下面是小编收集整理的桑建强：高考化学复习教案2（共含18篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“与猫共舞”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
桑建强：高考化学复习教案（2）
课题1 强电解质和弱电解质 一、教学目标 1、知识与技能：基本要求：了解强弱电解质在水溶液中电离程度的差异及其原因，能正确书写电离方程式。 2、过程与方法：由于本课题中涉及的基本概念和基本理论比较抽象，应使学生认识到这些原理的形成是由特殊到一般、由具体到抽象、由现象到本质的认识过程，并在感性认识到理性认识的不断循环中培养学生归纳、演绎等逻辑推理能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：教学中定性分析和定量计算想结合、感性认识和理性分析想结合，充分运用逻辑推理，训练学生的形象思维，培养学生对化学理论的学习兴趣，为部分学生将来的发展奠定基础。 二、教学重点、难点 1、重点：强弱电解质的差异、书写电离方程式 2、难点：书写电离方程式 三、教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四、教学准备 课题1 强电解质和弱电解质.ppt 实验准备： 仪器：锥形瓶 气球 PH试纸（最好是pH计） 药品：1mol/L HCl 1mol/L CH3COOH 镁条 五、教学过程设计 [知识回顾](1)什么叫电解质？举例说明。(2)什么叫非电解质？举例说明。 [练一练]见ppt [想一想]见ppt [师]通过练一练、想一想小结 [板书] 一、电解质和非电解质 混合物 纯净物 单质 化合物 电解质 物质 非电解质 注意：（1）单质、混合物既不是电解质也不是非电解质。 （2）CO2、NH3等溶于水得到的水溶液能导电，但它们不是电解质，因为导电的物质不是其本身 （3）难溶的盐(BaSO4等)虽然水溶液不能导电，但是在融化时能导电，也是电解质 [你知道吗?]见课本p58，学生用所学解释。 [师]电解质在水溶液中能导电是因为能电离出自由移动的离子，不同电解质电离的程度是否一 样呢？ [活动与探究]书p58，1．醋酸和盐酸是常见的两种酸，根据你的经验，你认为它们的.电离程 度有无差异?请说出你的理由。 [生]根据常识我们知道盐酸酸性比醋酸强，所以盐酸的电离程度大。 2．你能设计实验验证你的猜想吗?请写出实验方案并与同学交流。 [学生活动]设计实验比较CH3COOH与HCl的电离程度或者酸性强弱的方法。。 [师]听取学生的方案并评价。再给出一系列的方案 方案一：配置相同浓度的盐酸和醋酸溶液测定其PH值。 方案二：取相同体积，相同浓度的盐酸和醋酸溶液与相同质量的金属（如镁、铝）反应，比 较反应速率。 方案三：配制相同浓度的盐酸和醋酸溶液测定其导电性强弱 方案四：配制PH相同的盐酸与醋酸溶液，各取1mL稀释100倍，测定稀释后的PH值。（醋 酸pH值变化慢） 方案五：配制PH相同的盐酸与醋酸溶液，分别取相同体积，用酚酞做指示剂，以氢氧化钠 溶液来滴定，测定消耗的氢氧化钠溶液的量。（醋酸消耗氢氧化钠溶液多） 方案六：配制相同浓度的NaCl溶液和CH3COONa溶液测定pH值。（CH3COONa显碱性） 方案七：配制pH相同的盐酸和醋酸溶液，与足量的锌反应，用排水法收集氢气。（醋酸溶液 收集到的氢气多） …… [说明]方案1-3学生用现有知识能理解，方案4-7用现有知识无法解决为后面的学习埋下伏笔， 让学生知道解决问题的方法是多样的就可以了。 [师]现在我们就用其中的两种方案来验证一下醋酸和盐酸的电离程度。 [活动与探究]教师演示实验，学生思考原因，并尝试解释 [结论] 实验一说明：相同浓度盐酸的pH值小于醋酸的pH值，也就是说相同浓度的盐酸中氢离子浓 度大于醋酸中的H+浓度，即盐酸电离程度大于醋酸。 实验二说明：相同体积，相同浓度盐酸与镁条反应更剧烈，也就是说相同浓度的盐酸中氢离 子浓度大于醋酸中的H+浓度，即盐酸电离程度大于醋酸。 两个实验都证明了盐酸的电离程度比醋酸大。 更精确的实验证明了HCl在水溶液是完全电离 的而醋酸是部分电离的。我们把在水溶液中完全电离的电解质成为强电解质，而部分电离的 电解质称为弱电解质。 [板书] 二、强电解质和弱电解质 [问题探讨] 见ppt，强弱电解质的区分依据不是看该物质溶解度的大小,也不是看其水溶液导 电能力的强弱,而是看溶于水的部分是否完全电离. 说明1、电解质强弱和能否完全电离有关而于溶解性无关 2、导电性强弱与溶液中的离子浓度有关。 [问题解决1]见课本p59-60 方案一：测浓度下的pH值；方案二：测同浓度下的导电性。 [师]下面我们一起来看看强弱电解质的分类。板书写出下表 电 解 质 强电解质 弱电解质 强酸 强碱 盐 HCl、HBr、HI、H2SO4、HNO3 HClO4 NaOH、KOH、Ca（OH）2 Ba（OH）2 NaCl、NH4NO3、BaSO4、AgCl等 弱酸 弱碱 水 H2CO3、H2SO3、H3PO4、H2S、HClO、CH3COOH、苯酚、HF NH3・ H2O、不可溶的碱如 Cu（OH）2、Fe（OH）3 大部分金属氧化物 [练习]见ppt [问题解决2] 见ppt，醋酸和氨水都是弱电解质，不完全电离；而反应生成的醋酸铵是强电解 质，完全电离. [师]电解质的电离我们用电离方程式表示。见ppt [板书] 三、电离方程式 强电解质在溶液中完全电离，用“＝” 弱电解质在溶液中部分电离，用“ ” 多元弱酸的电离应分步完成电离方程式，多元弱碱则一步完成电离方程式. 例：NaCl CH3COOH H2S NH3・H2O Al（OH）3 NaHSO4 NaHCO3 [小结]强、弱电解质的比较桑建强：20高考化学复习教案（4）
课题1 盐类的水解规律 一 教学目标 1、知识与技能：基本要求：认识盐类水解的原理，能解释强酸弱碱盐和强碱弱酸盐的水解实质。了解盐类水解的规律，并能运用其规律判断盐溶液的酸碱性，会正确书写盐类水解的化学方程式和离子方程式。以碳酸钠溶液为例，了解多元弱酸盐的分步水解。 发展要求：用实验测得常见酸式盐溶液的酸碱性，能用电离和水解理论解释碳酸氢钠溶液呈碱性的原因。 说明：弱酸弱碱盐的水解不作要求。 2、过程与方法：结合实际现象联系相关化学知识理解溶液的酸碱性概念，创设情境，培养学生自主探究的能力和计算的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：通过对本节内容的学习，初步树立起辨证唯物主义的世界观，激发探求未知知识的`兴趣。 二 教学重点、难点 1、重点：盐类水解的实质、书写盐类水解的化学方程式和离子方程式 2、难点：书写盐类水解的化学方程式 三 教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四 教学准备 多媒体、实验用品 课型：新课 课时安排：1课时 五 教学过程设计 [引入]思考：以水的电离平衡为基础，说明HCl、NaOH 的水溶液为什么分别显示酸性和碱 性？ [师]酸的水溶液显酸性，碱的水溶液显碱性，那么，盐溶于水后是显酸性、中性还是碱性？ [活动与探究]书p74，用pH试纸检验下列溶液显酸性、碱性、中性？ (1) NaCl (2)Na2CO3 (3)NH4Cl (4) CH3COONa (5) AlCl3 [结论]CH3COONa 、Na2CO3 的溶液显碱性、NH4Cl、AlCl3 的溶液显酸性、NaCl 的 溶液显中性。 [探究问题1]试用归纳法找出盐的类型与盐的溶液酸碱性的关系？ [学生活动]实验结果统计分析及推理，见ppt [探究问题2]为什么上述不同类型盐溶液的酸碱性不同？ [思考]CH3COONa是什么类型的电解质？它在水中以什么形式存在？其水溶液中存在哪些 微粒？这些微粒能相互反应吗？若反应，结果怎么样？ [学生活动] CH3COONa == CH3COO_ +Na+ + H2O H+ + OH_ CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COO - + H2O CH3COOH + OH- 溶液中离子的浓度: Na+ ＞ CH3COO－ ＞ OH_ ＞ H+ [学生活动]分析讨论氯化铵在溶液中的变化： NH4Cl == NH4+ + Cl- + H2O OH- + H+ NH3.H2O NH4Cl +H2O NH3.H2O + HCl NH4+ +H2O NH3.H2O + H+ 溶液中离子浓度: Cl- ＞NH4+ ＞ H+ ＞ OH- [板书]一、盐类的水解 1、定义 在溶液中盐电离出来的离子跟水所电离出来的H+或OH-结合生成弱电解质的反应，叫做盐 类的水解。 [探究问题3]结合盐类水解的定义，探究下列问题： ⒈从盐的组成角度分析盐类水解的条件、实质是什么？ ⒉盐类水解反应与中和反应的关系如何？反应程度如何？ [板书]2、对概念的理解 ①水解的条件：生成弱电解质 ②水解的实质：破坏了水的电离平衡, 促进了水的电离。 ③水解反应与中和反应的关系： ④特点：中和反应进行的程度较大，是放热反应；水解反应进行的程度较小，是吸热反应。 [师]醋酸钠在溶液中的变化实质：弱酸根离子 + 水 弱酸 + 氢氧根离子 氯化铵在溶液中的变化实质：弱碱阳离子 + 水 弱碱 + 氢离子 NaCl = Na+ + Cl- H2O OH-+ H+ 不反应 结论：所加的盐中必须有弱酸根离子或弱碱阳离子才能发生水解。 [讨论]根据表格（见ppt）归纳盐类水解的规律 [板书]二.、盐类水解的规律 有弱才水解，无弱不水解。 ―条件 谁强显谁性，同强显中性。 ―结果 越弱越水解，都弱都水解。 ―程度 [提问]碳酸钠如何水解？（书p76） 多元弱酸根的水解分步进行。 [交流与讨论]实验测得NaHCO3溶液的pH>7，请从电离和水解两方面分析导致NaHCO3溶 液显碱性的原因。 NaHCO3既能电离，又能水解，其水解程度要大于电离程度，所以溶液显碱性. [师]弱酸酸式盐溶液的酸碱性:决定于酸式根离子的电离程度和水解程度的相对大小. 电离程度大于水解程度显酸性：NaHSO3、NaH2PO4 、NaHS等. 电离程度小于水解程度显碱性：NaHCO3、Na2HPO4等. [探究问题4]如何书写盐类水解的化学方程式及其离子方程式？ [板书]三、盐类水解的化学方程式、离子方程式的书写 1、盐类水解是可逆反应，反应方程式中要写 符号，不写“＝”符号。 2、找出盐类组成中会发生水解的离子（弱酸阴离子或弱碱阳离子），直接写出盐类水解的离 子方程式. 3、盐类水解的程度一般很小，水解产物很少，通常不生成沉淀和气体，不用“↓”、“↑”符号，也不把生成物（如H2CO3、NH3・H2O等）写成分解产物的形式。 4、多元弱酸盐分步水解，以第一步水解为主，水解方程式一般只写第一步；多元弱碱盐的 水解不分步书写。 5、书写中应注意电荷守恒与质量守恒。 [学生活动]问题解决，书p76 [课堂练习]桑建强：高考化学复习教案（11）
