以下是小编收集整理的MET 中主语从句热点透析 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)(共含13篇），希望对大家有所帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“Susanxy”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
MET 中主语从句热点透析
一、选择whether还是if。
【高考示例】
1．'92M ET :____ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet．
A．Whenever B．If C．W hether D．That
2．'96NM ET :________we'll go cam ping tomorrow depends on the weather．
A．If B．Whether C．That D．Where
【考例精析】
以上两题均考查由whether引导的主语从句。答案分别为：C、B。在使用whether，if引导的名词性从句时，应注意以下几种情况：
1．引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。
2．引导介词宾语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：
I'm thinking of whether I should go or not．3．与不定式短语连用时，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：I can't decide whether to go or stay．
4．whether．．．or not可换成if．．．ornot，但whether or not不可以用if or not替换。例如：
I wonder whether ／if he will buy the bookor not．
I wonder whether or not he will buy the book．
5．whether，if引导肯定的宾语从句时（除上述2、3、4三种情况外）可互换。但引导否定的宾语从句时，只能用if。例如：
I don't know whether ／if I should tell you about it．（肯定的宾语从句）
I care if Tom doesn't pass the exam ination．（否定的宾语从句）
二、选择what还是that。
【高考示例】
1．'93M ET :____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．
A．What B．That C．The fact D．The matter
2．'96NM ET :________we can't get seem s better than ________we have．
A．What；what B．What；that C．That；that D．That；what
【考例精析】
以上两题均考查what引导的主语从句。连接词what在从句中既起连接作用，还在从句中充当成分，可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语；而连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分。题1从句中谓语动词said后和题2从句中谓语动词get，have后均缺少宾语，故答案均为A。再如：
What we need most now is time．
That our team had won made us very happy and excited．
He thought（that）the war was a terrible thing．
三、it充当形式主语，真正的主语---主语从句置后。
【高考示例】
1．'92M ET :It worried her a bit ____ her hair wasturning gray．
A．while B．that C．if D．for
2．'95NM ET :________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．
A．There B．This C．That D．It
【考例精析】
以上两题，虽然考查的方式有所不同，但均考查主语从句中一种特殊的句式，即用it
充当形式主语代替主语从句，而把主语从句置后。题1要注意正确选择连接词，从句her hair was turning gray中不缺少任何句子成分，因此只选择that连接主语从句即可。此句相当于：That her hair was turning gray worried hera bit．题2相当于：That English is being accepted as an international languageis a fact．答案分别为：B、D。
四、“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连接词与“no matter ＋疑问词”引导从句。
【高考示例】
'99，上海 :____has helped to save the drowninggirl is worth praising．
A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever
此题考查“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连词引导的主语从句。whoever引导主语从句，相当于anyone who。虽然who也能引导主语从句，但who强调的是“谁”，不符合逻辑。
注意：“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连词与“no matter ＋疑问词”引导主语从句时的异同：1．“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连词（however除外）既可以引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句），也可以引导让步状语从句。而“no matter ＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。
2．当“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连词（however除外）引导名词性从句时，不能用“no matter ＋疑问词”替换。
3．当“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连词（however除外）引导让步状语从句时，可与“no matter ＋疑问词”互换。
针对性练习：
1．-What are you eager about？ -________．
A．How can we succeed B．Whether we can succeed C．When can we succeed D．If we can succeed
2．It was true ____ Alice did surprised her mother．
A．that what B．what that C．that that D．all that
3．You can't believe ____ prom ise he makes．
A．anything that B．which C．whatever D．whose
4．What a pity is that you didn't arrive by daylight．
A．that B．this C．there D．it
5．-Who should I give the prize to？
-To ____ can work out the problem ．
A．whoever B．who C．no matter who D．whomever
6． ____is well-known ____ m uch progress has been m ade in China in the past 20 years．
A．What；what B．It；that C．It；what D．That；that
7． ____ goes，I shall not be affected．
A．Who B．No matter who C．Whoever D．Anyone who
8． ____ gets home first is to cook the supper．
A．Who B．No matter who C．Those who D．W hoever
9． ____ surprised us very m uch that Tom left without a word．
A．He B．It C．This D．That
10． ____ he has enough tim e to finish the work is still a problem ．
A．Whether B．That C．If D．W hat
Keys： 1-5BACDA 6-10BCDBA
责任编辑：李芳芳
第十二章 状语从句
在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词的从句叫状语从句。
状语从句根据它表达的意思不同可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和原因状语从句等。状语从句如果放在主句前通常用逗号分开。
高考重点要求：
1、状语从句的各种类型，并正确使用从属连词
2、状语从句中的时态表达法
第一节 知识点概述
一、时间状语从句
由连接词when、while、before、after、since、until(till) 、as soon as、as等引导
例如：When it rains , the children will play indoors .
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
The moment the bell rang, all the students stood at attention.
二、地点状语从句
地点状语从句由where, wherever引导。
例如：Make a mark where you have any questions.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
三、条件状语从句
由连接词if, as long as, on condition that , supposing 等引导。如果主句用一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时。
例如：As long as you keep on trying , you’ll certainly succeed.
We will let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
四、比较状语从句
由连接词as…as、than、not so…as…等引导。
例如：He speaks English much better than any other student in his class.
五、目的状语从句
由so that… , in order that , lest , in case , for fear that 等引导的从句的谓语动词常与can , may , could , might , should 等情态动词连用。
例如：Take an umbrella in case it should rain.
Ask him to hurry up with these letters in order that I can sign them.
六、结果状语从句
由that, so that…或such…that引导。
例如：It is such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out.
七、方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as，（just）as…so, as if (though). As引导的方式状语从句通常位于句首。As在句中带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如……， 就像…… ”。
例如：It looks as if the whether may clear up very soon.
As water is to fish so air is to man.
八、让步状语从句
由连接词though, although, even if , even though, as 等引导。但要注意从句用了though主句就不能用but。
例如：Although it’s raining ,they are still working in the field.
Boy as he is , he knows what is the right thing to do.
九、原因状语从句
由because , since , as , for , now that 等引导
例如：As the weather was fine ,we decided to climb the mountain.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1、如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner等置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
例如：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
2、Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
例如：Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
3、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
例如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
4、如从句表示“随时间推移”，连词能用as，不用when 或while。
例如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
5、as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须把表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。句首名词不能带任何冠词。
如句首是实义动词，助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
例如：Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、Generally speaking, _________ according to directions, the drug has no sid-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
答案为B。
【解析】 这是一个由when引导的时间状语从句，原句应为“Generally speaking ,when it is taken according…”。由于take用被动时，主从句主语一致，因此从句中的it was可以被省略，简化为when taken…分词短语作状语，而选A、C时则缺乏主语。译文：通常地说，当这药按照指导说明被服用的话是没有副作用的。
例2、-Dad, I've finished my assignment.
-Good ,and _________ you play or watch TV ,you mustn't disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
答案为B。
【解析】 no matter不能直接引导让步状语从句，应用no matter + wh族疑问词方可，故排除D；尽管A、C都有“无论”的意思，但只有B项whether可与or连用，表示选择，即“无论你玩还是看电视，不许打扰我”。
例3、The famous scientist grew up _______ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever
答案为C。
【解析】 where引导的是地点状语从句。译文：这位著名的科学家在他的出生地长大，1930年他来到上海。因为在从句中有表示时间的介词短语in 1930,所以可以排除when和whenever; wherever引导让步状语，意思是“无论在哪里”，与句意不符。
例4、________, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much
C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much
答案为C。
【解析】 这是一个让步状语从句。as在引导让步状语从句时，要把形容词或副词放在它的前面。如果是名词，一般不加冠词。如：Child as he is, he has learned two thousand new words .As long
as“只要……”引导条件状语从句；Now that“既然”引导原因状语从句；As“因为”引导原因状语从句。译文：虽然我走过了那么多地方，我从来没有见过像约翰这样有能力的人。
例5、In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they________. A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
答案为B。
【解析】 这是一个条件状语从句，主句用了一般将来时态。在条件状语从句中，一般不能使用将来时，但能和be to do的形式连用，所以应填are to survive。译文：在如此干旱的天气里，如果你想要花成活，就得给它们浇水。
例6、The WTO cannot live up to its name _____ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
A．as long as B．while C．if D．even though
答案选C。
【解析】 从句子意思可知，是一个条件状语从句。as long as“只要……”引导条件状语从句经常用肯定句，所以要填if。译文：如果WTO不包括一个占人类五分之一的国家，它就名不符实了。
例7、She found her calculator ________ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案为A。
【解析】 这是一个地点状语从句，意思是“东西是在丢的地方找到的。”in which用于定语从句中，其前必须有先行词。这个句子中没有先行词，所以不能填in which。
例8、-I'm going to the post office.
- ________you're there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
答案为B。
【解析】 while引导时间状语从句，意思是“当……时”。这句话的意思是“当你在那儿的时候，是否能给我买一些邮票？”as虽然也可以引导时间状语从句，但其意思是“一边……一边……”；because引导的是原因状语从句；if引导的是条件状语从句，对方已经说明要到邮局去，不能再作假设。
例9、You should make it a rule to leave things ________you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there 答案为B。
【解析】 where引导地点状语从句。这句话的意思是“你应该作出一个规矩，把东西放在你能再找到它们的地方。”
例10、We'll have to finish the job, ________.
