以下是小编收集整理的南充市历年中考物理真题及答案(共含8篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“猫吃鱼鱼”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
南充市历年中考物理真题及答案
说明：1.理科综合试息包抽物理、化学两部分，满分120分。其中物题70分，化学50分。考试时间100分钟。
2.答题前，考生务必荐自己的拉名、庄位号、浪考证号、身份证号填写在答题卡规定的位置上。
3.必须使用0.5毫来黑包签字笔，将答案书写在答题卡规定的位置上。
4.所有题日必须在答题卡上作答，在试题春上、草稿纸上答题无处。
5.考试结来后，考生只特答题卡交回。
物理部分
说明：物理部分共三个大题，第25小题和第26小题卖求写出必要的步赚和公式，只写出答案的不能得分。
一、单选题(每小题2分，共20分。在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，只有一项是符合题意，将符合题意的选项用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上)
1.下列有关声现象的说法正确的是人
A.老师讲课时声音洪亮是指声音的音调高
B.真空不能传声
C.利用超声波清洗眼镜，说明声音可以传递信息
D.在城市主要道路两边，安装噪声监测仪，可以减弱噪声
2.下列现象中属于汽化现象的是
A.夏天洒在地上的水会很快变干
B.北方的冬天水面结冰
C.北方冬夜窗子玻璃上出现冰花
D.夏天从冰箱拿出的冰冻饮料一会儿瓶身会出现水珠
3.如图所示，一小铁块沿斜面向下滑动，下列所涉及的物理知识描述个正确的是
A.铁块从斜面滑下的速度越来越快，说明铁块惯性在变大
B.铁块所受重力与斜面对铁块的支持力是一对平衡力
C.铁块受到斜面摩擦力的方向沿斜面向上
D.铁块相对于斜面始终是静止的
4.如图是将一个气球压人水中的过程(气球不会漏气且不会爆裂)，球内气体的质量和密度变化情况是
A.质量变大，密度变大B.质量不变，密度变小
C.质量变小，密度不变D.质量不变，密度变大
5.下列与压强有关的事例的解释中正确的是
A.书包的背带较宽，是为了增大压强
B.用吸管喝饮料，利用了大气压强
C.拦河大坝修成上窄下宽，利用了连通器原理
D.起风时，常看见屋内的窗帘飘向窗外，这是因为窗外空气流速大，压强大
6.下列图中符合安全用电与保护原则的是
7.以下图中说明了电磁感应现象的是
8.在如图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，闭合开关S，向右
移动滑动变阻器滑片P的过程中
A.电压表V1，示数不变，电压表V2示数变大
B.电流表A示数变大
C.电压表V2示数与电流表A示数的比值变小
D.电压表V1示数与电流表A示数的比值不变
9.如图所示的电路，电源电压为3V，R1=15Ω，R2=5Ω，当开关S闭合时，
下列分析正确的是
A.R1、R2两端电压之比为3：1
B.通过R1、R2电流之比为3：1
C.R1、R2消耗的电功率之比为1：3
D.R1的电功率为1.8W
10.如图，在木块上放置一个铁块m1时，木块M刚好浸没于水中(如图甲);当在木块下吊一个铁块m2时，木块也刚好浸没(如图乙)，则m1/m2的值为
(ρ铁=7.9×10kg/m3，p=1×103kg/m3，g=10N/kg)
A.59：69 B.69：79 C79：89 D.89：99
二、填空题(每空1分，共18分)
11.夏日清晨，阳光明媚，周未小明和妈妈一同来到了湖边散步，岸上拉着母子俩长长的影子，湖中柳影摇曳，小明指着自己的影子对妈妈说这是光的___________形成的，又指着湖中柳树的倒影说这是光的_______________形成的。
12.生活中许多现象都可以用我们所学的物理知识解释，例如腌制鸭蛋使盐进入鸭蛋中是一种_________现象，烧水煮鸭蛋是利用____________的方式改变鸭蛋的内能。
13. 某台汽油机飞轮的转速为1800r/min，在1s内，汽油机完成了______个工作循环。如果汽油机在一段时间内消耗了500g汽油，若这些汽油完全燃烧，可放出热量__________J。
(q汽油=4.6×107J/kg)
14.如图所示，一个重为5N的容器，底面积100cm2，内装有400ml的酒精，则容器对桌面的压力为_________N，容器对桌面的压强为_____________Pa(p酒精=0.8×103kg/m3，g=10N/kg)
15.在如图所示的斜面上，一工人用200N的拉力，将一重为250N的物体，从底端匀速拉到顶端，用时6s，则此过程中物体受到的拉力________斜面对物体的摩擦力(选填“大于”、“等于”、“小于”)，拉力做功的功率为__________W。
16.中国在核电事业上，已取得辉煌成就，其援建巴基斯坦的核电站，即将于投入使用，核电站的核心设备是核反应雅，核反应堆是利用原子核的________(选填”裂变”或“聚
变”来发电的;手机是我们现在越来越普遍的通信工具，手机是利用_______传递信息的。
17.一个电压恒定的电源，在其两端只接一只电阻值为120的电阻R1，电流是0.5A。如果
在电阻R1两端并联一个电阻值为8 Ω的电阻R2，并联电路的总电流为_______A若将R2改为与R1串联在原电路中，电路中电流为_______A。
18.如图所示，电源电压不变，灯泡标有“4V，
2W”字样，当开关S闭合时，灯泡正常发光，电流表的示数为0.6A，电阻R的电功率为___________w，通电1min，R产生的热量为_________J
