这里给大家分享一些托福阅读看文章要有明确目标(共含5篇),供大家参考。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“皓蔚娜”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
托福阅读看文章要有明确目标 这些地方才是出题重点
文章开头结尾有主旨内容
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句是每一个段落的主题,也是文章的要点,都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息,而且阅读文章后面的题目大都是根据主题而出,考生在解答题目的时候,可以快速根据主题句找到对应的段落。
注意时间和数字类细节线索
一般来说,出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的。因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象,否则考生都需要把数字记录下来。
人物地名特殊名词要留意
人名、地名以及专有名词出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记,非常有利于信息索引和定位。当提到这几个具体的概念时,文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点,因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
论据类素材内容不可忽视
有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上,托福阅读考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速记录的笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略。
新观点概念是文章重点
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现,说明之前出现的概念已经不能够说明问题。所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意,因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。
逻辑关系链整理归纳
很多考生在托福阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确,这也是一种严重的错误。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。记录逻辑关系也可以帮助考生更加清晰地理清段落之间的关系。
托福阅读中后置定语的分类
托福阅读后置定语第一类:形容词做后置定语。如:fossil available.即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第二类:介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface,中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava,表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第三类:现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels,理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第四类:过去分词短语做后置定语,the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil,理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第五类:不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability,理解为吸收水的能力。
托福考试阅读细节题出错的三大常见原因
一、不会定位
提及定位,恐怕所有的同学都会说定位非常简单。但是,是不是所有同学都可以准确定位,并且高效地完成阅读中的细节题呢?其实不然,我们来看以下这道出自TPO16套的细节题:
According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers?
有的同学一看到这个题目,第一反应就是用Middle Eastern shop owners去原文定位,很快可以找到本段的第二句话:Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner.但是,当我们读过这句话之后,发现它并没有回答前面的问题,于是我们开始纠结。在将这句话反反复复看了好几遍却仍然找不到答案之后,我们才开始继续往下看。有些同学甚至为了寻找答案干脆将整段看一遍。但是,如果大家一开始在定位的时候,用的是shop owner, treat,和workers来定位,大家就很容易就知道这道题是在问shop owner和workers之间的关系,在读原文第二句话时很快就能发现这句话并没有提到任何与关系相关的单词。于是往下寻找和关系有关的词或者句子。我们很快便会看到后面有一个In these shops differences of rank were blurred,也就是说在这些shop里等级区别模糊了。这不正是说明了owner和worker之间的这种等级关系么?因此,不难确定,这句话才是我们要找的答案。
二、纠结选项
在选项上纠结的这类同学,在对文章的定位上一般不存在问题。他们的问题是,在找到原文之后,却觉得几个选项在文章中都出现过,于是一遍遍地再来读文章。这样做既费时费力,又不一定能对。
对于这些同学,新东方在线托福教研中心老师提醒大家,你们需要谨记的就是“符合原文”四个大字。
例如TPO2中的一道题,假定通过定位我们已经找到了原文中答案所在的句子:the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.这道题对应有两个选项:
A It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.
B It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.
这时爱纠结的同学们又开始纠结了,两个都说cetaceans是mammals,怎么选?亲爱的同学们,你们首先要搞清楚原文到底说的是什么,是说“暗示”还是说“不能掩盖”?如果是说暗示,那就选a,因为a选项清楚的有一个indicate,如果是说不能掩盖,那就选b, 因为b选项中有一个cannot conceal。
三、单词量少
单词量少是一个困扰绝大多数考生的问题。对于备考托福的同学来说,攻克单词这个难题,只有一个方法-背!在备考期间大家需要大量地背单词。但是,即使我们很努力的去背了单词,依然会在做题的时候碰到一些我们不认识的单词。这个时候,很多同学就会慌了手脚,不知道怎么办才好。其实,一篇文章对我们造成困难的,不是那些人名、地名和专有名词,而是构成我们要理解的这句话的基本结构。因此,如果碰到一句很长的话,里面有一些生单词,大家不要慌张。只要把这句话的结构弄清楚,你就能读懂这句话的大致意思了。这样,所谓的单词也就不再是你的拦路虎了。我们来看一个TPO1 里的句子:
Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.
