以下是小编为大家准备了托福阅读常见语法现象解读之分词用法全面介绍（共含4篇），欢迎参阅。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“爱比死更冷”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读常见语法现象解读 分词用法全面介绍
1. 分词的独立主格结构
一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语，分词做状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。
它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾，做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。
The meeting being over, they went home.
There being no bus then, he had to walk home.
1)表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词(或代词)+分词”结构，如：
With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries.
He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.
2)独立主格结构也可以由“名词(或代词)+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
He came into the classroom, book in hand.
2. 分词做状语
过去分词常用作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
Asked why he was late, he went red.
Given more time, we could have done it better.
3. 分词做状语与独立主格结构(悬垂结构)做状语的区别
分词与独立主格均可作状语。但分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语;而独立主格结构做状语时，前面的名(代)词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语，它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如：
Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.
Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.
4. 英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语
常见的有：
generally speaking
strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking
considering…
judging from/by…
talking all/everything into consideration
5. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1)语态上不同
现在分词表主动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者;
过去分词表示被动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。
I heard someone closing the door.
I heard the door closed.
2)时间上不同
现在分词表正进行，过去分词表完成的动作。
falling leaves
fallen leaves
3)特殊分词的分词用法
英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”;
过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉”。
托福阅读“词汇题”你还再纠结什么?
“托福阅读考试的词汇题往往是考生心中的“送分题”，因为大家觉得只要背了单词，考的词都背过，一篇文章四道词汇题，全部GET!
听起来好简单对不对!感觉好容易有没有!
可是啊……
问题的关键在于。。。单词没背过!
更大的关键在于。。。单词背错了!
这哪里是“送分题”?简直是“送命题”!
看一道托福考试官方指南里的一篇文章《Desert Formation》中的题目：
There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.
The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○fragile
○predictable
○complex
○valuable
大家第一反应就是——“这个词我背过!”
第二反应就是——“我X，这个词啥意思来着!好像有一大堆意思咧!”
于是脑海里开始闪回这样的画面：
请问，亲爱的ETS祖宗，到底你想考哪个意思?
然后开始陷入深深地纠结——
一分钟过去了。。。这个词好像是“精美的”，是“好”词，那就应该选一个“好”的意思，嗯，估计是考valuable。
两分钟过去了。。。不对，我记得还有一个意思是“精细的”，会不会就是很“高端”的赶脚，很“复杂”的赶脚?嗯，应该是complex。
五分钟过去了。。。可我怎么觉得我还背过一个意思是“易碎的”啊!会不会太“脆弱”，那就是fragile?
一个小时过去了。。。阅读考试结束。
大家发现问题出在哪里了吗?不是你单词没背过，而是单词你背“过”了!
我们站在考官的角度想想，作为一个阅读考试出现“词汇题”，真的只是考你单词认不认识、背没背过吗?那这样的话何必不专门弄一个单词测试，列出100个单词，让你直接选单词意思得了呗(可参考十年前的GRE考试形式)。
那我们从阅读文章本身角度想一想，这个单词并不是一个孤立出现的“词”，而是在文章中某一句话中所承载的一个“信息”。那么我们就可以从这句话本身来作为切入点，看看这句话提供了什么语义线索，让我们替换这个词之后语义不变。
The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
这句话中间有一个很明显的表示“并列”关系的逻辑词and，那么以and为中心，前后分成两个半句，我们分别来看一下：
前半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地存在于一个(什么样的)的生态平衡中。
后半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地来适应越来越大的环境压力的潜能非常受限。
and连接的逻辑其实非常简单易懂，就是前后方向相同。举一个烂大街的例子：I love you and you love me.我爱你，你爱我，我们相爱。所以从逻辑角度我们判断，后半句如果说“潜能受限”是一个不太乐观的情况，那么反推前半句，这种“生态平衡”应该也是不乐观的。简单来说，后面“坏”词，前面也不能是“好”词。
这样再看四个选项，那些所谓的表示“精美”、“精细”、“复杂”的“好”词就可以扔掉了，选择fragile“脆弱的”就在情理之中。
“逻辑关系”是阅读能力的非常重要的体现，也是托福阅读考试不可忽视的一个考察点。如果能把我们解决这种词汇题的视角放在逻辑层面，那么我们的做题过程就会变得轻松省时很多。
我们再来看TOEFL Practice Online中一篇文章《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》里的一道题：
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○increases proportionally
○differs
○loses significance
○is common
大家第一反应，“pale”这个词我背过，“面色苍白无力”的赶脚!可是再看选项还是觉得“这是什么鬼”。所以我们不要纠结浪费时间，把视角放在原文原句，看看有什么逻辑关系能帮我们找到切入点。
The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
翻译一下：举例来说，由某某火山喷发导致的毁灭与由人类导致的毁灭对比起来(怎么样)。
这句话的逻辑关系也极其明确，就是in comparison to“对比”关系。那要想知道“人类引起的毁坏”和“火山喷发引起的毁坏”相比到底是什么样，更重还是更轻，这一句话提供的信息还不够。这句话给出了“for example”给上文举例子，不妨向上多看一句：
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.