铝的性质 学习目标：1、掌握铝的化学性质 2、了解铝的物质性质 3、了解铝的用途 学习重点：铝的化学性质 学习难点：铝与氢氧化钠的化学反应 教学程序： 〈新课引入〉播放铝与氧气反应的录像。 〈讲〉今天我们来讲铝的性质。请大家回忆一下初中我们学过哪些有关于铝的内容？ 〈学生讨论〉 〈总结〉铝在自然中的储量比较丰富，在地壳中铝的含量居金属之首。处于地壳中的所有金属的第三位。养龟铝铁盖、哪家没青菜。铝的用途非常广泛，在日常生活和生产中处处可见。小到家庭炊具，大到宇航飞机，到处都有铝的'身影。 〈多媒体〉播放铝在地壳中的含量图和各种铝产品图片。 〈板书〉铝的性质 一、铝的物理性质 〈出示〉一片铝片，弯曲折叠 〈填表〉 物理性质 化学性质 银白色，有金属光泽 质地较软，延展性好 密度小 易加工成各种形状， 包装、装饰工艺， 铝箔、铝丝、银粉涂料 导热性能好 铝锅、铝壶等加热器具 导电性能较好 铝芯电线、电缆 〈复习〉金属的化学性质 u 化学性质特点是均易 失去 最外层电子,表现 还原 性， 且 失去 电子的能力越强，则金属性越强。 u 主要表现：与非金属、酸、盐、氧化物等反应， 在这些反应中，金属单质均作 还原 剂。 〈学生分析〉铝的原子结构特点及在金属活动顺序表中的位置，铝属于13号元素，最外层有3个电子，易失电子呈现+3 ，铝是较活泼的金属。 〈多媒体展示〉铝的结构示意图和金属活动次序表。 〈板书〉二、铝的化学性质 1、 铝与非金属反应 4Al + 3O2 == 2Al2O3 剧烈燃烧放出大量的热和耀眼的白光 2Al + 3S == Al2S3 2Al + 3Cl2 == 2AlCl3 〈学生活动与探究〉在三只洁净的试管中各放入一片铝片，然后滴加浓硝酸、浓硫酸、浓盐酸各3ml，观察现象并分析 〈总结〉钝化概念 〈板书〉2、钝化：铝遇冷的浓硝酸或浓硫酸 金属表面生成致密的氧化物保护膜的现象 2、 与酸的反应 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑ 〈活动与探究〉在两只洁净的试管中加入一片铝片，再滴加6mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液和氨水各3ml,观察现象并分析产物的成分 〈总结〉铝与碱的反应情况和产物] 〈板书〉4、铝与强碱反应 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O == 2NaAlO2 + 3H2↑ 2Al+2OH-+2H2O=2AlO2-+3H2 ↑ 〈分析〉铝与氢氧化钠反应的原理 第一步：2Al+6H2O= 2Al(OH)3+3H2↑ 第二步：Al(OH)3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O 总方程式： 2Al+2NaOH+6H2O=2NaAlO2+ 4H2O +3H2↑ 〈思考并回答〉 1、和你所熟悉的其他金属相比，铝的性质有何不同？ 2、为什么许多日常生活用品，由铝制成？ 3、铝锅能否蒸煮或长期存放酸、碱性的食物？ 4、为什么咸菜不宜入存于铝制品中？ 