下面就是小编给大家带来的分词的语态（共含12篇），希望大家喜欢阅读!同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“除了我还有猪☃︎”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
he is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
he is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的`人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
分词语态通常是现在分词表示的是主动语态，而过去分词则是表示被动的语态。
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
初中英语学习方法之F开头短语总结
fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来
fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么
far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home
find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样
find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting
finish 完成+doing（名词）
fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人
forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door
from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me to her
初中英语作文大全之Train travel and air travel
Train travel and air travel
Air travel has two advantages compared with train travel. It’s very fast and comfortable, and we can have a good rest in the plane. But air travel is very expensive.
Not only do we cost less when we travel by train, but we can also see much good scenery. Take the trip from Beijing to Guangzhou for example, if we go there by train, it costs us about 250 yuan, and we will spent about 24 hours on the travel. Besides, it is very crowed, and we may not have a good rest. But we can see much good scenery along the way.
If we go there by air, it only takes us two hours, and it costs at least 900 yuan. It’s also very fast and comfortable, and we will have a good rest as well. On the contrary, we will miss much beautiful scenery.
However, different people like different ways of traveling. People will choose the best way which is suitable for them to travel.
beat, hit, strike的区别
1. beat 指反复地打，尤指用木棍或其它较硬的`东西打。如：
He beat the boy with a stick. 他用棍子打那孩子。
注意以下用法：
(1) beat 还可表示“(心脏)跳动”(注意联想心脏跳动的连续性与beat 表示“打”的反复性)。
(2) “打鼓”、“打拍子”等均强调动作的连续和反复，因此可分译为：beat a drum, beat time.
2. hit 指有目标地重重一击，侧重击中的意思。如：
He hit 初三 me in the face, 他打了我一耳光。
3. strike 指急速地或突然地用力打击或敲击。如：
The car ran out of control and struck a tree. 汽车失去控制，撞在树上。
初中英语谓语动词专项语法的辅导
谓语动词用复数的情况
1）both, some, few, many等用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
Both of my parents are over seventy years old.
Many students in my class have creative thoughts and wide knowledge.
2）“the +形容词”作主语，在表示一类人或事物时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
The aged are well taken care of by the government.
The poor are often looked down upon by the rich.
The young have respect for the old in China.
3）a number of, a lot of, any of, most of, the rest of, some of, none of, all of修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
Most of the teachers are responsible and knowledgeable.
A number of books have been published on the subject.
None of the books attract me a lot. the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。
【例如】
The number of books published on this subject is simply amazing.
The number of foreign visitors to China has been increasing over the last several years.
4）集合名词作主语时，当名词表示整体时，谓语动词用单数；当名词强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
The family is the basic unit of society. The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vocation in Europe.
1、名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为“……的”。一般有以下几种形式：
(1)一般情况下在词尾加“'s”。例如：
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我妈妈的朋友
(2)如果复数名词以s结尾，只加“'”。例如：
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
(3)如果复数名词不以s结尾，仍加“'s”。例如：
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
(4)表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如：
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加“'s”，而常常用介词of的短语来表示。
a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的门
初中英语语法大全辅导之双宾结构
pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth.
Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me.
另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.
9. 分词
9.1 分词作定语
分词前置
we can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
he is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等)
there was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
this is the question given. 这是所给的问题
there is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
most of the artists invited to the party were from south africa.
典型例题
1) the first textbook ___ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
a. have written b. to be written c. being written d. written
答案d. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written
2）what's the language ____ in germany?
a. speaking b. spoken c. be spoken d. to speak
答案b. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
what's the language (which is) spoken in german?
9.2 分词作状语
as i didn't receive any letter from him, i gave him a call.
-> not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call.
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
if more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, napoleon inspected his army.
a. followed b. followed by c. being followed d. having been followed
答案b. napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： with some officials following, napoleon inspected his army.
2）there was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed
答案b. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
a. heating b. to be heated c. heated d. heat
答案c. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选c。它相当于一个状语从句 when it is heated，…
注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
(being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
using the book, i find it useful.
在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。
9.3 连词+分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：
while waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主语相同。
9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
i found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
i'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分词作表语
现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
she looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
he remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分词作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
9.7 分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时，
hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
the secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
