以下是小编给大家收集的托福阅读讲义要从哪些方面来准备（共含10篇），欢迎大家前来参阅。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“迷鹿迷鹿”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读讲义要从哪些方面来准备?
面对一本厚厚的阅读讲义，大家都望而却步。一般认真的考生都习惯把里面的题目做完，就OK了。其实不是这样的，对于托福阅读，不仅有做题，而且还可以从中学习到很多其他像写作，口语里面的知识。尤其是对写作的帮助很大，托福阅读讲义里有很多素材可以积累，帮助我们扩展综合写作中的例子。此外，还有很多不一样的观点可以领悟，能过发散我们的思维。今天就为大家分析从哪些方面来看托福讲义。
一、单词方面
我们需要的托福阅读的词汇量是8000左右，而托福讲义里面的单词其实会涉及到更多。如果考生在背完要求的8000单词之后，想继续扩展的话，不妨了解一下托福讲义哪些生词。在阅读初期，建议大家先系统过一遍自己已经掌握的8000词汇，查缺补漏。之后再过渡到寻找生词上，一般情况下，生词大概背3遍左右才能基本掌握。当生词看得懂之后，托福的核心词汇基本掌握了，这时候，考生不需要记8000之外的这些生词。因为这些词汇只要看懂就行，不影响其他部分。通常，托福词汇8000和生词意思的全面掌握，也需要将巩固背3遍左右。
在背诵单词的过程中，建议同学们按照上面的步骤，先把已经掌握的8000词汇温习，再对托福阅读讲义中的生词进行背诵，这样一个循序渐进的过程更有利于单词的全面掌握，而如果直接上手背诵讲义生词，则很难在短期内适应托福的难度，反而影响背词的最终效果，甚至因为太难而产生对单词的抵触情绪。
二、语法方面
很多同学在备考托福的时候会有一个误区，以为单词多，看阅读讲义就很容易，其实不然，正式进入到托福阅读讲义的做题中会发现，里面中涉及到的句子绝对不是主、谓、宾的简单组合，往往会穿插多种复杂修饰的成分，例如定语后置，不定式等。让句子结构变得错综复杂，从而使句意变得扑朔迷离，究其原因，主要是没有系统掌握语法知识，就堂而皇之去看托福阅读讲义。在托福阅读讲义中，涉及到的语法点最关键的是复杂修饰，这些包括插入语、介宾结构、分词短语、不定式、从句，定语，等等。一句话一般都用上很多这种，让考生不知道主语在哪儿，错抓句子意思。如果在看阅读讲义之前，掌握了这些不同类型的修饰成分，并且能够在一句话中准确的识别出来，清楚地知道各成分间的逻辑关系，也就意味着掌握了托福阅读讲义中大部分的语法点了。像省略，疑问，倒装这种句型反而在阅读讲义中出现的频率较低。
三、做题方面
长久以来，考生受应试思维比较大，面对厚厚一本阅读讲义，就直接硬做，做完就OK了。至于托福考试考什么，平时重点练什么，都已经抛诸脑后。这种思维在阅读讲义做题中表现为，轻视段落及 篇章整体的中心思想的理解，只是阅读和题目相关的若干句子。这种做题方法看起来很快，实则不好。在做阅读讲义中，我们需要学会通过题干线索词回到文章中找到相应句子，但有些情况也会查不到相对应的句子，这时候我们更应该去了解相关技巧，而不是继续硬做。比如题目中出现了对原文的改写、考查多个段落相关的题以及最后一道 篇章总结题等等，像这些无法直接找到相应答案句的题，需要大家在通读段落或文章的过程中才能全面把握住，所以，做题的正确打开方式应该是根据托福阅读讲义的出题原则，在逐段浏览文章的过程中逐段做题，换句话说，就是读一段再做与该段相关的题，以此类推，直到完成最后一题，而不是简单的定位做题，只有这样，才能全面把握住阅读中考查的每一道题，尽可能少丢分。
托福阅读真题练习：行星探索
托福阅读文本：
In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as,every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.
Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.
托福阅读题目：
1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9?
(A) They were once combine in a larger body.
(B) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.
(C) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter.
(D) They have an unusual orbit.
