daughter, she has no secrets from her mother, who is very pleased with her. But recently she has become somewhat mysterious (神秘的),not so open as her: what if she falls in love, which is too early for a girl of her age. After all, she is reaching the “dangerous stage”. These thoughts have causes trouble in the mother’ mind.
One weekend the girl came to tell her mother that she was going to the cinema with her schoolmates and would return late. This was the first time her mother had agreed , and she couldn’t help worrying because her daughter had never away at night before. The mother waited till nine and her uneasiness(不安) got the upper hand over her. She decided to go out to meet her daughter. Just at that moment the noise of a car pulling up drew her to the window and ------there was her daughter, waving goodbye to a boy. Her heart missed a beat. When the girl came in, the mother was watching TV, pretending nothing had happened. “Mum, I’m back.” “Yeah.” “Sorry to be late. Still sitting up?” “Yes, Oh, that… Who’s that boy? “The daughter was stunned (发愣) for a moment. “Ah. It’s my monitor. He gave a lift on his way home. Mum, I’m going to bed”. All right. Go to sleep early.”
Next morning, when the mother went to the daughter’s room to do some tidying, she found her diary left at her pillow. After a few minutes’ hesitation(犹豫) she finally opened it to the entry of the night before. It read: Mum, it was love that make you ask, but it would show your understanding of me if you hadn’t.
Holding the diary, the mother fell in thought.
64. Which is the correct order according to the story?
a. The girl took a lift back in her monitor’ car.
b. The girl went to see a film with her schoolmates
c. The girl wrote a diary to her mother.
d. The mother pretended to be watching TV
e. The mother worried about her daughter’s returning late
A. b, e, a, d, c B, e, b, a, d, c C. b, a, e, d, c D. b, e, a, c, d
65. Which of the following is TRUE according to the story?
A. The girl knew her mother would ask her the questions about the boy.
B. What the girl did recently worried her mother.
C. The mother was eager to read her daughter’ diary the next day.
D. The girl’ diary was always unlocked.
66. From the diary, we can see the girl _____________.
A. thanked her mother for asking her B. thought her mother cared about her very much
C. thought it was her mother’s duty to asked her. D. thought understanding is better than simple love.
67. The main purpose of this article is to show that parents should_______.
A. care about what their children really think and how they feel
B. not give much freedom to their children.
C. Talk with their children about their early love.
D. Keep silent about their children’s privacy
68. Which can be the best title for this story?
A . Mother’ True Love B. Early love between Students
C. To Ask or Not to Ask D. Dangerous Age
( D )
Want to watch some performances during the holiday? Here are some from “What’s on”, China Daily”
Russian folk (民间) dance
The Moiseyey Dance Company will put on three performances in Beijing.
The company was set up in 1937 and has visited more than 60 countries on all continents, including 10 visits to the United States. The folk dances of the show will include 13 programmes of different styles. They include dances from Russia, Greece, Argentina, Egypt, China and many other countries.
Time :7:30pm, January 31~February2
Place: Century Theatre, 40 Liangmaqiaolu,
Chaoyang District (区域)
Tel: 6466-0032
Children’s song and dance
China Children’s Hand-in-Hand Art Troupe(剧团) will present two performances
The troupe has branches in 17 major Chinese cities. This time, 280 children from 14 cities and provinces will perform.
Programmes include songs and dances of different regions( 地区) and nationalities.
Time:2pm, 7pm, January 22
Place: China Children’s Theatre, 64 Donghuamen Dajie, Dongcheng District.
Tel:6524-1831
Classic dialogues
Some top Chinese performers will gather to recite (朗诵) famous dialogues from Chinese and foreign dramas and films.