翻译一下：生态学家特别想知道什么因素会导致生态群落的恢复，因为全世界的顶级群落(climax communities)都正在经历人类严重地破坏和摧毁。
可见，这句话告诉我们科学家发现“人类造成的毁坏”特别严重。那么下文举例子就要顺承这个关系，“自然导致的毁坏”和“人类导致的毁坏”相比——相形见绌呗!
再来看四个选项，选择“loses significance”就不会感到奇怪了。而我们背pale这个单词的时候是绝对不会把这个意思和“lose significance”联系到一块儿的，这就是逻辑关系在真正解题过程中的妙处。
总的来说，对于托福阅读考试的准备，词汇量是绝对必要的条件，但不是充分的。我们往往困惑于自己单词也背了，明明都每个词都认识也无法做对题目。这时，解决问题就要跳出纯粹追求词汇“量”的层面，而是从阅读文章本身着眼，提升我们逻辑分析的能力，这也是我们在上课的时候要重点培养和训练学生的能力。我们做题纠结的关键经常是只看树木，不见森林。走了好多弯路，把自己感动却没有收获。如果说阅读考试的准备有捷径、有套路，那么逻辑关系就是最大的“套”，把题目零碎的信息“套”上逻辑，也会帮你把考点看得更透更清晰。毕竟，有“套”才更放心。
moving – moved disappointing - disappointed
exciting – excited surprising – surprised
有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强，它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。
I found him seated at the back of the classroom.
Lose in the forest, he had to find his way out first.
托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比逻辑关系
今天就想和大家分享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种逻辑推理关系 — 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜索定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告诉我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应该就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发现whales的特征。原文最后一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。
再来看一道稍难的题目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最后一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最后位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们非常熟悉的逻辑关系—─类比关系。来看这句话 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告诉我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也应该有相似地功能。
我想，只要我们的同学能够熟练掌握这种逻辑推理方法，将来一定可以避免在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的困境。
托福阅读： 浅谈托福阅读答案选项的设置
涉及题型(三)：
句子简化题 sentence simplification，
细节题 factual information，
排除题 negative factual information
1. 正确答案选项的设置
丨A.原文信息的同义改写:
1 同义词替换
2 正话反说/反话正说(例题1.D)
例题1：(摘录于TPO8R2，Extinction of the Dinosaurs)
...Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that theLate Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?
A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.
B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
C.The climate was very similarto today’s climate.
D.The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.
