下面是小编整理的浅析SAT阅读与托福阅读的区别(共含9篇),希望对大家有所帮助。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“大乐”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
浅析SAT阅读与托福阅读的区别
对于出国党,尤其是准备去美国留学的同学来说,托福和SAT赛达考试都是必须要面对的。那么它们之间又有什么区别呢?由于考试的科目有不同,所以本文就以托福阅读、SAT阅读为例,来分析托福和SAT考试的区别。
一、考查侧重点不同。托福是一门语言考试,考查学术对于英语的应用能力。托福阅读只考查学生能不能看懂文章,不考逻辑关系。换句话说,就是只考文章的内容,不考文章的结构和论证套路。举个例子,如果是一篇讲海豚智慧的文章,考点无外乎是海豚的智力高不高;海豚是否喜欢玩耍;哪个科学家发表了哪些关于海豚智慧的观点等有关内容题材的问题。由于只考文章的内容,只要把文章逐句读懂,就可以做题了。SAT是美国“高考”,是一门学术考试,考查学术的逻辑推理能力。同样的考题,如果在SAT阅读中出现,考点可能是有关论证思路、文章结构的问题。例如:围绕海豚的智慧这个话题,作者一共提到了几点观点,作者赞同的是哪个观点?作者用的反驳方式是什么?作者为什么提到与他持不同见解的那些科学家?引号表达了作者的强调还是反语?
二、题目选项不同。托福阅读题目的选项比原文简单。托福阅读看的是文章的内容,着重于阅读理解能力的考查。所以不会在选项上设置障碍。由于选项比较简单,所以只要文章内容看懂了,就能够做题了。而SAT阅读题目中的选项要比原文难得多,因为它是一门学术考试,不只是简单地考查文章内容,而会考查从原文中推理的严密过程,这就决定了SAT阅读题目会比原文还要难读懂。一般来说,如果没有经过专门的训练,光是读懂五个选项就需要耗费很多的时间了。
三、文章篇幅和数量不同。托福阅读共三篇文章,每篇字数在700字左右,而SAT阅读共有四篇短阅读和五篇长阅读,其中短文章100-150字,而长阅读字数在600-800之间。从文章的数量上看,SAT更多。从文章的篇幅上看。
四、文章题材不同。在托福阅读中,作者的态度较为客观,只是陈述一些事实,涉及观点也多数为某些学者的观点。而SAT的阅读则不同,作者的论证更明显,会针对某些事情、现象提出自己的观点,然后加以论证。如果涉及其他人的观点,作者也会有倾向性的支持或反对。此外,SAT阅读还涉及一些文学作品,这是另外一个不同点。这些文学作品多数为小说,有自传体的回忆录,也有以人物为中心的故事。SAT阅读比托福阅读更富有人文主义色彩。
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SAT阅读 VS 托福阅读,同步备考要区分
有一个好的托福成绩能够证明这个学生具备了在英语语言环境里学习以及生活的能力,但是好的SAT成绩真正的体现了一个人思维能力和学术能力。
一些申请美国大学的同学可能需要同时备考两门考试,那么在阅读方面的备考重点也要因为考题设置不同而有所区分。而下来要为大家分析的就是托福阅读和SAT阅读三大区别。
SAT阅读VS托福阅读——文章篇幅
若在托福阅读考试里还未出现加试情况下,托福阅读考试里总共会有3篇文章,每一篇文章的字数大概是在650到800个单词之间;
但是在SAT阅读里,通常是会包含4篇短阅读以及五篇长阅读,当中就各自有一组短对比的文章与一组长对比的文章。
短文章的字数相当的少,大约在100-150个字之间,而长阅读的字数一般在600-800个单词之间,因此从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。
SAT阅读VS托福阅读——文章题材
SAT阅读与托福阅读的题材都是相当的广泛,通常是会牵涉针对考生自然科学以及人文社科等方面。但它们的文章角度是不一样的,有一定的区别。
托福阅读考试里作者的态度通常而言是很客观的,并不会加进太多的自己有关某一个事物的想法,文章中陈述的主要观点一般也是某些学者的观点。
但是SAT阅读和这个是有很大的区别的,SAT阅读中的议论文中的论证更加明显。作者针对某个观点,某个事件会提出自己的观点和看法,然后加以论证。并且作者往往会在文章中对涉及他人的观点进行有倾向的支持或者反对。
而且据以往的考试情况来看,SAT阅读中还涉及了一些文学作品,这些文学作品的大多是小说,有自传体的回忆录,也有以人物为中心
的故事。从文章的题材来说,SAT阅读比托福阅读更具有人文主义色彩。
SAT阅读VS托福阅读——题目数量
SAT阅读与托福阅读的题目数量上还是有一定的区别,托福阅读方面通常情况下有每一篇文章以后有12到14个题目,考试时间是60分钟。
而SAT阅读中的48个题目和填空部分的19个题目是一起在70分钟之内要求考生完成的。和托福阅读相比,SAT阅读的文章更多,题目多,时间也比较紧张。
托福阅读考试和SAT阅读考试还是有很大的区别的,因此建议大家在掌握以上信息的基础上,利用历年真题进行练习,争取在考试中取得高分。
托福阅读和SAT阅读之间的不同点?
1. 文章篇幅
从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。而文章篇幅上,托福阅读没有短阅读。.