The scenes are taken from classics like “Qu Yuan”, “ Thunder-storm”. Other dialogues are from films such as “Jane Eyre”
Time:7:30pm, January22~23
Place: Zhongshan Music Hall, Zhongshan Park, west of Tian An Men
Tel:6842-2653
69. From” What’s on “, we know that the Moiseyev Dance Company will performances________.
A. famous Russian folk dances only
B. dances of different styles from different countries
C. European and Chinese dances
D. American and Chinese dances
70. If you are a teacher and want to organize your pupils (under 10) to enjoy performance, _____may be useful.
A. 6466-0032 B. 6524-1831 C.6842-2653 D.6510-1309
71. If you’ re interested in recitation, don’t miss the chance to go to _________.
A. Zhongshan Music Hall B. China Chidren’s Theatre
C. Century Theatre D. Chang’an Grand Theatre
( E)
Sixty-year-old grandmother, Fiona Mcfee, is going to stop working next year and she decided to realize a childhood dream and sail around the coast of Scotland in a small boat. Although the inside of the boat is very cosy, it has no running water or electricity. Fiona says she can live without these things but she plans to take her small CD player, her hot water bottle and a bag of books to make sure life isn’t too uncomfortable.
We asked her if she was afraid of being at sea for so long. She said, “ Well, I’m going to take a good compass(指南针)。 Anyway I ‘m not afraid of death because I love the sea---- I just hope it loves me.” Friona certainly has plenty of energy; in her spare time , she enjoys playing the piano, rock-climbing , canoeing and dancing. Although she is sixty, she doesn’t want to have a quiet and peaceful life. “ I’m looking forward to having fun in the rest of my life and that’s exactly why I’d like to be a sailor for a while.
72. The underlined word “cosy” ( in the first paragraph) means”________”
A. bright B. dirty C. comfortable D. dark
73. When Fiona Mcfee said “I just hope it loves me”, she meant “_________”
A. Of course, it loves me , since I love it.
B. If I love it , it should love me.
C. I hope it will bring me a safe sailing as a return for my love of it.
D. I hope it will save my life when I am in time of danger.
74. What kind of person do you think the old woman is ?
A. Someone who doesn’t know how she is feeling.
B. Someone who is very proud and sure of her success
C. Someone who does’t ues her head much.
D. Someone who is open, honest and brave
75. The best title for this passage is __________.
A. Life Begins at Sixty B. A Round Coast Sail
C. An Old Woman Sailor D. An Unusual Hobby
Suggested Answer:56-59 BDAB 60-63 CCBA 64-68 ABDAC 69-71 BBA 72-75 CCDA
Useful expressions
From Junior Books
1. be afraid of
2. agree to do sth.
3. not…at all
4. one after another
5. at last
6. at once
7. at the same time
8. at work
9. be away from
10. go away
11. make the bed
12. do one’s best
13. be busy with
14. be busy doing sth
15. by bus /car / plane
16. catch up with
17. catch cold
18. day after day
19. do some cleaning
20. eat up / use up
21. in the end
22. fall ill
23. on foot
24. make friends with sb.
25. in front of
26. get back /in /off /on
27. get on with
28. give up
29. go on doing sth.
30. go shopping
31. be good at
32. hand in / out
33. have a good time
34. have breakfast / supper
35. have sports
36. hear from
37. here and there
38. hold a meeting
39. hold on
40. hurry up
41. keep on doing sth.
42. all kinds of
43. a kind of
44. laugh at
45. listen to sb.
46. no longer
47. look after / at / for/ up
48. make a mistake
49. make a noise
50. in the middle of
51. neither…nor
52. from now on
53. a number of
54. at once
55. once upon a time
56. put on / sth down / up
57. get / be ready
58. take / have a rest
59. ring up
60. send for
61. by the side of
62. go to sleep
63. stop sb. from doing sth.
64. take a walk
65. take away
66. take out
67. take down / off
68. take a train / bus
69. think about
70. all the time
71. on / in time
72. too…to
73. try on
74. turn off
75. wake up
76. by the way
77. one the / one’s way to…
78. write down
79. take a message for sb.