解析：文章说气候比较温和，答案选项反过来说气候改变不大。
3 句型改变(例题2.C)
例题2：(摘录于官方指南116页，Swimming Machines)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special“heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. Which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
B.Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
C.They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：文章说在7度水中保持体温超过25度，答案选项改写成可以在比身体更冷的水中游泳。
丨B.原文信息的抽象扩大(例题3. B)
例题3：(摘录于官方指南103页，Artisans and Industrialization)
Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
B.The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章说徒弟被认为是家庭的一份子，师傅的责任不仅有教手艺还有提供教育和道德监管。答案选项说师傅的责任不仅仅是教手艺，虽然没有直接提到其他的责任，但是在逻辑重心上和原文属于抽象的吻合。
2.错误答案选项的设置
丨A. 与原文不相关的内容：
1 文章没出现的信息(例题3. C/D)
C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章没提到family member这一概念。
2 出现文章没提到的多余关系
文章说a导致b，并且c导致d;答案提到了a导致的b和c导致的d有关系。
丨B. 与原文矛盾的内容：
1 显形逻辑联系词:
1.1答案选项的逻辑重心与原文不匹配(although a,b不等于b,but a)
1.2答案选项与原文逻辑相悖(例题3. A)
A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
解析：文章的确出现了but一词，但是属于not only...but also的部分内容，因此本身不具有转折关系，选项A出现了与原文并列递进相悖的逻辑关系。
2 动词变化(例题1.B/例题2.B)
The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
解析：文章出现的buffer这一词，同学如果不认识，只看到shallow sea和temperature有关联，而B选项也有关系，造成误选。buffer意思为缓冲，即使不认识，也可以根据 keeping it relatively constant 伴随做结果状语理解肯定不是B选项的改变巨大。
3 指代关系(例题2.D)
The billfishes have gone one step further.They have evolved special “heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these criticalorgans.
D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：题干问bluefin tuna 因此答案选项D的指代词they指代金枪鱼，而文章内部的确出现答案选项D的大致对应，只不过文章内部they是之前的billfishes.
4 反义词和否定含义词(例题1.A)
The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid.
A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.
解析：文章和答案内容用否定含义的词语相反。
丨C. 观点不匹配：比较级/最高极/绝对词(例题2.A)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over3 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.
A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
解析：文章没有出现和其余鱼类的比较对比。
注意：比较极/最高极/绝对词大部分情况错误，如果正确，原文必须有相关信息
例题4：(摘录于TPO3R2，The Depletion of the Ogalalla Aquifer)
Paragraph 1：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has asemiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported alow-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians,who once inhabited the region.
1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?
A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
D. Before the early 1900’sthere was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.
解析：这里虽然有only一词，但是其含义和原文的a low-intensity agriculture economy 低产量的农业不矛盾，故正确。
托福阅读常见语法现象解读 不定式用法详细分析
1. 动词不定式的否定式
not to
She decided not to be late again.
2. 动词不定式的完成式
完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构
若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。
常用形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。
It is very kind of you to help me.
区别It is important for us to learn English well.
4. 在某些动词后， 可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。
They find it difficult to repay the money.
5. 动词+不定式作宾补
ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to(五看三使两听一感觉一发现)
Nobody saw him come in.
She was seen to enter the room last night.
注意：get 也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。
have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事
have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做
have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事
get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物开始行动起来
You’d better have/get your hair cut.
He managed to get the horse running.
托福阅读与十年寒窗的阅读理解不一样
考试结束后，众宝宝纷纷“喊冤”，十年寒窗苦读、考前狂转各种锦鲤，最终败给一条半路杀出的草鱼。这种感觉，让人想吃一口鲷鱼冷静一下…
话说回来，长年研究托福考试的作者看到这个话题心下暗自欣慰，因相较之下，托福届的阅读理解要直白小清新的多。
然鹅，bug也因此产生：很多同学会试图把高考“想太多”的手感带入进来，出现依据原文联想、幻想、甚至臆想的情况，从而“误解”了其原本意思。
废话少说，主页君上道中文题，大家感受一下：
小明深爱着小强，以至于夜不能寐。
Q：哪个句子表达了原句的主要意思?
A. 小明不喜欢小强的话，就可以睡着觉了。
B. 小强迷人的气质，让人睡不着觉。
C. 小明痴迷于小强，彻夜难眠。
聪明如你，都能看出答案选C。
我们发现了什么?
ETS在设置选项时，会出现很多迷惑性的、看似与原文相似的信息;A、B选项实际都是原文本身不存在、却被随意推断出来的信息，而这种选项一定错;
正确答案会与原文发生paraphrase, 中文俗称“同义转述”。
明确了思路，我们来做一道托福英文题：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:“ The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.”
Q&A
Q: According to the paragraph, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
A: The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.
B: Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.
C: Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.
D: Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.