2. 文章题材
托福阅读文章和SAT阅读题材都很广泛,涉及自然科学和人文社科等。但是,它们的文章角度略有不同。通常在托福阅读中,作者的态度较为客观,只是陈述一些事实,涉及观点也多数为某些学者的观点。而在SAT阅读中则不然。SAT阅读中的议论文中的论证更明显。作者会针对某件事情提出自己的观点,然后加以论证。
3. 题目数量
SAT阅读文章多,题目多,时间紧,SAT阅读,较托福考试,对考生的阅读和做题效率要求更高。
4. 题型设置
题型设置略有不同,托福阅读侧重对文章内容的理解,而SAT阅读考查考生对作者写作手法的理解。
专家解析托福阅读与SAT阅读比较区别
托福阅读与SAT阅读的区别:
文章篇幅来与考察数量不同,托福每场考试三篇文章,长度在700字左右,而SAT是四篇短阅读和五篇长阅读,短文章100-150字,而长阅读字数在600-800之间。
从题材上来看,托福阅读的论述一般都比较客观,作者一般只是陈述各类学者专家的观点,而SAT阅读中作者本人的观点论证更多。
从题目自数量和考试时间来看,托福阅读一般包括zd39-42题,考试时间60分钟,而SAT阅读是48题,和填空部分的19题一起在70分钟内完成。
从题型设置看,托福阅读侧重对文章内容的理解,而SAT阅读考查考生对作者写作手法的理解。2
托福阅读和SAT阅读有哪些区别
1. 阅读
(1)考察的具体内容
TOEFL:共考察三篇文章,每篇字数在700字左右,考生不需要在答题之前通读全文,而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题,均为选择题。
除了最后一道试题之外,其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问,试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。最后一题针对整篇文章提问,要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。
SAT :
? 题目分配结构
批判性阅读(下称CR)部分共67道题目,包括:19道完成句子(Sentence Completion,下称SC)和48道文章阅读(Passage-Based Reading)。
? 搭配形式
25分钟区:5道SC+短文章(两篇独立/一组对比)+两篇长文章(一组对比文章算为一篇)
25分钟区:8道SC+短文章(两篇独立/一组对比)+一篇长文章(一组对比文章算为一篇)
20分钟区:6道SC+一篇长文章( 一组对比文章算为一篇)
(2)文章特点
托福:新托福阅读部分变得更加学术636f7079e799bee5baa631333363366162化,其涵盖的题材也更加广泛,包括了历史、科学、教育、商业、社科、艺术文学、工程技术、体育文娱8个方面。此外,阅读部分还出现两种新题型:“插入句子题”和“拖动选择的多选题”。
SAT:给出一篇或一组文章,阅读后回答问题。文章所涉及的领域有:社会科学、人文、自然科学或小说(每次必有一篇)。短文章每篇(对比阅读算两篇)大约100词左右,每篇文章会出2道题目(对比文章4道)。长文章或文章组每篇(组)总词数介于400到800之间。
(3)题目数量
托福:共39-40题,要求在60分钟内完成
SAT: 48题和填空部分的19题一起在70分钟内完成。
(4)题型设置
托福:托福考试涉及以下十大题型:细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、简化句子题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题、完成图表题。
SAT:也是十大题型:主旨题、作用题、修辞题、态度题、词汇题、互联题、求同题、求异题、推理题和假设题。
二.SAT与TOEFL阅读考试侧重点的区分
SAT和托福阅读考试都是对文章理解的考察,但是考察的重点不同。
1.托福阅读
从本质上来讲,TOEFL是一门语言考试,主要考查母语不是英语的考生对于英语的认识和应用。从这个意义上讲,托福阅读考试考察的文章含义的理解程度,而不考文章的逻辑关系。换句话说,就是只考文章的内容、而不考文章的结构和论证套路。
2.SAT阅读
而SAT是一门学术考试SAT默认考生的母语就是英语,所以它不考我们文章的内容,它默认我们把文章的内容已经全部读懂了,因此考查的是文章的结构。
那么什么是文章的结构呢?
文章结构就是文章论证的套路和逻辑线索:如果一个观点被提出来,它是通过立论来建立观点还是通过反驳别的观点来简历驳论?如果一个例子被用来支持这个观点,这个例子是正向支持还是反向排除反对观点?如果又一个观点被用来反驳这个观点,它反驳的是这个观点的前提、推论过称、还是结论?这些问题,就是考查文章结构的问题。
TOEFL阅读考文章内容
从本质上来讲,TOEFL是一门语言考试,主要考查母语不是英语的考生对于英语的认识和应用。从这个意义上讲,TOEFL的阅读部分只考我们文章看没看懂,而不考文章的逻辑关系。换句话说,就是只考文章的内容、而不考文章的结构和论证套路。
举个例子,如果是一篇讲海豚智慧的文章,考点无外乎是海豚的智慧高不高、海豚是否爱玩耍、哪个科学家发表了哪些关于海豚智慧的观点等有关内容题材的问题。由于只考文章的内容,我们可以发现,如果把托福阅读文章逐句翻译过来,就可以做题了。
SAT 阅读考文章结构
从本质上来讲,SAT是美国的高考,是一门学术考试。SAT默认考生的母语就是英语,所以它不考我们文章的内容——它默认我们把文章的内容已经全部读懂了——它考查的是文章的结构。
什么是文章的结构?文章结构就是文章论证的套路和逻辑线索:如果一个观点被提出来,它是通过立论来建立观点还是通过反驳别的观点来简历驳论?如果一个例子被用来支持这个观点,这个例子是正向支持还是反向排除反对观点?如果又一个观点被用来反驳这个观点,它反驳的是这个观点的前提、推论过称、还是结论?这些问题,就是考查文章结构的问题。
还以上文中讲海豚智慧的文章为例,如果在SAT阅读中出现,考点会是有关论证套路等文章结构的方面,例如:围绕海豚的智慧这个话题,作者一共提到哪几点观点,作者赞同的是哪个观点?作者用的反驳方式是什么?作者为什么提到与他持不同见解的那些科学家?引号表达了作者的强调还是反语?