a. to prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. was preparing
答案b. 此处没有连词，不能选d，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在b，c中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）先于主动词
while walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
having finished his homework, he went out.
=as he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
a. not receiving b. receiving not c. not having received d. having not received
答案c. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选c。该句可理解为：because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
he is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
he is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
中文分词 (Chinese Word Segmentation) 指的是将一个汉字序列切分成一个一个单独的词。分词就是将连续的字序列按照一定的规范重新组合成词序列的过程。我们知道，在英文的行文中，单词之间是以空格作为自然分界符的，而中文只是字、句和段能通过明显的分界符来简单划界，唯独词没有一个形式上的分界符，虽然英文也同样存在短语的划分问题，不过在词这一层上，中文比之英文要复杂的多、困难的多。
目录基本信息算法分类技术难点应用收缩展开基本信息背景
存在中文分词技术，是由于中文在基本文法上有其特殊性，具体表现在： 1．与英文为代表的拉丁语系语言相比，英文以空格作为天然的分隔符，而中文由于继承自古代汉语的传统，词语之间没有分隔。 古代汉语中除了连绵词和人名地名等，词通常就是单个汉字，所以当时没有分词书写的必要。而现代汉语中双字或多字词居多，一个字不再等同于一个词。 2．在中文里，“词”和“词组”边界模糊 现代汉语的基本表达单元虽然为“词”，且以双字或者多字词居多，但由于人们认识水平的不同，对词和短语的边界很难去区分。 例如：“对随地吐痰者给予处罚”，“随地吐痰者”本身是一个词还是一个短语，不同的人会有不同的标准，同样的“海上”“酒厂”等等，即使是同一个人也可能做出不同判断，如果汉语真的要分词书写，必然会出现混乱，难度很大。 中文分词的方法其实不局限于中文应用，也被应用到英文处理，如手写识别，单词之间的空格就很清楚，中文分词方法可以帮助判别英文单词的边界。
作用
中文分词是文本挖掘的基础，对于输入的一段中文，成功的进行中文分词，可以达到电脑自动识别语句含义的效果。 中文分词技术属于自然语言处理技术范畴，对于一句话，人可以通过自己的知识来明白哪些是词，哪些不是词，但如何让计算机也能理解？其处理过程就是分词算法。
影响
中文分词对于搜索引擎来说，最重要的并不是找到所有结果，因为在上百亿的网页中找到所有结果没有太多的意义，没有人能看得完，最重要的是把最相关的结果排在最前面，这也称为相关度排序。中文分词的准确与否，常常直接影响到对搜索结果的相关度排序。从定性分析来说，搜索引擎的分词算法不同，词库的不同都会影响页面的返回结果。
算法分类现有的分词算法可分为三大类：基于字符串匹配的分词方法、基于理解的分词方法和基于统计的分词方法。按照是否与词性标注过程相结合，又可以分为单纯分词方法和分词与标注相结合的一体化方法。
字符匹配
这种方法又叫做机械分词方法，它是按照一定的策略将待分析的汉字串与一个“充分大的”机器词典中的词条进行配，若在词典中找到某个字符串，则匹配成功（识别出一个词）。按照扫描方向的不同，串匹配分词方法可以分为正向匹配和逆向匹配；按照不同长度优先匹配的情况，可以分为最大（最长）匹配和最小（最短）匹配；常用的几种机械分词方法如下： 1）正向最大匹配法（由左到右的方向）； 2）逆向最大匹配法（由右到左的方向）； 3）最少切分（使每一句中切出的词数最小）； 4）双向最大匹配法（进行由左到右、由右到左两次扫描） 还可以将上述各种方法相互组合，例如，可以将正向最大匹配方法和逆向最大匹配方法结合起来构成双向匹配法。由于汉语单字成词的特点，正向最小匹配和逆向最小匹配一般很少使用。一般说来，逆向匹配的切分精度略高于正向匹配，遇到的歧义现象也较少。统计结果表明，单纯使用正向最大匹配的错误率为1/169，单纯使用逆向最大匹配的错误率为1/245。但这种精度还远远不能满足实际的需要。实际使用的分词系统，都是把机械分词作为一种初分手段，还需通过利用各种其它的语言信息来进一步提高切分的准确率。 一种方法是改进扫描方式，称为特征扫描或标志切分，优先在待分析字符串中识别和切分出一些带有明显特征的词，以这些词作为断点，可将原字符串分为较小的串再来进机械分词，从而减少匹配的错误率。另一种方法是将分词和词类标注结合起来，利用丰富的词类信息对分词决策提供帮助，并且在标注过程中又反过来对分词结果进行检验、调整，从而极大地提高切分的准确率。 对于机械分词方法，可以建立一个一般的模型，在这方面有专业的学术论文，这里不做详细论述。
理解法
这种分词方法是通过让计算机模拟人对句子的理解，达到识别词的效果。其基本思想就是在分词的同时进行句法、语义分析，利用句法信息和语义信息来处理歧义现象。它通常包括三个部分：分词子系统、句法语义子系统、总控部分。在总控部分的协调下，分词子系统可以获得有关词、句子等的句法和语义信息来对分词歧义进行判断，即它模拟了人对句子的理解过程。这种分词方法需要使用大量的语言知识和信息。由于汉语语言知识的笼统、复杂性，难以将各种语言信息组织成机器可直接读取的形式，因此目前基于理解的分词系统还处在试验阶段。
统计法
从形式上看，词是稳定的'字的组合，因此在上下文中，相邻的字同时出现的次数越多，就越有可能构成一个词。因此字与字相邻共现的频率或概率能够较好的反映成词的可信度。可以对语料中相邻共现的各个字的组合的频度进行统计，计算它们的互现信息。定义两个字的互现信息，计算两个汉字X、Y的相邻共现概率。互现信息体现了汉字之间结合关系的紧密程度。当紧密程度高于某一个阈值时，便可认为此字组可能构成了一个词。这种方法只需对语料中的字组频度进行统计，不需要切分词典，因而又叫做无词典分词法或统计取词方法。但这种方法也有一定的局限性，会经常抽出一些共现频度高、但并不是词的常用字组，例如“这一”、“之一”、“有的”、“我的”、“许多的”等，并且对常用词的识别精度差，时空开销大。实际应用的统计分词系统都要使用一部基本的分词词典（常用词词典）进行串匹配分词，同时使用统计方法识别一些新的词，即将串频统计和串匹配结合起来，既发挥匹配分词切分速度快、效率高的特点，又利用了无词典分词结合上下文识别生词、自动消除歧义的优点。 另外一类是基于统计机器学习的方法。首先给出大量已经分词的文本，利用统计机器学习模型学习词语切分的规律（称为训练），从而实现对未知文本的切分。我们知道，汉语中各个字单独作词语的能力是不同的，此外有的字常常作为前缀出现，有的字缺常常作为后缀（“者”“性”），结合两个字相临时是否成词的信息，这样就得到了许多与分词有关的知识。这种方法就是充分利用汉语组词的规律来分词。这种方法的最大缺点是需要有大量预先分好词的语料作支撑，而且训练过程中时空开销极大。 到底哪种分词算法的准确度更高，目前并无定论。对于任何一个成熟的分词系统来说，不可能单独依靠某一种算法来实现，都需要综合不同的算法。例如，海量科技的分词算法就采用“复方分词法”，所谓复方，就是像中西医结合般综合运用机械方法和知识方法。对于成熟的中文分词系统，需要多种算法综合处理问题。
技术难点有了成熟的分词算法，是否就能容易的解决中文分词的问题呢？事实远非如此。中文是一种十分复杂的语言，让计算机理解中文语言更是困难。在中文分词过程中，有两大难题一直没有完全突破。
歧义识别
歧义是指同样的一句话，可能有两种或者更多的切分方法。主要的歧义有两种：交集型歧义和组合型歧义，例如：表面的，因为“表面”和“面的”都是词，那么这个短语就可以分成“表面 的”和“表 面的”。这种称为交集型歧义（交叉歧义）。像这种交集型歧义十分常见，前面举的“和服”的例子，其实就是因为交集型歧义引起的错误。“化妆和服装”可以分成“化妆 和 服装”或者“化妆 和服 装”。由于没有人的知识去理解，计算机很难知道到底哪个方案正确。 交集型歧义相对组合型歧义来说是还算比较容易处理，组合型歧义就必须根据整个句子来判断了。例如，在句子“这个门把手坏了”中，“把手”是个词，但在句子“请把手拿开”中，“把手”就不是一个词；在句子“将军任命了一名中将”中，“中将”是个词，但在句子“产量三年中将增长两倍”中，“中将”就不再是词。这些词计算机又如何去识别? 如果交集型歧义和组合型歧义计算机都能解决的话，在歧义中还有一个难题，是真歧义。真歧义意思是给出一句话，由人去判断也不知道哪个应该是词，哪个应该不是词。例如：“乒乓球拍卖完了”，可以切分成“乒乓 球拍 卖 完 了”、也可切分成“乒乓球 拍卖 完 了”，如果没有上下文其他的句子，恐怕谁也不知道“拍卖”在这里算不算一个词。
新词识别
命名实体（人名、地名）、新词，专业术语称为未登录词。也就是那些在分词词典中没有收录，但又确实能称为词的那些词。最典型的是人名，人可以很容易理解。句子“王军虎去广州了”中，“王军虎”是个词，因为是一个人的名字，但要是让计算机去识别就困难了。如果把“王军虎”做为一个词收录到字典中去，全世界有那么多名字，而且每时每刻都有新增的人名，收录这些人名本身就是一项既不划算又巨大的工程。即使这项工作可以完成，还是会存在问题，例如：在句子“王军虎头虎脑的”中，“王军虎”还能不能算词？ 除了人名以外，还有机构名、地名、产品名、商标名、简称、省略语等都是很难处理的问题，而且这些又正好是人们经常使用的词，因此对于搜索引擎来说，分词系统中的新词识别十分重要。新词识别准确率已经成为评价一个分词系统好坏的重要标志之一。
应用在自然语言处理技术中，中文处理技术比西文处理技术要落后很大一段距离，许多西文的处理方法中文不能直接采用，就是因为中文必需有分词这道工序。中文分词是其他中文信息处理的基础，搜索引擎只是中文分词的一个应用。其他的比如机器翻译（MT）、语音合成、自动分类、自动摘要、自动校对等等，都需要用到分词。因为中文需要分词，可能会影响一些研究，但同时也为一些企业带来机会，因为国外的计算机处理技术要想进入中国市场，首先也是要解决中文分词问题。在中文研究方面，相比外国人来说，中国人有十分明显的优势。 分词准确性对搜索引擎来说十分重要，但如果分词速度太慢，即使准确性再高，对于搜索引擎来说也是不可用的，因为搜索引擎需要处理数以亿计的网页，如果分词耗用的时间过长，会严重影响搜索引擎内容更新的速度。因此对于搜索引擎来说，分词的准确性和速度，二者都需要达到很高的要求。研究中文分词的大多是科研院校，清华、北大、哈工大、中科院、北京语言学院、山西大学、东北大学、IBM研究院、微软中国研究院等都有自己的研究队伍，而真正专业研究中文分词的商业公司除了海量科技以外，几乎没有了。科研院校研究的技术，大部分不能很快产品化，而一个专业公司的力量毕竟有限，看来中文分词技术要想更好的服务于更多的产品，还有很长一段路。
动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
* By the end of they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
动词的被动语态
以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被动语态的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
高中英语语法复习应围绕两大主题展开, 第一: 从句部分(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)；第二：动词部分（动词的时态和语态、情态动词、非谓语动词、虚拟、倒装），其中前三部分为复习的重点。
动词的时态 --- 基本概念
1. 一般现在时
例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.
A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw
正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。
例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。
基本概念: 指经常性的行为或强调东西的特性，而忽略时间概念。
特殊用法: 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时（如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时）。
例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.
2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.
3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.
(注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。)
2. 一般将来时
基本形式:
A. will (shall) do B. be going to do
两种形式有时可以互换，但A 更强调意愿；B更强调计划和安排。
例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.
2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.
其它可表将来时的形式
1) 表运动动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的进行时--- 表计划或安排
* He’s arriving tomorrow.
2) be to do --- 表计划或安排
* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.
3) be about to do … --- “… 马上就要…”
* The train is about to leave.