答案C。
题目问FV地区有什么转变，取自原文最后一句：鹿消失了，是为保护庄稼而猎杀殆尽。destroyed转述原文的were gone。
我们观察下D选项，“庄稼产量减少了”。会有宝宝们开脑洞，难道不是因为庄稼要废了，才去保护的吗?所以也可以理解为庄稼的转变?--不选的原理很简单：原文没明说，不能随意推断。
综上，TOEFL小白们切不可忘，忠实于原文，不乱猜、不瞎搞，是做题要具备的基本品质。
如同，TOEFL里，鲁迅的“晚安”就是困了老子要睡觉了;“天黑了”就是夜幕降临了。想太多…对你没啥好处，科科。
低年级怎么备考托福阅读?
低年级的学生本身有其优点也有一定的缺点。优点在于年纪小，想象力比较丰富，对于新事物接受力强，精力也相对旺盛。缺点在于词汇量相对比较低，社会阅历少，对于有些题材文章理解不清，对于某些逻辑关系难以理解，定性不足。
就这些特点，我们来分词汇，语法，文章，三个维度来看该如何针对性准备。
词汇
低年级的学生在词汇量相对比较少，这不仅是指词汇的量也是指词汇的广度。
比如might，很多学生的都知道它叫可能，但是如果问他们这个词的名词性含义，很少有学生能回答出来。这就需要他们不仅在量上注意积累，更主要拓展词汇的广度，注意一词多义的现象。
那么该如何去积累呢?单词本身是比较枯燥的内容，对于小朋友来说，很难让他们拿着词汇书一页一页的背，但是他们相对而言联想能力又比较强。
所以我建议年纪比较小的同学在积累单词的过程中放在特定的语境里面，这样既可以让他们熟悉单词的各种含义，又可以让他们有足够的联想空间，增强对于单词的记忆，熟悉词汇的用法。
语法
在阅读中不可避免的会遇到很多结构比较复杂的长难句，如何快速的从这些信息中抓住主要信息，这就需要学生有能力找到句子的主干。
但是复杂语法有些概念本身对于小朋友就是很难理解的，比如虚拟。很多语法概念他们也无法分清，比如定语，同位语。
那么在这个方面，我建议多准备结构类似的句子，让他们逐渐熟悉这类型的句子，跟数学公式一样，套用这些例句，不需要特别清楚每个语法术语是什么，只需要知道看到某些特定类型的东西能知道如何处理即可。
文章
年纪较小的同学往往在看一些叙述类的文章中会比较有优势，相对而言有一定的故事情节，趣味性强很多。但是在托福阅读中会出现很多学术类的议论文和说明文，文章相对而言会比较枯燥。
所以在这个过程中建议可以补充一些视频，比如涉及到恐龙灭绝的原因时，可以引入一些视频，这样既可以增强课堂的趣味性，又可以让学生更好的理解文章的内容。
另一方面低年级的学生思维相对比较跳脱，逻辑不够清晰，所以在理解文章脉络的时候也会存在一定的难度。
这时候建议课下多让学生看一些简短的论文或者时事新闻，一方面可以锻炼思维能力，另一方面也可以积累社会阅历，为口语和写作拓展思路。
总结
低年级的学生在备考托福的过程中相对而言周期还是比较长，在这个长线的准备过程中一定要确定好自己的目标，同时保持持续的学习动力，这样才可以稳步进步。
托福阅读推理题中的类比逻辑关系
很多同学最近一直和我抱怨，托福阅读中的推理题好难啊，很多题目的正确选项在文中都找不到，说好的忠于原文，说好的不用多想，不用为作者分忧解难呢?这时候我会偷笑，因为你们在托福阅读考试流程里碰到的是细节题的升级版本—─推理题!我们平时在阅读教学中一直和同学强调，阅读要忠于原文，不要大开脑洞，所有答案均出现在原文中。唯独有一种题目即推理题，需要学生不仅在文中找到相关依据，还要根据这个依据走一步推理的过程，才能得出答案。
今天就想和大家分享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种逻辑推理关系 — 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜索定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告诉我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应该就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发现whales的特征。原文最后一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。
再来看一道稍难的题目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最后一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最后位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们非常熟悉的逻辑关系—─类比关系。来看这句话 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告诉我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也应该有相似地功能。
我想，只要我们的同学能够熟练掌握这种逻辑推理方法，将来一定可以避免在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的困境。
托福阅读语法现象解读 5大类后置定语讲解
什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?