80. What a pity!
81. of course
82. turn left
83. feel well
84. neck and neck
85. fall behind
86. take turns
87. hands up
88. as usual
89. prefer a. to b.
90. You’d better not do sth.
91. Help oneself to sth.
92. change one’s mind
93. make a mistake
94. take one’s time
95. knock into sb.
96. be covered with
97. with one’s help
98. wear out
99. sell out
100. be in surprise
101. be afraid of
102.at the foot of
From Senior Book One
103. meet for the first time
104. at the beginning of
105. nice meeting you
106. go away
107. in one’s opinion
108. summer vacation
109. a general idea
110. find out
111. right now
112. from dawn until dark
113. go on doing sth
114. by the lights of
115. as a result
116. pump water
117. on an open fire
118. give one’s regards to sb.
119. that’s nice of sb.
120. send sb. best wishes
121. follow one’s instructions
122. by the side of
123. at the end of
124. a little man with glasses
125. have a way of doing sth.
126. dip sth.into sth.
127. hold up
128. instead of
129. make a face
130. have difficulty in doing sth
131. have difficulty with sth.
132. know about
133. more or less
134. stay the same
135. way of life
136. bring in
137. I guess
138. go off to Guangzhou
139. see sb.off
140. take a taxi
145. a friend of mine
146. by air /sea
147. say Hi to A. from B.
148. have a good trip
149. tie the boat to a tree
150. by the river bank
151. all night long
152. be about to do sth.
153. nothing except / but
154. at a high price
155. stay long
156. cover a.with b.
157. so that
158. in rows
159. from now on
160. in order to
161. make sure
162. knock sb. down
163. obey the rules
164. break the rules
165. in the past
166. wash away
167. take a look at
168. take a picnic
169. a great many
170. agree on
171. supply sb. sth
172. all over the country
173. at the crossing
174. plenty of
175. as soon as possible
176. set up
177. spend ...in doing / on sth.
178. as follows
179. fall off / down
180. for quite a while
181. a great part of
182. on the morning of
183. the number of
184. cut off
185. at 5.3 centimetres a year
186. as a result of
187. It is said that
188. do one’s best to do sth.
189. change a. for b.
190. a waste of money
191. make a decision
192. go up
193. bring down
194. get sb.to do sth.
195. be used to doing sth.
196. keep a record of
197. thanks to
198. at one time
199. make plans for
200. at home and abroad
201. take up
202. every four years
203. take part in /join in / compete in
204. used to do sth.
205. hear of
206. on / over / through the radio
207. be well thought of
208. make fun of sb.
209. not just…but…
210. The more,the better.
211. That’s easy said than done.
213. go with
214. give advice to sb.
215. from month to month
216. write to sb.
217. tens of thousands of
218. be well received
219. be of great help
220. write to/ about/write for
221. fight against, fight for
222. She did all (that )she could (do) to help him
223. She did what she could do to help him.
224. no more than
225. in one’s spare time
226. break out, break into ,
227. break down
228. early the next morning
229. be sad at sth.
230. consider sb to be.
231. be beaten to death
232. measure a. with b.
233. get along well with
234. ask sb. for sth.
235. tell lies
From Senior Book Two
236. advise sb. To do sth.
237. have a good rest
238. take the medicine
239. get a cough / headache
240. I suggest sb. do sth.
241. and so on
242. be measured in calories
243. burn up
244. be rich / low /high in
245. in the form of
246. scores of
247. put on /lose weight
248. look out
249. be on fire / catch fire
250. in that case
251. turn the gas off
252. sound the fire alarm
253. be trapped in
254. belong to
255. in the ceiling of
256. get close to
257. at present
258. long ago
259. the number of sth.
260. It is hoped that
261. be invited to
262. call on sb.
263. Sth. look nice on sb.
264. pay back
265. be worth
266. at the most
267. pick up
268. to one’s surprise
269. offer sth. to sb.
270. think of / think about
271. be cross
272. look down upon sb.