be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”
* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)
3. 一般过去时和现在完成时
以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？
例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?
2. When did he leave?
3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。）
4. I didn’t know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。）
以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。
5. How many pages have you covered today?
6. I haven’t seen him for many days.
7. I’ve always walked to work.
8. The students have already left.
9. The city has taken on a new look.
10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.
以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是：
1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5---7）
2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8---10），说话人强调的是现在如何。
注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for…; since…短语（从句）
如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.
此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如：
* He has left home for many years.（错误）
* He has been away from home for many years. (正确)
* He has died since 1990. （错误）
* He has been dead since 1990.(正确)
两种时态的比较练习:
1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.
--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
Key:
1. B 前者强调的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now).
2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
3. D didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.
4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).
5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.
6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。
这里需要注意两点：
1）有少数动词（如：work, study, live, teach等）用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如：
* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.
* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.
在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：
2）大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，
* I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
* I’ve written an article. (已完成)
练习：
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
2. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from
C. had heard from D. hears
Key: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果)
2. B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。)
动词的时态和语态(2) 动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
动词的被动语态
以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被动语态的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
动词的时态和语态(3) --- 基本概念检测
(动词的时态和语态)
Choose the right answer
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had
2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. ---Is this raincoat yours?
--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung
6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
7. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.
A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed
9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
11. However much _____, it will be worth it
A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs
12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.
A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won
13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A. finish what I did B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing
14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
21. --- Have you moved into the house?
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
26. --- _______ my glasses?
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?
--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?
--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared
32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
35. --- Have you heard about the new school?
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
36. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.
A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy
39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
41. --- Why did you come by taxi?
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.
A. since B. still C. yet D. then
46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
48. --- How are you today?
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
Key:
1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD
21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC
41---45ABCBA 46---50DDDAD ?
四川省乐至中学 张与刚
英语语态用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者就用主动语态，反之，如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，则用被动语态。另外非谓语动词也有主动和被动形式。语态的考查是历年高考题命题的热点。从近几年命题看，主要从以下几个方面进行命题。
一、结合动词的基本时态
近几年对大纲要求的几种基本时态的被动语态都有考查，首先我们弄清句子主语和谓语动词之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系，掌握每一种基本时态的被动语态结构，才能在考试中少失分。
（一）考查一般现在时的被动语态
【考例】
（1）Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms. （辽宁）
A．was called B．is called
C．had been called D．has been called
（2）The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly it people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables. （上海）
A. persuadeB. will persuade
C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
【点拨】考例（1）定语从句中表达的是客观事实，现行词和定语从句之间是动宾关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。考例（2）主句是一般将来时，其后条件状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，从句主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故也用一般现在时的被动语态，选BD。
(二)考查现在进行时的被动语态
【考例】
（3）With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _________ each year. （2005山东）
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【点拨】此题考查了时态、语态和主谓一致两个方面。从前面的with复合结构可以看出句子应用现在进行时，earth和wash away之间是动宾关系，故用现在进行时的被动语态。（huge）quantities of 作定语修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与quantities保持一致，用复数，与所修饰的名词无关，，故选D。
（三）考查现在完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（4）Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___________by a storm which swept across the north of England last nigh. （2005重庆）
A．has been caused B．had been caused
C．will be causedD．will have been caused
【点拨】考例（4）强调对现在的影响或结果，damage是不可数名词，谓语动词只能用第三人称单数，和cause之间是动宾关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，故选A。
（四）考查将来完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（5）The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ______ by . （2004北京）
A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
【点拨】从介词短语by 2006可以看出该题表示将来某个时间要完成的动作，construction work和动词complete之间是动宾关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态，选C。