虽然这句话中生僻的词比较多,但是如果我们能够找出句子的主干,那么这句话就会容易很多。整句的主干结构是这样的:adjacent to timberline, the tundra consists of shrubs and grasses and so on, while rise up, the species and diversities will decrease. 同学们只要能读出来这句话的核心意思是“靠近林木线的土地上到处覆盖着灌木和草,而海拔高度提高的时候,物种减少直到出现大片的荒地”,我们就能够理解这个句子。但是理解的前提是,你必须平时要好好的背单词,如果连一些很简单的单词,例如blur,stimulate都不认识,那么建议大家还是在背单词上多下点功夫吧!
托福阅读:遇到生词如何处理
一、猜词方法一:利用上下文线索猜测词义。
▲ 1.根据同义、反义关系猜托福阅读词汇。
案例:Today's teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking
B. traditional
C. old D. happy
分析:traditional与liberal意思相反,故选B。
▲ 2.根据托福阅读题材中句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义。
案例:Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed
C. tired D. separated
分析:根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”,故选D。
二、猜词方法二:利用托福阅读构词法猜测词义。
此法包括利用前、后缀及合成词猜测词义。
▲ 1. 用前、后缀猜测词义。
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,并且特定的前缀、后缀往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到“以不变应万变”的效果。
案例:He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
分析:overwork是由前缀over加动词构成,over有“超过,过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分。
● 英语中常用的前缀还有:
mis-错误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
● 下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词:
1) You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2) The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)
▲ 2.利用合成词猜测词义。
案例:Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
分析:根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处partakes in相当于takes part in。
● 再如break out-outbreak(名词“爆发”),set out-outset(名词“起始”),come in-income(名词“收入”)
托福阅读看文章要有明确目标 这些地方才是出题重点
文章开头结尾有主旨内容
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句是每一个段落的主题,也是文章的要点,都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息,而且阅读文章后面的题目大都是根据主题而出,考生在解答题目的时候,可以快速根据主题句找到对应的段落。
注意时间和数字类细节线索
一般来说,出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的。因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象,否则考生都需要把数字记录下来。
人物地名特殊名词要留意
人名、地名以及专有名词出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记,非常有利于信息索引和定位。当提到这几个具体的概念时,文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点,因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
论据类素材内容不可忽视
有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上,托福阅读考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速记录的笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略。
新观点概念是文章重点
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现,说明之前出现的概念已经不能够说明问题。所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意,因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。
逻辑关系链整理归纳
很多考生在托福阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确,这也是一种严重的错误。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。记录逻辑关系也可以帮助考生更加清晰地理清段落之间的关系。
托福阅读长难句:纳瓦霍人
As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)
分析:
这个句子的主干部分:
the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them
修饰一:(As relative newcomers to the Southwest),介词短语
中文:作为西南部相对较新的人
修饰二:(a place) ,同位语
中文:一个地方
修饰三:(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ,从句
中文:在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政
修饰四:(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ),介词短语
注意这里有一个搭配:not just … but … 不仅…而且
