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浅谈被动语态的翻译
英语惯用被动句,而汉语则少用被动句,这一差别给翻译带来了很多的`难题.为解决这些难题,本文作者介绍了英语被动结构的五种翻译方法.
作 者：周洪波 作者单位：新疆塔里木大学文理学院 刊 名：科技信息（学术版） 英文刊名：SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 年，卷(期)： “”(11) 分类号：H3 关键词：翻译 被动句 主动句考研英语之被动语态翻译法
1） 变为汉语的主动形式。Eg：
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset： it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans， or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
2） 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
Eg：
For all the help this computer may provide， it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.尽管计算机可以提供那么多的帮助，它却不应该被看作是基本的思维和推理技巧的替代物。
Eg：
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount， reliability， and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.这些预测将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实取决于所用信息的数量、可靠程度、适宜程度以及用来解释这些信息的技巧与才智。
3） 增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
Eg：
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes， and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的.思维过程想比较，他们并认为这些思维过程必须经过某中专门训练才能掌握。
Eg：
During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
分译法
英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。
Eg： It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。
合译法
和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。Eg：
Science moves forward， they say， not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.他们说科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。（将英语的一个句子结构翻译成一个词组）
Eg：
When that happens， it is not a mistake： it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action， an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不是遭到嘲笑。（When that happens， it is not a mistake原来是两个句子，现在组合成一个简洁的汉语句子。）
顺序调整法
一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整（例如采用倒译法），使其更符合汉语的习惯。
Eg：
The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.如果我们进入了技术新时代而不首先估价我们对环境所负的责任，我们将遇到公害，这些公害将表明危险真正达到了什么程度。
Eg：
That our environment has little， if anything， to do with our abilities， characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。（原来的谓语，在译文中变成了在前的主语。）
英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例：
The children are looked after well.
孩子被照顾得很好。
the children和look after是被动关系。
The woman looks after the children.
这位妇女照看这些孩子。（主语是look after的执行者）
通常只有及物动词才有被动语，但不及物动词加上介词后也可以有被动语态，但介词不可以省去。今天主要复习一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、正在进行时和过去进行及情态动词的被动语态，动词的被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态改变。
一. 1. 一般现在时的被动语态
动词由is/ am/ are＋动词的过去分词构成。is, am, are随人称改变。例：
Rice is grown in the south of China.
中国的南方种水稻。
I am often told to be careful by my mother.
我经常被妈妈告诉要小心。
Trees are planted every spring.
树每年春天植。
2. 一般过去时的被动语态，动词由was/ were＋过去分词构成。例：
The boy was hit by a car yesterday.
这个男孩昨天被车撞了。
The chairs were repaired yesterday morning.
这些椅子昨天上午修好了。
3. 一般将来时的被动语态，动词由will/ shall＋be＋过去分词构成，或者由be going to be done构成。例：
A new school will be built here next year.
一所新的学校明年将在这里建成。
The roads are going to be widened soon.
路很快就会被加宽。
4. 现在完成时的被动语态，由have/ has been＋过去分词构成。例：
The sick man has been taken to the hospital.
那个病人已经被带到医院去了。
The hospitals have been built already.
这些医院已经被建成了。
5. 正在进行时的被动语态，由is/ am/ are＋being＋过去分词构成。例：
The meeting is being had now.
会正开着。
The water is being cleaned by the workers.
水正由工人们弄干净。
6. 过去进行时的被动语态。was/ were＋being＋过去分词。例：
A book was being borrowed by me at this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候我在借书。
7. 情态动词的被动语态。情态动词can/ may/ must/ should＋be＋过去分词。
The work can be done tomorrow.
这个工作可以明天做。
The composition must be finished today.
今天作文必须写完。
二. 主动语态和被动语态的转换
主动语态和被动语态可以相互转换，通常有以下三个步骤来完成：
（1）宾语变主语（即将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语）
（2）变动词（即将主动语态的动词随时态变成相应的被动语态的动词形式）
（3）加by短语（即将主动语态的主语放于by的后面，主格变宾格，有时不必指出可以省去）
例：
They speak English every day.
（主动语态）他们每天说英语。
English is spoken by them every day.
People grow cotton in the south.
Cotton is grown in the south.（by短语省去）
They cleaned the room last night.
The room was cleaned last night.
同样被动语态变为主动语态正好相反，例：
Was the book written by the boy?
Did the boy write the book?