A. long it takes however B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 答案选D。
【解析】 however引导让步状语从句。要用陈述句的语序。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. It is ___ he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.
A. as B. since C. because D. that
2. Practise as ___ as you can.
A. much B. many C. more D. hardly
3. ___ I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
A. Since B. As C. Even though D. Because
4. I will let you drive ___ you have a driving licence.
A. unless B. except C. on condition that D. so that
5. Mike acted ___ nothing had happened.
A. as B. as though C. as although D. just like
6. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
7. The thief ran ____ he was out of sight in a short while.
A. so fast that B. too fast that C. fast enough that D. such fast that
8. ___ you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
A. Before B. While C. As D. Once
9. Don’t go to the party until ____.
A. invite B. invite to C. invited to D. to invite
10.The protection device can help to eliminate the possible faults ______they cause more damage.
A. unless B. although C. until D. before
11. These two areas are similar ____ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A. to that B. besides that C. in that D. except that
12. ____ that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes.
A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. To consider
13. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
14. Excuse me. If your call’s not too urgent, do you mind ____ mine first.
A. I make B. if I make C. me to make D. that I make
15. ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.
A. Even if B. As far as C. If only D. So long as
16. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ____ .
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
17. I was just to go out ____ it began to rain.
A. as B. when C. after D. whole
18. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ____ something occurred which attracted my attention.
A. unless B. until C. when D. while
19. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ____ we all sat down to rest.
A. when B. then C. than D. until
20. I have kept that portrait ____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.
A. which B. where C. whether D. when
21. Richard is ____ boy that everyone in the class likes him.
A. a so bright B. so a bright C. such bright a D. so bright a
22. We’ll wait here ____ you get back.
A. soon after B. until C. as soon as D. when
23. Important ____ his discovery was, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time.
A. for B. to C. although D. as
24. Speak to him slowly ____ he may understand better.
A. in case that B. so that C. because that D. least
25. The harder you study, ____ you will serve the people.
A. the better B. better C. the best D. the better that
26. Mr. Smith is _____ a good teacher _____ we all respect.
A. such…that B. such… as C. so…that D. so…as
27. Our profits will be good _____ the dollar remains strong.
A. if B. although C. unless D. as long as
28. _____ is mentioned above, there are more and more trade between China and America.
A. Which B. As C. That D. What
29.he took a wrong bus , ______he was a full hour late on the first day he went to work .
A. On condition that B. which C. so that D. on the ground that
30. Emily had failed many times; _____, she was confident she would succeed in the end.
A. nevertheless B. although C. therefore D. otherwise
31. Neither of them allowed the donors of the portrait to see _____ they both disliked it.
A. how B. how much C. how often D. how soon
32. We are aware that, _____, the situation will get worse.
A. if not dealing with carefully B. if dealt not carefully with
C. if not carefully dealt with D. if not carefully dealing with
33. He remained in this company, not _____ he liked the company, but that he liked the teammates he had.
A. for B. since C. as D. that
34. They looked at the national flag, _____.
A. tears appeared in their eyes B. tears appearing in their eyes
C. and tears appearing in their eyes D. when tears appearing in their eyes
35. The question was _____ to take the children to the zoo or to leave them at home.
A. how B. however C. if D. whether
36. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. because B. so that C. as if D. unless
37. We won’t give up _____ we should fail ten times.
A. even if B. since C. whether D. until
38. _____ ,he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
A. Patient although he was B. As he was patient
C. Patient as he was D. Since he was patient
39. _____ that the whole roof was blown off.
A. So was terrible the storm B. So was terribly the storm
C. So terrible was the storm D. So terribly was the storm
40. Ships carry lifeboats _____ the crew can escape _____ the ship sinks.
A. so as to… if B. so that…unless C. so that…if D. in order that…in case that
41. He hid the fragments of the vase in the drawer ______his mother should discover them .
A. afraid of B. in that C. in case D. so that
42. Earthworms occur ______adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
A. however B. and C. wherever D. but
43. The old man slipped on the stairs and fell down , ______breaking his left leg.
A. so B. thus C. therefore D. hence
44. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _____ I could answer the phone.
A. as B. since C. until D. before
45. What has happened ______all the audience look so excited?
A. thus B. in order that C. so as to D. that
46. The men will have to wait all day _____ the doctor works faster.
A. if B. unless C. whether D. that
47. Hundreds of jobs _____ if the factory closes.
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
48. -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?
-Yes. I gave it to her _____ I saw her.
A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once
49. He is eating like a horse ______he hadn’t had a decent meal for a month.
A. since B. as if C. as D. like
50. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
责任编辑：李芳芳
第十一章 定语从句
定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的句子，通常修饰它前面的名词或代词。
高考重点要求：
1、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别和结构特点。
2、 关系代词who, which, that, whose，whom引导定语从句时的使用特点。
3、 关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句时的使用特点。
4、 as引导定语从句的使用。
第一节 知识点概述
定语从句在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的关系代词，指人的有who、whom、that、whose，指物的有which、that、whose。
定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的定语，不可用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句只对主句中的先行词作附加说明，关系不密切，主句与从句之间用逗号分开，不能用that连接。例如：
I have a sister who works in a bank.
限制性定语从句（我有一个在银行工作的姐姐。）
I have a sister, who works in a bank.
非限制性定语从句（我有一个姐姐，在银行工作。）
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语.例如:
Edison is a great inventor(whose)fame is world-wide.
关系代词that和which都可以指物，但先行词为不定代词以及先行词被序数词或最高级形容词修饰时用that。
引导定语从句的关系副词有when、where、why。例如:
The day (when)I helped the old man out was a very happy one for me.
The reason(why)the gamblers lose in the end is that they are dishonest.
关系副词的先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词。
As引导的定语从句
(1)as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句,并在从句中作定语、表语或状语,构成the same…as,such…as等结构。例如:
I like the same book as you do.
I want to do it in the same way as you did.
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句.as在定语从句中作主语,表语或宾语,这个定语从句说明整个句子,它可以放在主句之前。例如:
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致.
2、关系代词whom, which, that 在限制性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语,而该介词又位于从句末尾时,经常省略,但as一般不省略.
3、关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能放在句首,as既能在句首也能在句中.
4、that在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语.但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语。
例如：The letter that I received was from my father.
5、先行词是不定代词:all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，只能用that。
例如：That’s all (that)I want to say.
6、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，只能用that。
例如：This is the most exciting film (that) I have ever seen.
7、先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时，只能用that。
例如：He is the only person that attended the meeting.
8、先行词表示地点时,有时用where,有时用that, which来引导定语从句.这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物还是不及物，是及物的就用that(which)，否则用 where。
例如：This is the factory where we worked last year.
This is the factory that (which)we visited.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
答案为D
【解析】 关系副词where 连接定语从句，其中where= in/ on which。
例2、We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, ________ other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
答案为C。
【解析】 这是一个定语从句，先行词是places，表示地点，非限定性定语从句中缺少状语，因此用where来引导定语从句，故要填where。这句话的意思是我们被带领着参观了这座城市的学校、博物馆和其他一些游人很少去的地方。
例3、Alec asked the policeman _______ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom
答案为C。
【解析】 这是一个定语从句，the policeman是先行词。work是不及物动词，“work with sb.”意为“与某人共事”，所以定语从句应为with whom he worked。这句话的意思是无论何时发生事故时，Alec要求与他一起工作的警察与他联系。
例4、Is this the reason _______at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
答案为A。
【解析】 the reason后接定语从句。因为先行词the reason作explained的宾语，用that或which引导定语从句在从句中作宾语时省略。这句话的意思是这就是他在会议上对他为什么在工作上粗心大意的理由所作的解释吗?
例5、The film brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
答案为C。
【解析】 when引导定语从句(the hours的定语)，修饰先行词the hours,when在从句中作状语。这句话的意思是这部电影使我回忆起我在那偏远的村庄得到无微不至的照顾的时光。
例6、Have you seen the film “Titanic”, ________leading actor is world-famous?
A. its B. it's C. whose D. which
答案选C。
【解析】 这是一个定语从句，因为先行词the film “Titanic”和leading actors是所属关系，所以要填写whose。
例7、Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ________ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
答案为B。
【解析】 这是一个非限制性定语从句。根据句意可知之中的是花瓶的价格。在定语从句中表示“谁的”，可以这样表达，如：I live in the room whose windows face south(名词前没有冠词，用whose)=I live in the room the windows of which face south(如果名词前有冠词就用of which)。
例8、Carol said the work would be done by October, ________personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
答案选D。
【解析】 在这个非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which代替Carol所说的话。这句话的意思是“Carol说工作将在十月完成，我个人对此表示怀疑。”
例9、It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _____ for the first time in years their team won World Cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
答案为D。
【解析】 从从句的意思：“这是他们多年来第一次赢得世界杯，”可推知，从句是对表示时间的先行词加以说明，先行词是主句中表示时间的名词an exciting moment this year，而非整个句子，故选D。
例10、John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, _____ was true.