中文:不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为,而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐
参考翻译:
作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人,纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为,而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐,创造了这些艺术形式来影响他们周围的世界。
托福阅读长难句:恐龙灭绝的原因
Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs--except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. (TPO42, 56)
allegedly/ə'ledʒidli/ adv.据称,据传闻
分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals
修饰一:(which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs),从句
中文:据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋
修饰二:(that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.) ,从句
注意这个从句里面还有一个从句:
(that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence)
中文:哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世,没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后,忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
参考翻译:
其他科学家将(恐龙的)灭绝归咎于哺乳动物的竞争,据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋——只是,哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世,没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后,忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
托福阅读看文章要有明确目标
托福阅读看文章速度太慢?这5个阅读坏习惯赶紧改
托福阅读坏习惯表现:看文章时头跟着动
这个习惯可能很多同学都意识不到,实际上看似微小的动作也会耗费大家的阅读时间,对阅读速度产生不利影响。这种习惯的具体表现是考生会下意识地把头或者说鼻子正中间对着自己看到的内容,因此每看完一行文字都会导致大家出现一个比较明显的转头动作,也会花费一定时间。其实比较正确的做法是头不动视线移动,不仅换行速度会更快,考生也不容易跟丢阅读内容。虽然这种情况似乎不会消耗很多时间,但如今的托福阅读文章篇幅很长,当中需要换行很多次,积累下来大家浪费掉的时间还是很可观的,因此考生也需要主动意识到问题并进行改正。
托福阅读坏习惯表现:指着文章阅读
这种坏习惯一般是在看书面的密集文字时养成和比较常见的,比如阅读文章过程中就很容易出现这类做法。而到了托福考试中,虽然考试模式改为了电脑机考,但有些同学却还是没能戒掉这种习惯,总是会不自觉地用笔指着文章来阅读。而这种做法的坏处在于不仅会减慢阅读速度,还会干扰大家的注意力。因为指读会让大家的注意力跟着手指移动,考生的大脑思考和反应速度就容易受到限制,结果是虽然看完了文章从字面上似乎都看懂了,但大脑中却因为没有足够的思考而无法形成了连贯整体的印象,实际上真正思考和记住的东西并不多,阅读理解的效率可以说是相当低下的。
托福阅读坏习惯表现:心中默读
做阅读不能发生,但有些同学虽然嘴上不出声,实际上心里面还是在说话,相当于自己心里还是在默默发出声音读每一个单词,这种习惯也是比较拖节奏浪费时间的。为了能够在心里读清每个单词,大家的阅读速度和理解效率势必会受到干扰,而因为是心中默读,想要纠正这种习惯也比较困难。小编建议大家在阅读时一方面加强限时练习,给自己主动增加时间压力强迫自己快速思考,另外带着问题去读文章,在读的过程中加大思维力度,把默读的杂音都排除出脑海,坚持一段时间后默读的坏习惯应该可以得到改正。
托福阅读坏习惯表现:不出声阅读
这种坏习惯和上面的心中默读类似,区别在于前者是在心里面读,而这种则是直接出声阅读,当然托福考试中阅读部分是不能出声的,所以也会演变成没有明显声音但考生的嘴唇喉咙仍然在动的情况,大家自己观察一下会发现身边许多人在不能发生读文章的时候都会存在这种现象。而这种阅读坏习惯同样会影响考生的阅读和理解速度,说到底还是大家从获取文字到理解文字的过程仍然必须依赖发声环节所致,也就是阅读习惯技巧不够熟练所造成的。考生需要培养看到文字内容直接思考的能力,才能比较有效地摆脱这种坏习惯。
托福阅读坏习惯表现:回读
缺乏阅读自信或是理解反应速度比较慢的考生身上常会出现这类习惯。其具体表现是读文章时经常会返回之前的地方再读一遍,以确认自己读得没错理解是正确的。而一旦考生养成了对回读的依赖性,其危害可以说是显而易见的。好好的读一遍文章变成了读两遍甚至更多遍,考试时间自然会受到很大的影响。为了避免这种情况考生需要学会逐步培养自己的阅读自信,尽量挑选符合自己阅读理解能力和水平的文章来逐步提升阅读基本功,而不能好高骛远一下子就去挑战难度过高,陌生词汇复杂短语长难句过多的阅读材料,这样才能避免和纠正回读的坏习惯。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The ice shelf cores...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.
词汇讲解:
penetrate /'pen?tre?t/ v. 进入或穿过某物;充满,遍布
compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起
结构划分:
The ice shelf cores, (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet)),were long enough (to penetrate through glacial ice)—(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles)—and (to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice) (formed from seawater)(tha tfreezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.)