SAT阅读题目与TOEFL阅读题目的比较
TOEFL阅读题目的选项比原文简单
这样的设计很科学:TOEFL阅读考的是文章的内容,所以不会在选项上设置障碍,否则文章内容看懂了也会错。所以,TOEFL阅读题目的选项要比原文要简单,是在用谁都能看懂的选项来解释考查的文章内容。而由于选项要比文章简单,所以只要文章内容看懂了,就能够快速地做题了。
SAT阅读题目的选项比原文难
SAT阅读题目中的选项要比原文难得多。我们说过,SAT是一门学术考试,是一门类似GRE的、比托福难得多的考试。它不简单地考文章内容,而会考查从文章内容的这一句话中如何严密地推理,这就决定了SAT阅读题目的选项会比原文还要难读懂。一般来讲,如果没有经过强化班的训练,光是翻译五个选项就会严重超时。
托福阅读和SAT阅读有哪些区别
一.SAT和托福阅读考试内容的区分
1. 阅读
(1)考察的具体内容
TOEFL:共考察三篇文章,每篇字数在700字左右,考生不需要在答题之前通读全文,而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题,均为选择题。
除了最后一道试题之外,其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问,试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。最后一题针对整篇文章提问,要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。
SAT :
? 题目分配结构
批判性阅读(下称CR)部分共67道题目,包括:19道完成句子(Sentence Completion,下称SC)和48道文章阅读(Passage-Based Reading)。
? 搭配形式
25分钟区:5道SC+短文章(两篇独立/一组对比)+两篇长文章(一组对比文章算为一篇)
25分钟区:8道SC+短文章(两篇独立/一组对比)+一篇长文章(一组对比文章算为一篇)
20分钟区:6道SC+一篇长文章( 一组对比文章算为一篇)
(2)文章特点
托福:新托福阅读部分变得更加学术化,其涵盖的题材也更加广泛,包括了历史、科学、教育、商业、社科、艺术文学、工程技术、体育文娱8个方面。此外,阅读部分还出现两种新题型:“插入句子题”和“拖动选择的多选题”。
SAT:给出一篇或一组文章,阅读后回答问题。文章所涉及的领域有:社会科学、人文、自然科学或小说(每次必有一篇)。短文章每篇(对比阅读算两篇)大约100词左右,每篇文章会出2道题目(对比文章4道)。长文章或文章组每篇(组)总词数介于400到800之间。
(3)题目数量
托福:共39-40题,要求在60分钟内完成
SAT: 48题和填空部分的19题一起在70分钟内完成。
(4)题型设置
托福:托福考试涉及以下十大题型:细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、简化句子题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题、完成图表题。
SAT:也是十大题型:主旨题、作用题、修辞题、态度题、词汇题、互联题、求同题、求异题、推理题和假设题。
二.SAT与TOEFL阅读考试侧重点的区分
SAT和托福阅读考试都是对文章理解的考察,但是考察的重点不同。
1.托福阅读
从本质上来讲,TOEFL是一门语言考试,主要考查母语不是英语的考生对于英语的认识和应用。从这个意义上讲,托福阅读考试考察的文章含义的理解程度,而不考文章的逻辑关系。换句话说,就是只考文章的内容、而不考文章的结构和论证套路。
2.SAT阅读
而SAT是一门学术考试SAT默认考生的母语就是英语,所以它不考我们文章的内容,它默认我们把文章的内容已经全部读懂了,因此考查的是文章的结构。
那么什么是文章的结构呢?
文章结构就是文章论证的套路和逻辑线索:如果一个观点被提出来,它是通过立论来建立观点还是通过反驳别的观点来简历驳论?如果一个例子被用来支持这个观点,这个例子是正向支持还是反向排除反对观点?如果又一个观点被用来反驳这个观点,它反驳的是这个观点的前提、推论过称、还是结论?这些问题,就是考查文章结构的问题。
托福和SAT都涉及到英语语言的输入与输出,SAT是英语环境下的学科知识运用,打好英语基础,对托福阅读会有一定帮助。托福成绩能够证明学生具备了在英语语言环境里学习以及生活的能力,SAT成绩体现了一个人思维能力和学术能力,而接下来为大家分析托福阅读和SAT阅读三大区别。
1. 文章篇幅
若在托福阅读未出现加试情况下,托福阅读考试里总共会有3篇文章,每一篇文章的字数大概是在650到800个单词之间。
但是在SAT阅读里,通常是会包含4篇短阅读以及五篇长阅读,当中就各自有一组短对比的文章与一组长对比的文章。短文章的字数相当的少,大约在100-150个字之间,而长阅读的字数一般在600-800个单词之间,因此从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。
2. 文章题材
SAT阅读与托福阅读的题材都是相当的广泛,通常会涉及自然科学以及人文社科等方面。但它们的文章角度是不一样的,有一定的区别。
托福阅读考试里,作者的态度通常而言是很客观的,并不会加进太多有关某一个事物的自己的想法。但是SAT阅读中,议论文中的论证更加明显。作者针对某个观点,某个事件会提出自己的观点和看法,然后加以论证。
3. 题目数量
SAT阅读与托福阅读的题目数量上还是有一定的区别,SAT阅读中的52个题目要求考生在65分钟之内完成。而托福则要求考生在54分钟内完成30到题目。和托福阅读相比,SAT阅读的文章更多,题目更多,时间也比较紧张。
SAT阅读VS托福阅读 这些区别你知道吗?
SAT阅读VS托福阅读——文章篇幅
若在托福阅读考试里还未出现加试情况下,托福阅读考试里总共会有3篇文章,每一篇文章的字数大概是在650到800个单词之间;
但是在SAT阅读里,通常是会包含4篇短阅读以及五篇长阅读,当中就各自有一组短对比的文章与一组长对比的文章。
短文章的字数相当的少,大约在100-150个字之间,而长阅读的字数一般在600-800个单词之间,因此从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。
而且从文章篇幅上来说,托福阅读考试中并没有短阅读,所以如果考生想在托福阅读考试中取得高分,就一定要在平时训练自己在长时间之内阅读文章的专注度。
托福阅读和SAT阅读四大区别
好的托福成绩证明了你具备了在英语语言环境中学习和生活的能力,而好的SAT成绩是一个人思维能力和学术能力的体现。因此,SAT成绩不仅决定了考生能否申请到美国最顶尖的大学,而且也是能否获得奖学金的重要因素。小编希望通过以下分析,大家可以对于两种考试的文章,题目等细节,以及两种考试着重考查的能力有所了解。
1. 文章篇幅
托福阅读共三篇文章(加试除外),每篇字数在700字左右,而SAT阅读共有四篇短阅读和五篇长阅读,其中分别有一组短对比文章和一组长对比文章。短文章100-150字,而长阅读字数在600-800之间。因此从文章数目上来说,SAT阅读更多。而文章篇幅上,托福阅读没有短阅读。.