〈实验〉铝热反应 ：一药匙的铝、两药匙的氧化铁、一点氯酸钾、镁条点燃 〈板书〉5、铝热反应 2Al + Fe2O3 == 2Fe + Al2O3 铝热剂：铝和氧化铁 〈讲〉铝的用途 1.制造导线和电缆； 2.包装食品和饮料；制造日常用品； 3.加入其他元素，制造合金，用于飞机、汽车等部件； 4.可用铝制容器储运浓硫酸或浓硝酸； 5.用来焊接钢轨、冶炼难熔的金属，如：钒、铬、锰等。 〈总结〉本课内容： 1、铝的物理性质 2、铝的化学性质：铝与非金属反应、铝的钝化、铝与酸的反应、铝与氢氧化钠的反应、铝热反应 3、铝的用途 〈练习〉1、要除去镁粉中的少量铝粉，可选用的溶液是（ ） A. 盐酸 B. 浓硝酸 C. 氨水 D. 氢氧化钾溶液 2、 两份铝片，第一份与足量稀盐酸反应，第二份与足量烧碱溶液反应，同温同压下产生相同体积的气体，则两份铝片的质量之比为（ ） A. 1:1 B. 2:3 C. 3:2 D. 1:6 3、某无色溶液，能与铝反应放出H2 ，此溶液中一定可以大量共存的离子组是（ ） A. H+、Na+ 、Cl- 、Ba2+ B. SO42-、Na+ 、HCO3 -、K+ C. K+ 、Na+ 、Cl-、SO42- D. Cu2+ 、Cl- 、SO42-、Na+ 4、将一个用金属铝做的易拉罐内充满CO2，然后往罐内注入足量的NaOH溶液，立即用胶布密封罐口。经过一段时间后，罐壁内凹而瘪，再过一段时间后，瘪了的罐壁重新鼓起来（用化学方程式表示）。 （1）罐壁内凹而瘪的原因是_____； （2）罐再鼓起的原因是______。 〈作业〉《作业本》铝的性质 〈课后反思〉桑建强：20高考化学复习教案（6）
课题1 沉淀溶解平衡 一 教学目标 1、 知识与技能：基本要求：①了解难溶物在水中的溶解情况，认识沉淀溶解平衡的建立过程。②了解溶度积的概念，理解溶度积和物质溶解性的关系。 发展要求：能用溶度积规则判断沉淀的产生、溶解与转化 2、过程与方法：结合实际现象联系相关化学知识理解沉淀溶解平衡，创设情境，培养学生自主探究的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：通过对本节内容的学习，通过对本节内容的学习，初步树立起辨证唯物主义的世界观，激发探求未知知识的兴趣。 二 教学重点、难点 1、重点：沉淀溶解平衡 2、难点：溶度积的应用 三 教法与学法 讨论法、启发式 四 教学准备 课题1 沉淀溶解平衡.ppt 实验准备： 烧杯 试管 水 PbI2 固体 AgNO3溶液 课时安排：1课时 课型：新课 五 教学过程设计 [你知道吗？] 美丽的溶洞是怎样形成的？ CaCO3+CO2+H2O = Ca(HCO3)2 含碳酸钙的岩石就这样被溶解了！ Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O 钟乳石也就这样慢慢形成了！ [师]沉淀是不是一点都不溶解呢？ [生]不是的。 [师]对，我们现在应该更全面的看问题。我们所说的难溶、微溶、可溶、易溶是根据其溶解度来划分，请看ppt [板书] 难溶：<0.01g 微溶:0.01-1可溶:1-10 易溶:>10g [师]为了更形象地说明物质不是绝对不溶我们来看一个实验。 [活动与探究]p81 [师]这个实验说明什么问题。 [生]清液中滴加AgNO3产生了黄色沉淀，说明溶液中存在I-，也就是说PbI2有溶解。绝对不溶的物质是没有的。 [师]实际上电解质在水中的溶解和沉淀也存在一个平衡，我们称为沉淀溶解平衡。 [师]我们以AgCl的溶解为例。