19.如图甲所示，电源电压一定，滑动变阻器的滑片从最右端滑到最左端时，灯泡L的I-U图象如图乙所示，当灯电流为1A时，灯正常发光，则灯的额定功率为______W和滑动变阻器的最大值为__________Ω。
三、探究与解答题(共32分，可20、21小题各2分，第22、23、24小题各4分，第25、26小题各8分)
20.如图所示，轻质杠杆AB可绕O点在竖直平面内旋转，请在图中画出物体M所受重力G和使杠杆保持平衡的最小力F的示意图。
21.如图所示，根据通电螺线管的“S、N”极，判断并标出电源“+、-”极和静止的小磁针的“S、N”
22.如是小明在“探究平面镜成像的特点“的实验装置。
(1)你认为本实验小明应选择较________(选填“厚”或“薄”)的玻璃板来完成实验。
(2)在玻璃板前面放支点燃的蜡烛A再拿一支外形相同但不点燃的蜡烛B，竖立在玻璃板后面并移动，直到与蜡烛A的像完全重合，这样做是为了比较像与物的_______关系。
(3)移去蜡烛B，在其原位置上放置一块白屏，白屏上________(选填“能”或“不能”)呈现蜡烛的像。
(4)小明第一次将蜡烛A置于玻璃前5cm，第二次将A向远离玻璃板的方向移动3cm，再次放置B直到与蜡烛A的像完全重合，则A与B的间距为________cm。
23. 在“研究影响液体内部压强”的实验中：
(1)压强计是通过观察U型管的两端液面的______来显示橡皮膜所受压强大小。
(2)比较图甲和图乙，可以初步得出结论：在同种液体中，液体内部压强随液体_______的增加而增大。
(3)如果我们要讨论液体内部压强是否与液体密度有关，应选择_________进行比较。
(4)已知乙图中U型管左侧液柱高为4cm，右侧液柱高为10cm，则U型管底部受到的液体的压强为__________Pa(p水=1×103kg/m3g=10N/kg)
24.在“测量小灯泡额定功率”的实验中，小灯泡的额定电压为2.5V。
(1)将甲图中电路连接完整。(要求：滑动变阻器滑片P向右移灯泡变亮)
(2)正确连接电路后，闭合开关S，移动滑片P，小张发现小灯泡始终不亮，电流表无示数，电压表示数始终为3V，则故障原因为_________________
(3)电路故障排除后，闭合开关，移动滑片P，直到电压表示数为2.5V，此时电流表示数如图乙所示，则小灯泡的额定功率为_________W。
(4)小张设计了如图丙所示的电路也完成了该实验(电源电压不变，R阻值已知)
①闭合开关S和S1，，断开S2，并调节滑动变阻器使电压表示数为U额。
②团合开关S和S2，断开S1，，滑动变阻器滑片P不动，读出此时电压表示数为U;则小灯泡额定功率的表达式灯P额=_______。(用U额、R、U表示)
中考语文标点符号历年真题及答案
6.（湖北省黄冈市，9, 2分）下列各句中，标点符号的使用合乎规范的一项是（ ）
A、20集电视剧《黄梅戏宗师传奇》正在黄梅邢绣娘影视基地拍摄。你是打算双休日去参观呢？还是等到暑假再去？
B、然后他呆在那儿，头靠着墙壁，话也不说，只向我们做了一个手势：放学了，你们走吧。
C、屈原的诗句路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。应成为我们不懈追求的箴言。
D、近两年，我省经济发展迅猛，不说别的，你看街上的私家车发雨后春笋，一汽大众，长安福特，东风雪铁龙，广州本田，还有一些说不上名儿的'，各种品牌应有尽有。
【答案】 B
7. （2010河北，5，3分）下列句子中，标点符号使用有误的一项是（ ）
A．吹面不寒杨柳风，不错的，像母亲的手抚摸着你。
B．哎呀，真是美极了。皇帝说：我十分满意！
C．福建野生着的芦荟，一到北京就请进温室，且美其名曰龙舌兰。
D．请闭上眼睛想：一个老城，有山有水，全在天底下晒着阳光，暖和安适地睡着，只 等春风来把它们唤醒，这是不是个理想的境界。
【答案】 B（正确的标点为：哎呀，真是美极了！皇帝说，我十分满意！）
8. （2010云南省曲靖市，4，2分）下列句子中，标点符号使用正确的一项是( )
A．所谓以人为本，在很大程度上就是顺应民心，而不是修正民心。
B．别人没想到的事，你想到了；别人想到的事，你做到了。
C．我们今天淡的是为什么分数不是衡量教育和人才的唯一标准?
D．这所学校的规模不算太大，全校只有五、六百名学生。
【答案】答案B。A句引用的话是作为句子的一部分，逗号应在引号外；C句中虽然有疑问代词，但整句话是陈述句，句末应用句号；D句中表推测的概数中间不用顿号。
12月英语六级考试真题及答案
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of social responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
________________________________________________________________________
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Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
听力音频MP3文件，点击进入听力真题页面
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Magazine reporter.
B) Fashion designer.
C) Website designer.
D) Features editor.
2. A) Designing sports clothing.
B) Consulting fashion experts.
C) Answering daily emails.
D) Interviewing job-seekers.
3. A) It is challenging.