2. 文章题材
托福阅读和SAT阅读题材都很广泛,涉及自然科学和人文社科等。但是,它们的文章角度略有不同。通常在托福阅读中,作者的态度较为客观,只是陈述一些事实,涉及观点也多数为某些学者的观点。而在SAT阅读中则不然。SAT阅读中的议论文中的论证更明显。作者会针对某件事情提出自己的观点,然后加以论证。如果涉及其他人的观点,作者也会有倾向性的支持或者反对。此外,SAT阅读还涉及一些文学作品,这是另外一个很大的不同。这些文学作品多数为小说,有自传体的回忆录,也有以人物为中心的故事。因此,SAT阅读比托福阅读更富有人文主义色彩。
3. 题目数量
托福阅读部分共39-40题,而SAT阅读是48题。托福阅读的考试时间是60分钟,而SAT的48题和填空部分的19题一起在70分钟内完成。因此,文章多,题目多,时间紧,SAT阅读,较托福考试,对考生的阅读和做题效率要求更高。
4. 题型设置
托福考试涉及以下十大题型:细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、简化句子题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题、完成图表题。SAT阅读也是十大题型:主旨题、作用题、修辞题、态度题、词汇题、互联题、求同题、求异题、推理题和假设题。
【1】In the late nineteenth century, political and social changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (now Thailand). The old ruling families were being displaced by an evolving centralized government. These families were pensioned off (given a sum of money to live on) or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; and the old patron-client relations that had bound together local societies simply disintegrated. Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. The old local ruling families, then, were severed from their traditional social context.
【2】The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even more complex. According to the government's first census of the rural population, taken in 1905, there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. This was probably a large increase over the figure even two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s. It is difficult to imagine it now, but Siam's Central Plain in the late 1800s was nowhere near as densely settled as it is today. There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last half of the nineteenth century, and even at century’s end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away.
【3】Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. First, the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the Bowring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia (India and China in particular). The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more than 350,000 acres. This growth was achieve as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture.
【4】They were able to do so because of our second consideration. They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868-1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government. Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace.
【5】Numerous changes accompanied these developments. The rural population both dispersed and grew, and was probably less homogeneous and more mobile than it had been a generation earlier. The villages became more vulnerable to arbitrary treatment by government bureaucrats as local elites now had less control over them. By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. Provincial police began to appear, along with district officers and cattle registration and land deeds and registration for compulsory military service. Village handicrafts diminished or died out completely as people bought imported consumer goods, like cloth and tools, instead of making them themselves. More economic variation took shape in rural villages, as some grew prosperous from farming while others did not. As well as can be measured, rural standards of living improved in the Fifth Reign. But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life.
1.The word “severed” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.cut off.
B.viewed.
C.protected.
D.rescued.
2.According to paragraph 1, the situation for Siam's old ruling families changed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A.Their incomes were reduced.
B.Their sons were posted as district officers in distant provinces.
C.They could sell lands that had traditionally belonged to them.
D.They had less control over the rural populations.
3.According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of Siam in 1905?
A.Its urban population began to migrate out of the cities and into the country.
B.Its Central Plain was almost as densely populated as it is today.
C.It was so rural that wild elephants and tigers sometimes roamed Bangkok.
D.It had many more villages than it did in the late 1800s.
4.The phrase “rice-deficient portions” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.the parts that consume rice.
B.the parts that do not have enough rice.
C.the parts where rice is grown.
D.the parts that depend primarily on rice.
5.Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as signs of economic growth in Siam EXCEPT
A.an increase in the price of rice.
B.an increase in the amount of rice leaving Siam.
C.an increase in the nutritional quality of the rice grown.
D.an increase in the amount of land used for rice production.
6.According to paragraph 3, farming families increased the amount of rice they grew in part by
A.growing varieties of rice that produced greater yields.
B.forming collective farms by joining together with other farm families.
C.planting rice in areas that had previously remained unplanted.
D.hiring laborers to help them tend their fields.
7.According to paragraph 4, what happened after the government ended the practice of requiring rural people to perform labor for it?
A.Rural people became more closely connected to the aristocracy.
B.Rural people spent more time growing rice for profit.
C.The government began to pay the laborers who grew rice for it.
D.The government introduced a special tax on rice.
8.Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?
A.Paragraph 4 provides further evidence of the economic growth of Siam discussed in paragraph 3.B.Paragraph 4 continues the discussion begun in paragraph 3 of farming improvements that led to economic growth.
C.Paragraph 4 examines a particular effect of the Bowring Treaty mentioned in paragraph 3.D.Paragraph 4 discusses the second of two factors that contributed to the expansion of rice farming mentioned in paragraph 3.
9.The word “dispersed” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.spread out.
B.gained power.
C.adapted.
D.specialized.
10.The word “compulsory” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.foreign.
B.formal.
C.required.
D.preferred.
11.According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of Siam's rural people during the Fifth Reign?
A.They were forced to spend most of the profits from rice growing on registrations required by the government.
B.Their lives remained very difficult even though statistics suggest that their quality of life improved.
C.The non-farmers among them were helped by the government more than the farmers among them were.
D.They were more prosperous when they were ruled by local elites than when they were ruled by the more modern government of the Fifth Reign.
12.According to paragraph 5, the government bureaucracy intruded in village life by
A.requiring the people to register their cattle and land.
B.requiring the people to buy certain kinds of imported goods.
C.discouraging the people from making handicrafts and tools.
D.encouraging more people to take up farming.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? And yet, how is it that the peasants were able to choose to expand their economic activity in response to the market opportunities?
■【A】They were able to do so because of our second consideration.■【B】They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier.■【C】Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868-1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government.■【D】Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace.
14. Prose Summary
During the late nineteenth century, changes in Siam's power structure had important economic consequences.
A.Population movement occurred and rice cultivation intensified because Siam became more actively involved in international trade.
B.Changes in taxation and the ending of the requirement that people work part-time for the rulers allowed farmers to produce more rice for the marketplace.
C.Population increases occurred in part because Siam's farmers were able to produce more rice to feed the population.
D.Land became so valuable that villagers had to pay the government for the land that they worked on.
E.Although rural living standards may have improved somewhat, prosperity varied from village to village and government bureaucracy played a greater role in village life.
F.Government modernization in the early twentieth century resulted in the loss of some freedoms that the rural population had gained from the traditional ruling classes.
1.sever表示“分离,切开”, 对应cut off。
2.A选项对应该段第三句revenues taken away or restricted;
B选项对应该段第三句 their sons were enticed away to schools for district office later to be posted in some faraway province;
C选项原文中没有提及;
D选项对应该段倒数第二句。
3.该段第2,3句;19有3万人比起18世纪晚期有很大的增长。
4.rice-deficient 缺乏大米,对应do not have enough rice。
5.A选项对应the average price per kilogram doubled;
B选项对应该段第4句话;
C选项原文中没有提及;
D选项对应该段的最后一句。
6.该段的最后一句plant new land。
7.该段最后一句:it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time, grow rice for the marketplace.