A. he B. this C. which D. who
答案为C。
【解析】 该非限制性定语从句缺少主语，A、B两项不能用作关系代词，D项只能指代人，而该从句需要关系代词指代主句所说的事实用which。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. The English play _____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
2. _____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
3. Everything he ____ away from him before he returned to his hometown.
A. took B. had been taken C. had had been taken D. had taken
4. Was _____ Bill _____ played basketball very well _____ helped the blind man across the street?
A. this…who…who B. which…that…that C. that…that…who D. it…who…that
5. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____ of course, made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
7. It is easy to do the repair. _____ you need is a hammer and some nails.
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
8. The person we spoke to ____ no answer at first．
A．making B．makes C．make D．made
9. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% _____ are sold abroad .
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
10. There were dirty marks on her trousers _____ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
11. George Orwell, _____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
12. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
13. A fast food restaurant is the place _____, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
A. which B. where C. there D. what
14. ______break the law will be punished.
A. Anyone B. One C. Those who D. No matter who
15. Will you please show me the girl ______name is Lee.
A. her B. who’s C. whose D. which
16. It was raining again , ______is very bad for our drops.
A. it B. that C. what D. which
17. The world ______is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
18. Hay ______too much moisture will spoil.
A. contains B. that containing C. that contains D. which to contain
19. Caves and hollow trees are not the only places ______.
A. where are found bats B. where bats are found in
C. where bats are found D. in which bats to find
20. Now we can fly to Tokyo .There was a time ______ we had to take a boat.
A. how B. what C. why D. when
21. This is the very car ______ yesterday.
A. which was stolen B. that was stolen
C. to have been stolen D. Having been stolen
22. The man ______had little information.
A. I spoke of B. of who I spoke C. I spoke of whom D. whom I spoke
23. The reason ______ he gives for not coming is that his mother won’t let him.
A. for which B. which C. why D. about which
24. This steel pipe has the same diameter _____ that plastic one has.
A. of which B. which C. such as D. as
25. I don’t like ______ you speak to you parents.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
26. The boy ______leg was broken when he fell off the bike was sent to the nearest hospital right away.
A. which B. who’s C. of whom D. whose
27. This is ______ I want to say .
A. all what B. that C. all D. all which
28. The students should be encouraged to read such books ______ good for them informing good habits.
A. that are B. as they are C. as are D. that they are
29. Supermarkets ______people buy nearly everything continue to appear in China .
A. that B. from which C. from where D. which
30. The train ______she was traveling was late .
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
31. Most of the classmates wanted to know the way ______he learns new course.
A. which B. in which C. by which D. about which
32. The room was full of students , ten of ______are from foreign countries.
A. them B. who C. whom D. which
33. He has many habits, ______ are harmful.
A. some if them B. which of some C. of which few D. few of whose
34. The furniture _____ I ordered was sent to the wrong address.
A. in which B. where C. when D. which
35. Thirty people were sent to the hospital after accident, _____ children.
A. many of them were B. many of them
C. many of whom were D. many whom were
36. This is the school _____ my little brother studied years ago.
A. which B. that C. when D. in which
37. Nearby were two boats _____ they had come to the island.
A. where B. by which C. in which D. with which
38. What’s that _____ was flashed in the sky just now?
A. which B. that C. who D. as
39. Who is the man _____was standing at the door ?
A. who B. which C. that D. as
40. Although violent , tornadoes are small storms ______paths aren’t usually more than a quarter of a mile in width.
A. what B. where C. that D. whose
41. They have started an investigation, _______are being kept secret.
A. the details of which B. which details C. the details D. the details of that
42. I was stuck by the limited use _______ their natural resources.
A. the Indians made of B. which the Indians made
C. for the Indians to make of D. for the Indians making of
43. The architect’s task is to design buildings ______ are functional and beautiful.
A. where B. which C. in that D. with which
44. The speed ______ light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe.
A. in which B. by which C. from which D. with which
45. Why do you blame me for everything _____ goes wrong.
A. that B. when C. where D. who
46. Ann bought a dress ______ didn’t fit her, so she took ______ back to the shop ______ she bought it.
A. which…that …. that B. that…which…where
C. which…it… where D. where…it…that
47. Yesterday we visited the City Museum, ______ I’d never been to before.
A. which B. where C. that D. what
48. A lot of people applied for the job _______ was advertised, ______had the necessary qualifications.
A. once…who B. where….most of who
C. that … few of which D. which…few of whom
49. We can see now in a very general way the method ______the computer works.
A. in which B. by which C. with which D. on which
50. Are these glasses ______?
A. which you wish will be repaired B. the ones you wish to have repaired
C. the one you wish to repair D. that you wish to be repaired
责任编辑：李芳芳
定语从句（形容词性从句）
在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有：
1）关系代词： 先行词为人：who, whom, that, whose
先行词为物：which, that, whose
2）关系副词：when, where, why
注意： 关系词起三个作用：①连接先行词和定于从句②替代先行词③在从句中担任成分
what不能引导定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，但有时也被一个短语隔开。
例如：I was the only person in my office who was invited.
1. 关系代词和关系副词的一般用法
1) 关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等成分，关系代词充当宾语、表语时可以省略：
Here’s a fellow who just walks into a bank and helps himself to so much money. （作主语）
He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. （作表语）
This is the book（that/which）I referred to in my talk. (作宾语)
whose在定语从句中置于名词之前，充当定语，既可指人，又可指物。
whose +n.= the +n.+ of which/whom。例如：
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black. （指物）
=Please pass me the dictionary the cover of which is black.
The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England. （指人）
=The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.
2) 关系副词when, where, why在从句中充当状语，分别可表时间、地点或原因。
I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.
I know the reason why he came late.
注：先行词是the way时，其后的定语从句关系词有三种，例如：
I like the way in which / (that)the teacher gives his lessons.
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。也就是说要看先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分
试比较：
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.
( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
（ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）
The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable.
( gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday is unbelievable.
（ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）
2．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，去掉后主句意义就变得不明确，它与主句之间没有逗号分隔。例如：
This is a shop that sells personal computers.
The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系相对松散一些，它对先行词起补充说明作用，去掉后不影响主句意义。因此，一些具有区别意义的专有名词及一些表示“唯一”概念的人或物后面常用此类从句。这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。例如：
We are all proud of the Great Wall, which is one of the man-made wonders of the world.
My father, who is a doctor, often encourages me to work hard.
注意：在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省去。
一种特殊的非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中，有时根据句子意思，常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof.
(比较：We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.)
3．介词+关系代词的用法
关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
但遇固定词组时，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置。如：
Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 这里介词for一般不提前，因为look for是固定词组，意为“寻找”，介词for若被提前，单个的look意为“看”，句意不符。)
介词也可结合句意、根据先行词确定，此时介词以前置为佳。
Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prize winner.
The girl with whom I went to the concert yesterday is my sister.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
4．关系代词的一些特定用法：that与which；that与who
1）指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，不用which：
①先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时：
Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
注：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以，如：
There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。”
②先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词the first, the second…, the last修饰时：
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
The first place (that) we’ll visit is the Great Wall.
③先行词被the only，the very修饰时：
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
This is the very book (that) I’ve been looking for.
④先行词既有人又有物时：
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
⑤当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时，为避免重复，定语从句中常用that：
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Who that has common sense will do such a thing?
Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?
Which that you bought just now is for me?
⑥两个定语从句，一个用which一个用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2)用which不用that：
①介词后②非限制性定于从句中③两个定语从句，一个用that一个用which
3)当先行词是anyone, those, he, she等代词表“人”时，一般用who而不用that：
Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here.
Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
但当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用that而不用who：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
5．定语从句中的as及其与which的异同
1）as引导的限制性定语从句：
当先行词有the same, such, as, so修饰时，要用as代替who(m), which, that来引导定语从句：
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
注意区别：
It was such a good film that I saw it yesterday.
Don’t talk about such things as you don’t understand.
Here is so big a stone that no one can move it.
Here is so big a stone as no one can move.
His speech was so clear that we could understand well.
He knows as many people as are present.
Yesterday she bought the same book as I have.
He is the same man that gave us a talk last year.
2）as引导的非限制性定语从句与which引导的非限制性定语从句的异同
which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换：
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
区别：①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。例如：
As anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake.
=The elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake.
=The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late again, which made the teacher angry.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected等。
例如：As we all know, paper was first made in China.
Which引导的从句是对主句的评论或主句造成的结果。Which= and this
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
He stole the money, which was disgraceful.
6. He is one of the workers who live in the factory.
He is the only one of the workers who has been there.
典型例题分析
1．All ____ is needed is a supply of oil. ( ’89 )
A. the thing B. that C. what D. which
解析：本题考查引导定语从句的关系词，what只能用于名词性从句，因此A/D可以排除，又因先行词为不定代词all，所以答案为B。
2．He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. ( ’90 )
A. these B. those C. that D. which
解析：本题考察非限制性定语从句。从句子结构上看，两句之间用的是逗号，无连词连接，故确定为从属句，介词后面的关系代词代物，只能用which，答案为D。
3．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. ( ’92 )
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
解析：本题考查定语从句中介词加关系代词的用法。根据句意“向某人求助”是turn to sb. for help，其中介词to可提前，故答案为D。本句也可以如下表达：In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person (who/whom/that) she could turn to for help.)
