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新编英语教程5 unit14 Cultivating a hobby课文翻译
课文翻译是预习的重点,大家要学会理解。下面是新编英语教程5 unit14 Cultivating a hobby课文翻译,希望对大家有帮助。
Cultivating a Hobby
Winston Churchill
A gifted American psychologist has said ,“Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.” It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair ,begins.
培养业余爱好
温氏顿 丘吉尔
一位极具天赋的心理学家曾经说过,“担忧是一种情感的突发;心里死死地纠缠着一件事,总是放不开。”在这种情况下,心理的斗争是徒劳无功的。心里越是挣扎,越是放不开。唯一有用的就是巧妙地利用别的事情,分散注意力。而且,如果这个别的事情选对了,并切实伴随着另一个兴趣领域的启发,逐渐地,通常也是非常快速地,这种担忧的情绪将会得到放松,平和的心情也就开始得到恢复。
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
因此,对于一位公众人物来说,爱好的培养和兴趣的形成是首要的`策略。但是,这不是一天内就能完成的事情,也不是一想做就可以做成的事情。新兴趣的培养是一个漫长的过程。这就好比,如果你想在需要的时候就能摘到新鲜诱人的水果,你就必须严格挑选优质的种子,种在肥沃的土壤,并加以精心的照料。
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like: you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort,the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the week-end.
想要真正地感到愉快与安全,至少要有两至三个切实可行的兴趣。到了晚年的时候才说:“我将会对这个或那个产生兴趣”是没用的。这样的一个意图只会让心里头的焦虑愈益严重。一个人也许会获取大量与其日常工作无关的各种知识,但仍然很难得到任何益处或者放松。做你喜欢做的事情也是无效的,你必须要喜欢上你所做的事情。从广义上说,人可大致分为三类:劳累得要命的,担忧得要命的,无聊得要命的。若是给那些工作了一个星期的,筋疲力竭的劳工们一个在周六下午踢足球或打棒球的机会是徒劳的。让那些一周里有六天都在处理重要事情的政客,专家或商人们在周日去烦心那些琐碎的事情也等于在做无用功。
As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.
那些凡事可以随心所欲,垂手可得的,不幸的人,于其,一种新式的娱乐,兴奋的事情也只不过是一分多余的饱足。他们疯狂地到处乱窜,想借此逃避那挥之不去的厌倦感,结果只是白费心思。这种或那种形式的规则才是真正能让他们释放的途径。
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided intotwo classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly,those whose work and pleasure arc one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.
也可以这么说,那些理智的,勤奋的有用之人可分为两大类:一,那些工作归工作,娱乐归娱乐的人;二,那些寓工作于娱乐的人。这些人当中,前者是占大多数的。他们自有他们的薪酬。在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作给他们带来酬金,这不仅是维持生计的一种手段,同时也是一种最简单适中的,对于娱乐的热切渴望。但是受幸运女神眷顾的孩子们就属于第二类。他们的生活就是与生俱来的和谐。对于他们来说,工作时间是永远不够的,每一天都是假期。而那些普通节假日的来临则会被认为是对于他们愉快假期的无情的打断。但是,对于这两类人来说,可选择的对生活的展望,生活氛围的变换,注意力的转移,都是必要的。实际上,更为可能的是,那些寓工作于娱乐的人就是那些最需要不时地从精神上得到放松的人。
新编大学英语第三版综合教程七八单元课文翻译
第七单元:优雅地弥合文化差异
1.在外语学习中,有一些简单的词组,一旦掌握,就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化.而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的痕迹,但你为什么总是学不会呢?每本汉语课本都是从问候语句开始的。但是,作为美国人,每当要我送客出门时,我总是舌头打结。唐突地说再见是不行的,然而,那是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。因此我只能微笑、点头,像个日本人似地鞠躬,并拼命地想找些话来说.以缓和离别的气氛,使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们下次再来。因此,我常常靠我的中国丈夫的礼貌来掩盖自己的慌乱。
2.后来,听得多了.我开始学会了说一些话,使送客的气氛轻松了许多.感到我不仅完成了任务,而且完成得很好。
3.对中国人来说,送客需要有一定的礼仪和很多胜人一筹的本领。虽然我不希望通过观察而懂得所有的送客礼仪,但是作为一个外国人,我不得不学会送客时所需要的礼貌用语。
4.在中国人看来,送客时必须尽可能送到最远,走一楼梯或可能到达最近的车站。我曾经等我丈夫半小时之久从车站送客回来。那次他送客人到车站等下班车到达。
5.对于不重要的或年轻的客人,他可能会说:“我不送你了,可以么?”当然,客人会说“不要送我了,不要送我了”,来让主人不要因为没有送客而感到不快。
6.那会非常好,但是当我作为客人被送别时,我坚持不送总是不起作用,女主人或男主人,或两人一起总坚持送我到楼下,看着我离去,尽管我礼貌地说到“不要麻烦送我了,不要麻烦送我了。”即使我试着加快脚步让主人跟不上,他们也会跑着跟上我。接受这种不可避免的事,还好么?