2. The word “collectively” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) respectively
(B) popularly
(C) also
(D) together
3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following
EXCEPT
(A) a dismembered body
(B) a train
(C) a pearl necklace
(D) a giant planet
4. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists
(A) had been unaware of its existence
(B) had been tracking it for only a few months
(C) had observed its breakup into twenty-odd fragments
(D) had decided it would not collide with the planet
5. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely
(A) invisible
(B) black
(C) frozen
(D) exploding
6. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of comet Shoemaker- Levy 9
(A) hit the surface of Jupiter
(B) were pulled into Jupiter's orbit
(C) were ejected back through the tunnel
(D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter
7. The phrase “incinerated itself” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned up
(B) broke into smaller pieces
(C) increased its speed
(D) grew in size
8. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on
Jupiter?
(A) fireballs
(B) ice masses
(C) black marks
(D) tunnels
9. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 primarily in terms of
(A) its importance as an event of great scientific significance
(B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth
(C) the changes it made to the surface of Jupiter
(D) the effect it had on television broadcasting
10. The “target” in line 20 most probably referred to
(A) Earth
(B) Jupiter
(C) the solar system
(D) a comet
托福阅读答案：
ADDBC DACBA
托福阅读真题练习：临床营养学
托福阅读文本：
The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.
The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called “the vitamin period.” Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.
In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body
(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present
(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study
(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century
2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the
first era in the history of nutrition?
(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.
(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.
(C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.
(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.
3. The word “tempting” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) attractive
(C) realistic
(D) correct
4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in
order to
(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition
(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease
(C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients
(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins
5. The word “Reckless” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) recorded
(B) irresponsible
(C) informative
(D) urgent
6. The word 'them“ in line 19 refers to
(A) therapies
(B) claims
(C) effects
(D) vitamins
7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's
(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.
(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.
(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality
(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.
8. The phrase ”concomitant with“ in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) in conjunction with
(B) prior to
(C) in dispute with
(D) in regard to
9. The word ”skyrocketing“ in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) internationally popular
(B) increasing rapidly
(C) acceptable
(D) surprising
10. The word ”extolling“ in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) analyzing
(B) questioning
(C) praising
(D) promising