4．After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when ( ’96 )
解析：本题考查关系代词和关系副词的用法，从句he grew up as a child不缺主语或宾语，排除关系代词which和that，又因先行词是表地点的，故答案为A。
5．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the others unhappy. ( )
A. who B. which C. this D. what
解析：本题考查非限制性定语从句指代整个句子的用法，意为“老是自赞她在剧中表演的角色，这件事当然令他人不快。”指代前面所说的整句话，用which。故答案为B。从句中插入of course增加了考测难度，解题时可先把它忽略。
6．It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. ( ’97 )
A. that B. until C. before D. when
解析：本题考查强调结构It was … that…，不管被强调的是时间还是地点，that不变，该结构与定语从句非常相似，注意区别。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法知识归纳(定语从句)
1． 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。
This is the man who helped me.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?
在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。
The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.
The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother.
在下列情况下多用或须用 who
① 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced.
②先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时，多用who。
All who heard the news were excited.
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.
③先行词为those和people时多用who。
Those who want to go please sign their names here.
People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
④在非限制性定语从句中作主语须用who，作宾语须用whom。
Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term.
⑤在被分割的定语从句中须用who.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who.
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.
⑦一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is modest and studies very hard.
Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点：
① whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。
That’s the child whose father is an engineer.
② whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.
It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time.
I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease.
③ whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。
The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.
Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.
④whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+名词=the +名词 +of which
The novel whose title( the title of which) is Red and Black is very interesting.
He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.
2 which引导的定语从句
which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语。
This is the book which you want.
The building which stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
注意：whom, which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上。介词放于前面时，作宾语的关系到代词不能省略。在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。
There was no single person the street to whom she could turn for help.
This is the person whom you are looking for.
3．由that引导的定语从句
that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作宾语。
The letter (that) I received was from my father.
注意：在下面几种情况下必须用that 引导定语从句：
①先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。
All (that) we have to do is to practice every day.
② 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
③先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
④ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时。
He is the only person ( that) I want to talk to.
⑤先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.
⑥ 当主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that，以免与先行词重复。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
⑦ 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that it used to be.
4.as引导的定语从句
as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句，构成, the same …as…, such…as…, so…as…等结构。
I like the same book as you have.
I shall do it again in the same way as you did.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
注意：此处要注意定语从句和状语从句的区别。试比较：
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question as nobody worked out.
Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question that nobody worked it out.
注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.
Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.
Tom is the one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.
② 关系代词whom, which, that在限定性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略。
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
① 从意义上：同位语从句对名词作补充说明或进行解释，而定语从句进行修饰，限定，相当于一个形容词的作用。
② 从结构上：同位语从句由连接代词/副词引导，最常用的连接词一般不省略，也不在从句中担任成分，而定语从句由关系代词/副词引导，在定语从句中作主语不能省略作宾语可省略。
③从涵义上：同位语从句与所说明解释的名词无逻辑关系，而定语从句所修饰的名词是该从句逻辑上的主、宾、表、定、状语等。例如：
The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us.
The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.
④同位语从句对说明解释的名词有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句所修饰限定的先行词无限制，即可指人，又可指物。
定语从句补充强化练习
1. The most important thing _______ we should pay attention to is the first thing _______I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that
2. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons _______ none of us has ever heard of.
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
3. He never reads anything ________ is not worth reading.
A. which B. that C. who D. as
4. I have bought such a watch _________ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
5. The house ________ roof was damaged has now been repaired.
A. which its B. whose C. that he D. that
6. The pen ________ he writes is a Hero 60.
A. with it B. with which C. with what D. with whom
7. This is the very bus _________ we’ll go to the theatre.
A. in that B. what C. by which D. on which
8. He is the only one of the teachers __________ Spanish in our school.
A. who teaches B. who teach C. which teaches D. that teach
9. I’m not the person who _________ to be frightened by such a horrible scene.
A. am B. is C. are D. was
10. The girl I saw _______ brown hair and blue eyes.
A. had she B. she had C. has D. had
DDBCB BDABD
责任编辑：李芳芳
第十章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
高考重点要求：
1、 掌握主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句的基本句型结构
2、 弄清名词性从句的连词的用法和意义
3、 根据句子语义确定使用何种从属连词
第一节 知识点概述
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为两类：
1. 名词性that从句，即以that为连接词的名词性从句。that只能起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。
2. 名词性wh-从句，即以wh-词连接的名词性从句。Wh-词包括：
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词：when, where, how, why
连接词whether, if不充当句子的任何成分。
二、主语从句
1. 用作主语的从句叫主语从句。that从句作主语，that不能省略。
▲That he likes such kind of books is very interesting.他喜欢这种书是非常有趣的。
▲Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否能够来仍然是一个问题。
▲What he is looking for is none of your business. 他在找什么与你无关。
2. 很多主语从句都可以用that作形式主语。例如：
It is very interesting that he likes such kind of books.
It remains a question whether he will be able to come.
3. It作形式主语主要包括以下几种类型和搭配关系：
1）It + be + adj. + 从句
It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.
2）It + be + n. + 从句
It is a pity that he missed the lecture.
3）It + be + 过去分词 + 从句
It is said that they have won the game.
4）It + be + vi. + 从句
It seems that something is wrong with the computer.
三、表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句的联系动词之后。that从句作表语，that不能省略。表语从句只用whether，不用if。
▲The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 问题是抽烟的人不抽烟就会感到难受。
▲The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。
▲This is where he has worked for years. 这就是他多年工作的地方。
四、宾语从句
宾语从句在句中作宾语，引导宾语从句的that可以省略。whether和if可互换，但介词宾语或有or not时，用whether.
▲They know that the habit may kill them. 他们知道这个习惯能使他们致死。
▲They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. 他们怀疑Jack是否是一个好学生。
▲They wanted to see which shops offered the best advice and service. 他们想了解哪家店提出的建议和提供的服务最好。
五、同位语从句
同位语从句中先行词不充当从句成分，从句是用来解释先行词的内容。That从句作同位语，that不能省略。
▲Word came that our football team had won the match. 消息传来，我们的足球队赢了比赛。
▲May I ask a question when the meeting will be held? 我能否问个问题，会议什么时候举行？
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1. 由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语
2. 主句和从句要保持时态上的一致性，从句还要保持陈述句语序。
3. 当从句是由选择问句转化而成时，一定要用whether构成whether...or结构。
4. That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be + adj. + that从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + 过去分词 + that从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be + n. + that从句 It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It + be + vi. + that从句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
5. 选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、_____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A. What is required B. What requires
C. It is required D. It requires
答案为C
【解析】 本句的结构为It is +动词的过去分词+that 引导主语从句。经常用于这种结构的动词还有say, report, think, hope, expect, consider, suggest等。
例2、There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _________ road conditions need_________.
A. that ...to be improved B. which...to be improved
C. where ...improving D .when...improving
答案为A。
【解析】 考查同位语从句。因为先行词在从句中不作任何成份，因此用关系词that，故B、C、D均不正确。对于第2个空格，need既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词。作实义动词时后跟动词不定式，即need to do sth.，另外 road conditions与improve之间是被动关系，因此是need to be improved(need to be done=need doing)。译文：私家车受欢迎所涉及到的新问题是道路状况需要改善。
例3、_________made the school proud was_________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D.That; because
答案为B。
【解析】 what引导主语从句，在主语从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用。
例4、There's a feeling in me _______we'll never know what a UFO is-not ever.
A. that B. which C. of which D. what
答案为A。
【解析】 同位语从句that we'll never know what a UFO is-not ever作a feeling的同位语，解释a feeling的具体内容。that连接同位语从句时，只起连接作用不作从句的任何成分。译文：我有一个这样的感觉，我们不会知道什么是UFO--永远不会。
例5、Perseverance is a kind of quality-and that's _______ it takes to do anything well.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
答案为A。
【解析】 这是一个表语从句，what在表语从句中作takes的宾语，构成“It takes sth. to do sth.”的句型。译文：坚定不移是一种品质--坚定不移使人们做好任何事情。
例6、When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _______he wants.
A. what B. which C. when D. that
答案为A。
【解析】 这是一个宾语从句，wants后面缺少宾语，所以要填写what。Always give the monkey exactly what he wants是一句谚语，意思是“永远不折不扣地给予对方他想要的东西。”译文：当你在找工作面试回答问题时，请记住这条黄金定律：永远不折不扣地给予对方他想要的东西。
例7、Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
答案为B。
【解析】 这是一个同位语从句。that引导从句作information的同位语，解释information的具体内容。注意：that和what引导名词性从句(主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句)的区别：that引导名词性从句，只起引导作用，在从句中不作成分。that引导宾语从句时，that可省略，而在其他三个从句中，that虽不作成份，一般也不省略；what在这四个名词从句中一定作成分，作主语、宾语、表语或补语。译文：有消息说，更多的中学毕业生将进入大学。
例8、What the doctors really doubt is ________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案选C。
【解析】 这是一个表语从句。根据doubt一词可知，所怀疑的应是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能从重病中很快康复。”
例9、-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
-Is that ________ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
答案为A。
【解析】 这是一个why引导的表语从句，表示原因。这句话的意思是“这就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗?”