三. 带有双宾语及省“to”不定式作宾补的句子变化。
1. 带有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语，通常有两种变化，既可以提前间宾，也可以提前直宾。例：
They gave me some advice on English study.
I was given some advice on English study by them.
Some advice on English study was given to me by them.
2. 省去“to”的不定式作宾补变为被动语再加“to”。例：
He made the boy work all day.
The boy was made to work all day.
I saw them come into the room.
They were seen to come into the room by me.
【模拟试题】（答题时间：40分钟）
一. 1. Meimei’s TV set ____________ at the moment.
A. is mending B. has mending
C. is being mended D. is mended
2. Listen! A new song ____________ in their classroom.
A. teaches B. taught
C. is teaching D. is being taught
3. My computer ____________ by him when I went to get it back.
A. was using B. was being used
C. was used D. had used
4. Those trees ____________ at this time last year.
A. planted B. were planting
C. were being planted D. had been planting
5. The classroom ____________. It’s quite clean now.
A. is sweeping B. is swept
C. sweeps D. has been swept
6. This story ____________ many times, but people still like to listen to it.
A. has been told B. has telling
C. is told D. would tell
7. When we got to the farm, the apples ____________.
A. had picked B. had been picked
C. were picking D. picked up
8. Before I bought this radio, it ____________ for two years.
A. was used B. had used
C. had been used D. used
9. The paper ____________ away if you didn’t tell me not.
A. would throw B. will be thrown
C. would been thrown D. would be thrown
10. I never knew that I ____________ around the school by the headmaster.
A. was shown B. would be shown
C. was show D. would show
11. Young trees ____________ good care of, or they will die early.
A. must take B. must taken
C. must have taken D. must be taken
12. Bikes ____________ in the middle of the road.
A. can’t be put B. can’t put
C. can’t be putted D. can’t be putting
13. This book is no use. I mean it ____________ away.
A. can throw B. can be thrown
C. can’t thrown D. mustn’t be thrown
14. This kind of bike ____________ in that shop, but I’m not sure.
A. must be bought B. can’t bought
C. can be buying D. may be bought
15. This kind of thing ____________ already ____________ somewhere in the world.
A. has been, happened B. has, happened
C. will, happen D. are, happening
16. The moon ____________ once a year, is that right?
A. is visiting B. has visited
C. is visited D. visits
17. The old bridge ____________ hundreds of years ago.
A. is building B. was built
C. built D. was building
18. Spaceships without people ____________ some other parts of the universe years ago.
A. have reached B. were reached
C. reached D. had been reached
19. --- How clean and tidy your classroom is!
--- Yes. It ____________ every day.
A. is cleaned B. was cleaned
C. was cleaning D. is cleaning
20. That building ____________ in our home town now.
A. is building B. building
C. is being built D. was built
21. Can you play games with us when your homework ____________?
A. is finished B. will finish
C. finish D. will be finished
22. I believe that those mountains ____________ by the trees in a few years.
A. are covered B. will be covered
C. are covering D. will cover
23. Older people ____________.
A. should be spoken politely
B. must speak to politely
C. should speak to polite
D. should be spoken to politely
24. The baby ____________ by his grandparents from Monday to Friday.
A. was taken care B. was taken care of
C. was looked at D. was looking at
25. This painting ____________ to a museum in New York in .
A. sells B. sold C. was sold D. was selling
二. 将下列句子变成被动语态
1. Mother gave me a new desk as a present.
2. I made my little brother a model ship last week.
3. Ann told me a funny story on our way to school.
4. He often passes me my pen.
5. Did he buy you the book you wanted?
6. Li made his brother clean the room.
7. I saw him go into the classroom.
8. We often hear her sing beautiful songs in the next room.
9. Did he often help the old granny do the housework?
10. Who often watch them play football?
【试题答案】
一.
1－5 CDBCD 6－10 ABCDB 11－15 DABDB
16－20 CBAAC 21－25 ABDBC
二. 1. A new desk was given to me as a present by mother.
或I was given a new desk as a present by mother.
2. My little brother was made a model ship by me last week.
或A model ship was made for my little brother by me last week.
3. A funny story was told to me by Ann on our way to school.
或I was told a funny story by Ann on our way to school.
4. I am often passed my pen by him.
My pen is often passed to me by him.
5. Was the book you wanted bought for you?
或Were you bought the book you wanted?