7.另外,与中国的习俗相反,因为国人避免匆忙做事。与某人分别时,你会说什么呢?“慢走.” 不是再见或祝你平安,而是“慢走。”对于中国人,它意味着“当心”或“走路小心”或诸如此类,但是英语意思就是“慢走.”
8.这里所指的另一句套话是“怠慢”。在一次美味的盛宴结束时,主人对客人说“今天款待不周,敬请原谅.”
9.中美文化正好相反。美国女主人听到夸奖自己的烹技时会说:“哦,很高兴你喜欢它,我专门为你烹调的.”而中国女主人或男主人(通常是男主人烹制出美味)不是这样回答。他们会为“没有什么好吃的”,或没有合适的菜不成敬意而道歉。
10.美国面对孩子也是如此。美国父母非常骄傲于孩子取得的成就,而中国的父母不是这样。即使孩子取得班里第一,也总是说“这么淘气,不知道学习,不听长辈的话”等等。
11.中国人以谦虚为荣,而美国人以正直为傲。谦虚使中国人在美国人的餐桌上饥饿不堪。对于中国人,多次拒绝后再接受是礼貌,对于美国人,“不”就意味着“不”,不管说几次“不”。
12.最近,美国公司派往中国的'一个代表团,其中一位成员向我抱怨,谈到中方代表如何多次询问是否愿意对计划进行修改,尽管他每次都说了“不”。我的朋友很生气,因为中方人员不理解他的话。我立刻意识到问题的所在,知道美国人来中国前为什么研究中美文化的差异了,这会减少谈判中所产生的大量误解与困惑。
13.一旦你了解了这些信号并迅速反应,生活会变得容易许多。客人来了,我会马上问是否需要一杯茶,他们说“不用麻烦了”,我的反应就是沏茶。
第八单元:把时间花在为钱苦恼上
1 最近一次股市大跌后的几小时内,我就打电话给我的福特汽车商,订购了我前一天试开过的旅行车。正如我的朋友们明确指出的那样,道琼斯工业平均指数与我的财政状况并无多大关系,不应该影响我买车。而且,我那旧车已经使我头疼了好几个月了。
2 但我还是整个晚上在问自己:我能买得起新车吗?我是不是应该存钱而不是花钱?我们是不是有必要减少度假的时间?