11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
(A) the fourth era of nutrition history
(B) problems associated with undernutrition
(C) how drug companies became successful
(D) why nutrition education lost its appeal
托福阅读答案：
CABBB DDABCA
托福阅读讲义要从哪些方面来准备
托福阅读讲义要从哪些方面来准备?
一、单词方面
我们需要的托福阅读的词汇量是8000左右，而托福讲义里面的单词其实会涉及到更多。如果考生在背完要求的8000单词之后，想继续扩展的话，不妨了解一下托福讲义哪些生词。在阅读初期，建议大家先系统过一遍自己已经掌握的8000词汇，查缺补漏。之后再过渡到寻找生词上，一般情况下，生词大概背3遍左右才能基本掌握。当生词看得懂之后，托福的核心词汇基本掌握了，这时候，考生不需要记8000之外的这些生词。因为这些词汇只要看懂就行，不影响其他部分。通常，托福词汇8000和生词意思的全面掌握，也需要将巩固背3遍左右。
在背诵单词的过程中，建议同学们按照上面的步骤，先把已经掌握的8000词汇温习，再对托福阅读讲义中的生词进行背诵，这样一个循序渐进的过程更有利于单词的全面掌握，而如果直接上手背诵讲义生词，则很难在短期内适应托福的难度，反而影响背词的最终效果，甚至因为太难而产生对单词的抵触情绪。
二、语法方面
很多同学在备考托福的时候会有一个误区，以为单词多，看阅读讲义就很容易，其实不然，正式进入到托福阅读讲义的做题中会发现，里面中涉及到的句子绝对不是主、谓、宾的简单组合，往往会穿插多种复杂修饰的成分，例如定语后置，不定式等。让句子结构变得错综复杂，从而使句意变得扑朔迷离，究其原因，主要是没有系统掌握语法知识，就堂而皇之去看托福阅读讲义。在托福阅读讲义中，涉及到的语法点最关键的是复杂修饰，这些包括插入语、介宾结构、分词短语、不定式、从句，定语，等等。一句话一般都用上很多这种，让考生不知道主语在哪儿，错抓句子意思。如果在看阅读讲义之前，掌握了这些不同类型的修饰成分，并且能够在一句话中准确的识别出来，清楚地知道各成分间的逻辑关系，也就意味着掌握了托福阅读讲义中大部分的语法点了。像省略，疑问，倒装这种句型反而在阅读讲义中出现的频率较低。
三、做题方面
长久以来，考生受应试思维比较大，面对厚厚一本阅读讲义，就直接硬做，做完就OK了。至于托福考试考什么，平时重点练什么，都已经抛诸脑后。这种思维在阅读讲义做题中表现为，轻视段落及篇章整体的中心思想的理解，只是阅读和题目相关的若干句子。这种做题方法看起来很快，实则不好。在做阅读讲义中，我们需要学会通过题干线索词回到文章中找到相应句子，但有些情况也会查不到相对应的句子，这时候我们更应该去了解相关技巧，而不是继续硬做。比如题目中出现了对原文的改写、考查多个段落相关的题以及最后一道篇章总结题等等，像这些无法直接找到相应答案句的题，需要大家在通读段落或文章的过程中才能全面把握住，所以，做题的正确打开方式应该是根据托福阅读讲义的出题原则，在逐段浏览文章的过程中逐段做题，换句话说，就是读一段再做与该段相关的题，以此类推，直到完成最后一题，而不是简单的定位做题，只有这样，才能全面把握住阅读中考查的每一道题，尽可能少丢分。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:摄影行业发展
Passage Two
学科分类：艺术/历史
题目：Photography and pictorial Weeklies
文章共四段，讲了摄影行业的发展过程，首先讲述了18世纪盛行的是metal plate printing，规模大，后来发展为electrotype。摄影形势及人物特点也有所变化，比较夸张的漫画形式(富有幽默感)的人物更倾向于像more serious and more formality方向发展。
托福阅读考试词汇题：
1. plentiful = numerous
2. emergence = rise
3. routinely = regularly
4. distinctive=attractive
托福阅读材料：里约奥运 还没开就要完的节奏?
With just a few weeks left until the start of the Olympics, Brazil is still suffering from serious economic problems. The acting governor of Rio de Janeiro warned that the games could be a ”failure“ if his state doesn't get its finances in order.
距离奥运会开幕只有几周时间了，但巴西仍深陷于严重的经济问题之中。里约热内卢州代理州长警告说，如果财政问题不解决，比赛或面临“失败”。
Brazil hasn't followed through on a promise to provide Rio with extra funding for security and transportation, according to Dornelles. Police officers in the city aren't being fully paid and may not even have enough money for gas.
根据多内莱斯的说法，巴西尚未兑现承诺为里约提供额外资金以解决安全和交通问题。里约市的警察还没有拿到全部薪金，而且甚至可能连买天然气的钱也付不起。
The missing funds are just the tip of Brazil's iceberg of turmoil.
未到位的资金只是巴西混乱的冰山一角。
Crime
犯罪
A functioning police force and transportation system are necessary, given the rising crime in Rio. Murder and robbery are up 15 percent and 30 percent, respectively, since last year, NPR reports. The city is trying to get new buses off the ground to help tourists avoid the favelas — areas vulnerable to violence, theft and gang activity.
从里约上升的犯罪率来看，必须要有高效的警力和交通系统。据NPR报道，自去年以来，谋杀和抢劫案件分别上升了15%和30%。城市正在努力引进不在地面运行的新公交车，以便帮助游客们避开贫民窟——那里太容易出现暴力案件、盗窃和帮派活动。
Political Unrest
政局动荡
After months of protest from angry Brazilians, the Senate last month voted to impeach President Dilma Rousseff over allegations that she lied about the country's economic issues. Rousseff and several members of her cabinet are also accused of making billions off of the state-run oil company Petrobras.
在愤怒的巴西人民进行了数月抗议之后，上个月参议院终于投票弹劾总统迪尔玛·罗塞夫，因其遭到指控称其在国家经济问题上说谎，罗塞夫及其内阁数位成员还被控告涉嫌贪污国有石油公司Petrobras数十亿元资产。
Wealth Gap
贫富差距
Economic inequality has long been an issue in Brazil. Recent figures indicate that the unemployment rate topped 11 percent last month. Wages are also down. Meanwhile, those involved in the Petrobras scandal are said to have made over $5 billion from bribes, kickbacks and money-laundering.