见ppt [板书] 一、沉淀溶解平衡 1、定义：在一定的温度下，当沉淀溶解的速率和沉淀生成速率相等时，形成电解质的饱和溶 液，达到平衡状态，我们把这种平衡称为沉淀溶解平衡 。 2、表示方法：AgCl Ag+ + Cl- 注意：不表示电离平衡 练习：见ppt 区别电离平衡和沉淀溶解平衡 [师]既然是一个动态平衡，应该和化学平衡一样具有5大特征 [板书] 3、沉淀溶解平衡特征 逆：沉淀溶解与沉淀的形成是一个可逆过程 等：达到沉淀溶解平衡，沉淀溶解速率与沉淀的形成的速率相等 定：达到沉淀溶解平衡，溶质离子浓度保持不变 动：动态平衡，达到沉淀溶解平衡，沉淀的生成与溶解仍在进行，其速率相等 变：沉淀溶解平衡是在一定条件下建立起来的，当条件改变，会建立新的平衡 [师]所以我们可以通过控制条件来控制电解质的溶解或沉淀。 [习题]见ppt [过度练习]写出PbI2 Pb2+ + 2I- 的平衡常数表达式. [学生活动] [师]我们把这个常数成为溶度积 [板书] 4、溶度积KSP 难溶固体在溶液中达到沉淀溶解平衡状态时，离子浓度保持不变（或一定）。其离子浓度的方 次的'乘积为一个常数这个常数称之为溶度积常数简称为溶度积，用Ksp表示。 注意：溶度积常数只与温度及物质的溶解度有关，与溶质离子的浓度无关！ 意义：Ksp的大小反映了物质在水中的溶解能力。Ksp越大，其溶解能力越强。 [师]利用容度积我们可以进行溶解沉淀是否达到平衡进行判断。 [板书] 5、溶度积规则 通过比较溶度积与溶液中有关离子浓度幂乘积-Qc的相对大小，还可以判断难溶电解质在给 定条件下沉淀能否生成或溶解。 a.当QcKSP 时，溶液饱和，溶解平衡逆向移动，有沉淀析出，使溶液中的Qc=KSP，溶液 恰好变为饱和，建立新的溶解平衡。 b.当Qc=KSP ，溶液饱和，沉淀与溶解处于平衡状态，但沉淀与溶解这两个过程并没有停止， 只是V沉淀=V溶解。 c.当QcKsp时，溶液未饱和，无沉淀析出，若加入适量的难溶电解质，难溶物可以不断溶 解直至达到饱和。 [ppt]例：如果将2×10-4mol・L-1的CaCl2溶液与3×10-4mol・L-1的Na2CO3溶液等体积混合，问能否产生沉淀？[已知CaCO3的Ksp=5.0×10-9(mol・L-1)2] 解： 练习： 1、 已知CaCO3在常温下的KSP为5.0×10-9mol2・L-2,则该温度下饱和溶液中Ca2+的物质的量浓度是多少？该温度下的溶解度又是多少？ 解： 2、 25℃时， Ksp [Mg(OH)2]= 5.6×10-12mol3・L-3求Mg(OH)2 的饱和溶液中的c(Mg2+)和PH值；若往此饱和溶液中滴入无色酚酞则溶液呈什么颜色？ 解： 3、 实验测得某水样中的铁离子的浓度为6×10-6mol・l-1，若要使水中的铁离子转化为沉淀， 则溶液的PH值至少要控制在多少以上？[已知Fe(OH)3的Ksp为2.6×10-39] 解：桑建强：高考化学复习教案（14）
常见有机物及其应用 一.知识方法梳理 大纲解读： 1.以甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、1，3-丁二烯、苯等典型烃类化合物为例，了解烃类化合物的基本性质、烃类化合物的结构特征、烃类化合物的用途等。并能结合同系列原理加以应用，解决一些有关烃类化合物的实际问题。 2.掌握溴乙烷、乙醇、乙醛、乙酸等的分子结构、性质和用途。了解乙二醇、丙三醇等的性质和用途。以乙醇为例了解醇类性质与官能团（羟基）的联系。以苯酚为例了解酚羟基在化合物中的作用和酚类物质的性质。