例10、________she couldn't understand was ________fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What...why B. That...what C. What...because D. Why...that
答案选A。
【解析】 主语从句she couldn't understand缺少宾语，要用What引导。表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons是一个完整的句子，要用why引导，意思是“为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣”。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. ____ the Olympic Games will be held in Paris is not known yet
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
3.____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
4.The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was aware ______she had gone .
A. that where B. of the place which C. of what D. of where
5._____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
6.____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. That B. What C. Which D. This
7.____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The reason C. Whoever D. Who
8.____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
9.____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
10.The question remains ______the Party can win the majority of the people .
A. that B. if C. whether D. /
11. I remember____ this used to be a quiet village.
A. when B. how C. where D. what
12. You can’t imagine____ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were excited
13. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ____ shares her interests.
A .anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
14. Can you make sure____ the gold ring ?
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
15. No one can be sure ____ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
16. Can you tell me____ ?
A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentleman
17. They want to know____ do to help us.
A. what can they B .what they can C. how they can D. how can they
18. Would you please tell me____ the airport ?
A. how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D. where I can get to
19. It was a matter of____ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
20. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see____.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
21. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the school master ____ he had the day before.
A. that B. how C. where D. what
22. Go and get your coat. It’s____ you left it.
A. there B. where C .there where D. where there
23. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. ____ I got wet through.
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s how
24.It is important ______you win or lose ; what matters is how you play the game .
A. whether B. as if C. whom D. that
25. There was much certainty ______the board of directors would agree to our various proposals for increasing sales.
A. which B. why C. / D. that
26. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. there did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
27. Greenland, ____ island in the world, covers over two million square kilometers.
A. it is the largest B. that is the largest
C. is the largest D. the largest
28.____ is no possibility____ Bob can win the first prize in the match
A. There…that B. It…that C. There…whether D. It…whether
29. We will soon discuss the problem ______we should take some effective measures to protect the animals and plants in our region.
A. if B. whether C. that D. ever since
30.____ is quite clear.
A. Where is the fighting B. Why is the fighting
C. What war is D. What is war being
31. The reason _______ he didn’t come to our party was _______ he took a missing boy back home on his way.
A. why…because B. why…that C. that…why D. that…that
32.____ that not all government officials are honest.
A. It seems to me B. In my opinion, I believe
C. My believing is D. I think in my mind
33.____ is more and less advanced can pass the test.
A. Anyone B. Who C. Whoever D. A student
34. _______ land ownership in some counties is unfair _______ obvious.
A. What…is B. Whether…are C. That…is D. If…is
35.The reason I plan to go is ____if I don’t.
A. because she will be disappointed
B. that she will be disappointed
C. because she will have a disappointment
D. on account of she will be disappointed
36. She wanted to know____.
A. whether I knew her and where did she work
B. if I know her and the factory she worked there
C. whether I knew her and the factory she worked
D. if I knew her and the factory where she worked
37. My father wouldn’t tell me____ his new car.
A. how much he paid for B. how much did he pay
C. he paid how much for D. did he pay how much
38. A simple experiment shows____ air has some strength.
A. what B. that C. which D. who
39.I can’t tell ______
A. what one my brother likes best
B. which one my brother likes best
C. that one does my brother like best
D. which one does my brother like best
40._____we are doing has never been done before.
A. That B. Which C. whether D. What
41.The book looks ____it had been out in the rain.
A. that B. whether C. as though D. what
42.She said that she ____there for two years.
A. has worked B. had worked C. was working D. worked
43. He said that he ____us
A. will help B. would help C. is helping D. helped
44. Now we have learned ____
A. what is heat B. whether heat is C. when is heat D. what heat is
45.She ____ that she lives in London.
A. said B. says C. had said D. was saying
46.I want to leave my car. Can you tell me ____near here?
A. if there is a car park B. is there a car park
C. if there is parking D. is there a parking
47.Can you tell us ____?
A. who that man is B. who is that man
C. what is that man D. Whom that man is
48.He asked me if _____?
A. he train will late B. the train always arrived late
C. the train arrives on time D. the train stops here
49.He asked me ____ I sat so still.
A. where B. how C. why D. which
50.I wonder _______.
A. how much cost these shoes B. how much do these shoes cost
C. how much these shoes cost D. how much are these shoes cost
责任编辑：李芳芳
名词
分类说明
名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。
普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience)；不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。
可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式；集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。
不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风)；有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰．如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。
专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。
名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格；表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。
普通格作定语又分三种情况：
1．名词一般用单数形式；
2．clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式；
3．man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。
所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：
1．名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法；
2．of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词；
3．of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。
目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up．I just turned it off，that’s a11．”said the boy．的选项A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty就是考查词汇辨析；如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students．中的选项A．place B．area C．space D．room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。
因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。
回放真题
真题1(甘肃、青海卷28)
The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles．
A，length B．distance C．way D．space
【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度；B是：距离；C是：道路，方法；D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。
真题2(2004湖北卷21)
Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children．
A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance
【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管；B意思是：够得着的地方；C是：空间；D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。
真题3(2004浙江卷28)
-Brad was Jane’s brother!
一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!
A．No doubt B．Above all C．No wonder D．Of course
【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。
真题4(2004上海卷45)
The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment．
A．escape B．absence C．attendance D．appearance
【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除；attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。
真题5(2004上海卷52)
In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality．
A．contact B．contrast C．connection D．conflict
【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。
真题6(2004上海卷53)
Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China．
A．enjoyment B．appreciation C．entertainment D．reputation
【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。
真题7(2004天津卷26)
I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________．
A．reach B．hand C．hold D．place
【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示，掌管；C是：控制，照管；D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。
真题8(2004上海春季卷27)
The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk．
A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four．hours D．a four hours’
【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey；另一种是：a+数词．量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。
真题9(北京卷29)
-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke．1 was very tired．
-There is no ________for this while you are on duty．
A．reason B．excuse C．cause D．explanation
【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解释，与句意不符。
真题10(2003上海卷28)
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them．
A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of
【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多；接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。
真题1l(2003上海卷46)
“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy．
A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty
【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实；而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任；duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。
真题12(2003上海卷50)
One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters．
A．result B．account C．reason D．increase
【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因；账户”；result意为“结果”；reason意为“理由，原因”；increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。
真题13(2003上海卷52)
Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1．
A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures
【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”；mood意为“心境，情绪”；consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。
真题14(2003北京春季卷28)
The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well．
A．idea B．sense C．thought D．thinking
【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法；thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系；thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力；鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。
真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)
If you’re driving to the airport．Can you give me a ________?
A．hand B．seat C．drive D．1ift
【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.
真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)
Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students．
A．place B．area C．space D．room
【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B；space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。
真题17(上海春季卷21)
The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．
A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop
C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’ shop
【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示；其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents．goods．sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。
真题18(2001上海春季卷22)
His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.
A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public
C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public
【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”； the public 意为“公众”
真题19(上海春季卷33)
What he has done is far from _______.
A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy
【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.
责任编辑：李芳芳
从 句
(一)定语从句
(1)as可引起定语从句，常和such, same连用，有时可代表主句所表达的内容，译作“这一点”、“这件事”。
A. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
B. Such people as you describe are very common now.
C. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
D. As is announced in the papers, our country has launched another man-made earth satellite.
(2)表示地点的名词、表示时间的名词和表示原因的名词作先行词时，关系词不一定是where, when和why。如果它们在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，则应用which。
I'll never forget the day when you said good-bye to me.
A.
October 1st, 1949 is a day which the Chinese people will never forget.
This is the room where he was born.
B.
This is the room which he bought four weeks ago.
This is the reason why she was absent yesterday.
C.
This is the reason which she gave for her absence yesterday.
(3)在定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时，谓语应与主句中先行词保持一致。
A. The man who is standing there looks worried.
B. Those who have seen the picture enjoy it very much.
He is one of those boys who are fond of music.
C.
He is the only one of those boys who is fond of music.
(4)定语从句通常和所修饰的先行词紧紧相连，但是如果主句的谓语部分很短，那么定语从句可放在谓语部分后面以保持句子的平衡。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
但要注意“我把昨天买的书放在桌上”这个句子。
正：I put the books which I bought yesterday on the desk.
误：I put the books on the desk which I bought yesterday.
(5)当有二个或二个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，用that而不用who, whom, which。
The letter and the little boy that we had discovered disappeared again.
(二)状语从句
(1)注意连词as的一词多义：
A. He had to make a living by selling newspapers as he was only a little boy. (“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句)
B. As he was not well, I decided to go without him. (“由于、鉴于”，引导原因状语从句)
C. He is not the same man as he used to be. (“正如”，定语从句)
D. Things are not always as they seem. (表语从句)
E. Young as he is, he knows a lot. (“虽然，尽管”，让步状语从句)
F. Please state the facts as they are. (“按照，如同”，方式状语从句)
G. The work is not so easy as you imagine. (“像……一样”，比较状语从句)
(2)表示条件的状语从句除由if和whether引导外，还可由unless, suppose, in case, so(as)long as, on condition(that), provided(that)引导，并注意在条件状语从句中不能用将来式。
A. We shall go outing unless it snows.
B. You'll get there in time so long as the bus doesn't break down.
C. You can borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
D. Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.
E. Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?
F. I will go provided that my expenses are paid.
(3)whatever相当于no matter what, whenever相当于no matter when，以此类推，可引导让步状语从句。
Whatever happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
A.
No matter what happens, we're determined to fulfill the task.
Whatever dictionary you have, lend it to me.
B.
No matter what dictionary you have, lend it to me.
注意：当whatever作名词性从句的连词时，就不能和no matter交换使用了。
正：Whatever she did is perfect.
误：No matter what she did is perfect.
正：Take whatever you want.
误：Take no matter what you want.
(4)where, when引导的从句，无先行词是状语从句，有先行词则是定语从句。
A. We'll go where the Party needs us. (地点状语从句)
We'll go to the place where the Party needs us. (定语从句)
B. He came when we needed help. (时间状语从句)
He came at a time when we needed help. (定语从句)
(5)while和when的区别
while和when都可作“当……的时候”解，都可引导时间状语从句。while后的从句中谓语动词只能用延续性动词，而when则瞬间动词和延续性动词都可用。
A. My mother entered the room while I was doing some sewing.
B. 正：When I had finished the work, I took a rest.
误：While I had finished the work, I took a rest.
While还可作“而，然而”解，when则没有这个意思。
A. Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
B. I am a late riser while my sister is an early bird.
when有时可作and then解，而while却不能。
A. I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailor's shop.
B. I went out for a walk, when I met John.
(6)though, when, while, if, till, until等引导的状语从句中的省略
当某些表示让步、方式、时间、条件的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同，且谓语动词又包含be动词，那么这种状语从句中的主谓都可省略。
A. The article is very important though(it is)short.
B. When still a boy of ten(When he was still a boy of ten), he started working to support himself.
C. Do not leave the machine till told to do so(till you are told to do so).
D. If (he is) too old to work much, the retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighborhood affairs.
E. While (he was) in school, Kim worked hard to study his chosen subject, computer science.
F. He acted as if (he was) certain of success.
固定词组if(when, where)necessary(possible)是if(when, where) it is necessary (possible)的省略形式。
A. Fill in the blanks with proper articles where(it is) necessary.
B. Whenever possible (Whenever it was possible), one of them would stop him, make him stand at attention and ask him the three questions.
(7)if作“如果”解，引导状语从句，此时应注意从句中谓语动词不能用将来式；if作“是否”解，引导宾语从句，从句中该用什么时态就用什么时态。
A. I don't know if he will come tomorrow. (“是否”，宾语从句)
B. If he comes tomorrow, I'll tell him about it. (“如果”，状语从句)
(三)主语从句
(1)当主语从句在意义上和语法上都完整的情况下，连词必不可少。
A. That she was chosen made us very happy.
B. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
当主语从句放在句首使句子显得笨重时，一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词it作形式主语。
A. It is strange that he didn't come yesterday.
B. It's not your fault that this has happened.
(2)表示“是否”的主语从句用whether引导，一般不用if引导。
A. Whether or not she will go is up to her to decide.
B. It is not yet known whether they will send a delegation to the conference.
(3)由连接代词(what除外)或连接副词引起的主语从句，可以直接放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后面，前面用it作形式主语。
When we shall have our discussion is still a question.
It is still a question when we shall have our discussion.
但如果句子是疑问形式，就只能用带it的结构了：
Has it been announced who will take part in this important job?
(4)无论主语从句有多长，一般作单数处理。
A. Whether we do it this or that way doesn't matter too much.
B. That you have achieved so much in such a short time is really something unthinkable.
(四)表语从句
(1)系动词后面的从句是表语从句。除be动词以外，常用的系动词还有：
A. 单纯表示一个特征或状态：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear;
B. 表示由一种状态变为另一种状态：become, turn, get, grow, fall, go, come, run;
C. 保持某种状态：remain, continue, stay, keep, prove
(2)引导表语从句的连词是that, whether和as if
A. The fact remains that we are still behind the other classes.
B. The question is whether it is worth doing.
C. It looked as if it was going to snow.
(3)请注意“他没来学校的原因是因为他病了”这个句子。
误：The reason why he doesn't come to school is because he is ill.
正：The reason why he doesn't come to school is that he is ill.
(五)宾语从句
(1)宾语从句在双宾语中充当直接宾语。
A. Please advise me which book I should read first.
B. Mr. Smith explained to them that John had told him all about his past when he asked for a job in his factory.
C. You may ask the policeman how you can get to the Shanghai Indoor Stadium.
(2)在介词后面的宾语从句。
A. The Emperor was pleased by what the Prime Minister told him about the cloth.
B. The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.
C. The study also showed that, contrary to what many people believe, if you skip breakfast, you will not lose weight.
(3)带复合宾语的从句中，that引导的从句常常移到后部去，前面用it作形式宾语。
A. I took it for granted that they were not coming.
B. We all thought it a pity that our team should have lost the game.
C. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
(4)陈述部分带that从句作宾语时，作反意问句的疑问尾句应与主句的主谓保持一致。
A. I have told him many times that he should observe traffic regulations, haven't I?
B. You never told us why you were late for the last meeting, did you?
当陈述部分的主句是I think(suppose, believe, expect, imagine)时，反意问句的疑问尾句往往与that从句中的主谓保持一致。
A. I don't suppose he cares, does he?
B. I think you two have met before, haven't you?
(六)同位语从句
(1)同位语从句一般跟在某些名词(如idea, news, fact, promise, rumour, hope, belief,
thought, doubt, answer, message)后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容，用连词that或连接副词how, when, where等引导。
A. During the first hundred years of my stay in the sea, I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
B. You have no idea how worried I was!
C. One of the men held the view that what the book said was right.
D. Braille had to face the fact that he would go to a special school for the blind in Paris.
(2)如果主句的谓语很短，为了保持句子平衡，可将谓语放在前面，而将同位语从句放在后面。
A. Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
B. News reached England that they were receiving little care.
(3)在on condition that, in spite of the fact that后的从句也是同位语从句。
A. I'll lend you this money on condition that you give it back in two months. B. He came to the meeting, in spite of the fact that he was very ill.
(4)定语从句和同位语从句的先行词都是名词，如果该引导词既在从句中充当成分，又能代替所修饰的先行词，则是定语从句；
如果该引导词在从句中不充当成分，或虽充当成分却不能代替所修饰的先行词，那么这个句子就是同位语从句。
He didn't tell us the date when he would start. (定语从句)
A.
I have no idea when he will start. (同位语从句)
Often, we read to discover facts that we didn't find in our first reading. (定语从句)
B.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. (同位语从句)
责任编辑：李芳芳
第一章 名词
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。
高考重点要求：
1、 分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别
2、 物质名词和抽象名词数的转化
3、 掌握名词的’s 属格，of属格,双重属格
4、 名词复数的构成
第一节 知识点概述
名词分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
一、普通名词
普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。
（一）可数名词及其复数形式
（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成
（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如： handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
（二）可数名词和不可数名词
英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。
1．可数名词
可数名词一般可以分成以下二类：
第一类：如bike，desk， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例：
There are fifty bikes at this shop．这家商店有50辆自行车。
第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：
She cares for nice clothes．她爱好穿着。
2．不可数名词
不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：
（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：
Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。
（2）由much，little等词修饰。例如：
They have saved much money for future use．他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。
（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：
Go and fetch me a piece of chalk．给我去拿一支粉笔。
要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。
不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：
如： a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水
a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱
a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋
二、专有名词
专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。
（一）人名
英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Mary Smith , George Washington。
（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：
How’s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？
（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：
Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?
（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：
The Turners have gone to America．特纳一家人去美国了。
（二）地名
（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：
Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai
（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：．
Silver Lake；Mount Tai
（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：
the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara
（三）日期名
（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Christmas , National Day
（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：
Sunday , Tuesday
（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：
April , December
三、名词所有格
名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加’s构成；另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：
Children’s Palace 少年宫
Tom’s bike 汤姆的自行车
the title of the book 书名
the legs of the table 桌子的腿
（一）所有格形式的构成
（1）单数名词后加’s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：
the girl’s father 女孩的父亲
（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如：
two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行
（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如：
the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日
（4）以s结尾的名词或人名，可以加’s，也可加’号。例如：
Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟
the boss’s handwriting 老板的书写
（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，要分别在各个名词末尾加’s，如：
John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间
若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s，如：
John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间
（二）“’s”所有格的用法
’s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：
（1）表示时间：
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
（2）表示自然现象：
the moon’s rays 月光
（3）表示国家、城市、机构：
……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业
（4）表示度量衡及价值：
..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值
..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离
（三）“’s”和of所有格所表示的关系
1．表示所有关系
可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：
John’s pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔
不可说：a pen of John
但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用’s也可用of表示。例如：
Mary’s hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手
也可以说：the hands of Mary
2．表示主谓关系
the doctor’s advice（The doctor advised）医生的建议
his mother’s request（His mother requested）他母亲的请求
3．表示动宾关系
the war prisoner’s release 释放战俘
children’s education 年轻一代的教育
4．表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）
the city of Rome罗马城
the city of Pairs巴黎城
第二节 实战演
第二章 代词
用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。
高考重点要求：
1、 物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法
2、 定代词的指代含义以及数的情况
3、it的基本用法
第一节 知识点概述
一、人称代词
1． 人称代词不仅仅指人，也可以指事或物。
2． 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he（him），阴性she（her）和中性it（it），复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式they和them，不分性别。
3． 选用什么人称代词，取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。
二、物主代词
物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。
物主代词的用法：
（1）形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如：
His pencil box is on the desk.