3 在人们一系列的烦恼中,钱几乎总是名列前茅。
4 一项《华尔街日报》的研究发现百分之七十的公众其工资收入仅够开销,毫无剩余。自1975年以来按揭借债增加了百分之三百,而且消费者破产达到有史以来最高。经济问题被列为导致大多数婚姻失败的一个因素。
5 当去年十月道琼斯工业平均指数下跌554点的时候,数百万人损失了几十亿美元,至少在理论上是这样。华尔街的金融专家们在忧虑,小城镇里的思想守旧者也在忧虑。我们的反应也证实了我们已有的看法:我们是深受经济压力折磨的人。钱只是“原材料”
6 正像《圣经》告诫我们的那样,担心钱或诸如此类的事不会给我们带来任何好处。耶稣曾问道:“你们有谁能靠忧虑使自己的生命延长哪怕一个小时?”“你们为什么要为衣服烦恼呢?看见田野里的百合花是怎么生长的吗?它们从不耕田纺纱。”
7 尽管我的内心,渴望像百合花那样生活。但我的头脑里,却感到需要储藏囤积。
8 能够不受经济困扰而生活的人,或者能把钱花在别人身上就像花在自己身上那么自在的人,都是不寻常的人。
9 托马斯?爱迪生就是这种难得的人。如果这位大发明家把他的钱积蓄起来,去世的时候就会是一个大富翁。他第一项成功的发明使他净得四万美元,这在1869年是一笔巨款。他一生中,获得了1,093项发明专利,然而,在他离开这个世界时,却身无分文。
10 多年以后,他的儿子查尔斯回忆起自己父亲对钱的态度时说:“他把钱看成原材料,就像金属一样,是给人用的,而不是让人聚积的,因此他一直把自己的基金重新投资到新的项目中去。有好几次他几近破产,但他决不让钱主宰他的行动。”
11 约翰?卫斯礼也一样。这位卫斯礼会的创始人在18世纪的英国收入最高,但他把自己的收入都给了别人。他的金钱哲学很简单:“尽量挣,尽量省,尽量给。”钱是罪恶之源吗?
12 钱也许并不是万恶之源,但如果它使我们夜不能寐,那它在我们生活中就过于重要了。
13 这也是列夫?托尔斯泰在他创作的《伊来尔斯》故事中所告诫的。故事讲述了一对经营农场的富有夫妇,他们失去了所有的钱,不得不去当佣人。
14 一天有位客人问这位妻子,她是不是因贫穷而痛苦,尤其是考虑到她曾享有过巨大财富。妇人的回答是――她比以前任何时候都更幸福,这使客人很吃惊。
15 “当我们富有的时候,我丈夫和我有那么多令人烦恼的事,以至于没时间交谈或想想我们的心灵深处或向上帝祈祷,”妻子解释道。“我们晚上躺在床上,彻夜难眠地在担心,惟恐母羊压在了小羊的身上,于是我们一次次地起床,以确保一切平安……。现在,当我和丈夫早晨醒来的时候,我们都要互相问候,恩爱和睦。我们生活安宁,无忧无虑。”
16 对我们大多数人来说,经济上的安全感是一个难以达到的目标。不管我们拥有多少,总是不够。卡利尔?纪伯伦是这样说的:“即便是粮食满仓,但对贫穷的恐惧会成为对积蓄难以满足的渴望。”
17 当股市下跌时,即使我们还拥有足够的财富,依然会恐慌、会担忧、会囤积。或者,我们会深深地吸口气并记住:钱只是一种原材料,要用来投资其他方面的。
新编大学英语3的课文翻译
新编大学英语3课文翻译
Unit 4 Career Planning
职业生涯规划
1、职业生涯规划不一定例行或合乎逻辑的步骤。我们每个人都在不同的地方体重因素,可考虑某些阶段的职业规划,在不同的时间。职业规划包括收集有关自己和了解职业,估计各种可能的结果的行动,最后,选择的替代品,我们认为有吸引力的和可行的。
2、许多观察家指出,学生是不是非常有效的职业生涯规划。他们列举的证据表明,大多数学生中选择一种十分狭隘集团的职业;多达40至百分之六十选择专业职业,而实际上只有15日至18日的百分之劳动力从事专业工作;年轻人表现出惊人的缺乏兴趣的文书,销售,服务等职业,尽管这些领域提供了许多就业机会;多达三分之一的学生无法表示任何选择职业。
3、在书中决策,欧文詹尼斯和莱昂曼确定中存在的严重缺陷的方法很多人作出决定。这些缺陷似乎与模式的人使用,以应付的问题。第一个漏洞是自满。谁无视人民挑战的信息作出的选择,他们表现出的自满。人们谁采取的态度是“这不会影响我”或“这绝不会发生”使用自满为主导的模式行事。当然,自满是适当的任何决定,其中任何事关重大,但这并不说明职业生涯的决定。
4、第二个漏洞,人们应付决定是防御撤销。当面对的是一个决定,并不能认为他们可以找到一个可以接受的解决办法,有些人保持冷静,通过诉诸一厢情愿或白日梦。学生谁不想想影响他们的职业选择往往从事合理化(欺骗自己与自我满足,但不正确的解释,一个人的行为)或拖延(推迟或拖延)。面临的形势可能会产生焦虑,但检查的替代品也可提供救济。