6. His brother was made to clean the room.
7. He was seen to go into the classroom.
8. She is often heard to sing beautiful songs in the next room.
9. Was the old granny often helped to do the housework?
10. Who are often watched to play football?
被动语态练习题
( )1. Luckily, the oldlady to hospital immediately after she fell down to the ground.
A. sent B. is sent
C. was sent D. sends
( )2.—Don’t forget to come to our school assembly(集会) tomorrow morning.
—I won’t. I ___just now.
A. reminded B.was reminded
C. reported D.was reported
( )3. The Second YouthOlympic Games in Nanjing on the sixteenth of August,.
A. will hold B. will beheld
C. was held D.is holding
( )4.—Tell me one thing you’re proud of inyour junior high school, Tony.
—I as captain of the school football team.
A. choose B.chose
C. am chosen D.was chosen
( )5. Look at our new school.It last year.
A. built B.was built
C. is built D.will be built
( )6.—Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo!
—It by my uncle. He is working in Shanghai.
A. has bought B. had bought
C. is bought D. was bought
( )7. Hurry up! Once theconcert starts, nobody to enter the concert hall.
A. allows B. allowed
C. is allowed D. is allowing
( )8.—Tom! I looked for you everywhere atthe party last night.
—Oh, I to the party.
A. am invited B. was invited
C. am not invited D. wasn’t invited
( )9. If it isn’t finethis weekend, our spring field trip ____ .
A. is canceled
B. was canceled
C. will be canceled
( )10.—Climate change mainly by too much CO2 in the air.
—So I think the key is to produce electricity without creating CO2.
A. is caused B. caused C. causes
( )11.—Did you go to Linda’s birthday party,Jill?
—No. I .
A. didn’t invite B. wasn’t invited
C. am not invited D. haven’t invited
( )12. —Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet. The rooms .
A. are painting
B. have been painted
C. are being painted
( )13. This kind of carlooks so beautiful. It _______in my hometown.
A. make B. makes C. is made
( )14. People who __ to the party are very excited.
A. have invited B. has been invited
C. will invite D. have been invited
( )15. With the help ofthe people around China, many beautiful new buildings __ here and there in the earthquake-hit areas in Sichuan.
A. can see B. can be seen C. will see
( )16. Thanks to the internet,different kinds of information___ in a short time.
A. can be learned B. has been learned
C. can learn D. has learned
( )17. Boys and girls,the books in the library should ___good care of.
A. be taken B. take C. are taking
( )18. —If we take a shower instead of bath,more water___.
—I agree with you.
A. has saved B. can save C. can be saved
( )19. —Should a teenager ___ to get a driving license?
—First go to a training centre.
A. be allow B. allow
C. be allowed D. allowed
( )20. —It’s difficult to get to the other sideof the river.
—I think a bridge ___over the river.
A. should be built B. should build
C. will build D. has built
( )21. —What languages in that country?
—German and English.
A. are speaking B. are spoken
C. speak D. is spoken
( )22. A year has fourseasons and it twelve different star signs.
A. divided into B. is dividing into
C. divided into D. is divided into
( )23. —Didn’t you see the sign “No Parking!”on the right?
—Sorry, I didn’t. But now I know parking here.
A. wasn’t allowed B. isn’t allowed
C. won’t allow D. doesn’t allow
( )24. —How often do I need to feed the dog?
—It food every day, or it will be hungry.
A. must give B. must be give
C. must be given D. must be gave
( )25. Flowers ___along the road last year.
A. plant B. planted
C. are planted D. were planted
( )26. The mobile phonehas influenced people’s life a lot since it ___ .
A. invents B. invented
C. is invented D. was invented
( )27. It is said thatan Asian Culture Village inside the AYG, Village in Nanjing in the comingAsian Youth Games period.
A. builds B. is building
C. will be built D. was built
( )28. If you see the cartoonfilm, you will___ laugh.
A. be made B. be made to
C. make to D. make
( )29. Today, computersare really helpful. They everywhere.
A. use B. are used
C. used D. were used
( )30. Chinese___ by more and more people from all over the world today.
A. learn B.learned
C. is learned D.was learned
( )31. In the old days,they in the factory from morning to night.
A. were made to work
B. asked to work
C. made to work
D. were asked for work
( )32. More money ___ when we use both sides of paper.
A. will save B. was saved
C. has saved D. will be saved
( )33. —Oh, my God! I can’t find my key to theoffice.
—Don’t worry. Perhaps it __ at your home.
A. left B. has left
C. was left D. had left
( )34. The lovely postcards___ to Ann last week.