B) It is fascinating.
C) It is tiresome.
D) It is fashionable.
4. A) Her persistence.
B) Her experience.
C) Her competence.
D) Her confidence.
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) It is enjoyable.
B) It is educational.
C) It is divorced from real life.
D) It is adapted from a drama.
6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actresses.
B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.
C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie 's actual life.
D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.
7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it.
B) Recommend it to her friends.
C) Watch it with the man.
D) Download and watch it.
8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists.
B) It has been showing for over a decade.
C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire.
D) It is against common sense.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9.A) They ate likely to get injured when moving too fast.
B) They believe in team spirit for good performance.
C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.
D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.
10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.
B) They tend to live a longer lite with early retirement.
C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.
D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.
11. A) It prevents us from worrying.
B) It slows down our aging process.
C) It enables us to accomplish more in life.
D) It provides us with more chances to learn.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.
B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.
C) It has trouble concentrating after a brain injury.
D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.
13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.
B) To observe how one's mind affects one’s behavior.
C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.
D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.
14. A) It helps them make good decisions.
B) It helps them tap their potentials.
C) It contributes to their creativity.
D) It contributes to clear thinking.
15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.
B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.
C) Non-daydreamers were more focused on their tasks than daydreamers.
D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. A) They are the oldest buildings In Europe.
B) They are part of the Christian tradition.