273. in the beginning
274. come out
275. again and again
276. a paper-making factory
277. catch /have a cold
278. come across sb.
279. cut up
280. praise sb. for sth.
281. in one’s fifties
282. give advice on sth.
283. receive a doctor’s degree
284. be supported by sb.
285. close friends
286. translate a. into b.
287. make progress
288. before long /long before
289. stand for
290. be made up of
300. be famous for
301. be devided into
302. be full of / be filled with
303. live on potatoes
304. keep in touch with sb.
305. go to church
306. play an important part in
307. feel like doing sth.
308. on the edge of sth.
309. all through the year
310. rise by 63 metres
311. be in danger
312. stone by stone
313. work on sth.
314. be marked with
315. at breakfast
316. in danger
317. make a good effort
318. date from
319. be busy with
320. knock out of
321. point out
322. turn over
323. go against
324. year after/by year
325. agree to do sth.
326. now and then
327. give a talk
328. send out
329. get through
330. ring sb.back / up
331. May I have your attention?
332. receive an invitation
333. accept the invitation
334. be out of breath
335. turn down
336. ring off
337. for free
338. become interested in
339. form a pop group
340. manage to do sth.
341. persuade sb. to do sth.
From Senior Book Three
342. go straight ahead
343. at the entrance to …
343. on the other side
344. in the hope of
345. take along
346. lose heart
347. in this way
348. be pleased with
349. in the 1920s
350. as far as the coast
351. bring on sth.
352. Do you mind if I do sth?
353. Would you mind if I did it
354. I wonder if I could do sth.
355. Non-smoking office
356. smoke a cigarette
357. fall asleep
358. one third of
359. die of / die from
360. remain in business
361. compared to sb.
362. kick one’s smoking habit
363. give sth. up
364. get one into the habit of
365. be used to sth /doing sth.
366. call for
367. share sth. with sb.
368. compare a. with b.
369. help sb.do/to do /with sth.
370. make oneself understood by words
371. be accepted as
372. nod / shake the head
373. shake hands with sb.
374. wave one’s arms
375. an English-speaking country
376. do some research on sth.
377. be proud of sb.
378. stand close to each other
379. keep a distance away
380. talk with sb’s mouth full
381. a copy of China Daily
382. What’s on this weekend?
383. give a performance
384. They are said to do sth=
385. It is said that
386. cover the events
387. get down to sth/doing sth.
388. fix a time
389. have a face-to-face interview
390. do telephone interviews
391. look up sth in dictionary
392. type sth.into the computer
393. There is no time left
394. in the coming week
395. cut the costs of sth
396. be popular with sb.
397. as well. as well as
398. practise doing sth.
399. intend to do sth
400. set off for the USA
401. after a short while
402. be uncertain about
403. add a. to b.
404. be honoured for sth.
405. make a contribution to sth.
406. be set in California
407. pick up
408. be caught in a snow storm
409. in a great hurry
410. bring up sb.
411. Excuse me for doing sth.
412. What a shame
413. be pressed with
414. in the late 1870s
415. keep a bank
416. here and there
417. can’t help doing sth.
418. trade with
419. first day covers
420. sooner or later
421. add to sth.
422. used stamps
423. tell the difference between a. and b.
424. fill a.with b.
425. generally speaking
426. struggle against
427. from area to area
426. below freezing
427. all the year round
428. natural gas
429. a great deal of
430. on average
431. make use of
432. keep alive
433. offer sb. a lift room
434. clear sth. up
435. the other day
436. tidy sth.up
437. knock sb. off
438. What happened to me?
439. take it easy
440. stay still
441. medical care
442. at the back of
443. deal with
444. pour a. into b.
445. keep out of the reach of
446. do sth. by mistake
447. nearby hospital
448. large quantities of
449. be fit for sb.
450. hear about
451. standing room
452. pay special attention to
453. deep in the heart of
454. fail to do sth.