A. send B. sent
C. were sent D. have sent
( )35. —Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.
—I’m sorry, but I ___ when to start.
A. wasn’t told B. don’t tell
C. didn’t tell D. haven’t told
( )36. It’ll be great honorif I ___ to the charity evening party next week.
A. invite B. am invited
C. will invite D. will be invited.
( )37. The song remindsme of my old school days as soon as it ___.
A. is played B. plays
C. will be played D. will play
( )38. —A talk on American culture__ in the school hall yesterday afternoon.
—It’s a pity. I missed it.
A. gave B. was given
C. has given D. is given
( )39. —Do you know Earth Day?
—Sure. It ___ in 1970 to tell us to protect our planet.
A. sets up B. set up
C. is set up D. was set up
( )40. Hot water__ in the students’ flats from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.now.
A. supplies B. is supplied
C. supplied D. was supplied
答案：
1-5CBBDB 6-10DCDCA 11-15BCCDB
16-20AACCA 21-25BDBCD 26-30DCBBC
31-35ADCCA 36-40BABDB
作者：李凡
本单元中出现了“But 'bought' is not spelled B-O-T”这个句子，该句子的意思是“可是'bought'不能（被）拼写成B-O-T”。这是一个典型的一般现在时的被动语态的句子。那么，怎样才能够学好一般现在时的被动语态呢？我们应该唱好如下 “三步曲”：
第一步：理解被动语态的含义并掌握其用法。
1. 含义：语态有主动语态和被动语态两种，主动语态表示的是主语是谓语动词所表示动作的执行者；被动语态表示被动意义，即主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。例如：
⑴ They often hit the boy. 他们经常打这个男孩。（主动语态）
⑵ The boy is often hit. 这男孩经常挨打。（被动语态，这里主语the boy是hit这一动作的承受者。）
2. 用法
⑴ 强调动作的执行者。例如：
The song is sung by her. 这首歌是她唱的。
⑵ 不便于或不需要指明动作的执行者。例如：
The word is spelled right. 单词拼对了。
第二步：记住一般现在时被动语态的构成。
构成：助动词be + 动词的过去分词。这里的be没有实际意义，但有人称和数的变化。在一般现在时里，be有is，am，are三种形式。
第三步：各种句式的变换。
否定句--在be后加not。例如：
The baskets are brought here. →The baskets aren't brought here.
一般疑问句及其简答--将be放到句首，简答时用上相应的be的形式。例如：
Our classroom is cleaned every day. → -Is your classroom cleaned every day? -Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
语法点拨
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如：
They didn’t offer Ann the job. （主动语态）
Ann wasn’t offered the job. （被动语态）
安没得到这份工作。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种形式
现以动词clean为例列表说明：
2、被动语态的句式变化：
以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
3、含有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：
Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
The old bridge was built many years ago. 这座古桥是许多年前建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、强调动作的承受者。
动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，也可省略。
Your plan is considered to be the best. 你的计划被认为是最好的。
3、动作的执行者是无生命的事物。
The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4. 避免更换主语，如：
Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken. 诺言一旦许下，就不能违背。
Mothers love their children and children are sure to love their mothers.
母亲爱孩子，孩子当然也爱母亲了。
5. 使句子保持平衡，如：
The lecture will be made by Joe Smith, who is a young artist from the States.
乔史密斯将来做报告，他是一位年轻的美国艺术家。
（Joe Smith有一个非限定性定语从句，所以后置）
四、主动语态变为被动语态
转换图示：
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语，如果主动句的宾语是代词，需变为主格。如：
（2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”，be与新主语的人称和数一致，时态不变。
（3）将主动语态的主语前加by放在谓语动词后，如果原主语是代词，要变为宾格。
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held（by them）yesterday.
他们昨天开会了。 昨天举行了一个会议。
They won’t forgive me. → I won’t be forgiven by them.
他们不会原谅我的。 我不会被他们原谅的。
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”等，
变为被动句时，通常删去“by…”，除非强调原主语。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。→
The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态
有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
（3）含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子，变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了；
注意：不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，变成被动时要加上to。
I heart Emily sing the song just now.
→ Emily was heard to sing the song just now.
我刚才听见艾米莉唱这首歌了。
（4）含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，把宾语从句后置。
We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
我们决定这项计划必须马上实施。
（5）双重被动结构：
当某人或物成为两次动作的承受者时，要用双重被动结构。如：
Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.
The children are often asked to do too much homework.
Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children.