后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。
托福阅读后置定语第1类
形容词做后置定语。如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第2类
介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第3类
现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第4类
过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第5类
不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。
托福阅读备考的五大黄金技巧
1、单词
虽然我们一直在强调单词不是最重要的，但是没有单词是万万不能的，对于单词的积累不是弹指间能完成的，而在记忆单词的时候也有无数种方法可以借鉴，
比如：记忆曲线记忆法：按照词汇书上的分类，每天一个pst，每天要做到及时复习。根据人的记忆曲线来讲，最初记忆过的单词要在最短的时间内进行不断的复习，才会对其记忆深刻。
词根词缀记忆法：这个方法大家在查字典的时候也可以注意一下，词根多来自于拉丁文等，此法有助于对首次遇到的生词进行拆分，猜测词意。
总而言之，记忆单词是学习一种语言最基础有用的方法，对于考试取得高分尤其如此，我们在学习过程中不能一味的复制别人的方法，要学会思考，找到属于自己的方法，一切皆可战胜!
2、泛读能力
所谓泛读能力是指得在短时间以内对一篇文章内容迅速把握。在对文章段落主旨句的阅读中，我们需要读的内容约有8-15句话左右，在3-4分钟以内完成对这些句子的阅读并总结文章大纲，就要求我们对于托福句子式结构熟识于心。而托福阅读中，句子长，成份杂一直以来都是大家在阅读上遇到的最大障碍之一。解决这个问题的方法，可以采用泛读技巧中的主句阅读方式，即对读到的每个句子进行结构分析，找出主句，再补充其它成份的细节内容。
当我们对段内句子的主要意思，讲述对象，及讲述方向有所了解之后，后期解题过程中使用到的答案定位(或关键词定位)便可以达到快，准，稳的效果。
把握住了文章主旨就得到了文章的写作方向与目的，辅以段落间的关系，会使得解题过程轻松无比。
3、段落结构
文章写作过程中，为了清楚的表达中心思想，会采用不同的段落结构，而结构的选取与文章类型及内容无关，仅是选取一种最为清晰的表达方式。段落内部结构从大体上来讲可以分为总---分---(总)的分点并列结构，或者总---分的观点递进阐述结构。相对来讲前者更赋逻辑性，而后者因其逻辑性较差而导致在阅读过程中难度系数相对较大。当大家对段落内部结构的分析日渐成熟的时候，便可以对段落主旨大意总结的驾驭做到轻车熟路，进而节约阅读时间。
4、句子结构
托福阅读中的句式结构复杂，想要快速的把握完整的句意，便需要分析其间所存在的各种句式，了解每种句式的结构结成，识别方法，处理方法，更进一些，还可以探究其写作方法，达到对每种句式从里到外的熟悉。
5、文章主旨的把握
首先，新托福的每一篇文章都附加了标题，可以通过对文章标题格式，内容，可能应用的文章书写格式三个方面对文章整体进行把握。
其次，每篇文章的长度由原来的300-400增长到了现有的700字左右，且段落由原有的2-4段增长到现有的5-10段，那么对于文章主旨的把握能力就显得无比重要。而要做到在短短的3-4分钟以内完成这件事情，就要求我们对段落结构，段落大意，以及段间结构即文章大纲的把握做到精准的程度。
托福阅读训练素材推荐
1、多阅读英文文章
我们成为extensive reading。阅读考试考察的是我们的理解文章能力，这个能力不是一天就训练的出来，是要经过长期积累而产生的。平时的练习就是一种锻炼，一种积累，要用正确的阅读方法和解题方法，这样每天的练习，就是不断的强化，长此以往，在考场上才能得心应手，不慌不忙，从容应对考试，考出高分来。多读英文文章会增强阅读能力，可以加快阅读速度，扩大我们的词汇量。这样的话在就可以减少在考场上推测生词意思上时间的花费了。节省下来的时间久可以用来更好低理解文章了。
2、读一些比较深度的文章
在时间宽裕情况下，建议读一些内容较深的文章，不认识的单词可以查字典并记录下来。托福的文章大多是大学程度的，需要我们平时进行一些有难度的训练，才能跟上节奏。
3、多去阅读一些常见大学科目的文章
如科学、科技、历史、政治、文化、文学、艺术、人物传记等方面的题材，自己在平时进行课外阅读时可以有意识地躲涉猎一些，这个就不用英语了，可以看中文的，我们的目的是要了解这方面的知识。比如说科技领域里面，正流行的是什么，未来发展的趋势是哪里，这些我们都要基本了解，因为很多阅读文章都是从这个方向上出题的，我们不可能了解的很深入，研究得彻底，至少做到心中有数，知道存在这样东西或这个事件，能有兴趣知道来龙去脉就更好了。虽然说托福的设计原则是让一个对文章主题所涉及的主题没有这方面知识的人，也能成功作答。但是如果你之前对这个主题有所了解，那么你就比其他同学对文章理解的更加彻底了，回答更能得心应手了。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
1. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.