（五）考查一般将来时的被动语态
【考例】
(6) Only when your identity has been checked ,____ .（上海）
A．you are allowed in B．you will be allowed in
C．will you allow in D．will you be allowed in
【点拨】时间状语从句是一般现在时，主句应用一般将来时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，only跟时间状语从句或介词短语时，句子要用倒装语序，故选D。
（六）考查过去完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（7）The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed under the Minister’s car. （2005广东）
A. has beenB. was being C. had been D. would be
【点拨】考例（7）从主句可以看出，place这个动作发生在主句动词catch所表示的动作之前，先行词和place之间是动宾关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态，选C。
（七）考查一般过去时的被动语态
【考例】
（8）More than a dozen students in that school _________ abroad to study medicine last year. （2005上海）
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
（9）-Why did you leave that position? （2005北京）
-I __________ a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offeredC. am offered D. was offered
【点拨】考例（8）中有明显的过去时间状语last year,考例（9）虽然没有明显的时间状语，但从问句的时态可以看出，offer这动作也是发生在过去，两考例中的主语和谓语动词之间都是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，选BD。
二、get+过去分词构成的被动语态
英语中除了be+及物动词构成被动语态外，get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，但也要注意有时也可以表示某种状态，而非被动。
【考例】
(10) Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ______run over by a car. (北京)
A. haveB. get C. become D. turn
（11）Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to _________before the party.(2004全国卷二)
A. get changed B. get change
C. get changing D. get to change
【点拨】考例（10）中四个选项中只有B项的get可以和后面的过去分词短语run over构成被动语态；考例（11）中主语和get changed之间不构成被动关系，故选BA。
三、结合非谓语动词的语态
非谓语动词虽然不能在句中充当谓语动词，但是它们具有动词的特点，除过去分词本身含有被动含义，其他的几个形式也有被动形式。
（一）考查动词不定式的被动语态
【考例】
（12）All these gifts must be mailed immediately _______ in time for Christmas. （2005辽宁）
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive
C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
（13）-Is bob still performing? （2005江苏）
-I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
【点拨】考例（11）中不定式中的动词receive和句子主语之间是动宾关系，没有先后顺序，直接用动词不定式的一般式的被动形式，考例（12）中动词不定式所表示的动作与句子谓语动词所表示的动作有明显的先后顺序，和句子主语之间是主谓关系，故用动词不定式的完成式，选CA。
（二）考查现在分词的被动语态
【考例】
（14） __________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （2005湖北）
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
【点拨】该考例是考查现在分词完成式的被动语态，表示separate这动作已经完成，而A项表示正进行，D项有表将来的含义，B项表示主动，故选C。
（三）考查动名词的被动语态
【考例】
（15）He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk __________ the good opportunity. （2005上海）
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
(16)Tony was very unhappy for __________ to the party. (2002上海)
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
【点拨】考例（14）中risk跟动名词作宾语，lose和主语he之间是主谓关系，故用动名词的一般式。考例（15）中invite这动作发生在“不高兴”之前，和主语之间是动宾关系，故用动名词的完成被动式，其否定形式是在动名词前加not或never,故选BD。
四、结合被动语态的省略形式
在when, while, if, unless, though等引导的时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句的主语和be动词。
【考例】
(17) When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It’ s kind of you. ” （2005福建）
A．offering B．to offer C．to be offered D．offered
【点拨】从句主语和主句一致，而且和offer之间是动宾关系，故可以省略从句的主语和be动词is,选D。
五、结合复合宾语结构
一些感官动词和使役动词后可以用过去分词来表示宾语和过去分词所表示的动作之间存在的动宾关系。
【考例】
(18) Helen had to shout______ above the sound of the music. （2004全国III）
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
(19) You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _________often enough. （2005天津）
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
【点拨】考例（17）（18）中都出现了使役动词后接宾语，再接过去分词作宾补的情况，宾语和过去分词之间都是被动关系，故选DD。
六、结合特殊动词的语态和时态
（一）有些不及物动词可以用主动形式表示被动含义，常和副词well, easily, badly等搭配，如： read, sell, wash等。
【考例】
（20）Books of this kind _______well.(上海)
A. sell B. sellsC. are sold D. is sold
【点拨】sell表示“卖，销售”时是及物动词，表示“销路好，畅销”时是不及物动词，常和副词well等，用主动形式表示被动含义，该句的主语是books，不是kind,谓语动词用复数，故选A。
（二）作为连系动词的smell, feel, taste, sound等，其后常跟形容词作表语，不用于被动语态。
【考例】
(21）I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）
A. to sound B. to be sounded
C. sounding D. to have sounded
(22) Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will________ fresh for several days.（NMET2003）
A．be stayedB．stay
C．be staying D．have stayed
【点拨】考例（21）中sound表示“听起来”时，是连系动词，常跟形容词或介词短语作表语，不用被动语态；考例（22）stay表示“保持……的状态”时，也是连系动词，不用被动语态，故选AB。
（三）有些动词如，need, require, want,或形容词短语be worth 等其后常跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
【考例】
(23)There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need____. （2003上海
A．that …to be improved B．which …to be improved
C．where…improvingD．when…improving
【点拨】该题是that引导的分隔性同位语从句，从句的谓语动词need可以跟动名词的主动形式作宾语，也可以直接跟动词不定式的被动形式作宾语，故选A。
（四）有些非谓语动词短语be to blame(受责备), be to let（出租）等可以用主动形式表示被动含义。
【考例】
（24）I feel it is your husband who __________ for the spoiled child. (2002上海)
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
【点拨】这是一个强调句，强调句子主语，题意是“我感觉到你的丈夫应该因那宠坏了孩子而受到责备。”be to blame是一个固定的非谓语动词短语，只用主动形式表示被动含义。
【实战演练】
1. After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment________. （2005北京春）
A. is damaged B. had damaged
C. damaged D. was damaged
2. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard.________? （2005北京春）
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
3. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. （2004江苏）
A. treated B. have treated
C. had been treated D. have been treated
4. - The window is dirty. （2004广西）
- I know. It_____ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
5. -George and Lucy got married last week . Did you go to their wedding? （2004湖北）
-No, I ___________ . Did they have a big wedding?
A．was not invited B．have not been invited
C．hadn’t been invited D．didn’t invite
6. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945，and their power ______ increased enormously ever since. （2004上海）
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
7. According to the art dealer, the painting______ to go for at least a million dollars. （2004全国II）
A is expected B expects C expected D is expecting
8. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only________ the film stars had left. （2004福建）
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told
9. ____________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （2004湖北）
A．Compare B．When comparing
C．Comparing D．When compared
10. The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused
11. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. （2004全国II）
A. introducing B. introducedC. introduce D. being introduced
12. Hundreds of jobs _________if the factory closes. (北京春招)
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
13. -Do you like the material? (1994NMET)
-Yes, it _________very soft.