5、第三个漏洞是hypervigilance 。这发生在职业生涯决策当人们认为,没有足够的时间来寻找解决办法,他们的恐慌。他们疯狂地寻找职业的可能性和抓住匆忙发明的解决办法,忽略了他们所选择的后果以及其他替代方案。人谁在恐慌有时并不认为明确或逻辑。
6、最好的因应行为是警惕。警惕决策时,就会发生人认为,选择,应作出,他们可以找到一个解决办法,并且有足够的时间。在这种情况下,学生可以进行有效的寻找替代的职业,认真评估每一个备选方案,并制定应急计划,以防一种或另一种风险出现。
7、以下是关键的职业规划。
8 、研究自己。这是关键的职业规划。了解你喜欢,你的价值,以及你想成为的基础是所有职业规划。在学习,你检查你的长处和短处,自己的.目标,以及您个人的趋势发展。自我的理解是,您可以获得您可以想像某些职业可能最适合你的个性,兴趣,能力和目标。所有职业的决定,要求我们既要了解自己,了解有关工作,并结合这两种知识。
9 、撰写您的职业目标了。有用的技术,组织观念的职业发展实际上是为写下来的时间在你的生活区块。写下来部队您结晶您的思想和认识不清,半形成的想法。这可能导致新的见解您的可能性和可帮助您查看新的关系,模式和趋势,或找出差距在你思考你的职业发展。
10、修改您的计划和进度定期与他人。每个经常,评估您的情况,并考虑了哪些步骤将采取下一步。考虑库存的进展和规划进一步的步骤可以帮助您解决的变化,你的经历和变化,在劳动力市场。谈到自己的计划,高校辅导员,你的父母,和你的朋友可以帮助您确定您的目标和改善你的职业生涯规划或使他们的工作。
11、如果您选择的职业不适合你,你可以从头开始。今天,越来越多的男子和
妇女正在改变职业或取得第二次启动的事业有更大的呼吁他们。许多人发现他们谁行的工作是不能令人满意的克制,为不同的占领。往往是他们新的职业,是他们忽略了他们年轻的时候,或者说他们没有机会继续在那个时候对金融或其他原因。
12、社会学家说,很少有变化,工作机会,涉及“向下”运动;大多数涉及传统业务的“领先” 。不再重视社会的耻辱“不稳定”的想法,职业跳跃,因为它曾经。
13、个职位的变化和职业的变化发生在所有年龄层。据估计,多达四分之一的男性工人年龄介于20和改变其工作方针。大约有一半的数量这样做岁之间的25和44 。
14、职业生涯规划并不能保证所有的问题,困难,或决策的情况,面对您在不久的将来得到解决或取得任何方便。没有任何公式可以考虑这样做。但是,职业规划应该帮助你的办法,更好地应对新问题,如决定是否进入教育或培训计划,决定是否更换工作,并分析了困难,您有一个或一个人的情况。
15、没有人可以预见的未来持有的任何我们。有社会,情感,和道义上的考虑我们对未来不可预见。但最重要的教训,这往往不愉快的是,现代世界的进展来自规划。不了解自己的职业生涯并不幸福“ 10 ” ;原因是优于机会和命运。虽然目前还没有确定的方法,使职业生涯规划工作,有些事情你现在能做的塑造你的职业生涯的可能性。
《新编英语教程》中重难点修辞格赏析
<新编英语教程>作为英语专业教学用书,里面充满了各种各样、经典优美的修辞格,这对提高学生的语言欣赏水平和写作水平大有裨益,本文选取教材中的部分重难点修辞格进行讲解赏析,使我们能更好地理解和掌握这些寓意深刻且又精妙优美的语言.
作 者:兰岚 作者单位:绵阳师范学院外国语学院 刊 名:科技信息 英文刊名:SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 年,卷(期): “”(12) 分类号:G64 关键词:修辞格 典故 委婉语 仿拟01-A. How to be a successful language learner?
“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”
Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
【课文译文】
怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
“学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。”
大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。”
然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。
04-A. Improving Your Memory
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).