C) They are renovated to attract tourists.
D) They are in worsening condition.
17. A) They have a history of 14 centuries.
B) They are 40 metres tall on average.
C) They are without foundations。
D) They consist of several storeys.
18. A) Wood was harmonious with nature.
B) Wooden buildings kept the cold out.
C) Timber was abundant in Scandinavia.
D) The Vikings liked wooden structures.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.
B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.
C) Adults' influence on children.
D) Abilities of human babies.
20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.
B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.
C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.
D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.
21. A) Infants' facial expressions.
B) Babies' emotions.
C) Babies' interaction with adults.
D) Infants' behaviors.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
22. A) It may harm the culture of today's workplace.
B) It may hinder individual career advancement.
C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.
D) It may put too much pressure on team members.
23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.
B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.
C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.
D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.
24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle.
B) They can get chances to engage in research.
C) They can make the best use of their expertise.
D) They can complete the project more easily.
25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.
B) It may prevent making a timely decision.
C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.
D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the __26__ effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that __27__ in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory __28__.
Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as __29__ by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet induced cognitive impairments can emerge __30__ within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults __31__ to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory __32__ to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.
Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high and sugar diets. So this shows negative __33__ of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed __34__. Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise __35__.
A)assessed B)assigned C)consequences D)conspicuously E)deficits F)designated G)detrimental H)digestion I)excelling J)indulging K)loopholes L)rapidly M)redundant N)regularly O)similar
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth
A) Have young people never had it so good? Or do they face more challenges than any previous generation? Our current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But There is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame. (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops.) However, this is a contentious theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.
B) Now a new study has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time” hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge, is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people's psychological health.
C) To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring the Future” dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, 1.1 million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge's team's analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s，This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around these measures started to decline. This continued through , the most recent year for which data is available.
D) Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing occurred. However, it is very hard to demonstrate causes using non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claims rested on correlational data, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.
E) First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it is not plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework. (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignment that is causing all the problems,) In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. All these effects held true for measures of happiness, life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and l0th-graders.
F) Next, Twenge's team dug a little deeper into the data on screen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices- a couple of hours a week- had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.
G) So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage? It looks like it- -after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of -16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media, and reading news online, and when more youth in the United States had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they, found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use did not show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people's average happiness.
H) A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years when people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.
I) There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address; the impact of the great recession of -, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset they used did not include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economic indicators. 'They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.
J) The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activity that increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alterative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than previous research and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people's flourishing.
36.The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identified as a turning point in young Americans' level of happiness.
37.Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.
38.Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people, which contributed to better wellbeing were found to be on the decline.
39.In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stress they are not trying to prove that the use of digital devices reduces young people's wellbeing.
40.In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards went up and economic depressions were largely averted in the US.
41.Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students' wellbeing.
42.The author believes the researchers' new study has gone a step further regarding the impact of screen time on wellbeing.
43.The researchers found that extended screen time makes young people less happy.
44.Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family income might affect people's wellbeing.
45.Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today's young people.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
“The dangerous thing about lying is people don't understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else's perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says. for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine，which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural(神经的)reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars- suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
Extremal conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we are able to rationalise it, when we are stressed and fatigued or sec others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don't punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely says.
In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people's brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game- in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time.
46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child's development?
A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.
B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.
C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.
D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.
47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?
A) It is hard to choose from several options.
B) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible.
C) It requires speedy blood flow into one's brain.
D) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity.
48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?
A) When they become too emotional.
B) When they face too much peer pressure.
C) When the temptation is too strong.
D) When the consequences are not imminent.
49. When are people less likely to lie?
A) When they are worm out and stressed.
B) When they are under watchful eyes.
C) When they think in a rational way.
D) When they have a clear conscience.
50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?
A) They may feel justified.
B) They will tell bigger lies.
C) They will become complacent.
D) They may mix lies and truths.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Here's how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It's the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California has spent years preparing for “The Big One” -- the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault (断层). But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its own? If the people of the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won't be caught unawares.