深度分析:
修饰一: (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet)),介词短语,修饰the iceshelf cores,修饰成分一般放后面
中文:总长为215米(705英尺)
修饰二:(to penetrate through glacial ice),非谓语动词
中文:穿透冰川冰
修饰三:(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles),从句,修饰glacial ice,修饰成分一般放后面
中文:由压缩的雪形成的并包含气泡
修饰四:(to continue into the clear,bubble-free ice),非谓语动词
中文:继续进入清澈的、没有气泡的冰
修饰五:(formed from seawater) ,非谓语动词,修饰the clear, bubble-free ice
中文:由海水形成
修饰六:(that freezes onto the bottom ofthe glacial ice.) ,从句,修饰seawater
中文:凝固在冰川冰底部
主干:括号外面的,The iceshelf cores were long enough,主和谓语中间被解词短语with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet)隔开
参考翻译:
总长为215米(705英尺)的冰架核已足以穿透(由压缩的雪形成的并包含气泡)的冰川冰,随后穿透清澈的、没有气泡的冰,这些冰是由凝固在冰川冰底部的海水形成的。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:the animals present...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
词汇讲解:
paleontologist /?pe?l??n?t?l?d ??st/ n. 古生物学家
descendant /d?'send(?)nt/ n. 子孙,后代
结构划分:
At one time, the animals (present in these fossil beds) were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms (that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period), (leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.)
深度分析:
修饰一:(present in these fossil beds),形容词短语,修饰animals,注意是放在后面哦
中文:存在于这些化石床中
修饰二:(that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period),从句,修饰body forms
中文:出现在Cambrian时期早期,并在这个时期末期前消失
修饰三:(leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.),非谓语动词修饰前面的主干
中文:在现代动物群组中没有留下后代
主干:most paleontologists now agree that,that后面整个宾语从句,从all到groups
参考翻译:
曾经存在于这些化石床中的动物被分配到各种现代动物群组中,但现在大多数古生物学家都同意:所有Tommotian的化石代表了出现在Cambrian时期早期并在这个时期末期前消失独特的化石形式,在现代动物群组中没有留下后代。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:some early societies...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
词汇讲解:
cease /si?s/ v. 停止,中止
well-being n. 幸福;(尤指) 健康
retain /r?'te?n/ v. 保持或保留;
结构划分:
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites (essential to their well-being) and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained (as parts of their oral tradition) the myths (that had grown up around the rites) and admired them (for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.)
深度分析:
修饰一:(essential to their well-being),修饰rites,
中文:对于他们的幸福健康是必要
修饰二:(as parts of their oral tradition) ,介词短语,修饰myths,这里有一个短语retain…as,本来myths要放在retained之后,但是由于myths后面有从句,宾语较长,所以置后了,大家要注意这里语序的问题。
中文:作为它们口头传统的部分
修饰三:(that had grown up around therites) ,从句,修饰myths
中文:从仪式里发展出来的
修饰四:(for their artistic qualitiesrather than for their religious usefulness. ) ,介词短语,修饰them,这里有一个很重要短语rather than,表示而不是
中文:因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途
主干:they retained the myth
参考翻译:
例如,一些早期社会不再认为某些仪式对于他们的幸福健康是必要的,便取消了那些仪式,但是,他们保留了那些从仪式里发展出来的神话作为口头传统的一部分,并因为他们的艺术性而不是宗教用途而喜爱它们。
托福阅读看文章速度太慢怎么提升?这3个技巧你都知道吗?
托福阅读为什么读文章速度慢?
考生的文章读不完的问题直接原因在于文章阅读速度慢。造成托福阅读速度慢的原因有很多。考生可能因为自己有不良的阅读习惯,这种阅读习惯并不适合托福阅读,比如逐字阅读、出声阅读等;还有的考生对于托福阅读文章不熟悉,在阅读时不能明确阅读的重点,将题目和阅读重点联系起来;部分考生对不能整体把握托福阅读文章,阅读时将内容看成是支离破碎的拼凑,找不到内容之间的关联,只能重新阅读。
托福阅读提速3个技巧介绍
为了加快托福阅读速度,可以从三点出发。首先,考生要利用跳读的方法有重点地阅读,在读第一段时,关注第一句或前几句,对文章有大致的思路,接下来读第二段首句,想一想作者下面又想讲什么,然后同样的方式阅读第三段、第四段以及之后的每一段。
其次,考生要对文章的大意进行总结,通过以上对每个段落的把握,考生总结一下各个段落的目的是什么,这样形成一个文章结构图。
最后,考生利用题目问题来寻读文章,将问题定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子,由于前面过程对段落的把握,这时寻读会比较快,可以很快找到出题点,而且可以明显识别偏离主题的选项。
托福阅读背景知识之“月球村moon village”
Head of the European Space Agency, Johann-Dietrich Woerner has revealed ideas for an international ‘Moon Village’ that combines the capabilities of space-faring nations around the world.