五、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行车昨天被偷了。
When was the book introduced to China? 这本书什么时候引入中国的？
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.
在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
六、高频考点：
1. 动词的主动形式表示被动之意
1）某些连系动词，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。
2）表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的某些动词，虽然可以是及物动词，但这时用作不及物动词，
如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut,
translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。
The sentences translate hard. 这些句子很难译。
The door won’t shut. 这个门关不上。
3）某些动词用在句型“主+谓+主补”时，如wear，blow，prove等。
The door blew open. 门被吹开了。
2. 不用于被动语态的动词
有些动词用于被动语态，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。
An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。
One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要拥有勇气、决心和智慧。
3. “动词+反身代词”结构与“be+过去分词”结构
注意下面短语：
devote oneself to (献身于) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣),
amuse oneself (自娱自乐) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理准备),
concern oneself about (担心)
这些短语经常用被动结构表示主动意义。
They were seated in the front of the hall. 他们在大厅前部就坐。
He was concerned about his work. 他担心他的工作。
All my students are well prepared for the test. 我的学生都为考试做好了准备。
His mother is dressed in white at the party. 他的妈妈在宴会上穿着白色衣服。
4. be done与get done
1）现代英语特别是口语中常用“get + 过去分词”表示被动语态。
2）“get + 过去分词”只表示动作，而“be+过去分词”既可表动作，也可表状态。
They have been married for ages. 他们结婚多年了。（不能用get married）
They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。
3）经过安排、考虑的动作用“be+过去分词”；出乎意料时用“get+过去分词”。
How did the painting get damaged? 这幅画什么时候被损坏的？
4）“be+过去分词”是单纯的被动意义，而“get+过去分词”可以暗示主语对动作的发生有一定的责
任，含有某种主动意味。
His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.
虽然他们尽了全力，他的队还是输了。
5. 几个被动语态常用习惯用法：
We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory. 我们决定建立一个生态实验室。
My time was occupied with children. 我的时间都用在了孩子们身上。
I’m very interested in fine arts. 我对美术非常感兴趣。
Where was your grandfather born? 你祖父的出生地是哪里？
I was graduated from that university ten years ago. 我十年前从那所大学毕业。
My hometown is situated in the south of China. 我的家乡在中国南部。
6．It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 从句的变化：
“It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 从句”表示据说/据报道/据信......，此句型可以变成从句主语作主语的句型：sb. ＋be said/ reported/believed, etc. +不定式。如果原来从句的谓语动作已经完成，不定式用完成式；如果从句的谓语动作是经常性动作或还没有完成，用不定式的一般式。
It is said that James is an expert on DNA. = James is said to be an expert on DNA.
人们说詹姆斯是个DNA专家。
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. =
The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the
words _________. ( 北京)
A. are dropped B. drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped
2. Experiments of this kind _______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second
World War.（ 北京）
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
3. He_____________some pieces of advice, but he__________to them.
A. gave, didn’t listen B. was given, wasn’t listened
C. give, wasn’t listened D. was given, didn’t listen
4. This coastal area ______ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010 湖南)
A．was named B．named C．is named D．names
5. A lot of tall buildings______________in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up B. have been set up C. were set up D. set up
6. They ______________printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished B. have finished C. had been finished D. have been finished
7. Great changes______________place. Many new schools ______________.
A. have taken, have been opened B. take, are open
C. are taken, open D. have been taken, are opened
8. We can’t use the bridge now, because it______________.
A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired
9. I______________the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown B. showed C. have shown D. was showing
10. The war the old soldier remembers very well ______________in 1941.
A. broke out B. had been broken out
C. was broken out D. had broken out
11. When water______________, it will be changed into vapour.
A. is heated B. heating C. has heated D. heats
12. We can’t enter the room because its door______________, but you couldn’t lock it at
all before.
A. locked B. locks C. is locked D. is locking
13. They______________day and night, so they had no time to stay with their families.
A. are made work B. are made to work
C. made to be worked D. are making to work
14. Man-made satellites______________into space by many countries.
A. was sent up B. is sent up
C. have been sent up D. has been sent up
15. When ______ the People’s Republic of China_____ ?
A. was, found B. was, founded C. did, found D. does, found
16. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
A. was happened B. has been happened C. happened D. was going to happen
17. He will stop showing off, if no notice _____ of him.
A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken
18. - It is said that another new car factory _____ now.
- Yeah. It _____ one and a half years.