The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake-and-tsunami(海啸) drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation's dangerous -- and underestimated -- faults.
The Cascadia Earthquake Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it's been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it's much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 miles long, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.
Cascadia is what's known as a “megathrust” fault. Megathrusts are created in earthquake zones-land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world's most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the 9.1 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra in ? It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.
The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry that another event could occur any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.
Thousands of casualties are expected if a 9.0 earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented -- but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise's website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.
For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, “The Big One” isn't a question of if, only when. And it's never too early to get ready for the inevitable.
51. What does “The Big One” refer to?
A) A gigantic geological fault.
B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.
C) A massive natural catastrophe.
D) A huge tsunami on the California coast.
52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drill?
A) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.
B) To increase residents' awareness of imminent disasters.
C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.
D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.
53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to the passage?
A) Two plates merge into one.
B) A variety of forces converge.
C) Boundaries blur between plates.
D) Enormous stress is released.
54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the dills?
A) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts.
B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.
C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters.
D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.
55. What does the author say about “The Big One”?
A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen.
B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.
C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time.
D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
牡丹(peony)花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征着和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为“花中之王”。中国许多地方都培育和种植牡丹。千百年来，创作了许多诗歌和绘画赞美牡丹。唐代时期，牡丹在皇家园林普遍种植并被誉为国花，因而特别风行。十世纪时，洛阳古城成为牡丹栽培中心，而且这一地位一直保持到今天。现在，成千上万的国内外游客蜂拥到洛阳参加一年一度的牡丹节，欣赏洛阳牡丹的独特之美，同时探索九朝古都的历史。
Part Ⅰ Writing
Problems such as the violation of privacy and environmental pollution are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern society. To some extent, they can be ascribed to a distinct lack of a sense of social responsibility among enterprises and individuals, which is of crucial importance in building a better world.
When seeking profits, socially responsible corporations never forget to make positive contributions to our society. Take Alibaba, a leading tech company in China. The Ant Forest green initiative it launched in 2016 has so far inspired up to 500 million Alipay users to adopt low-carbon lifestyles and resulted in over 100 million trees planted in China's most barren regions. At the individual level, a sense of social responsibility motivates us college students to acquire as much knowledge as possible and put it into practice. It also prevents us from engaging in unethical behaviors such as campus violence and academic misconduct that cause negative social impacts.
To sum up, a healthy society requires all its members to take on their respective responsibilities. Everyone, therefore, should develop a sense of social responsibility, especially we college students who will be a pillar of society in the future.
Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B
Section B
9.C 10.A 11.A 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D
Section C
16.D 17.C 18.C 19.D 20.A 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.B
Part III Reading Comprehension
Section A
26.G 27.J 28.E 29.A 30.L 31.B 32.O 33.C 34.D 35.N
Section B
36.G 37.C 38.H 39.D 40.B 41.E 42.J 43.F 44.I 45.A
Section C
46.A 47.D 48.B 49.B 50.B 51.C 52.A 53.D 54.B 55.C
Part IV Translation
The peony, boasting bright colors and an elegant appearance, is a symbol of peace and prosperity and thus recognized as “king of the flowers” in China. Peonies are bred and grown in many parts of the country. Over the centuries, numerous poems and paintings have been created to praise the flower. Peonies were particularly popular during the Tang Dynasty, when they were extensively cultivated in the imperial gardens and praised as the national flower. In the tenth century, the ancient city of Luoyang became the center for peony cultivation, a position it still holds today. Nowadays, thousands of tourists from home and abroad flock to Luoyang for the annual Peony Festival to both admire the unique beauty of the city's peonies and explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties.
司法历年真题及答案
真题精选 (多选题)
关于反诉，下列哪些表述是正确的?