经济上的不平等问题长期以来一直困扰着巴西。最近的数据显示上个月失业率已高达11%，工资水平也非常低。与此同时，据说与巴西石油公司Petrobras丑闻相关的人还通过贿赂、回扣、洗钱等手段贪污了50亿美元。
The Worst Recession In Decades
几十年来最严重的经济衰退
Brazil is facing one of the worst recessions the country has ever faced. The economy shrank 5.4 percent in the first three months of the year, the government said. Additionally, as FT points out, export prices have shrunk, household debt has increased, and inflation has risen even more than expected.
巴西正面临着前所未有的一次最严重的经济衰退。政府称今年前3个月经济缩水了5.4%。此外，正如FT指出的：出口萎缩，家庭债务增加，通货膨胀程度之高也超乎意料之外。
Zika Fears
寨卡引发恐惧
The recent outbreak of the Zika virus has lead to athletes, journalists and other travelers vowing to skip the August games. Although the symptoms of Zika aren't serious, the virus can lead to severe birthdefects if contracted by a pregnant woman. There are currently no effective treatments or vaccinations.
最近爆发的寨卡病毒疫情使得诸多运动员、记者和其他游客发誓不会参加8月的赛事。尽管寨卡症状并不严重，但如果孕期妇女感染却会导致严重的新生儿出生缺陷，而目前尚无有效的治疗手段或疫苗。
1. 句子简化题
The Great Red Spot
One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.
B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.
C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.
D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.
答案：C
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.
B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.
C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.
D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.
答案：D
Passage One (Question 1-2)
Camouflage
Camouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.
1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.
B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.
C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.
D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.
答案：A
2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.
B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.
C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.
D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.
答案：D
Passage Two (Question 3-6)
Post-it Notes
Post-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.
It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.
3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.
B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.
C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.
D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.
答案：A
4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.
B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.
C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.
D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.
答案：B
5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.
B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.
C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.
D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.
答案：C
6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.
B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.
C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.
D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.
答案：D
Sand Dunes
1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.
2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.
3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.
4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.
Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.
amount of
sand·
·
direction of
winds·
·
Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):
(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.
(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.
(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.
(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.
(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.
(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.
(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.
参考答案：
第一栏：(5)、(7)
第二栏：(1)、(3)
William Faulkner
1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.
2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.
3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries suffered during a fall from a horse.
Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.
Faulkner in the first phase of his career·
Faulkner in the second phase of his career·
Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):
(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers
(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim
(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident
(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim
(5) Was considered merely a regional writer
(6) Wrote novels about various American regions
(7) Made his living as a novelist
(8) Made his living with writing other than novels
参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)
修辞目的性题
Xerography
1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.
2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.
1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to
(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry
(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials
(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry
(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed
2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?
(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.
(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.
(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.
(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.
3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to
(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement
(B) provide another example of conductivity
(C) provide further detail information about toner
(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner
4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?
(A) It is an alternative to xerography.
(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.
(C) It is a second example of xerography.
(D) It is a less
effective
type of xerography than is a photocopier.
正确答案：D_A_C_C
1、托福口语task1答题技巧
task1最常考的就是偏好题，通过智课老师的仔细研究，这类题型常出现的话题是人物话题、地点话题、事件话题或者是物品话题。针对这类题型，同学们可以针对一个话题不断的神话，而且完全可以一个例子通用到各类话题中。
如果在文章的开头进行表述，最好是将主体分为三部分来阐述，开题无需技巧，简单读题即可，把you 都改成me，比起I think……开头可以省去相对多的思维时间。内容一般找三个理由，为避免理由重复或累赘，建议就方便、经济、减压等常用理由进行练习，并结合不断问自己How 及Why 等问题来充实内容，完成example 的部分。最后用连词进行连接，这里有个技巧，就使用first, also, finally，因为三到六题综合题中这三个词常成为提示词出现，在前两题中使用可对其有一定敏感度。
2、托福口语task2答题技巧
结合第一题，第二题内容分布完全相同，并且这两题对时间把握尤其重要，要求考生进行“掐表”练习，对45s 有感性认识，当一定练习后，口语部分的考试不再是考内容的，而是考时间的，因此在考试过程中掐时间角度有很多技巧可言，比如：当阐述内容结束时时间为38s 或39s，则在最后可加句detail 或一句类似The person like me has no choice but to do sth.的长废话;当结束时时间为41s 或42s，则在最后可加一句短废话，如I find it’s cool.