A. is building； is taken B. is being built； will take
C. is built； will takeD. is being built； takes
19. I know Mr Brown；we _____ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. have been introduced
C. were introduced D. had been introduced
20. - I ____ to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
- Why don’t you have a dress made for the party?
A. was asked B. will ask C. have asked D. have been asked
21. - What do you think of this kind of TV set, which _____ in Shanghai?
- Well, I don’t care such things.
A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made
22. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ____ too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cooked C. had cooked D. cooked
23. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ____ the cloth ____ well.
A. have told； washes B. have been told； washes
C. was told； washed D. have been told； is washed
24. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
25. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and _______ already.
A. sell, have been sold out B. sold, had sold out
C. sell, sell out D. are sold, have been sold out
26. The train ____ arrive at 11:30, but it was an hour late.
A. was about to B. was likely to C. was supposed to D. was proved to
27. The teacher told his students that they ____ to be useful men to the country.
A. were all expected B. were all expecting
C. all were expected D. all expected
28. -Why did you leave that position?
-I __________ a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
29. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed
under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
30. The hero’s story _______ differently in the newspapers.
A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D．reported
Ⅱ把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day?
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
参考答案
Ⅰ单项选择
1. A。句子是有关美语中的一个语法现象的，是经常性的状态，且这个音节是人为漏掉的，所以用一般
现在时的被动语态。
2. D。实验（experiments）和动词conduct（实施）是被动关系，而且是在“before the Second
World War”进行的，即“过去的过去”，所以选D。
3. D。give接双宾语，“他”应被给一些建议，排除A、C；“他”听从建议，是主动关系，所以选D。
4. A。句意：这个沿海地区去年被命名为国家级野生动物保护区。
5. B。in the last three years 在过去三年里，一般与现在完成时连用，“建筑物”与“set up”是
动宾关系，所以用B。
6. A。by the end of last month 到上个月末为止，一般要用过去完成时；“They”是“finish”的
执行者，所以选A。
7. A。take place 发生，不能用被动语态；“school”是“被开设（open）”的，而且现在已经有了
变化，要用现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的结果，因此选A。
8. D。桥现在不能使用，应该是正在被修理。
9. A。警察给“我”指路，“我”与“指路”是被动关系。
10. A。break out 爆发，是不可数名词，不用被动语态；过去某时发生的事，要用一般过去时。
11. A。“水”是人加热的，所以是被动语态。
12. C。门是被锁的，用被动语态。注意lock也有不及物动词的用法，表示主语的特征，不用被动语
态，如：The door won’t lock. 这个门锁不上。
13. B。make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事，变成被动句后要把do前省略的to加上。They与动词work是
主动的，因此要用不定式的主动式。
14. C。句意：许多国家都发射了人造卫星。根据句意应用现在完成时，卫星是被发射的，因此用C。
15. B。found 动词（原形），意为“建立”，过去式、过去分词是founded。
16. C。happen是不及物动词，不用被动语态。
17. A。如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。又因if 从句是被
动语态，是短语“take no notice of...（不注意）”中的notice（take的宾语）提前做了主
语，故选A。 句意：如果不注意他，他就不会卖弄了。
18. B。根据主语与build之间的被动关系和now， 可知要选现在进行时的被动语态；因工厂正在修建，
花费一年半应指将来。
19. C。在一个国际会议上“被介绍”显然发生在过去。
20. D。由but 分句中的现在时和答语所提建议内容，可知应选现在完成时的被动语态。
21. B。这种电视产于上海是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
22. A。cook发生在didn’ t taste very good 之前，且与主语之间有被动关系，故用过去完成时的被
动语态。
23．B。动词wash, lock, sell, wear, write, read, open, shut, clean等动词的主语是物，且又表
示主语的特征或状态时，要用主动形式表示被动意义。tell与I是被动关系，表示“别人告诉
我”。wash well 好洗。
24. B。茶是被“端上/提供”的，而且说的是一个事实，用一般现在时的被动语态。
25. A。第一空解析见23；sell out 卖光，与书是被动关系，从第一句的时态可知用现在完成时的被动
语态。
26. C。be supposed to 应该；be about to do 正要做，一般不与具体时间连用；be likely to do