A.反诉的原告只能是本诉的被告
B.反诉与本诉必须适用同一种诉讼程序
C.反诉必须在答辩期届满前提出
D.反诉与本诉之间须存在牵连关系，因此必须源于同一法律关系辖
【本题来源】司法考试《卷三》真题第80题
【正确答案】AB
【解析】
反诉是指在一个已经开始的民事诉讼程序中，本诉的被告以本诉原告为被告，向受诉法院提出的与本诉有牵连的'独立的反请求。A选项说法正确，应选。
当事人増加、变更诉讼请求或者提起反诉的，应当在举证期限届满前提出。B选项说法正确，应选;C选项说法错误。
这里的牵连关系，可能是基于同一法律关系，也可能是基于不同法律关系，D项说法太绝对不正确。
从党群服务、文化设施，到菜场、绿地公园，桥西街道近日一举公布了9张“一刻钟社区服务圈”设施分布图，分布图详细解读了居民生活中的方方面面。这意味着桥西“一刻钟社区服务圈”推进工作已经进入实质性快车道，它将与“家门口”服务提质增能紧密衔接，借力使力、互相促进。
“我们的目标是力争早日将1.0版的‘社会事业一刻钟服务圈’，升级成为2.0版的‘悦享生活一刻钟服务圈’。”桥西街道党工委朱书记表示，为此街道按照“一类一表”和“一类一图”的方式，对9大类设施共246个点位进行梳理，并制作了9张设施情况表与9幅设施分布图，直观地向居民展示每一类服务的现有设施与拟增设项目情况。“对于桥西来说，体育类的公共服务设施是一个短板，今年我们将大力推进健身步道改造，以及学校体育设施的开放，努力满足居民的需求。”朱书记说。桥西街道还将借助“一刻钟社区服务圈”建设补短板、提质量，推动社区民生事业均衡发展。街道还充分动员辖区企业，参与到“一刻钟社区服务圈”建设中。朱书记表示，“要在15分钟慢行可达的范围内，配置功能完备的公共服务设施，需要多元主体的共同参与。”
朱书记在谈到社区服务圈建设工作体会时，谈到“我们常说，小小社区连万家，社区小但事不小。其实服务圈的建设也是如此。社区服务圈的物理空间并不大，我们的工作就是把社区治理和服务的大空间纳入小小生活圈。我的体会是，建设2.0版的‘一刻钟社区服务圈’，街道要积极进取，勇于担当，同时也要会用劲儿，巧用劲儿，需要我们划桨的时候，我们就奋力划桨，需要我们掌舵的时候，我们就要掌好舵。”
作答要求
问题一
根据给定材料，概括材料中所反映的北京市在社区服务圈建设和社区服务工作方面的主要做法。(20分)
要求：准确全面，语言简练，不超过300字。
问题二
阅读给定材料4，假如你是月白街道如意社区的工作人员，针对调查公司提出的建议在如意社区的适用性，请谈谈你的看法。(20分)
要求：观点明确，分析合理，不超过300字。
问题三
假如你是某街道办事处的工作人员，请谈谈给定材料9中的信息对“一刻钟社区服务圈”建设工作有哪些借鉴?(20分)
要求：建议合理可行，针对性强，条理清晰，语言简练，不超过350字。
问题四
请结合对给定材料10中画线句的理解，以“提升社区服务质量”为中心，自拟题目，写一篇文章。(40分)
要求：联系实际，观点鲜明、正确，分析深入、合理，语言流畅，字数控制在800-1000字。
北京公务员考试申论真题(区级及以上)
给定材料
生活中，同一种类的电池可以在不同产品上使用，既可以用在电视遥控器上，也可以用在闹钟或手电筒上。按照既定的大小和形状生产出来的电池，不管是哪个厂家生产的都能使用，从而确保了同一种类的电池具有互换性。这种能够互换的特性就是标准化。
在我国，标准和标准化的历史源远流长。孟子说“不以规矩，无以成方圆”，是古代标准化的经典表述。《史记》记载大禹治水“左准绳、右规矩”，都体现了标准规范一致的属性。秦始皇统一度量衡，并实现“车同轨、书同文、行同伦”，是历史上以标准化手段治理国家的范例。到了近代，标准化在工业生产领域得到了广泛应用，在工业生产的操作和工作方法、工时定额、培训方法、工资等方面实行了标准化。