455. time and time again
456. lose one’s sight
457. be present
458. off the coast
459. living things
460. die out
461. in all
462. point to / at
463. to one’s great joy
464. be that foolish
465. judge sb. by the clothes
466. put sb. to the trouble of doing sth.
467. apologize to sb.for sth
468. be after
469. do sb. a favor
470. make sth to sb’s own measure
471. depend on sb.
472. drop in at / in sb./ a place
473. once upon a time
474. do up one’s button
475. take sb. seriously
476. What is worse
477. be suitable for doing sth
478. keep back
479. be equal to
480. pretend to do sth.
481. play a part of
482. be caught in
483. be anxious about
484. be likely to do sth.
485. call in
486. take the place of
487. 30cm by 30cm by 50cm
488. for one thing
489. make a lot of noise
490. stare straight at sb.
491. bend over
492. worse still
493. attack one’s attention
494. carry off
495. look into
496. run out of food
From Senior Book Four
497. do a word puzzle
498. all through one’s life
499. lead to sth
500. the Noble Prize for sth.
501. refuse to do sth.
502. a cheque for $100
503. live the rest of one’s life
504. take American nationality
505. be fond of
506. lead a simple way of life
507. leave a. for b.
508. go on with sth.
509. stick to sth.
510. take sides in
511. be respected as
512. further education
513. So far as I know
514. get sth. ready
515. in space
516. travel in a high circle
517. at the speed of
518. keep sth out of
519. set up an organization
520. with the help of
521. outer space
522. carry out
523. attempt to do sth.
524. be connected with
525. have a seat
526. personal affairs
527. see to sth.
528. mean to do sth.
529. make a note of
530. It’s time sb. did sth
531. Remember me to sb
532. delay sth./doing sth
533. be well known for sth.
534. I dare say
535. pay sb. a visit
536. do repairs
537. There is no doubt about it
538. Sb.be supposed to do sth
539. a length of
540. I wish I did sth
541. dive off the rock
542. take a deep breath
543. go cycling
544. by weight
545. stay clean
546. a variety of
547. at a time
548. at the bottom of
549. feed on sth.
550. hold one’s breath
551. for ages
552. in the opposite direction
553. the majority of
554. be out of work
555. in future
556. in the future
557. work out
558. be convenient to do
559. in the fields of education
560. pay bills
561. search a. for b.
562. vote for sb
563. on the screen
564. be against / for
565. take sth. for example
556. keep fit
557. electric hair drier
558. put sth into practice
559. by fax / telegraph
560. lay the table
561. quite by accident
562. light a cigar
563. buy a coffee
564. move from side to side
565. have a lot in common
566. happen to do sth
567. leave sb/sth. doing sth.
568. take over
569. on one’s own
570. booking office
571. in rush hour
572. drive off
573. be in great surprise
574. be in total silence
575. be angry with sb. for sth.
576. be introduced to
577. a couple of
578. over and over again
579. put sb.in / into prison
580. the Nobel Peace Prize
581. set an example to sb.
582. make a speech
583. side by side
584. make friends / enimies
585. achieve one’s goal
586. in one’s lifetime
587. separate a.from b.
588. What is the time by one’s watch
589. as a matter of fact
590. dream of
591. come true
592. even though / if
593. prevent …from doing
594. as though
595. in need of
596. end up
597. at the latest
598. look forward to
599. be familiar with
600. earn one’s living
601. learn sth.by heart
602. in praise of
603. get married to
604. Let sb in
605. have a test
606. in peace
607. fall in love with
608. make sure of
609. suffer from
610. in public
611. set fire to
612. burn … to the ground
613. do wrong
614. sentence sb. to death
615. do a good deed
616. get together
617. all the best
618. have a word with sb.