可能做。
27. A。句意：老师告诉他的学生他们被期望成为对国家有用的人。
28. D。offer sb. sth. 主动提供给某人某物；从问句时态可知答语中要用一般过去时。句意：-你为
什么离职呀？-IBM给了我一个更好的。
29. C。小盒子是在警察注意到之前放的，所以用过去完成时。句意：那个警察的注意力突然被吸引到
一个安放在部长汽车下面的一个小盒子上。
30. A。“story”应该“被报道”。
Ⅱ、把下列句子改为被动语态
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
4. Are your flowers watered every day?
5. The big tree was blown down last night.
6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
被动语态结构：
公式：be+动词的过去分词：
应用范围：表示被动的情况，一般是及物动词有被动语态，切记不及物动词与一些固定词组是没有被动语态的。例如：happen, take place
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。
例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
歌诀：谁做的.动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；
主动语态变被动语态的方法：
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
被动语态的构成：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
被动语态口诀：
一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have（has）done，被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall（will）do，被动变do为be done。
将来进行无被动，shall（will）be doing。
现在完成时，被动 have（has）been done。
现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。
第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must，may，can，shall，will”等一律随新主语（多是主动句中的宾语）来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。
考研英语英译汉翻译技巧被动语态的翻译
翻译前，考生应当首先把这篇四百字左右的短文当作泛读题看一遍，主要是对全文的大意、段落之间的关系有所了解。在不影响对文章主旨的理解的情况下，若有不懂的句子大可不必在意。下一步考生可以逐句地对五个划线部分的句子精读一番，下面是被动语态的翻译。
在命制试题过程中，选用的文章大多是正式的文体。这类文章的特点之一是被动句很多，因为这类文章客观性很强，而被动语态是使文章客观化的手段之一。不但如此，在英语正式文体中还有其他表示被动的方法，如在名词后加-ee表示动作的承受者(如trainee, employee, addressee, payee 分别表示受训者，受雇者，收件人，收款人);形容词以 -able、-ible结尾和由过去分词转换的形容词，大多含有被动意义，如：visible stars(看得见的星星)，navigable rivers(可通航的海湾)等等。介词短语，过去分词短语有时也能表示被动意义。
汉语中的被动句不占优势。英文中大部分的被动句都可以译为汉语的主动句，只有在强调被动意义时才使用被动句。但是在汉语的主动句中，有的在逻辑上是被动句，如：“文章写完了”。在这样的句子中，主语不是谓语的动作施行者，而是承受者。汉译时应该灵活采取相应的形式。此外，汉语本身特有一些表示被动的语言手段可以加以利用。为了使译文符合汉语习惯，翻译被动句时，常常可以用以下几种方法：
(1)被动句的主语仍译为主动句的主语。
The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.
译文：汽车损坏严重，已无法修理，而驾车者却安然无恙。
The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.
译文：此项发现得到科学界的高度评价。(或：科学界对此项发现给予高度评价。)
(2)将被动句译成主动句，有时外加泛指人称代词“人们”，“有人”，“大家”，“我们”做主语。
Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.
译文：人们发现，橡胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。
The area has been marked out for building more hotels.
译文：人们划出这块地区用于建造更多的旅店。
(3)把by 后动作的执行者做主语，英文原句中的`主语做宾语。
The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.
译文：蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。
What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?
译文：政府已经采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空气的污染程度呢?
(4)译成汉语中的无主句。
若根据上下文或特定情景，对行为主体一目了然，或者出于礼貌和婉转起见，可以采用这种译法。
The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.
译文：使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料而设计的特殊装置可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。
Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.
译文：将来还可能对本系列标准增加若干项国际标准。
(5)改译成汉语的判断句，即带表语的主动句。
如“是由…”、“是因…”、“是在…”等等。被动语态是表示一种状态时可以译成汉语的判断句型。
My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.
译文：我的前四十年在南欧度过。
These machines are operated by a worker only.
译文：这些机器只由一名工人操纵。
(6)译成正常的被动句，以突出被动意义。
这不仅包括被字句，还包括汉语特有的表示被动的手段，如“受、被、叫、挨、让、给、遭、由、为、为…所…、把、加以、使”等等都可以表示被动意义。
In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.
译文：在工业中，不易获得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
译文：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学的思想家忽视了。
Problems should be resolved in good time.
译文：问题应该及时加以解决。
The Apollo Ⅻ crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.
译文：阿波罗十二号的宇航员曾报告说，它们的宇宙飞船正遭到两个不明飞行物的跟踪。(用“遭到”)
For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.