随着社会的发展，标准化领域不断扩大，不仅限于生产技术领域，而且延伸到服务领域，渗透到社会的各个方面。无论是生产与服务，还是具体工作和管理工作，建立社会各方面的最佳秩序，都需要符合客观需要和用可能的章程加以约束，以期达到人们预期的目的。这种有利于人类发展的，具有某种特定形式的约束就是标准，这种约束过程就是标准化。具体来说，标准是以科学、技术和实践经验的综合成果为基础的，“是对重复性事物和概念所做的统一规定”，是需要共同遵守的准则和依据。标准需要各方面协商并取得一致，由主管机构批准，以特定的形式发布。而标准化则是标准的制订和贯彻的过程，以及标准化原则和方法运用的过程。
截至目前，北京市已累计发布地方标准1750项，其中京津冀区域协同标准50项，初步形成了具有首都特色的地方标准体系。全市累计投入自主创新技术标准制修订补助资金1.5亿元，推动企业作为主体，积极主导或参与技术标准创制。围绕新兴产业，在大数据、云计算、物联网、新能源汽车等重点领域，形成了一批国际标准，为全球互联互通做出贡献。
前三季度，北京市已累计发布地方标准123项，为支撑首都城市规划建设和精细化管理、保障安全运行、服务和改善民生发挥了重要作用。其中为坚决打好污染防治攻坚战，发布《电子工业大气污染物排放标准》《加油站油气排放控制和限值》等地方标准，污染物排放控制要求国内最严格，达到国际先进水平。组织开展了一批重点领域标准专项工程，其中《大型公共建筑制冷能耗限额》《数据中心能效监测与评价技术导则》等节能低碳和循环经济专项标准为推进绿色低碳发展、实现可持续发展提供技术支撑。《居家养老服务规范》《食品冷链宅配服务规范》《京津冀旅游直通车服务规范》等服务标准，有力促进了服务业提质增效，增强百姓获得感。
标准化在首都经济社会发展中的作用越来越凸显。某专家指出，要发挥好标准化在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化建设中的基础性、引领性、战略性作用，以首善标准加快首都转型发展，全力推进质量强国首善之区建设。
国际标准化组织(ISO)成立于1947年，是一个全球性的非政府组织。ISO的任务是促进全球范围内的标准化及其有关活动，以利于国际间产品与服务的交流，以及在知识、科学、技术和经济活动中发展国际间的相互合作。目前，ISO已经发布了17000多个国际标准，如ISO公制螺纹、ISO的A4纸张尺寸和有名的IS09000质量管理系列标准。中国于1978年加入ISO，2001年成立了国家标准化管理委员会，2008年正式成为IS0的常任理事国。
近年来，党中央、国务院非常重视标准化工作。我国相继出台了《深化标准化工作改革方案》和国家标准化体系建设的发展规划，新修订了标准化法，确立了新型标准体系的法律地位，形成了政府主导制定标准与市场自主制定标准协同发展、协调配套的机制。同时，我国更加积极履行国际标准组织成员义务，派出的专家相继担任ISO、国际电工委员会(IEC)和国际电信联盟(ITU)三大国际标准组织的领导职务，我国与许多区域标准组织、国家标准化机构都建立了广泛的合作机制，越来越多的中国企业和技术专家深度参与国际标准化活动，我国对国际标准化工作的贡献不断加大。
从国家治理的角度看，标准化是国家治理现代化的重要手段。与刚性的法律法规相比，标准更加具体细致，适用范围更广、制定方法也更灵活。在社会规范体系中，标准存在和发生作用的时空非常广泛，不仅对社会行为所起的作用更加直接，灵活性、针对性更强，而且会通过渗透于日常生活培养人们的行为习惯。某专家表示，应把建立和完善标准体系放在制度建设“最后一公里”的重要位置。对于具有推广价值的改革探索，不但要使之制度化，而且要制定相关标准，增强其可复制性，使“盆景”变成“风景”。而标准所要求的规范性和普适性，也会促使人们科学总结改革经验、深入揭示客观规律，促使改革举措更加成熟、更富成效、更可持续。