8.解释 第3段提到了2个因素中的第一个,出口大米; 第4段第一句话表明要
讨论第二个因素
9.disperse表示“散开,驱散”,对应 spread out 传播,散布。
10.compulsory 义务的,强制性的,对应required 必修的,必须的。
11.该段最后一句:统计数据不能说明什么,农民依然活在水深火热之中。
12.请查看该段第5句。
13.该段第一句do so表示前面必有指代,because表示原因,对应了how。
14.A选项对应第3段核心意思;
B选项对应第4段核心意思;
C选项原文中没有明确说明;
D选项原文中没有明确说明;
E选项对应第5段核心意思;
F选项对应第5段但原文中没有提到loss of freedoms的概念。
雅思考试和托福考试都是出国留学水平测试,而且考试科目的设置也是相同的,都包括听说读写四部分。那么雅思阅读和托福阅读部分有什么区别呢,今天为大家介绍一下这两项考试在阅读部分的区别:
雅思阅读和托福阅读的区别是什么
1、文章出处与内容
托福阅读文章原型大部分都是从美国大学本科生使用的教材里选择,从而可以达到最佳的模拟测试的作用。文章的选材范围是相当的广泛,牵涉了自然科学包含天文学、地质学、生物学以及气象学等;人文科学包括:艺术美学、考古学、语言学以及文学等;社会科学包括了政治学、经济学、教育学以及类学等交叉学科。从选材范围够看出:托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求,但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业,对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质,因此为了遵守考试公平性原则,文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。
通常是在一篇长达数万字的文章里选择一部分又或是做重写,形成5000到6000字的文章,这些文章同时还能够分割成互相联系,主题一直但内容肯定是与文章不一样的。
2、题型分析
托福阅读题型有许多,下面就给大家详细的介绍几个:
① List of headings 段落主旨题:重点考核的是大家归纳段落大意的能力。此方面是大多数考生最薄弱的地方,原因有很多,当中理解的不够透彻和不善于归纳是最主要的原因
② MATCHING 搭配题:雅思考试里的主考题型,大概的会占据到50%或者更多。学生会花费很多时间在寻找线索或者信息筛选方面。
托福阅读易混淆的词汇整理
1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地
2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响
3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行
4) angel 天使 angle 角度
5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记
6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛
7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则
8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文
10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲,打
11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下
12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14) costume 服装 custom习惯
15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的
16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的
17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船,飞机)
18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变
19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役
21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓
22) beam 梁, 光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式
23) precede 领先 proceed 进行,继续
24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物
25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房
26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴
27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳
28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉
29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢,坠落 crush 压坏
30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物
31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从
32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照
33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事
34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹
36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水
托福阅读主旨题的具体方法
一、如何以最快的速度拉出文章构架:即要在做所有题目之前快速跳读一遍文章。
通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首末句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。
读首末句的原因大家都很理解,为什么要读转折句呢?你看,一般首句说了什么,后面没有明显转折的话,通常就是两种情况:要么解释一下第一句的意思,要么就是顺着第一句往下说,最后再总结一下。这两种情况都是只读首末句就可以概括出段落大意。可是如果中间出现了转折句,那么转折句后面的部分很可能和第一句说的不是一回事儿了,转折句就把文章一段分成了前后两层,转折句本身呢,通常就是第二层的首句了,也就是第二层意思的概括。
读每段的首末句和转折句的时候要做一下笔记,把每段的主旨意思用短句或关键词的形式记在草稿纸上。
记录是非常重要的!这样看似浪费时间,其实是节省时间的关键。因为只有做了笔记才能节省做题的时候回去看文章的时间,那时候回去找文章是十分痛苦的,尤其是人家让找的又是主要内容,这种东西又是没法定位的,要读的内容太多,一下子就慌了。
补充说明一下:只读首句末句和转折句,在大多数的情况下是可以找到段落主旨的。不排除一些特殊情况下此种方法不可行,但是首先托福阅读选的文章是很规整的,通常是大学课本里的文章,这些文章的逻辑性很强,结构严谨,所以用这种办法可行度很高。
对于一些更加繁琐的快速阅读的规则,其实很不实用,规则一多就记不住,平时都记不住考场上更用不上,而且那样很耗时间,要判断哪句该读哪句不该读,有这时间直接都读一遍算了。
二、判断选项的四个标准:
一对三错——段意对,细节错,与文意相反错,编造文中没有出现的东西错。下面一一解释:
1)段意对:
如果某个选项恰好是刚刚笔记上记下的段意,则选项为正确选项。题干要求选出三个能概括文章主要内容的选项,用正常的思维去想一想,我们一般用什么来概括文章的主要内容呢?当然是段意了。
2)细节错:
人家要的是文章的主要内容,细节显然是错误答案。关键是怎么判断细节——标准就是细节是不需要被解释的内容。举个例子:我说“你是个好人”这就不是细节,这个需要解释:你为什么是好人。可是我说“你朋友借了你100块钱不还你也不催债”,这就是个细节。这句话不需要解释,它是用来解释你是个好人这句话的。所以说,看到一个选项,觉得这话没什么要解释的,那这个选项一定错了。
3)和文意相反的选项是错的:
这个理由很明白,不用解释什么,关键是你怎么知道哪个选项是和文意相悖的呢?你不是说只读每段的首末句和转折句吗?很多含有细节的句字都读不到呀。
这个问题的解决办法在于做题中积累信息。开始的快速阅读只是构建文章的框架,做主旨题之前的题目的过程就是积累细节的过程,这个不用刻意为之,因为之前的题目都是句子定位或者段落定位的,做题的过程中自然会读到每段的细节。
4)编造出来的选项是错的:
有一种情况是比较让人郁闷的,就是看到一个选项,又不是段意,也不能准确判断就是个细节,并且也判断不出这个选项和文中的那个内容有所违背。这时候有些考生就慌了,觉得自己是文章没有读仔细,又返回去读文章,可是慌慌张张读了半天还是找不到和这个选项有关的内容。
其实不必回去读文章了,关键是头脑要冷静。人家要的文章的主要内容,主要内容一定是某一段的段意或者某几段段意的总结,所以这时候要做的惟一事情就是把段意再总结一遍,如果这个选项和某一段或某几段的段意相符,那么正确,否则这就是一个编造选项,当机立断地把它排除掉!