A. is feeling B. feltC. feels D. is felt
14. A new cinema ________here. They hope to finish it next month. (2001北京春招)
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
15. Rainforests _________and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in near future.（2002上海春招）
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
答案解析：
1. D.根据从句谓语动词可以看出主句应该用一般过去时，主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
2. A．强调现在的结果，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
3. D．根据题意可以看出是强调现在的情况，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
4. D．根据上下文语境可以看出是强调现在的情况，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
5. C．根据上下文语境可以看出，表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
6. C.从ever since（自从那时以来）可以看出应用现在完成时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故选C。
7. A．从所给的四个选项可以排除后三个选项，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
8. B.动词不定式表结果状语，具有偶然性，现在分词作结果状语表示必然性，句子主语和不定式所表示的动作是动宾关系，故选B。
9. D．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句和主句主语一致，而且从句含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，故选D。
10. C．动词不定式作主语补语。不定式所表示的动作和句子主语之间是动宾关系，故选C。
11. B．动词不定式在状语从句中的省略，省略了主语和be动词，故选B。
12. B．条件状语从句是一般现在时，故主句应用一般将来时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故选B。
13. C．feel是连系动词，用主动形式表被动含义。
14. D．从后文的next month可以看出电影院还未完工，故用现在进行时的被动语态，选D。
15. C．从结果状语从句的时态可以看出，热带雨林还没砍完，只是正在减少，故用现在进行时的被动语态。
分类说明
高考中对动词的时态和语态的命题不可少，每年都有两、三分。然而，命题一般都是以基础知识为主，把时态与语境结合起来，在复习动词时态和语态时，应特别注意下面一些问题：
1．动词的八种基本时态的形式和意义：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现任进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；现在完成进行时。并且，由此扩充了解将来完成时；将来进行时，将来完成进行时；过去将来完成时等。
2．掌握各种时态的时间状语要求，特别是上下文中所暗含的时间。
3．注意并掌握句子中时态一致性的要求，如：宾语从句中的时态要求：主句若为过去时，从句必须用相应的过去时，但当从句表示客观真理时，又可只用一般现在时；时间、条件状语中的时态要求：当主句为将来时时，从句片j一般现在时；虚拟语气中的时态要求：(见虚拟语气)。
4，掌握各种时态及含情态动词中的被动语态的形式和应用。
(1)分清动词的词性，熟悉并掌握常见的不及物动词happen，take place，occur，exist等，它们不能用被动语态；
(2)分清主语与谓语之间的关系；
(3)变被动语态的动词一般为及物动词，但有些不及物动词与介词所形成的短语动词也可有被动形式，此时，变被动语态后介词不能丢；
(4)熟悉并掌握主动形式表被动意义的情况，如：
A．及物动词read，write，sell，wash等，用作不及物动词，如：．
The pen _________well．
A．writes B．wrote C．is written D．has written
B．做定语不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时。如：
I have much work ________．
A．to do B．to be done C．to be doing D．to have done
但当不定的式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时，则须用被动语态．如：
Do you have any work ________now? I’m free．
A．to do B．to be done C．to be doing D．to have done
C．形容词hard，difficult，interesting，exciting，surprising等后的不定式作语及worth后面的doing。
回放真题
真题1(2004甘肃、青海卷29)
--Thank goodness，you’re here! What _________you?
--Traffic jam．
A．keeps B．is keeping C．had kept D．kept
【答案及解析】 D选项A表示一种经常的情况；B表示现在正在进行的事情；C表示过去某时间之前的行为；D表示一般过去的情况。根据前面句子可知，所问的是“你”来这儿之前的情况，故答案选D。
真题2(2004甘肃、青海卷31)
The house could fall down soon if no one ________ some quick repair work．
A．has done B．is doing C．does D．had done
【答案及解析】 C could在题干中表示推测(推测时间为现在)，故从句采用一般现在时，答案选C。
真题3(2004重庆卷22)
The crazy fans _________patiently for two hours，and they would wait till the movie star arrived．
A．were waiting B．had been waiting C．had waited D．would wait
【答案及解析】 B从“they would wait till…”可知，他们在此之前就一直在等，因此用过去完成进行时。
真题4(2004重庆卷23)
She ________her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for an better job．
A．would change B．has changed C．changed D．was changing
【答案及解析】 c本句虽然表示过去的过去，但before连接的两件事情时间联系得很紧密，主句动作是过去做完的动作，不侧重时间对比，故用一般过去时表示。
真题5(2004广东卷21)
All the employees except the manage ________to work online at home．
A．encourages B．encourage C．is encouraged D．are encouraged
【答案及解析】 D根据名词1+介词+名词2作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数由名词1决定的原则，排除选项A、C；根据主语与谓语动词的关系可知为被动语态，故答案选D。
真题6(2004福建卷21)
--You were out when I dropped in at your house．
--Oh，I _________for a friend from England at the airport．
A．was waiting B．had waited C．am waiting D．have waited
【答案及解析】 A根据上下句谈及的是过去的事情，并且wait的动作在drop之中发生，故用过去进行时。
真题7(2004湖北卷22)
He kept looking at her，wondering whether he ________her somewhere．
A．saw B．has seen C．sees D．had seen
【答案及解析】 D根据句子中谓语动词的时态，可排除选项B、c；再根据句子的意思，可知：认为见过她的动作应该在当时看她之前，因此答案选D。
真题8(2004湖北卷33)
--George and Lucy got married last week．Did you go to their wedding?
--No，I ________. Did they have a big wedding?
A．was not invited B．have not been invited
C．hadn’t been invited D．didn’t invite
【答案及解析】 C根据主、谓关系，排除选项D；再根据上旬，婚礼的举行是在上周，那么，应在上周以前邀请客人，须用过去完成时，故答案选C。
真题9(2004辽宁卷28)
It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931) ________the world leading inventor for sixty years．
A．would be B．has been C．had been D．was
【答案及解析】D该题it作形式主语，that引导主语从句，根据句子及各选项的意思，答案选D。
真题10(2004浙汀卷23)
The discussion ________alive when an interesting topic was brought in．
A．was coming B．had come C．has come D．came
【答案及解析】D选项A表示将来的情况；B表示过去的过去；C表示对现在造成的结果或影响；D表示过去某时的情况。
真题11(2004浙江卷34)
Because the shop ________, all the T-shins are sold at half price．
A．has closed down B．closed down
C．is closing down D．had closed down
【答案及解析】 C选项A、B表示已经关闭停业，与后面的“半价出售”矛盾；D表示过去某时之前的事情，句子中不存在；故答案选C，表示商店即将关闭停业。
真题12(2004江苏卷26)
More patients in hospital this year than last veal．
A. treated B. have treated
C．had been treated D．have been treated
【答案及解析】D根据句子的意思，病人接受治疗，而不是治疗他人，故排除选项A、B；再根据句子的时间状语可知，这里并没有表示过去的过去，因此需用现在完成时。意为：今年在医院接受治疗的病人比去年多。
真题13(2004江苏卷34)
Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s，when people ________ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology．
A．begin B．began C．have begun D．had begun
【答案及解析】 B when在此句中指前面主句中的since the early 1990s，为过去时。故本从句应用过去式，答案选B。
真题14(2004广西卷25)
--The window is dirty．
--I know．It ________for weeks．
A．hasn’t cleaned B．didn’t clean
C．wasn’t cleaned D．hasn’t been cleaned
【答案及解析】 D本题主要考查过去时与现在完成时的区别。过去时仅表过去发生过某事，与现在无关。现在完成时表示：1、某一动作虽发生在过去，但影响着现在；2、某一动作或状态从过去持续剑现在。由语境可知，几周以来，窗户一直没有被清洁。即答案为D。
真题15(全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]30)
My mind wasn’t on what he was saying, so I’m afraid I ________ half of it．
A．was missing B．had missed C．will miss D．missed
【答案及解析】 D整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，故用一般过去时，答案选D。
真题16(2004四川卷25)
--Has Sam finished his homework today?