欧洲航天局(ESA)的负责人约翰-迪特里希•韦尔纳已经公布了国际“月球村”的想法,这个计划将联合全世界航天水平先进的国家的力量。
This settlement - which could be available by 2030 - would be built using natural resources from the lunar surface to create a permanent base for the purpose of science, business, and even tourism.
这个开拓地——有可能在2030年前可供使用——将利用来自月球表面的自然资源进行建设,为科学、商业甚至是旅游业提供永久性的基地。
Woerner describes the proposed Moon Village in a recent video released by the Esa.
韦尔纳在欧洲航天局最近发布的一段视频中描述了这个提议中的“月球村”。
The expert recommends settlement at the poles or in areas of constant daylight on the far side of the moon.
这位专家建议将“月球村”建设在月球两极,或建设在月球远端能够长期暴露于日光下的区域。
At the South Pole, in a region of continuous darkness, humans could access water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.
月球南极是一个持续黑暗的区域,在这里,人类能够接触到水,以生产氢和氧。
And in the shadow of the moon, he explains, settlers would be protected from incoming cosmic and solar radiation.
他解释称,在月球的阴影里,开拓者们将免于受到宇宙和太阳辐射的伤害。
The Moon Village idea aims to be a versatile facility that opens the door for deeper space exploration, while also acting as a hub for business or mining.
“月球村”的目的是建立一个多种用途的设施,为进行更深入的太空探索创造条件,同时还能用作一个商业或采矿的中心。
And, the expert says it could be used recreationally for tourists.
此外,这位专家称,这里可以被用作游客们的游憩场所。
While many nations – in particular the US – have their sights set on the journey to Mars, Woerner says a Moon Village is a closer reality.
虽然很多国家——尤其是美国——把目标定在火星之旅上,但韦尔纳称,“月球村”是一种更加贴近现实的做法。
The ESA Director General says the Moon Village would join American, Russian, Chinese, Indian, and Japanese space agencies, along with smaller contributions from other countries.
这位欧洲航天局负责人称,“月球村”将联合美国、俄罗斯、中国、印度和日本的航空机构,其他一些国家也将贡献自己的微薄之力。
托福阅读详解之关于建筑的一些事
architecture:n. 建筑
enclose:v. 围住,圈起,封入
practical:adj.实用的
symbolic:adj.象征的
directly:adv. 直接地
determine:v.决定
utilize: v. 利用
achieve: v. 完成
seek: v. 寻找
shelter:v. 保护
enhance:v. 提高
contribute:v. 捐献,提供 (contribute to: v. 促成,有助于)
enrich:v. 使富有
complement:v. 补充,补助;n. 补充物
feasible:adj. 可行的 注:考词汇题,等于
achievabledefine:v. 解释,限定,规定
contemporary:adj.当代的
trace:n.痕迹
be traced to:追溯到
meet: v. 满足
be based on: 根据
devise:v. 设计发明 注:考词汇题,等于
createin relation to:与…有关
in terms of: 根据,就…而言
deal with: 处理
withstand: v. 抵抗,反抗,承受
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
Sentences
P1
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures [that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.]建筑是一门【处于实用和象征的双重目的,通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的】艺术和科学。Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly [for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways].在所有的视觉艺术中,建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活,【因为他在很多方面决定了我们生存的环境特征】。
P2
Buildings contribute to human life [when they provide shelter,enrich space,complement their site,suit the climate,and are economically feasible].建筑物为人类的生活提供了遮蔽处,丰富了空间,增加了人们的活动场所,完善了人们的居住场所,适应了气候的变化,同时在经济上也可承受。The client [who pays for the building and defines its function]is an important member of the architectural team.在建筑团队中,最重要的是【那些为建筑支付建设费用并设计其功能的】人。
P3
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, [because they are based on physical laws], have changed little [since people first discovered them]—[even while building materials have changed dramatically. ]为了达到建筑的目的,一定的大小和强度是必须的。建筑采用的各种支撑方法【自从人们发现它们以来】很少有改变,【因为这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上】,【尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化】。
P1 建筑的定义。建筑是一门出于_____和______的双重目的,通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的____和_____。建筑可以清楚的传达_____。在所有的视觉艺术中,建筑____地影响了我们的生活。
P2 建筑的作用及影响者。建筑是一种利用_____、_____、_____、_____、_____和_____的三维立体形式。
P3 支撑方法的改进。建筑采用的支撑方法都建立在_____的基础上。
Answers:P1:Art, science; practical and symbolic purposes; cultural values; directlyP2space, mass, texture, line, light, and colorP3physical laws
托福阅读看文章时哪些部分要详读?这6类内容请认真看懂
托福阅读详读部分:重要的逻辑关系(relation)
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect),这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读详读部分:主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。
托福阅读详读部分:举例主体
有的时候为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上(in fact),TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略(omit)。
托福阅读详读部分:时间和数字(number)
一般来说,出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored),因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon),考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question),一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词,二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form),考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字,以便于之后做托福阅读题时的查询。
托福阅读详读部分:人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)
这些概念在文章中出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign),非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,当提到这几个具体的概念时 (concept),文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion),因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
托福阅读详读部分:新概念和局部核心概念
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance),意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to),因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized),也很可能是托福阅读试题的关键。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析:二战之后的加拿大
托福阅读长难句:二战之后的加拿大
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.
(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)
要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大,就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1:Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
分句2:is
分句3:the country's impressive population growth
分句1,2,3共同构成倒装句,正常的语序应该是3,2,1,即:该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.
本句是一个简单句,只不过使用了倒装,谓语动词是is.
托福阅读备考之事实信息题解析
1、提问方式
Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?
例:According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 Early Saharan Pastoralists)
Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?