译文：为了使铁跟杂质分离，铁矿石必须经过冶炼。
常见的被动式句型译法：
It cannot be denied that...不可否认
It has been illustrated that...据说明;据图示;图中表示
It has been proved that...已经证明
It is(usually) considered that...据(通常)估计;人们(通常)认为
It is assumed that...假定
It is believed that...大家相信
It is alleged that...据称
It is demonstrated that...已经证明，文中(图中)表明
It is estimated that...据估计
It is expected that...人们希望
It is found that...据发现;人们认为
It is generally agreed/recognized that...人们通常认为/承认
It is hoped/still to be hoped that...(我们)希望/仍希望
It is mentioned that...据说
It is noticed /noted that...人们注意到/前面已经指出
It is proposed that...有人提议(指出)
It is recommended that...有人推荐
It is regarded that...人们认为
It is reported that...据报道
It is said that...据说
It is stressed that...人们强调说
It is supposed that...据推测;假定
It is thought that...有人认为
It is universally accepted that...普遍认为
It is well known that...众所周知
It must be admitted that...必须承认
It should be pointed out that...必须指出
It will be seen from it that...由此可见
怎样学好被动语态
被动语态(passive voice)是初中英语学习的重难点之一，是同学们容易出错的语法项目。那么，怎样才能学好被动语态呢？
一、打破思维定势，树立“被动”意识
从初一到初三我们一直在学习主动语态，逐渐形成了用主动语态处理语言的思维习惯，用被动语态思维的意识却相对薄弱。而英语中的动词有两种语态，所以，同学们首先要树立两种语态，两者兼顾、全面思考问题的意识。
二、抓住重点，各个突破
1.牢固掌握被动语态结构形式，即be+及物动词的过去分词。这是树立被动语态意念的关键，也是学好被动语态的主线和重点。
2.灵活运用助动词be的不同形式。即在各种时态中及各种句型中的变化，如一般现在时态中be有is, am, are三种形式。一般过去时态中be有was, were两种形式。这两种时态的一般疑问句，否定句及特殊疑问句都是通过be来体现的，而带有情态动词的被动语态则是通过情态动词来体现的。这些变化形式同学们不妨在草稿纸上多练习几遍，就象我们在记数学、物理或化学公式一样，久而久之也就记住了。
3.记牢过去分词，尤其是不规则动词的'过去分词。把不规则动词的过去分词分门别类，使其趋于系统、条理化。例如：根据不规则动词的原形、过去式、过去分词的规律，把它们分为AAA型，如hurt, hurt, hurt; ABB型，如hear, heard, heard; ABC型，如forget, forgot, forgotten等。另外，我们还可以边学边记，及时发现问题，及时巩固。
三、循环往复，举一反三
1.加强“横向”练习。即主动句变被动句，被动句变主动句。如果是一个主动句，看它能否变成被动句；若是被动句，怎样变成主动句。通过反复的练习，加强对被动语态的理解。
2.重视“纵向”练习。也就是对一个被动句进行不同时态的变化。如：Trees are cut down.在一般过去时态下变成Trees were cut down.带有情态动词的变化为Trees can't be cut down.等，从而达到熟练运用被动语态的目的。
(1)在被动句中，make,have, see, hear, watch等使役动词或者感官动词后面，作主语补语的不定式不能小略to。比如：
I was made to study at home.
我被留在家里学习。
He was seen to leave the house.
他被看见离开那个房子。
(2)表示材料、地点、范围的介词with,in, to等，变为被动语态后不能改为介词by表示。比如：
The ground was covered with snow.
地面上覆盖着雪。
English is taught in our school.
我们学校教英语。
The singer is well known to us all.
我们都知道那位歌唱家。
(3)不能把否定的不定代词当作被动句中介词by的宾语。比如：
Noboday cando it.
没有人能做这件事。
不能改为：It can’t be done by nobody.
(4)反身代词不能改为被动句的主语。比如：
He taught himself English.
他自学了英语。
不能改为：Himself was taught English.
(5)主动句中带双宾语的动词，如果将直接宾语改成被动句的主语，动词后应有介词to或for;若将间接宾语改成被动句的主语，动词后面无相应的介词。比如：
A book was given to me.
一本书给了我。
Something will be brought for the teacher.
将给老师带点东西来。
The boy was given a pencil.
那孩子得到一支钢笔。
(6)不能把短语动词拆开。比如：
The old manis taken good care of by the nurse.
老人受到护士很好的照顾。
不能改成：Good care of the old man is taken by the nurse.
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★ 被动语态练习题
★ 包拯翻译
★ 将进酒翻译
★ 愚公移山翻译
★ 赤壁赋翻译