--I have no idea．He ________it this morning．
A．did B．has done C．was doing D．had done
【答案及解析】c根据前句：我不知道，可看出答案选c，表示过去一直在进行的动作。
真题17(2004四川卷30)
I ________you not to move my dictionary-now I can’t find it．
A．asked B．ask C．was asking D．had asked
【答案及解析】 A asked表示过去，与句中的时间状语now相对应。
真题18(2004四川卷34)
According to the art dealer，the painting __________to go for at least a million dollars．
A．is expected B．expects C．expected D．is expecting
【答案及解析】A the painting是物，它自己不能预期、期望，故要用被动。
真题19(2004上海卷29)
The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ________increased enormously ever since.
A．is B．was C．has been D．had been
【答案及解析】 C句子后面的ever since意为：从那以后，须与现在完成时态连用。
真题20(2004上海卷30) ；
The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ________ to eat more fruit and vegetables．
A．persuade B．will persuade C．be persuaded D．are persuaded
【答案及解析】 D根据句子意思及结构可知，应该是说服人们而不是人们说服他人，因此应用被动语态；而本题属于真实条件，不是虚拟语气，故排除选项C。答案选D。
真题21(2004天津卷28)
--What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--I had just finished my work and to take a shower．
A．had started B．started C．have started D．was starting
【答案及解析】D用过去进行时表过去将来时。
真题22(2004北京卷22)
--What’s that terrible noise?
--The neighbors ________for a party．
A．have prepared B．are preparing C．prepare D．will prepare
【答案及解析】 B根据语境可知，对方问的是目前的情况，因此，告诉对方邻居正在为聚会作准备而弄出来的声音，故用进行时态。
真题23(2004北京卷25) ：
Now that she is out of a job，Lucy ________going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.
A．had considered B．has been considering
C．considered D．is going to consider
【答案及解析】 B Lucy现在还没决定，一直在考虑重新求学的事，故用现在完成进行时态。
真题24(2004北京卷27)
The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ________by 2006.
A．has been completed B．has completed
C．will have been completed D．will have completed
【答案及解析】 C此题考查时态和语态。by+时间状语，主句谓语用相应的完成时态。by2006意思是：到底前，是将来时，而工作本身不能完成，是被人完成，故用将来完成时的被动语态。
真题25(2004湖南卷31)
--I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday．
--Oh，how nice! Do you know when she ________．
A．was leaving B．had left C．has left D．1eft
【答案及解析】D考查时态。首先根据宾语从句的连接词排除选项B、c；再根据E句的意思：她已经去那，故答案选D。
真题26(2004北京春季卷21)
How can you possibly miss the news? It ________on TV all day long．
A．has been B．had been C．was D．will be
【答案及解析】 A从上句的how can及时态、下一句的时间状语all day long可以看出本题应用现在完成时态。
真题27(2004北京春季卷24)
--Sorry to have interrupted you．Please go on．
--Where was I?
--You ________you didn’t like your father’s job．
A．had said B．said C．were saying D．had been saying
【答案及解析】c本题的语境是两个人在谈话，其中一个的话被另一个打断，然后再问自己刚才说到哪儿了(Where were I?)，因此得到的回答应为“你刚才说到……”(You were saying．．．)，有一些短暂性动词的过去进行时表“刚刚在……”，如：were not noticing(刚刚没注意到)。
真题28(2004北京春季卷30)
I arrived late；I ________the road to be so icy．
A．wouldn’t expect B．haven’t expect
C．hadn’t expected D．wasn’t expecting
【答案及解析】C “我”之所以arrived late，是因为“我”在此之前(即过去的过去)没有料到路上结了这么厚的冰，应用过去完成时。
真题29(2004北京春季卷34)
I ________while reading the English textbook．Luckily，my roommate woke me up in time!
A．had fallen asleep B．have fallen asleep
C．fell asleep D．fall asleep
【答案及解析】 C从第二句luckily，my roommate woke me up in time可以看出在此之前，“我”曾入睡了。故本题应用过去完成时态。
真题30(2004上海春季卷31)
There is no light in the dormitory．They must have gone to the lecture，________?
A．didn’t they B．don’t they C．mustn’t they D．haven’t they
【答案及解析】D must表推测时，反意疑问句的简短疑问部分依must后面的时态及时间状语确定。本题must后面是现在完成时，从前句可知是现在的情况，故答案选D。
真题31(2004上海春季卷33)
Although he has lived with us for years，he ________us much impression．
A．hadn’t left B．didn’t leave C．doesn’t leave D．hasn’t left
【答案及解析】C选项A为过去的过去；B表示过去，与前面从句的内容矛盾；D表过去的事情对现在的影响，均与题意不符，凶此，答案选C，表示现在通常的情况。
真题32(2003全国卷24)
--Sorry，J0e．I didn’t mean to…
--Don’t call me “Joe”．I’m Mr. Parker to you，and ________you forget it!
A．do B．didn’t C．did D．don’t
【答案及解析】 D 考查感叹疑问句的用法。其形式虽是疑问，实则表示感叹。它多以否定词Don’t开头并以感叹号结尾，其表达的意义则是肯定。译文 “对不起，乔，我的意思不是……”，“不要叫我乔。对你来说我是帕克先生，你可不要忘了!”
真题33(2003全国卷27)
All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor，her nervousness____.
A．has grown B．is growing C．grew D．had grown
【答案及解析】C考查动词时态。从题干中可看出(waited)事情发生存过；去，而且主句和从句的动作是同时发生的，选项A、B表示现在的情况，根据前面的时问状语予以排除；选项D表示过去的过去，与题意不符，因而只能选C。译文：整个上午她都在等着大夫的体检报告，不安的心情与时俱增。
真题34(2003全国卷30) ；
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _______fresh for several days．
A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed
【答案及解析】 B考查时态和语态。stay在此为系动词，既没有被动语态，也没有进行时或完成时，与will一起构成将来时，表示即将发生的动作或状态。译文：为什么你没有把肉放在冰箱里?(在冰箱里)它可以保鲜好几天。
真题35(2003北京卷22)
At this time tomorrow _______over the Atlantic．
A．we’re going to fly B．we’11 be flying
C．we’11 fly D．we’re to fly
【答案及解析】 B考查时态。情景提示在句子开头at this time tomorrow，表示将来某一点的时间正在进行的动作，用将来进行时，彤式是shall／will be doing。
真题36(2003北京卷25)
--________David and Vicky ________married?