619. connect with
620. in other words
621. free of charge
622. a bathing suit
623. pay heavy taxes
From Senior Book Five
624.have something to do with
625.be willing to do sth
626.devote one’s time/life/effort to sth/doing sth
627.be determined to do sth
628.succeed in doing sth
629. in honour of
630.give off
631.belng to
632.set off a nuclear bomb
633.have an effect on
634.from then on
635.above all
636.believe in
637.heart and soul
638.pay off
639.provide sb with sth
640.go bad
641.insist on doing sth
642.take (an) interest in
643.take sth by surprise
644.with the purpose of
645.set out for some place
646.set sail
647.in searxh of
648.fall ill
649.in charge of
650.be worth doing
651.put out
652.look out
653.start a fire
654.become experienced at
655.separate…from…
656.feed on
657.round up
658.all the year round
659.hand down
660.rather than
661.give birth to
662.look forward to
663.now and again
664.fix a date
665starve to death
666.in a word
667.in debt
668.make good sense
669.help oneself to
670.express one’s satisfaction with sth
671.bring in
672.go hand in hand
673.try out
674.a waste of money
675.admire sb for sth
676.remind sb of sth
677.get rid of
678.in this way
679.get rid of
680.break up
681.seek to do sth
682.be active in
683.shut down
684.sentence sb to death
685.masses of
686.protect sb from sth
687.watch over
688.fall to pieces
689.at war
690.take on
691.carry on with
692.fall into ruins
693 cover an area of 200 square kilometers
694.in a poor state
695.keep off
696.in battle
697.be of great importance
698.keep one’s word
699.have a misunderstanding about sth
700.be ashamed of
701.ahead of time
702.burst into tears
703.but for
704.do everything sb can to do sth
705.express one’s thanks
706.on the point of
707.so long as
708.give out
709.to one’s delight
710.to be honest
711.take charge
712.on board
713.keep one’s balance
714.be content with
715.be content to do sth
716.in all
717.be proud of
718.take pride in
719.lose one’s voice
720.turn up
721.in actual fact
722.in a flash
723.in uniform
724.look round
725.on one’s arrival
726.play a trick on
727.as busy as a bee
728.break into
729.be ready to do sth
730.scold sb for
731.take place
732.on condition that
733.make a promise
734.fall in love with
735.have mercy on
736.be seated
737.do the deed
738.go down on one’s knees
739.at the mercy of
740.take…in one’s arms
741.use one’s head
742.paly the role of
743.according to
744.not all
745.lead an active life
746.Hve no choice but to do sth