3、托福口语task3答题技巧
最讨厌的是41s 说完这句短废话后变成42s，离perfect time 还是有3 秒钟，那么可以用一些装口吃或吞口水的考场技巧将时间掐到44s 或45s。(实践证明装口吃或吞口水不扣分)最后是三到六题的综合题部分。综合题由于会有听力和阅读，因此要求考生对信号词定位有所敏感，口语中涉及的技巧是即使不理解听力内容，结合简单的信号词如first, also, finally, but, yet, for the following reasons 等定位中心内容，遇到生疏单词、句子，记下读音，再完整地还给考官，一样得分。第三题听力内容中一男一女进行谈话，就他们对阅读内容的态度与否(支持还是反对)，不可以从语气上进行判断，要根据记录内容的回推去确认，以免犯错。
4、托福口语task4答题技巧
(1)用两三句话概括阅读段落大意， 重点在听力段落描述
(2)阅读段落中有提到， 但没有在听力段落中提到的信息， 答题时可以不说
(3)半数问题可能只针对听力段落提问， 回答可不提阅读段落， 引用概念即可
5、托福口语task5答题技巧
(1)前半部分问题的描述尽量使用模版， 节约时间
(2)前半部分陈述问题+描述方案时做到条理清晰， 描述准确
(3)描述个人倾向意见时不强求两条理由， 一条充分描述即可
6、托福口语task6答题技巧
(1)描述清楚起因，结果和主要特征最重要
(2)两个例子或试验分别进行描述， 说完一个再说另一个
(3)尽量不要遗漏重要信息， 同时注意不要张冠李戴
托福口语备考方法一：反复做。
集中起来反复做一种新托福口语题型，强化自己说相同时间的感觉，可以有效防止超时。每一题从听到准备到说，要严格按照考试的标准。
托福口语备考方法二：答题要有节奏感。
练习中要了解自己按照平时的语速说几句能在托福口语考试规定时间内完成答题。此外，重复一道题目或者一个类型的题目，比如 choose a teacher you admire and explain why you admire him or her(人物题)可以在不知不觉中修正自己的人物题模板，临考也可以随机应变。
托福口语备考方法三：笔记训练结合听力练习。
虽说口语一共30分，但是口语的一半分数应该算作对考生听力能力的考察。 6题中4题回答的内容都是基于考生的听力笔记，因此练习新托福口语的时候也相当于在练听力。
注意!不要重复听录音，笔记只做一遍!按照笔记反复练习直到流畅并且不遗漏重点，笔记的核对请参照录音原文，对照重点是否记全，有没有自己添油加醋的地方。
托福口语备考方法四：全程录音
全程录音，可以清晰地发觉自己的成长轨迹。无需太纠结流利性，以表意清晰为主要目标。
托福口语备考方法五：强化新托福口语练习，掌握题感。
每天花费一段较长的时间(如1小时)，连续练习，材料可以使用黄金80题，尤其是临考前几天。Keep talking，保持“口感”。
托福在近年来了一次大变脸，取消了语法部分，增加了口语测试。其中口试部分，共六道题目，每题4分，难度较大。特别是后四道题，融读、听、说于一体。其中第三题提供一篇百词左右的阅读材料，考生需在45秒内读完，然后再听一段长达1～2分钟的对话，30秒后，给考生1分钟时间陈述两段材料和对话。
”这个难度很大，很多考生栽在口试上。“专家称，以口试第三题为例，考生需经历读、听、思、说四个步骤。时间只有15秒、30秒，稍一”打野“，就一抹黑了。
在口语测试中，考生不必陈述自己的观点，而是用听读材料中的具体信息作答。这其实就是在考查学生是否具备了对先前读到、听到的材料进行快速归纳、总结、融合，然后再用口语复述的能力。很多考生反映，最不适应的题型就是口语先听后说部分。这”最不适应“反映出了考生对新托福的新题型产生了严重的 ”水土不服“。
新托福与旧托福相比较，增加了口语和综合能力测试，对阅读和写作占优势的多数考生来说，新托福”放倒“一批考生也在情理之中。
考生在强化口语表达能力的同时，切不可忽略了阅读和听力。专家建议，平时在上课时，可尝试用英语做笔记，锻炼汉语转换成英语的反馈能力。
”很多考生在口语测试中，容易犯‘鹅、鹅、鹅’的笑话，即不时卡壳。“老师们说，在新托福的口试中，考生要谨记放慢语速，如果用很快的语速作答，稍有停顿，考官会误认为你是由于词汇量不够而卡壳。对此，专家建议，平时最好有意识地锻炼自己的词语运用能力，如和同学一起做”句子接龙“游戏，以某句话为故事开端，每个人顺势接一个英语句子，情节足够丰富后，即成一个有趣的故事。
此外，新托福会经常出现一些专用词汇，如医学类、生物类等。学生平时记单词时要留意生僻的专用词汇，即使不会拼写，也要做到”眼熟“、”耳熟“，不要让这些生涩的词汇影响了在口语考试里的表现。
托福阅读讲义如何利用更高效
一.利用托福阅读讲义积累单词
我们需要的托福阅读的词汇量是8000左右，而托福讲义里面的单词其实会涉及到更多。如果考生在背完要求的8000单词之后，想继续扩展的话，不妨了解一下托福讲义哪些生词。在阅读初期，建议大家先系统过一遍自己已经掌握的8000词汇，查缺补漏。之后再过渡到寻找生词上，一般情况下，生词大概背3遍左右才能基本掌握。当生词看得懂之后，托福的核心词汇基本掌握了，这时候，考生不需要记8000之外的这些生词。因为这些词汇只要看懂就行，不影响其他部分。通常，托福词汇8000和生词意思的全面掌握，也需要将巩固背3遍左右。
在背诵单词的过程中，建议同学们按照上面的步骤，先把已经掌握的8000词汇温习，再对托福阅读讲义中的生词进行背诵，这样一个循序渐进的过程更有利于单词的全面掌握，而如果直接上手背诵讲义生词，则很难在短期内适应托福的难度，反而影响背词的最终效果，甚至因为太难而产生对单词的抵触情绪。
二.利用托福讲义巩固语法
很多同学在备考托福的时候会有一个误区，以为单词多，看阅读讲义就很容易，其实不然，正式进入到托福阅读讲义的做题中会发现，里面中涉及到的句子不是主、谓、宾的简单组合，往往会穿插多种复杂修饰的成分，例如定语后置，不定式等。让句子结构变得错综复杂，从而使句意变得扑朔迷离，究其原因，主要是没有系统掌握语法知识，就堂而皇之去看托福阅读讲义。在托福阅读讲义中，涉及到的语法点最关键的是复杂修饰，这些包括插入语、介宾结构、分词短语、不定式、从句，定语，等等。一句话一般都用上很多这种，让考生不知道主语在哪儿，错抓句子意思。如果在看阅读讲义之前，掌握了这些不同类型的修饰成分，并且能够在一句话中准确的识别出来，清楚地知道各成分间的逻辑关系，也就意味着掌握了托福阅读讲义中大部分的语法点了。像省略，疑问，倒装这种句型反而在阅读讲义中出现的频率较低。
三.托福阅读讲义中的习题有很高的利用价值