托福阅读考试的玄机
1.因果关系
因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with
果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, coequently, accordingly
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:
A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, push, stimulate, ark, ur, fuel, produce, be reoible for
如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.
在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由……而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be reoive to, be attributable to
如:“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”
在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
C 反映,体现(果-因):reflect, present, demotrate, suggest, imply, show This result demotrates that&helli
D 考虑到:given, coidering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
E 依赖于:rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems.
F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.
G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried.
2.对比转折关系
A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand
在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。
B 转折:but, although, deite, in ite of, neverthele, however
转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。
3.比较关系
A 同级比较 ahellias
B 比较级:more&hellithan, -er than, lehellithan
C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progre, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain
D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare&hellito E 超越:surpa, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.
从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。
4.否定关系
显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, mi, reject, aence of, lack of 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。
双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。
雅思阅读与托福阅读、GRE阅读的区别
一,IELTS学术类阅读概况
从IELTS开始发展的基本轨迹可以看出,学术类考试的权威地位是至始至终的。然而国内引入IELTS考试的迟缓和改革开放以来(亦可追溯到1949年以前)中国英语教育的盲目崇美使得TOEFL,GRE考试名声大噪,而IELTS虽然具有相当幽雅的名字,但是却无法与留美考试比肩。更令人忧虑的是,很多靴子已然将TOEFL等考试作为测试自己英文水平高低的唯一标尺。美风东渐,国人了解IELTS考试的热望,也伴随着留学英联邦国家的热潮而逐渐强烈。当英国,澳大利亚,加拿大,新西兰等大学都一直要求申请着提供IELTS成绩时,人们才逐渐认识到世界上才存在着这样一种同样权威,全面的留学考试。
IELTS学术类挺立部分及口试部分一移民一致,阅读部分,与协作部分则完全不同。尤其是阅读部分,密集的文章和变幻莫测的题型常常令学多自恃横行TOEFL的考生不知所措,铩羽而归。本人根据在新东方学校教授IELTS学术类阅读所积累的心得,现就以下问题做简明阐述。
1IELTS学术类阅读与TOEFL,GRE等考试的区别
(1)文章长度及试题:IELTS(以下简称I代表IELTS学术类阅读,T代表TOEFL)学术类阅读由3篇独立的文章组成,据统计文章长度最短700-800字,最长达1500字,相当与3篇以上的T文章。I的3篇文章包括有8中左右的题型(近期的考试主要包括5中题型),共有38-42道题目。今年国内的所有考试都是40道(七月前),T则是由5篇文章50道试题组成(全是客观命题,即多项选择题)。
(2)考试时间:时间(timing)的概念对于I和T两种考试同等重要,但两者相比I更难。I的每篇文章前都有提示考生须用20分钟完成试题,3篇文章共需1个小时。因此提高阅读速度或者掌握技巧以在规定时间内完成试题已经成成功是否的关键,新东方的课程设置也将此作为重点强调,并在课堂上模拟限时练习。正式考试时,考官每隔20分钟会报时以提醒考生注意合理安排时间。T考试规定55分钟完成试题但不建议每篇文章都耗时,由考生自己掌握时间。
(3)命题思路:由于英式教育与美式教育的不同,在英国传统教育中,通过有效而且大量的阅读经典作品并结合自身观点及科学背景写作论文是所有检验教育成效最重要的手段。因此I文章虽然长度惊人,但题目所涉及信息量的排列是有规律的,读任何文章都必须掌握其中的必然因素,如人文科学中的时间,地点,学者观点,自然科学文章中的现象,发生的原因,科学发展的趋势等,这些文章类型与基本结构对考生而言是何等重要。T重点考生阅读文章时不论主旨及细节的掌握程度。并将一些基本的技能也列为考查范围,如词汇,根据上下文推断等等。文章也大多限于北美的人文地理历史及自然科学等方面。
(4)三种考试的用途:在英联邦国家,无论预科,本科还是研究生都要求以IELTS成绩作为衡量标准,一些知名院校的MBA也需要不超过630分的GMAT成绩。而在美国就读商学院必须经过GMAT考试,同时大多数研究生还要求申请者通过GRE考试而且无论TOEFLGREGMAT都与考生的入学奖学金有非常直接的关联,考取高分就等于创造了赢取奖学金的高机会,因此才会出现如此子多的满分或接近满分。而IELTS不可能达到满分,分数高也不能使申请者有机会赢取奖学金,只不过是证明其英文水平达到某一程度。奖学金在英联邦国家是稀缺资源,颁发的标准首先是申请者的学科及申请者已经或者将来可能获得的成就。
雅思的基本文章类型及出处
(1)关于欧洲及世界社会发展,经济状况,科学动向以及文化交流的文章
自1995年I考试的题型做出重大改革以后,有两条原则就被命题的剑桥大学考试委员会(UCLES)反复强调——非专业原则和国际化原则。为了使不同地域,不同政治经济体制,不同肤色,不同文化背景的人能平等且毫无理解困难地参与I,法律及专业性较强的医学,生物学,哲学,文学,艺术等的文章已经不再作为I的考查范围。就可能涉猎的文章类型而言,以下几个方面的内容经常作为考点出现(有一点提醒大家注意,I只有类型的重复而不大可能有内容上的重复,但今年国内出现了文章及题型完全重复的现象)