--For about three years．
A．How long were；being B．How long have；got
C．How long have；been D．How long did；get
【答案及解析】C 考查时态。从答语For about three years判断，该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D选项。get married强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，排除B。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。
真题37(2003北京卷26)
The news came as no surprise to me．I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down。
A had known B．knew C．have known D．know
【答案及解析】A 考查时态。句意：我对这个消息一点都不吃惊，我早就知道这家工厂将会倒闭的。know 这一动作先于came 这一过去的动作发生，用过去完成时。答案为A。
真题38（2003上海卷30）
It believed that if a book is ________ it will surely the reader.
A．interested：interest B．interesting；be interested
C．interested；be interesting D．interesting；interest
【答案及解析】D interesting与interested都是形容词，但interesting主语是物，一般说sth is interesting，interested主语是人，一般说be interested in sth，故前二空格应用interesting；interest是动词形式，意为“吸引，使感兴趣”。故选D。
真题39(2003上海卷32) ．
I thought Jim would say something about his school report，but he ________lt.
A．doesn’t mention B．hadn’t mentioned
C．didn’t mention D．hasn’t mentioned
【答案及解析】c根据作者的语气判断，这里描述的是一种过去发生的情况，并未强调对过去或现在造成什么影响，因此用一般过去时态。
真题40(2003北京春季卷26)
--When will you come to see me，Dad?
--1 will go to see you when you ________the training course
A．will have finished B．will finish
C．are finishing D．finish
【答案及解析】D考查从句中的时态。英语中状语从句通常用一般现在时或现在完成时表示一般将来时。同理，用一般过去时或过去完成时表示过去将来时，其它如主、定等从旬不受限制。在when引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词要用一般现在时。
真题41(2003北京春季卷27)
--How long ________at this job?
--Since 1990.
A．were you employed B．have you been employed
C．had you been employed D．will you be employed
【答案及解析】B since后可加过去时间，也可加从句，从句中要用一般过去式，而主句要用现在完成式。根据Since 1990可确定为现在完成时。
真题42(2003安徽春季卷21)
With the rapid growth of population，the city ________in all directions in the past five years.
A spreads B. has spread C spread D. had spread
【答案及解析】 B根据时间状语in the past five years可以知道这个动作发生在以现在为立足点的时间轴的过去，且这个动作对现在有影响，故用现在完成时。
真题43(2003安徽春季卷33)
The silence of the library ________only by the sound of pages being turned over．
A．has been broken B．breaks C．broke D．was broken
【答案及解析】D从题意可看出图书馆的安静是被翻书声打破的，要用被动，排除B、C，再从being turned over可看出不必用完成时，排除A。
真题44(2003上海春季卷27)
By the end of last year，another new gymnasium ________in Beijing．
A．would be completed B．was being completed
C．has been completed D．had been completed
【答案及解析】D by意为“到……为止”。by后加过去时间，主句用过去完成时；如by后加现在时间，主句用现在完成时；如by后加将来时，主句要用将来完成时。by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用。表示到过去某个时期前已完成的动作。
真题45(2003上海春季卷28)
When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________yet。
A．are not decided B．have not been decided
C．is not being decided D．has not been decided
【答案及解析】D 根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时，故排除A、c；不定式,动名词及从句作主语，谓语动词按单数处理，when and where to do sth．表示单数，要用has not been decided。
真题46(2002全国卷23)
--You haven’t said a word about my new coat，Brenda．Do you like it? I
--I’m sorry I ________ anything about it sooner．I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A．wasn’t saying B．don’t say C．won’t say D．didn’t say
【答案及解析】D由于在问句中既使用了现在完成时，又使用了一般现在时，使一些考生产生了误解。现在完成时表示过去发生的事对现在造成的影响，过去对新大衣没作任何评价，造成的影响是对方不知道究竟对新大衣是什么看法，所以要用一般过去时didn’t say。sooner表示“快，早”，不表示“将来”所以不能选won’t say。
真题47(2002全国卷29)
I wonder why Jenny ________us recently．We should have heard from her by now。
A．hasn’t written B．doesn’t write
C．won’t write D．hadn’t written
【答案及解析】 A时间状语recently常与现在完成时连用。We should have heard from her by now的意思是“目前我们应该收到她的信了。”一些考生把should have heard from her理解成“本来不该收到她的信而收到了”，发生了错误。should在这里用于表示可能性、估计、猜测或推论，答案为A。
真题48(2002北京卷21)
The little girl ________her heart out because she ________her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it．
A．had cried；lost B．cried；had lost
C．has cried；has lost D．cries；has lost
【答案及解析】B 根据所提供的情景 she wasn’t ever going to find it可以确定 哭”的动作发生在过去。丢失玩具熊发生在“哭”之前，所以用过去完成时。
真题49(2002北京卷23)
--Excuse me．sir．Would you do me a favor7
--Of course．What is it?
--I _________if you could tell me how to fill out this form．
A．had wondered B．was wondering C．would wonder D．did wonder
【答案及解析】 B在这个句子中用过去进行时表示在对方问话之前自己已在思考着这样一件事。What is it?用了一般现在时，给试题增加了一定的难度。按常理答案应为I wonder if．．．，但无此选项。A,C不合题意；D项用了did作强调，从上下文看没此必要，这里用过去进行时表示提出请求前的想法。
真题50(2002上海卷23)
He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ________from the university next year.
A．will graduate B．will have graduated C．graduates D．is to graduate
【答案及解析】C by the time后接定语从句，省略了关系副词when。在这种定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。译文：到明年毕业之前，他已经学了八年英语。
真题51(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷25)
John and I ________ friends for eight years．We first got to know each other at Christmas party．But we ________each other a couple of times before that.
A．had been；have seen B．have been；have seen
C．hadbeen：had seen D．have been；had seen
【答案及解析】D 前者与一段时间状语for eight years连用，用现在完成时；后者表示在一次晚会上认识之前就见过，是过去的过去，用过去完成时。
真题52(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷27)
This is Ted’s photo．We miss him a lot．He ________trying to save a child in the earthquake．
A．killed B．is killed C．was killed D．was killing
【答案及解析】C从句意知Ted已经死了发生在过去，对于动词kill来说，应用被动，所以要用被动语态的一般过去时。
真题53(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷31)
--How are the team playing?
--They’re playing well, but one of them ________hurt.