The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
【课文译文】
改善你的记忆力
心理研究集中在有助于记忆力的几个基本原则,即富有意义、组织、联想和想像。知道这些原则如何发挥作用是非常有益的。
富有意义从各个方面影响记记力。你很难记住对你毫无意义的信息,我们可以用几种办法使材料变得更有意义。例如,很多人学会用韵音来帮助他们记忆。你知道“九、四、六、十一有30天……”这首押韵诗吗?它帮助人们记住一年中哪些月份有30天。
信息的组织也对我们的记忆能力造成差异。图书馆的`书如果陈列得杂乱无章对我们还会有什么帮助吗?组织过的材料比混杂的信息更容易记住。组织信息的一个例子就是组块。组块是将一个个单独的信息组织成信息块。例如,4671363这组数字如果被组块成467 13 63就更容易记住。分类是另一种组织方法。假定要求你记住一组词:男人、凳子、狗、书桌、女人、马、孩子、猫、椅子。很多人会将这些词分成相似种类的几组,即男人、女人、孩子;猫、狗、马;凳子、椅子、书桌。不用说第二种排列比第一种排列更容易记忆。
联想指将我们要记忆的材料和我们已准确记住的信息联系起来。在记忆数字时,可以将这一数字与我们所熟悉的数字或事件联系起来,例如,日本富士山的高度为12,389英尺,这一数字可以用下面的联想法记住:12是一年中的月份数,389是一年的天数(365)加月数的两倍(24)。
最后一个基本原则是想像。研究表明,如果人们把需要记忆的东西进行想像,各种记忆能力都会有显著的提高。在一项研究中,一组受试者被要求使用想像法学习一些生词,而另外一组用重复法学习生词。用想像法记忆单词的一组记住了80%~90%的生词,相比之下,用重复法记忆单词的一组只记住了30%~40%的生词。因此,将所有的信息放在一幅内心的图画里,从而形成一个整体形象,可以帮助我们保存记忆。
05-A. Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.
One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
【课文译文】
对食物的错误看法
很多原始民族认为吃某种动物可以使他们获得这种动物的一些好的品质。例如,他们认为吃鹿可以使他们跑得像鹿一样快。一些野蛮部落相信,吃战争中表现勇敢的敌人会使他们勇敢。吃人现象开始发生可能是因为人们渴望变得像他们的敌人那样强壮、勇敢。
一些文明人曾经认为,姜根有某种魔力,能改善他们的记忆力。蛋能美化他们的声音。也有人认为西红柿有魔力。西红柿被称为爱的苹果,他们认为吃西红柿能使人坠入爱河。
后来又出现了另一个关于西红柿的错误观点——西红柿有毒。如果认为西红柿有毒的人知道二战中数百万磅的西红柿提供给了在海外的战士们,他们会多么吃惊!
甚至在今天也有很多关于食物的错误看法,其中一些看法很普遍。一种想法认为鱼是最佳益脑食物。鱼是有益于大脑的食物,就像它对肌肉、皮肤、骨骼一样有益。但是没有人能够证明对于大脑来说鱼比其他种类的食物更好。
另外一种想法认为,吃饭的时候不应该喝水。虽然用水把食物冲下去来代替咀嚼不是个好主意,但是人们发现吃饭时喝点水是有益的。水能使消化液更自由地流动,有助于消化食物。
很多想法是关于食物混在一起吃的,而科学家告诉我们,这些想法毫无根据。几年前有一种很普遍的看法,认为不能在同一餐中喝桔子汁和牛奶,其理由是桔子汁中的酸性物质能使牛奶凝结而难以消化。事实上,牛奶在胃里总会遇到一种使它凝结的消化液,而这种凝结是消化的第一步。类似的一种错误想法认为在同一餐中吃鱼和冰淇淋会形成一种有毒的化合物。
还有一种关于食物混在一起吃的错误想法,即不能在同一餐中吃蛋白质食物和淀粉质食物。例如,很多人认为面包是一种淀粉质食物。虽然面包主要是一种淀粉质食物,但它也含有蛋白质。同样,牛奶可能是最好的单一食物,但它也含有蛋白质和淀粉。不要吃面包喝牛奶,这种说法是愚蠢的,就像说不要把肉类和土豆一起食用一样。
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