·世界范围的就业状况
·世界范围内的教育状况,经济发展的问题,机遇及挑战(粮食,能源)
·语言学,考古学,生物学,简单医学(单词量不会影响对文章的理解)
·女权注意及女性歧视问题
·环境保护(海洋,生物,陆地,森林等)及环境污染(化学,石油泄漏等)
·种族,民族问题
·人口爆炸及居住问题,城市化及相关问题(交通拥挤,设施缺乏,噪声等)
(2)关于地球,自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章
这种文章类型在I中最为普遍,其涵盖面之广无从细分,但就最近一年以来考试文章分析,主要还是以下几种类型:
·太空,宇宙概况,以及外星生物探讨等
·全球气候变暖,厄尔尼诺,洋流异常,臭氧层破坏
·地球灾难,火山爆发,地震,彗星撞地球,森林大火,生物灭绝
(3)人类历史发展中重要事件,重要人物及重要标志性产品
这也是I中经常出现的一种重要的文章类型,但自开始对重要人物的考查总是和重要事件交织在一起,不再单独罗列。人类历史上的重大发明和表明人类文明辉煌成就的重大事件也是重点考查内容(发明电视,电影,计算机及登陆月球)。
(4)文章选取的方式及文章主要出处
I由声誉卓著的剑桥大学考试委员会命题。此机构雇佣大量学者对全世界所有重要文字每体的重要文章进行遴选,然后根据考试委员会制定的严格标准请愿作者或者新作者进行改写,一般是在一篇长达数万字的文章中选取一部分或者进行重写,形成5000-6000字的文章,这些文章又可分割为互相联系,主题一直但内容绝对不相同的文章(长度在1000-1500字),以亚洲国家的城市化发展为例,在美国国家地理杂志(NationalGeographic)上登载了一篇25000字的长文,经改造加工成为五篇I所使用的文章(a.印度人口爆炸b.孟加拉过农村人口涌入城市引起农业产量下降c.泰国农民涌入城市引起犯罪率上升d.菲律宾政府处理农村人口政策问题e.香港楼价上涨与居住紧张),然后出题人再根据每篇文章的特点将其与各种题型结合,最后输入电脑,一套令许多人牵挂与恐惧的I文章就这么完成了。
I是英国传统经典学府剑桥大学的杰作,英国奉行高等教育的精英主义,所选的文章也出自一些著名的媒体,其中最多的是社会发展类的文章全都出自以下媒体:
·经济学家杂志(Economist,www.economist.com),经济时报(Financialtimes),卫报(Guardian)等国际精英知识分子媒体的非社论性文章
·政府各部门(UK及世界各国)的社会发展报告,联合国各组织的年度报告
·某些著名的协会杂志(带有官方色彩),如InfoJournal(驻英国商会的季刊)
·英国及欧洲的专业杂志(人文类),如ArtsManagement,ArtsEducation等
·70%的自然科学文章选自NationalGeographic,NewScientist,Science,PopularScience和Nature杂志
·80%的重大事件(非政治经济),重大发明都选自美国国家地理杂志(NationalGeographic)
了解并掌握文章的类型是完成I的第一步,但请大家注意,所有I中使用的文章都不涉及当下的所谓社会发展热点问题,而是选取典型及带有普遍性的文章,也就是说至的I中的文章多数出自90年代中期。
I文章经千挑万选而来,风格相当严谨,用词正式精确,条理非常清晰。有许多文章都是极好的IELTS写作的范文。
托福词汇中熟词僻意单词整理(一)
address v. 应付,处理(问题等)
aging n. n陈酿
appropriate v. 擅用,挪用,占用,盗用
article n. 物品;制品,商品
arrested adj. 不良的,滞留的。arrested development发育不良
articulate adj. 有关节的;有节的;articulate structure;n. 节体动物
assume v. 承担,担任。假装,装作…的样子,采取(…态度)
bark n. 树皮; 三桅帆船
bill n. 账单;清; 议桉,法桉;(水禽等细长而扁平的)嘴(勐禽的钩状嘴通常叫 beak)
book vt. 预定,定(戏位、车位等);托运(行李等)
build n. 骨格,体格,成形
catch n. 陷阱,圈套,诡计;料不到的困难
champion vt. 维护,拥护,主张;为…而奋斗。champion a cause 维护一项事业
2) 银箱;金库,公款,资金
close adj. 闷气的,闷热的
complex n. 络合物,复合物,综合体
concern n. 商行,公司;财团;康采恩;事业,业务
consume vi. 枯萎;憔悴The flowers consumed away. 花枯萎了。 be consumed (away)with (envy, fever, ambition, grief)
count n. 起诉理由,罪状。
critical adj. 危急的;决定性的,重大的
coat v. 涂上一层(例如油漆)
cure v. (鱼等用腌、熏、晒、烤等的)加工保藏(法)
cut vt. 生,长,出(牙齿)
date n. 海枣
deal n. (松等的)木板;木材,木料; adj. 松木的
dear adj. 昂贵的,高价的
deed v. 立契转让
default n.&v. 不履行;违约;拖欠
dock n. 草本植物 vt. 剥夺,扣去…的应得工资
down n. (美国)沙丘;(蒲公英等的)冠毛;鸭绒,绒毛;(鸟的)绒羽;柔毛。汗毛,软毛,毳毛
draw vt. 提取(钱款);使打成平局
drill vt. (用钢钻)钻(孔);在…上(用钢钻)钻孔
drive n. 冲力,动力;干劲;努力;魄力;精力
eat vt. 蛀;腐蚀;消磨
exploit n. 功绩,功劳,勋绩
exponent n. 典型,样品
chest n. 1) 箱,函,柜,匣
托福词汇中熟词僻意单词整理(二)
factor n. 因子,因数;倍;乘数;商
fair n. (英国)定期集市,庙会。商品展览会,展销会,商品交易会
fashion vt. 形成,铸成,造,作 (into; to)
felt n. 毛毡;毛布;毡制品;油毛毡。
figure n. 人影,人形;人物
fine
fly
functional adj. 从使用的观点设计[构成]的
game n. & adj. (集合词)猎物,野味;(鹄等的)群;野外游戏(游猎、鹰狩等)
give n. 弹性
hide n. 兽皮
hit vt. 偶然碰见,遭遇
hold n. (货船)船舱
humor n. (眼球的)玻璃状液体;(旧时生理学所说动物的)体液;(植物的)汁液。
import n. 意义,含义
inviting adj. 引人注目的,吸引人的
involved adj. 复杂的,难缠的
issue n.&v. 流出,(血、水等的)涌出;
jar vi 1.给人烦躁(痛苦)的感觉,刺激 (on) (发出刺耳声地)撞击 (on upon against)。2.震动,震荡(不和谐地)反响,回荡。3.意见、行动等不一致,冲突,激烈的争吵 (with)。jar on sb. 给某人不快之感。
late adj. 已去世的,已故的
lay adj. 1.一般信徒的,俗人的,凡俗的 (opp. clerical)。2.无经验的,外行(人)的 (opp. professional)。
lead n. 铅
leave n. 1.许可,同意。2.告假,休假;假期
letter n. 出租人;letters 证书,许可证
literature n. 文献
lot n. 土地
GRE阅读与托福阅读的区别联系
都知道托福和GRE是ETS的同胞兄弟,不少考生都想一劳永逸,两个考试一次性拿下。梦想很丰满,现实却骨干。两个考试是完全不同的方向,托福侧重语言能力(重点落在听力),而GRE则是赤裸裸能力考察(俗称考智商)。这注定两门考试的备考和考点是迥异的。
但也无须灰心,毕竟一母同胞,再怎么不同也是有类似点的。GRE的整体难度系数大概就是转体三周半加托马斯回旋,而托福不过是转体一周而已,所以不少学生会先准备GRE再准备托福,阅读,词汇和作文的整体难度都会感觉小不少。
那么,先准备托福,对于GRE有益处吗?