A．got B．gets C．are D．were
【答案及解析】 A one of+名词复数或代词复数作主语时，谓语用单数，所以排除C和D，got hurt“受伤”，get后接过去分词表被动。受伤的事发生在过去，用一般过去时。
真题54(2002上海春季卷30)
Rainforests ________and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future．
A. cut B．are cut C．are being cut D．had been cut
【答案及解析】 c这句话的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉以至于在不久的将来它们将会消失。”从句子的语境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可判断，要用被动语态的现在进行时。表示现正在发生的事对将来可能造成的影响。
真题55(2002上海春季卷31)
How I wish every family ________a large house with a beautiful garden!
A．has B．had C．will have D．had had
【答案及解析】 B wish后接从句常用虚拟语气，表示这只是说话人的一种愿望。具体用法：如果从句中动作与现在事实相反应用过去时；与将来事实相反用would／could+动词原形；与过去事实相反用过去完成时或would／could +have done。译文：我多么希望每个家庭都住上带有漂亮花园的大房子。
真题56(2002上海春季卷36)
It ________long before we ________the result of the experiment．
A．will not be；will know B．is：will know
C．will not be；know D．is：know
【答案及解析】 C这句话的意思是“我们将在不久知道试验的结果”。所以要用一般将来时。It will not be long是主句，意思是“不久”；在before引导的时间状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。
真题57(2001全国卷24)
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ________ so rapidly．
A．is changing B．has changed C．will have changed D．will change
【答案及解析】 A句中的谓语动词部分．．．is no easy task，谓语动词表示一种 “含此刻在内的广泛意义上的现在时间”，状语从句中说明原因为“技术更新变化迅速”，应采用现在进行时，表示一种“持续变化”的状态，体现了“变化；趋势；发展和进展”。
真题58(2001全国卷30)
I ______ping-pong quite well，but I haven’t had time to play since the new year．
A．will play B．have played C．played D．play
【答案及解析】 D从常识看，一个人一旦获得了某种技能，这种技能就会保持很长一段时间，而不因短期内不训练而失去，虽然“我”今年没有时问训练，但乒乓球一直打得很好，要用一般现在时态。
真题59(2001全国卷32)
Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits．
A．will request B. request C．are requesting D．are requested
【答案及解析】D request意为“要求”，是及物动词(及物动词的特点是：要么带宾语，要么用被动(无宾语时))。这句话的意思是参观者被要求不能触摸展览品，所以用被动。
真题60(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷12)
Hundreds of jobs ________if the factory closes．
A．lose B．will be lost C．are lost D．will lose
【答案及解析】B在if引导的状语从句中，从句用现在时，主句用一般将来时；而且主语是jobs，所以谓语动词要用被动语态。
真题6l(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷15)
I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida．I ________my mum．
A．am taking B．have taken C．take D．will have taken
【答案及解析】 A用现在进行时表示将来的情况。答案为A。
真题62(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷17)
A new cinema ________here．They hope to finish it next month．
A．will be built B．is built C．has been built D．is being built
【答案及解析】 D They hope to finish it next month．说明电影院还在建设之中，所以从时态上讲是进行时；另外从语态上讲为被动语态。
真题63(2001上海春季卷26)
The new suspension bridge ________by the end of last month．
A．has been designed B．had been designed
C．was designed D．would be designed
【答案及解析】 B在含有by引导的时间状语的句子中，谓语动词要用过去完成时。译文：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计。
真题64(2001上海春季卷35)
If a man ________succeed，he must work as hard as he can．
A．will B．is to C．is going to D．should
【答案及解析】B状语从句中不能用将来时，如强调意愿，可用will；如强调某种决心、意向，要用be to do sth．表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性等。译文：如果一个人想成功，他必须尽力而为。所以要用is 10 succeed的形式。
真题65(全国卷13)
--You’ve left the light on．
--Oh，so I have．--and turn it off．
A．I’ll go B．I’ve gone C．I go D．I’m going
【答案及解析】A先排除B，因它与and后的turn it off讲不通；从句意知灯还没关，所以他将去关掉它，故C排除；A和D均表将来，但will注重纯粹时间上的将来，而be goingto则强调计划和打算，再说和turn off不并列，只有A最准确。答案为A。
真题66(2000全国卷20)
--How are you today?
--0h， ________as ill as I do now for a very long timc．
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling
C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt
【答案及解析】D现在完成时表示从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。从句子的意思可知，从过去某个时候开始，已经病了很长时间了。
真题67(2000全国卷25)
The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when he saw it．
A．was travelling B．travelled C．had been travelling D．was to travel
【答案及解析】 A叙述报告者当时看到UFO的情景，要用过去进行时。答案为A。
真题68(2000上海卷24)
My uncle ________until he was forty-five．
A．married B．didn’t marry C．was not marrying D．would marry
【答案及解析】 B选用句型“…until”或“not…until”的关键是判断谓语动词是否可延续，如可延续就用“．．．until”；反之，用“not…until”。动词nmn-y(与……结婚，要……嫁给…)是非延续性动词，所以要用didn’t marry。
真题69(2000上海卷36)
If only he _________quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now．
A．1ies B．1ay C．had lain D．should lie
【答案及解析】C “If only…”表示虚拟语气；“he would not suffer so much now中“now"表示现在的状况。这样，条件部分就是与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时表示。
真题70(2000京、皖春季卷9)
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while，but soon ________to his old ways．
A．returned B．returns C．was returning D．had returned
【答案及解析】A比较两个并列句的时态可知，都表过去发生的事，所以用一般过去时。
真题71(2000京、皖春季卷14)
--You’re drinking too much．
--Only at home．No one _______me but you．
A．is seeing B．had seen C．sees D．saw
【答案及解析】 C从句子的意思可知，此人爱喝酒是一种习惯，表示经常性的动作，所以要用一般现在时。故排除B、D；又从only at home可知他总是在家喝．所以每次喝时就只有“你”看见了。
真题72(2000京、皖春季卷19)
All the preparations for the task ________，and we’re ready to start．
A．completed B．complete
C．had been completed D．have been completed
【答案及解析】D现在完成时表示过去所做的事对现在的影响。从后句and we’re ready to start的意思可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
he seems to know this.
i hope to see you again. = i hope that i'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
i'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
he seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
he seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
she is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
时态和语态50题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
--- You ______ something.
A. have left B. are always leaving
C. are leaving D. always left
2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.
--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have
B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have
D. had been working; had had
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing B. will write
C. has written D. write
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak B. is going to speak
C. had to speak D. was going to speak
5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
--- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about
C. have talked to D. was talking to
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play B. have played
C. played D. play
7. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked B. has worked
C. was working D. has been working
8. --- What ______ when I phoned you?
--- I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.
A. have you done; finished
B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished
D. were you doing; had just finished
9. --- Have you finished the report?
--- No. I ______ it all this week.
A. will do B. had done
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★ 分词作补语
★ 分词作表语