This is our school.
（2）名词性物主代词作名词用，本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。
作主语：
Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的，我的书包是黑色的。（mine=my school bag）
作表语：
It’s his. 这是他的（东西）。
作宾语：
He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典，你可以借我的。（作及物动词的宾语）
“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调：
He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
注意：
试比较下面两句句子：
This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。（照片是我拥有的，但不一定照的是我本人）
This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。（照片上是我本人）
三、反身代词
反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。通常在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。
四、指示代词
（一）指示代词是具有指示概念的代词
this 这； that 那； these 这些； those 那些； such 如此的； same 同样的
（二）指示代词的用法
（1）this、 that、 these、 those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
（2）such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样的”，such a 这样一个，such as 像…这样的。
（3）same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。
例如：
1） That is our English teacher. （主语）
2） This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)
3） I prefer this (these) to that (those). （宾语）
4） What he likes best is this/that. (表语)
5） I have never read such an exciting book. （定语）
6） I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)
7） Such is our trip plan. (主语) （指上文提到过或刚说过的内容）。
8） She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)
9） We were born on the same day. (定语)
注意：
1） this、 these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用；that、 those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用。
2） 打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。
3） such 作定语时，如名词前有不定冠词，应把such置于不定冠词之前 。
4） 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。
五、疑问代词
1．Who 用于询问别人姓名，身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。
2．Which 指的物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个；What 指的物无范围限制，侧重于种类。
3．Whose 用于明确所有者。whom 在口语中，多为 who 代替。
六、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词（如：anybody, something, no one）。这些不定代词大多可以代替名词，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词（如somebody等）只能作主语、宾语和表语。而every和no只能作定语。
七、it的用法
（一）作无人称代词
1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如：
It rains continually in the south in June.
It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.
2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如：
Where is my notebook? It was here just now.
There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.
3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。例如：
The baby cried because it was hungry.
Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?
（二）用作强调句，构成强调结构
句型结构：It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如：
It was last night that they left for H.K.
It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.
（三）it作形式主语和形式宾语
it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如：
I found it interesting to study English.
It is of great help to master a foreign language.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1.不定代词可作主语，当作主语时，要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数，以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。
2.不定代词还可作定语。当作定语时，应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数，以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。
例:Much has been done to fight pollution；each of them has got a present.
3.many, few和both用于可数名词，表示复数概念。
4.All, both和each和含有every的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定。
例：Not all the students have been to the Austrlia.
She can’t work out both of the difficult problems.
Everybody cannot work out the problem.
5.Neither,none和含有no的复合代词表示全部否定。
例:None of us can answer the question.
Neither of the questions is right.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.
A. others B. the other C. either D. another
答案：B
【解析】 根据上文neither的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个，所以用the other。这句的意思是：贸易谈判没有取得进展，因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件。
例2、Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we've decided to stay for_________ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other's
答案为A。
【解析】 another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two, three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再待两星期。而 other，the other用于两者之间的另一个，other's是other的所有格形式，故B、C、D都不可选。
例3、The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
答案为B。
【解析】 it指代前面提到的单数名词。指同一个事物，此句中指a new house；而one指“同名异物”；which引导定语从句，但题干中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥；A为复数，更易排除。
例4、In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案为D。
【解析】 it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，而选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文：实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序是一项很难的工作。
例5、Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ________?
A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest
答案为D。
【解析】 wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。
例6、If this dictionary is not yours, _______ can it be?
A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who else’s
答案为D。
【解析】 考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else's“其他什么人”，用于所有格。
例7、One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
答案为C。
【解析】 木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的；另一面染成白色的，考查one…the other结构，由此排除B、D；原句结构为“…the other(should be painted)white，为避免重复可省略。
例8、-He was nearly drowned once.
-When was _______ ?
- _______was in when he was in middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This
答案为A。
【解析】 用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复；it指代时间。
例9、-Your coffee smells great!
-It's from Mexico. Would you like_________?
A. it B. some C. this D. little
答案为B。
【解析】 some相当于some of this coffee.
例10、Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
答案为C。
【解析】 这句话的意思是“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能和饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比。”that在句子中代表the pleasure。一些考生只注意到Few pleasures是复数，而没有注意到这里指的是饮一杯冷饮的乐趣，误填了those。注意：使用代词时一定要弄清楚指代关系。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A、B、C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
2. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ____.
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
3. Playing tricks on others is ____ we should never do.
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
4. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
5. I got the story from Tom and ____ people who had worked with him.
A. every other B. many others C. some other D. other than
6. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.
A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however
7. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute.
A. they B. one C. who D. it
8. -One week’s time has been wasted.
-I can’t believe we did all that work for ____.
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
9. If you run after two hares, you will catch ______.
A. none B. neither C. nothing D. no one
10. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ___ to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. on one
11. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ?
A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others
12. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?
-________ way as you please.
A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either
13. You must never think that you are good at ______while others are good at ______
A. everything …something else B. everything…nothing
C. all…none D. nothing …all
14. -Do you like _____ here?
-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A. this B. these C. that D. it
15. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ______ he' s done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
16. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
17. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
18. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
19. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______ .
A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers
20. My mother opened ______of the drawers in turn , trying to decide what he was going to put in ______of them .
A. every…each B. everyone …every
C. every one …everyone D. each …each
21. -He was nearly drowned once.
-When was _______ ?
-_______was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that…It B. this…This C. this…It D. that….This
22. -You're always working. Come on. Let's go shopping.
-_______ you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
23. -Do you want tea or coffee?
-________. I really don't mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
24. Some students will remember these terms as the most successful ______in the history of our school.
A. ones B. ones’ C. one D. one’s
25. This new rule may please some, but we don’t expect it to please _____.
A. more B. other C. all D. any
26. No agreement was reached during the peace talk as neither side would give way to _____
A. another B. other C. the other D. any other
27. _____ who laughs last laughs best.
A. He B. One C. That D. Those
28. Children should be taught how to get along with _____
A. another B. other C. others D. an other
29. These plants are watered _____.
A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days
30. -Would you like some wine?
-Yes, just _____.
A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit
31. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help
A. he B. which C. she D. it
32. -Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s ?
-No, but it’s almost the same as _____.
A. her B. yours C. them D. their
33. -Have you finished your report yet?
-No, I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less
34. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____.
A. it B. those C. them D. one
35. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
36. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
A. some…any B. other…some C. some…other D. other…other
37. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
38. -Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I’m afraid _____ day is possible.
A. either B. neither C. some D. any
39. If you want to change for a double room you ‘ll have to pay _____$15.
A. another B. other C. more D. each
40. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
41. My brother’s handwriting is better than ______in his class.
A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. anyone’s else’s
42. Some people would rather ride bicycles as bicycle riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.
A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither
43. Both teams were in hard training, ______ was willing to lose the game.
A. either B. neither C. another D. the other
44. His camera is more expensive than _____.
A. hers B. her C. it D. its
45. _____ of my classmates could work out the maths problem because it was too difficult.
A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None
46. _____ have worked together for 10 years.
A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. He, your and I D. You, he and I
47. The machines made in China are as good as _____ imported from abroad.
A. they B. those C. these D. ones
48. Listen to _____. There should be no error, no delay, and no waste.
A. that B. this C. those D. these
49. _____ of them promised to help me.
A. Every one B. Everyone C. Every D. Everybody
50. She thought _____ a great honour to be invited to speak to us.
A. that B. this C. it D. it is
责任编辑：李芳芳
定语从句
一： 先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词
二： 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。
先行词是物： which that
先行词是人： who that
在从句中的作用： 主语、宾语、表语
e.g. They had a radio. / It could send out messages.
They had a radio which/ that could send out message. (主语)
The girl is my best friend. / She spoke just now.
The girl who/ that spoke just now is my best friend. （主语）
He always buys some books. / He never read them.
He always buys some books (which/ that) he never read. (宾语)
注意点：
1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：
e.g. The man who lives next door sells vegetables.
The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( × )
The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( × )
2．）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：
e.g. The young man ( who ) you saw was our manager.
There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind.
3.) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时， 关系代词只能用which 或 whom
e.g. The man is a famous runner. / You talked to him just now.
The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.
The chair is made of wood. / He is sitting on it now.
The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.
He is a library assistant. / I borrowed some books from him.
He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.
It is a famous school. / He graduated from it 3 years ago.
It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.
The service should be improved. / The students complain a lot about it.
The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.
有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：
e.g. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him.
He is the student who the teachers are looking for.
The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children.
The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.
三： whose 的用法：
关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。
e.g. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize.
The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter.
Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xi’an.
The book is not mine. / The cover of it is red.
I live in the room. / The windows of it face south.