长久以来，考生受应试思维比较大，面对厚厚一本阅读讲义，就直接硬做，做完就OK了。至于托福考试考什么，平时重点练什么，都已经抛诸脑后。这种思维在阅读讲义做题中表现为，轻视段落及篇章整体的中心思想的理解，只是阅读和题目相关的若干句子。这种做题方法看起来很快，实则不好。在做阅读讲义中，我们需要学会通过题干线索词回到文章中找到相应句子，但有些情况也会查不到相对应的句子，这时候我们更应该去了解相关技巧，而不是继续硬做。比如题目中出现了对原文的改写、考查多个段落相关的题以及最后一道篇章总结题等等，像这些无法直接找到相应答案句的题，需要大家在通读段落或文章的过程中才能全面把握住，所以，做题的正确打开方式应该是根据托福阅读讲义的出题原则，在逐段浏览文章的过程中逐段做题，换句话说，就是读一段再做与该段相关的题，以此类推，直到完成最后一题，而不是简单的定位做题，只有这样，才能全面把握住阅读中考查的每一道题，尽可能少丢分。
托福阅读：1/4以上的题目在于词汇
新托福考试阅读题中，常常能看懂文章但是却又做错题，这种新托福阅读的错题现象貌似成为一种常态。老托福的时期，这样的事却没有见过。新托福考试中题目是取消了语法的单项考察，但在考试之中又将对于语法的考察融合在了新托福考试之中，这里面就是新托福阅读考试体现得最为明显。下面我们就来看看教师支招的托福阅读考试建议。
一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小，高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个，这离8千的量就少很多了，所以我们建议两步走。 第一步找一本词汇书背一些，同时因为你词汇量比较小，而且背单词比较枯燥，同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时，大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的，一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中，每篇阅读文章中，如果是英语单词比较差的同学，甚至会发现100个单词不认识。但是我们也发现，在阅读中背单词是特别快，而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合，第一个是背一本单词书，我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章，包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章，同时把里面的单词全部都背下来，这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。
我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学，一般来说，SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量，而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量，从这个比例我们就可以看出来，SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的，托福的文章主要以科普类的为多，而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的，历史类的，所以这一方面需要更多准备。
所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的，但是需要你做一个转变的过程，做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的，所以我建议考完SAT以后，最好再买两本新托福备考的书，大量做一下练习题，尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉。《新托福综合教材》是一本非常不错的书，这本书尽管前面的板块有一点简单，但是这本书有一个特别大的好处，它把新托福的题型介绍的特别细，是备考托福非常好的一本书。而且告诉你一个好消息，目前为止我培训的很多学生都是SAT打高分以后再回来考托福的，他们很多人的托福都是在110分以上。
托福阅读文章中的十大“路标”
一、列举和并列句
列举指的是： FirstFirst, Second, Third, 等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：
1. Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。
2 . EXCEPT 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT
这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句
句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
四、数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如 年 10 月第 48 题。
五、最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是 概念绝对 ， 答案唯一 ，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。
六、比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。
七、同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。
八、因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：
(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等
(2] 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
九、段落句
文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出 (1) 主题性问题， (2) 细节性问题.和 (3) 结构性问题。