——有,也能让你一周内就掌握转体三周半。
笔者总结了一下,托福和GRE中不少话题类型和题目类型是重复的,比如冰川,火星,maya水文明等话题都是类似的。尤其是火星,托福中有三篇考察火星的文章,分别是关于TPO8(火星上的流水),TPO16(太阳系中的行星),TPO25(火星表面)其中,火星地表特征这一篇在GRE中也有考察。
对比一下会发现,文章是有颇多信息是相关并且类似的。比如都在探讨火星的地表特征,洼陷的地貌;造成这种地貌的原因是什么。具体来说,托福讨论火星地表的多个地表特征(地表上类似火山的特征以及地表上各种坑),并且针对坑的形成有比较具体的内容描述。GRE只针对一个特征(火星北部的低洼地表)进行陈述,重点落在探讨形成这个地表特征的原因。
两者的差异可以从两个角度来看,一方面是文章的行文重点。托福因为文章通常在600-700字之间,有大量的细节和论证过程。文章很多在说明火星表面的坑的形成原因(和干燥气候有关),坑能够提供的信息(星球的年纪和地表情况),没有很明显的观点对比或者态度变化。简言之,好似一篇说明文。而GRE文章说明性内容很少(仅仅第一段介绍火星北部地表情况)第二段开始就是不同的观点来解释火星北部的低洼地表,其中有逻辑关系词However表明观点的变化,以及指示作者态度的呈现。观点变化和作者态度,就是GRE的重点和考点。
另一方面,是选项的设置。因为托福的文章中细节比较多,所以细节题的考察也是比较多的,比如下面这个考题:
The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
12. According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs from the ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty crater
○ Has now become part of a permafrost layer
○ Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders
○ Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site
○ Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater
针对段落中的火星的坑Yuty的喷出物和月亮的坑的喷出物的区别进行考察,根据题干中具体的对比对象描述可以定位原文句子,大概是
“A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”
再根据题干的问题点是落脚在the ejecta of Yuty crater,也就是火星上的喷出物,所以具体是“However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”这句话,即然而,火星的喷出物明确表明是从坑里流出或者溅出的液体。 最接近的选项就是C Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site表明从坑表面出来的液体。正确!
GRE的文章中也有类似的考题
What accounts for the low-lying, ……
Is Mars’s north similarly characterized by a sort of crust different from other areas of the planet?Some researchers do see signs of tectonic activity surrounding the northern basin that suggest thatit was created through the formation of new crust, like ocean basins on Earth. However, McGillpoints to Northern bedrock structures that predate the features said to mark the start of the tectonicprocess. McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit. This would explain why features around the basin’s edge, whichwould have formed as the surface dropped, seem to be younger than structures at its floor.The third possibility is that …...
As presented in the passage, McGill’s account of the formation of Mars’s northern basin differsfrom the other mentioned in that it alone
A. explains the formation of certain northern bedrock features
B. does not specify the force that caused the northern basin to be lower than its surroundings
C. takes the northern basin to be a landform that is not analogous to any found on Earth
D. denies that features around the northern basin are the result of tectonic activity
E. attributes the creation of the northern lowlands to processes occurring within the planet
没有具体指代段落了,根据题干中M的名字进而定位文章内容。题干的核心在于M的解释和别的解释的不同之处,那么就是寻找原文M的独到观点,即“McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit.”。相反,M认为通过一些新颖的机制,以前的表面沉降到现在的深度是单一事件。GRE选项和托福的选项有很大区别,选项不是原文句子的直接转写了。根据文意,再结合选项A错误,并没有解释特定的基层的特点。B正确,文中只提及M认为有新颖的机制,并没有具体说是什么机制,选项符合。C,根据文意,地形上有类似于地球的海洋盆地,这个选项本身也不符合题干。D,否认北部盆地特点是由地壳活动造成的。文中M并没有否认,只是指出了证据上的不可靠性,所以C是错误的。E,将北部低地是由行星内的过程形成,文中M并没有这么表明,错误。需要根据文意,加以提炼和总结,得到答案是B。
掌握好这两个考试的相似和区别,自然能够知道大哥GRE和小弟托福是各有分工各司其职,但偶尔也有小交集。抓好交集,厘清差异,大哥小弟就可以一起飞啦!
托福阅读真题练习:租金管制
托福阅读文本:
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.
In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.
One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.
托福阅读题目:
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.
(B) Causes and effects of rent control
(C) The fluctuations of rental prices
(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.
2. The word “They” in line 9 refers to
(A) the tenants
(B) their leases
(C) places
(D) rent controls.
3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,
California?
(A) rapid population growth
(B) inflation
(C) economic conditions during wartime
(D) record-high housing prices
4. The phrase “roll back” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
5. The word “stimulating” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) experimenting with
(B) identifying
(C) estimating
(D) encouraging
6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to
(A) protect tenants
(B) promote construction
(C) increase vacancy rates
(D) decrease sales of rental units
7. The word “depressed” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?
(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.
(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units
(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control
(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.
9.According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?
(A) Santa Monica
(B) Dallas
(C) San Francisco
(D) New York City
10. The word “stringent” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
11.According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?
(A) Luxury apartments
(B) Commercial development
(C) Moderately priced apartments
(D) Office space.
托福阅读答案:
BDCDDACBBB C
托福阅读真题练习:蝴蝶
托福阅读文本:
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
托福阅读题目:
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word “consequence” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word “striking” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word “exceed” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropicalAsia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word “generated” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
托福阅读答案:
DABCC CBCB
★ 请示与报告的区别
★ 古诗与词的区别
★ 报告与请示的区别