747.all through the winter
748.make use of
749.be connected with
750.lie in
751.move about
752.a good many
753.keep up
754.tear down
755.turn away
756.take possession of
757.now that
758.give in
759die out
760.have a hard time
761.become of
762.in chains
763.once in a while
764.pass down from generation to generation
765.roll over
一、课题的提出
1.英语教学的目的。中学英语教学大纲规定英语教学要“侧重培养阅读能力”和要读“相当数量”的课外阅读材料。因此,迅速、正确地阅读英语材料是中学生学习英语的主要目的之一。中学英语教学大纲对高一的阅读要求是“能独立阅读难度略低于课文,有少量生词(不超过3%)的材料,阅读速度为每分钟20-40个词,理解基本正确。”对高二的阅读速度要求是“每分钟40-50个词”。对高三的阅读速度要求是“每分钟50-60个词”。新大纲(新课程标准)对高中英语阅读速度的要求是“每分钟70-80个词,正确率达到70%(二级目标)”。由此可见,中学英语新课程标准对阅读的速度和理解要求更高了。
2.近年来高考阅读理解试题比例增加,阅读速度要求高。从起,高考阅读理解试题部分的B节补全对话被取消,增加一篇阅读理解,这样阅读理解的篇目由原来的4篇增加至5篇,本节的总词汇量到达2,200-2,500字左右,并要求学生在35分钟内完成,学生的阅读速度必须达到每分钟70-80个词。
3. 学生的现状。9月,我们接任新高一(高级)的英语教学工作。9月份的第一次月考,我们使用的试卷是与上一届高一同期试卷,从试卷分析来看,本届学生由于他们在初中接受的是英语新教材教学,因此听力尚可,但阅读理解能力较差,并且还有相当一部分学生不能在规定的时间里完成试卷。可见,本届学生的阅读水平离新课标的要求差距较大。
因此,我从月起,在高2006级7、9班进行了高中英语快速阅读实验。
二、实验计划
1. 为了使实验有目的有计划地进行,我在9月月考的基础上制定了本次快速阅读实验计划。见下表:
快速阅读实验计划表
阶段
应达到的WPM*
应达到的正确率(%) 阅读总词量(含课外读物)(万字)
高一前半期
(.9-2003.10)
40
60%
1.5
高一后半期
(2003.11-.1)
60
70%
3
2. 快速阅读实验材料
1) 人教版高一(上)《英语》教材中的阅读课篇目和综合技能部分的阅读篇目。
2) 人教版高一(上)《英语》教材中练习部分中的阅读篇目。
3) 《学英语》(高一版),学生人手一份。
3. 快速阅读实验课时安排
1) 每周从规定的课时中抽出一课时,专门进行阅读训练。材料以《学英语》报(高一版)和教材练习部分的阅读篇目为主。
2) 每堂阅读课教学中,首先要求学生用 5-6分钟的时间对即将要学的阅读材料进行快速阅读,并回答相关问题。
4. 实验中应着重解决的问题
1) 怎样在较短的时间里有效地培养学生的阅读兴趣和提高阅读速度?
2) 怎样指导学生进行课外阅读?
3) 怎样处理阅读速度和理解正确率之间的关系?
4) 怎样处理课内阅读训练和课外阅读训练的关系 ?
三、具体实施
1. 做好思想动员工作,向学生说明快速阅读的意义,让学生明白快速阅读的重要性。
实验一开始,我就做了快速阅读的思想动员工作,向学生说明快速阅读的重要性。快速阅读是当今信息社会的重要阅读方式,也是有效地继承和利用人类知识的重要手段。快速阅读能力也是当代中学生应该具备的能力之一,只有快速阅读,才能在有限的时间里扩大阅读量,只有阅读量大,才能更加有效地复习、巩固在课堂上学过的词汇、语法知识,才能接触更多的新知识,新信息,从而丰富自己的知识,提高语言运用能力。“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”就是这个道理。
2. 选择恰当的阅读材料
学生不能见啥读啥,教师应依据实际情况对阅读材料进行认真的筛选。快速阅读材料应具备下列特征:
1) 篇幅长度适度。中学生学习任务重,时间紧,能用于阅读的时间较少,阅读材料太长,不但会耗掉较多的时间,而且容易是学生产生阅读疲劳,从而失去阅读兴趣。阅读材料太短也不适合,因为文字太少,信息不够,很难提高学生的阅读能力。
2) 难易要适当。阅读材料的难易度应与课文的难易读相当。一般说来,生词量不得超过3%。文章太难,学生就读不懂。文章太简单,对提高学生阅读能力又无太多的帮助。材料的难易度应遵循先易后难,逐步提高的原则。
3) 题材、体裁要新颖多样。这样不但可以激发学生的阅读兴趣,也可以使他们广泛涉猎多方面的知识,扩大知识面。
4) 阅读材料的思想性。教师应帮助学生阅读那些内容健康,读后受益的材料。
3. 指导学生养成良好的阅读习惯
教师在引导学生快速阅读时,要重视对学生进行速读技巧训练,培养正确的阅读习惯。
1)养成积极主动、心情平和的阅读习惯,纠正紧张、畏难的不良心理习惯。 只有积极主动、心情平和、信心十足,才可以更好地、创造性地理解文章,提高理解率,最大限度地发展现有水平。
2)养成默读(silence reading)的良好习惯。 默读就是无声直接理解文字意思的阅读方式,它的速度远远超过朗读。据统计,快速阅读比朗读快1.5-2倍。
3)养成成组视读(phrase reading)的习惯。成组视读就是指按词组、意群、句子成分为视读单位来进行阅读。
4)养成根据上下文猜测词义的习惯。不要一遇到生词就停下来查字典,要依据上下文情景或通过构词法等知识来推断生词的含义。动辄停下来查词典,不仅影响阅读速度,而且破坏阅读思路,妨碍正确理解文章内容。