O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.
O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.
O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.
原句中，because表示因果，因为the medium非常prolific，后面in the sense that (在某种意义上因为)进一步补充prolific，prolific是因为produce cheaply;所以它被当成art的穷亲戚，而非继承者(rather...than...表对比)。
也就是说：因为medium便宜，所以多，所以不被当成fine art。
看选项，四个选项都有因果关系词，关键是把因和果匹配清楚;1st选项，说照片没有代替其他fine arts因为人们觉得图像看清来很便宜;结果对原因错，原因是照片真的便宜，不是看起来便宜。 2nd选项，so...that表示因果;照片太便宜以及太多，以至于买不起艺术品的人也能买;原因对，结果错，结果是不被当成艺术。 3rd选项，前面not only…but also表示并列，但spread quickly原句未提及;而且后面结果也说反了。 4th选项，照片不被当成true art因为它很便宜;虽然省略
最后，大家发现原句用的是medium，到选项却变成photography了，这个是个很好的paraphrase，用medium媒介这个词去替代photography。大家读文章的时候看到这种不太熟悉的词替换成相应的简单词去理解就好了。
2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.
原句中，先不看插入的定语从句;进口谷物使价格变低，因此刺激(stimulated)个人对其他消费品的需求;定语从句里面说的是，谷物如果自己生产就会很贵。
简而言之，进口谷物使得对其他产品有需求。
选项中，1st选项，最后的other be imported信息不存在，原句只是说有需求，没有说更多进口需求;2nd选项， keeping price low是主要目标，因为他们不能产生足够多的谷物与原句不符(when表示原因);3rd选项，对其他消费品的需求forced荷兰人去进口谷物，谓语动词前后的关系说反了。4th选项，因为荷兰人进口便宜谷物，用一个inexpensive概括了插入语中的定语从句;后面说结果就是有钱买更多。
托福阅读语法现象解读 5大类后置定语讲解
什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?
后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。
托福阅读后置定语第1类
形容词做后置定语。如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第2类
介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第3类
现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第4类
过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第5类
不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。
托福TPO26阅读模拟试题及答案
Energy and the Industrial Revolution
PARAGRAPH 1
For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
PARAGRAPH 2
In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.
PARAGRAPH 3
The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.
PARAGRAPH 4
Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
PARAGRAPH 1
For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
1、Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”?
To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century f
To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain
To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel
To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century
2、What was “the problem of energy” that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?
Water and wind could not be used efficiently.
There was no efficient way to power machinery.
Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.
Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.
PARAGRAPH 2
In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.
3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt's steam engine?
The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain
Increased mechanization
More possibilities for mill location
Smaller mills
4、The phrase “apparent in” in the passage is closest in meaning to
clearly seen in
aid in
associated with
followed By
5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?
Raw cotton
Cotton cloth
Steam-powered pumps
Coal
6、The word “consequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
resulting
encouraging
well documented
immediate
7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?
It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.
It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.
It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.
It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.
PARAGRAPH 3
The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.
8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?
It helped make wood into charcoal.
It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.
It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.
It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.
9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during t|| 1800s EXCEPT:
Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.
By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.
Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.
Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.
PARAGRAPH 4
Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
10、The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
anticipated
accelerated
spread
started
11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?
Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.
It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.
It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.
It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.
12、The phrase “accustomed to” in the passage is closest in meaning to
in need of
used to
tired of
encouraged by
13、Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.
14、 Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.
Answer Choices
A. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.
B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.
C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.
D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.
E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.
F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.