十、特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：
(1) 破折号，表示解释.考细节性问题;
(2) 括号，表示解释.考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号.表示引用，考细节性问题：
(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。
综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;问时作为出题规律，检验自己所选答案的正确性。
为了帮助大家备考，以下是托福阅读需要提前多久备考内容，托福阅读对于考生来说是比较难的一个单元，希望本文对您的托福阅读提高有所帮助。
托福阅读需要准备多久
原来老托福阅读是350字一篇文章，10分钟。现在新托福是700字左右一篇文章，20分钟内完成12-14题。按照时间比例来说，时间对考生是绰绰有余的。但是为什么众多考生还是会感觉老托福的阅读要比新托福简单得多呢?问题就出在托福的题目上，有很多考生用在理解题目和选项的时间就远远超过答题时间，这样的话就直接影响了后面题目的答题质量，如果出现阅读加试，很多考生就一个头两个大了。
这主要还是因为考生在准备新托福阅读考试过程中太注重技巧的提炼，而忘记了学习英语根本的还是在对语言的掌握上。
1.如果基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without grammar，little can be conveyed and without vocabulary，nothing can b conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。
2.然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
3.积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
4.在复习的后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话，做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron， Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。
托福阅读推论题的解析
例题：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a)They did not smoke when they were burned.
b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c)They were not available to all.
d)They contained sulfuric acid.
[解析]
正确答案是C。这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。 因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。
文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早 期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的 pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
托福阅读考试的注意事项
1.词汇
从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有”葵花宝典“在手，也只能命丧ETS的”毒招“之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。
2.通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法——即所谓的阅读技巧
TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的”扫读法“、”跳读法“和”略读法"也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不 断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨， 而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。
3.解题训练
排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上，这种方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完 题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。
除了上述三方面的训练之外，如果能够对一些基本的背景知识加以补充的话，更能确保阅读理解的准确率和速度。
托福阅读提高效率的方法
方法一：快速泛读(fastextensivereading)
这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。
方法二：计时阅读(timedreading)
计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。
方法三：寻读(Scanning)
寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。
方法四：略读(skimming)
略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。
略读有下列几个特点：
A.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。
B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。
C.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。