4. 正确处理阅读速度和理解正确率的关系
阅读速度快,但阅读理解的正确率低,劳而无获;阅读理解正确率高,但阅读速度慢,又违背快速阅读的宗旨。因此,教师要随时监测学生阅读理解的正确率、阅读速度以及阅读能力,从而及时调整好阅读速度和理解正确率之间的关系。
1) 计算阅读理解正确率(R)的公式:
R = 正确答案的总数/题目的总数*100%
2)计算阅读速度(WPM)的公式:
WPM = 阅读材料的总词量/阅读所用的时间*100%
3)计算阅读能力(A)的公式:
A = R * WPM
例如,有三位学生读了一篇320个总词量的短文,李楠用了4分钟,正确率为60%;张鹃用了5分钟,正确率为80%;赵蕊用了8分钟,正确率为100%,那么他们哪一位的阅读能力强呢?计算如下:
李楠的阅读能力=60%*320/4=48
张鹃的阅读能力=80%*320/5=51
赵蕊的阅读能力=100%*320/8=40
从上面的计算可以看出,张鹃的阅读理解能力最强,李楠的阅读速度快,但理解的正确率低,赵蕊的理解率为100%,但速度慢,所以能力也很低。
5. 课内阅读训练与课外阅读指导的关系
课内阅读训练与课外阅读指导两者相辅相成,互相促进,缺一不可。课内阅读训练有助于培养学生掌握快速阅读的正确方法和习惯;课外阅读指导有助于学生大量接触语言材料。只有课内阅读,学生在短时间里不可能阅读大量的语言材料,这对扩大学生词汇量,培养语感不利。只让学生课外阅读,不进行课内指导,一方面学生缺乏正确阅读方法,无法迅速提高阅读能力,另一方面教师也无法了解学生阅读水平,无法不断提出更高的阅读要求。
四、实验的初步成果
通过一学期的快速阅读实验,师生共同感觉道:快速阅读实验效果显著,参加实验的学生的确受益匪浅。主要表现在以下几个方面:
1. 实验计划实施情况良好,学生的阅读速度明显加快。通过对参加实验的学生与未参加实验的学生的对比测试,我们发现参加实验的学生的阅读速度从入学时的每分钟30个词左右,提高到每分钟60个词左右,而未参加实验的学生的阅读速度只从入学时的每分钟30个词左右,提高到每分钟45个词左右。
2. 学生的词汇量明显增大。通过大量的阅读,不少学生已经掌握了高一下期的大部分词汇。
3. 学生的阅读技巧、阅读能力明显提高。
4. 学生的阅读兴趣空前高涨,并基本养成了良好的阅读习惯。
5. 词汇量的不断扩大,语句库的不断丰富,也带动了学生听、说、写的综合能力的提高。
参考书目:
1.《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲》,人教社,.
2.《新课程标准(英语)》,人教社,.
3.《学英语》,教师版,2003.
4.《全日制高级中学英语第一册(上)》,人教版,2003.
(作者地址:621000 四川绵阳普明中学,email :Glen868@sina.com)
1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长
the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 arguments on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
23.导致,引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益. interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓,取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.
63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with
the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.
67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides. No garden without weeds.
69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.
70.重视 attach great importance to…
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77..可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.
80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…
92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true
94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95. 首先 First, Firstly, In the first place, To begin with
96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97. 再次 Besides,In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,
99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.
★ 高考复习计划书
★ 高考英语复习
★ 高考的第一轮复习
★ 高考数学复习策略
★ 高考政治复习策略