The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken.
四：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。
He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.
Here is the boy who damaged the glass.
非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。
e.g. The book is written by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 years old.
Bob’s father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt.
Shanghai, which is developing fast, has become one of world’s trade center.
注意点：
非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.
e.g. She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well.
which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.
e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad.
He lost his job finally, which was exactly what we wanted.
介词＋which:
The picture ______ he paid $100 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
关系副词： when where why
当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.
I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.
He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.
He still remember the morning when/ on which the earthquake happened.
当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.
This is the house where/ in which he used to live.
I know of a place. / We can swim in that place.
I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.
Is there any shop around? / I can buy a pen in the shop.
Is there any shop around where/ in which I can buy a pen.
先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for ＋which来代替:
e.g. I don’t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.
I don’t know the reason why/ for which he did it.
The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it.
The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear.
注意点：
当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ that
e.g. This is the date _______ we’re proud of.
This is the date _______ he was born.
I will never forget the time ______ we spent together.
This is the factory _______ my mother works.
This is the factory _______ we visited last week.
Is this factory you visit last week?
A. the one B. where C. which D. that
This factory is the one (that/ which) you visit last week.
I don’t believe the reason _____ he gave for his decision.
Another reason _______ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others.
关系词的选择
A．只用that
a.当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等
All that can be done has been done.
I didn’t mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b.先行词（指物的）前面有only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时
There’s no difficulty that we can’t overcome.
I’ve read all the books that can be borrowed here.
c.先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
This is the first letter that I’ve written in Japanese.
She is the most careful girl that I’ve ever known.
d.当先行词既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.
e.当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时
China isn’t the country that she used to be 50 years ago.
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
It’s a book that will help you a great deal.
f．当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?
Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?
g. 当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，先行项为物
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
There are two tickets of the film that are for you.
The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever been.
h. 当先行词是what时
What did you hear that made you so angry?
i.当先行词是基数词时
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.
B. 只用which
a. 在非限制性定语从句，充当主语或定语
They have three houses, which are built of stone.
b. 当关系代词前有介词时
This is the factory in which we once worked.
We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.
c．当先行词本身that是时
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
d. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
I’ve bought you some books which I think may interest you.
C.只用who不用that
a.先行词是one, ones或anyone时
One who does not work hard will never succeed.
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.
b.先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时
Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
c.在以there be…的句子中，先行词为人时
There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.
d. 当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.
e.当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时
There ‘s only one student in the school who I want to see.
Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?
f. 在非限制性定语从句中指人
I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.
g.定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。
Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.
He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work.
D.在定语从句中，whose作定语， 其先行项既可以是人，又可以是物
Lei Feng was a great communist fighter whose death was weightier than Mount Tai.
Where’s the window whose glass is broken?
E. 在定语从句，关系副词when, where, why与关系代词which, that的关系
July 1st, 1921 is the day that/which we Chinese should always remember.
This is the place that/which they visited last year.
Please give me a reason that/which could account for your absence.
I still remember the day when(=on which) I joined the army.
This is the room where(=in which) Luxun once lived.
Another reason why(=for which) he works hard is that he has pass the exam.
F. as, which的比较
a.在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用
They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.
She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.
b.如从句在主句之前，用as
As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
c.如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有＂正如．．．＂＂就象．．．＂之意时，用as
We won the match, as we had expected.
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
d. 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书 (比较：This is the same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)
Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.
I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.
e. 当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgra 定语从句小结
. as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句， 用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
e.g. He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.
As we know from his accent, he is an American.
He, as we know from his accent, is an American.
As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.
正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.
定语从句的练习：
I passed him a glass of whiskey, ______ he drank at once.
He spoke to me in a way _______ I don’t at all like.
It is a famous university ________ he graduated 3 years ago.
Are you the lady ______ asked for help?
The service __________ students complain a lot should be improved.
He works in a college ______ students are all women.
The picture ______ he paid $100 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
We can see very clearly the method ______ the computers work.
_______ he introduced just now, Dr. Baker is an expert in Biology.
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
This is the famous star ______ photos are on this magazine.
The science of medicine, ________ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the science.
责任编辑：李芳芳
(1) 表语从句
1． 定义：用作________的从句叫做表语从句。
2． 构成：________ +简单句
3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1) 引导陈述句的________。
(2) 引导选择疑问句的________, ________。
(3) 引导特殊疑问句的________, ________, ________。
（4）引导原因表语从句的________.
（5）其他________, ________.
（2）主语从句
1． 定义：用作________的从句叫做主语从句。
2． 构成：________ +简单句
3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 引导陈述句的________。
(2) 引导特殊疑问句的________, ________, ________, ________, ________,。
（3）引导选择疑问句的________, ________。
（4）代替真正主语的形式主语是_______。
（3）宾语从句
1． 定义：用作________ 的从句叫宾语从句。
2． 构成：________ +简单句
3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 引导陈述句的________.
(2) 引导选择疑问句的________, ________.
（3）引导特殊疑问句的________, ________, ________, ________.
4．否定转移的单词有哪些？
认为________ 假设________ 相信________
5． 宾语从句的时态变化规律：
A. did B. had done C. do D. does E will do
(1) 当主句是do/deoes时，从句可用_______________________
（4）同位语从句
1． 定义：用作______的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
3．引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
(1) 引导陈述句的________.
(2) 引导选择疑问句的________.
（3）引导特殊疑问句的________, ________.
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列讲座28
So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes. 她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。 Involved in the problem are some teaching methods. 牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。
Written on the label is the model of the machine. 写在标签上的是机器的型号。 Very important in our lives is reading. 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。 Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship. 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。 注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。 如： Terribly hot it certainly was. 天确实是太热了。 A very reliable person he is. 他是一个可靠的人。
（2）某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。 如： Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen! 亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁！ May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归来！ May you succeed. 祝你成功。 May your country become rich and strong. 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。
（3）在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours, thus (方式状语)，so (程度状语)，in the distance, in front of (地点状语)等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装；如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。 如： Often did we warn them not to do it. 我们经常警告他们别做这事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。 Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. 他不止一次帮我做实验。 Thus was the Emperor deceived. 皇帝就这样受骗了。 So busy is he that he has no time to spare. 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。 So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。 In the distance was a tall tree. 远处有一棵大树。 翻译练习（地点状语放在句首，倒装）： 1)在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。 Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 2)教室的外面站着一个男孩。 Outside the classroom stood a boy.
3)农舍后面是一片稻田。 Behind the farmhouse was a rice field. 4)小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
（4）在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构；主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。 例如： “You all did well in the exam,” said the teacher. “你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。 “How is your mother?” asked her friend. “你母亲近况如何？”她的朋友问道。
“Let’s go,” suggested Mary. “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。 “Nonsense!” shouted the man. “胡说！”那个人喊道。 “Whom are you looking for?” she asked. “你找谁？”她问道。 “Yes, I’m a new student,” he answered. “对，我是新生。”他回答说。
倒装句综合练习
1．把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首： Models: The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out. (hardly) →Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out. It can’t be done in any other way. (in no other way) →In no other way can it be done. 1)They had never seen such a sight before. (never before) →Never before had they seen such a sight. 2)They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began. (no sooner) →No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began. 3)She will not do such a thing under any circumstances. (under no circumstances) →Under no circumstances will she do such a thing. 4)The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated. (not until) →Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin. 5)I will on no account sign this document. (on no account) →On no account will I sign this document. 6)He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it. (so badly) →So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it. 7)You will succeed only by working hard. (only) →Only by working hard will you succeed. 8)He seldom takes a holiday. (seldom) →Seldom does he take a holiday. 9)He not only advised me what to do; he also lent me the money. (not only) →Not only did he advise me what to do, he also lent me the money. 10)He hardly realizes how ill he is. (hardly) →Hardly does he realize how ill he is. 11)The old man didn’t say a word. (not a word) →Not a word did the old man say. 12)The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking. (not a sound) →Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking. 13)I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy. (hardly ever) →Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy. 14)I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset. (rarely) →Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 15)He didn’t speak to us even once. (not even once) →Not even once did he speak to us.
2．用倒装结构翻译下列句子： 1)枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。 Crack went the gun and away flew the birds. 2)一群士兵突然冲进宅内。 Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers. 3)他简直没有时间玩。 Scarcely could he find time for playing. 4)我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。 Near our school there stands a high building. 5)我晚上很少一个人出去散步。 Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself. 6)她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。 Hardly could she express her gratitude in words. 7)要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。 Had you arrived a little earlier, you could have caught the train. 8)过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。 Only after a week did she know about her father’s death. 9)他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。 Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. 10)如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。 Had you followed his advice, you would have succeeded.
it 用法小结
it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。
一、it作句子的真正主语
1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。 例如： What’s this? －It is a sheep? 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? －It’s me (I). 谁？？是我。 It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。
2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。 例如： What time is it? －It’s nine. 几点了？？九点了。 It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? －It’s Saturday. 今天星期几？？今天星期六。 What’s the date today? －It is October 1st. 今天是几号？ ？今天是十月一日。 What season is it? －It is summer. 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。
3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。 例如： Is it cold in this room? －No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗？？不冷。 What’s the weather like today? －It is fine. 今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。 It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。
4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。
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