例:According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
分析:通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点:
1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。
2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问,通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。
3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样,所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义,无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。
2、解题步骤
Step 1: 读题干,找出定位词
注意:如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。
如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词,并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个,一般可以找2到3个,因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越精确。)
例:
Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
分析:通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式,其实题干可以改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因此,定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challenge toresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了,因为它属于通篇的主题词。
Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)
分析:通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式,因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分,考生们可以看到两组名词:CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。
Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)
分析:通过题干找出题干中唯一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们最怕看到的,因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项,然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。
Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。
注意:在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题:
问题1:定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词,但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。
例1:定位词为原文原词的情况
Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”,and “patria” means “homeland”).(TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations)
Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?
分析:此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词,在原文中为原文原词,即最后一句话为定位句。
例2:定位词为非原文原词的情况
Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?
O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.
O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.
O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.
O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.
分析:此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词,但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult, 因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。
问题2:定位词在原文中出现不止一次。
Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites,a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpseinto three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study,each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo agradual change in the number of segments --- typically an increase of one ortwo segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous wereobserved, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditionswere quite stable during the period he examined. (TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change)
According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?
O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period
O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history
O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability
O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.
分析:通过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位,考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次。因此,考生们需要定位的范围变大,难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上最不愿意看到的一种,但是很不幸的是由最新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多,所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。
Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容,选出语义最接近的选项。
注意:
1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子,而选项相对比较简短,所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么,此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。
2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理,只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。
例1:
Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29 Competition)
Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they
O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species
O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken
O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche
O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source
解题步骤:
1). 读题干,找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。
2). 通过定位词回到原文进行定位,位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一,接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 可以对应题干中想问的importance。
3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为“当只有一种食物来源被提供时,两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈”,接下来浏览四个选项,发现C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。
例2:
As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)
Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because
A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.
B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.
C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.
D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.
解题步骤:
1).读题干,找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because
2).根据定位词定位到第一句和第三句这样的语义群,这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位,然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的精确定位点。
3).定位句的语义大约为“因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草,因此,早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来浏览四个选项,只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因,所以选择A选项。
3、总结
1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干,摸清题干所问的具体内容,然后再读文章进行定位
2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样,考生绝对不是漫无目的地搜索,而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案。
★ 有明确的目标作文