以乙醛为例了解醛基在化合物中的作用、醛类物质的化学通性。了解甲醛的特性、酚醛树脂的制法。了解甲酸、乙二酸、苯甲酸、油酸、硬脂酸和软脂酸的结构和性质。以乙酸乙酯为例了解酯类物质的结构、性质和用途，了解肥皂的制取过程。 3.熟悉葡萄糖的结构和性质，从中进一步了解糖类的基本组成和结构、主要性质和用途；了解常见二糖和多糖的基本组成、性质和用途；了解有机物的主要来源、农副产品和化工等知识。了解蛋白质的基本组成和结构、主要性质和作用；了解氨基酸的结构和性质；了解肽的结构特征。 4.综合应用各类化合物的不同性质，进行区别、鉴定、分离、提纯或推导未知物的结构简式 ; 组合多个化合物的化学反应，合成具有指定结构简式的产物。 知识体系: 二．题型分类聚焦： 类型一：同分异构体 例：(07海南卷)下列烷烃在光照下与氯气反应，只生成一种一氯代烃的是( ) A．CH3CH2CH2CH3 B．CH3CH(CH3)2 C．CH3C(CH3)3 D．(CH3)2CHCH2CH3 答案：C 解析：此题考查了等效氢的知识，A、B项能生成两种氯代烃；D项能生成四种氯代烃。 点评： 等效氢的判断：1.同一个碳上的`氢等效。 2.同一碳原子的甲基上的氢等效。 3.位于对称位置的碳原子上的氢等效。 变式1：（04广东卷）分子为C4H9Cl的同分异构体有（ ） A．1种 B．2种 C．3种 D．4种 答案：D 变式2．(07宁夏)根据下表中烃的分子式排列规律，判断空格中烃的同分异构体数目是 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CH4 C2H4 C3H8 C4H8 C6H12 C7H16 C8H16 A．3 B．4 C．5 D．6 答案：A 变式：3 主链含5个碳原子，有甲基、乙基2个支链的烷烃有（ ） A．2种 B．3种 C．4种 D．5种 答案：A 类型二：有机分子的空间构型 例：（08宁夏卷）在①丙烯 ②氯乙烯 ③苯 ④甲苯四种有机化合物中，分子内所有原子均在同一平面的是( ) A．①② B．②③ C．③④ D．②④ 答案：B 解析：氯乙烯可以看做是氯取代了乙烯上的一个氢。乙烯分子中所有原子共面。所以答案为B. 点评：此题考察了几种常见的物质结构，解决这类问题主要借助甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、苯等物质的模型。然后再加以认真的分析。 变式: （06广东卷）研究发现，烯烃在合适催化剂作用下可发生双键断裂，两端基团重新组合为新的烯烃。若CH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3与CH2=CHCH2CH3的混合物发生该类反应，则新生成的烯烃中一定共平面的碳原子数可能为( ) A．2，3，4 B．3，4，5 C．4，5，6 D．5，6，7 答案：C 类型三：烃类化合物 例：(上海卷)含有2～5个碳原子的直链烷烃沸点和燃烧热的数据见下表： 烷烃名称 乙烷 丙烷 丁烷 戊烷 沸点(℃) －88.6 －42.1 －0.5 36.1 燃烧热(kJ・mol－1) 1560.7 2219.2 2877.6 3535.6 根据表中数据，下列判断错误的是( ) A．正庚烷在常温常压下肯定不是气体 B．烷烃燃烧热和其所含碳原子数成线性关系 C．随碳原子数增加，烷烃沸点逐渐升高 D．随碳原子数增加，烷烃沸点和燃烧热都成比例增加 答案：D 解析：A项正庚烷在常温常压下是液体；由图表分析，烷烃的燃烧热与沸点随着所含碳原子数的增加而递增但并不是成比例的。 点评：根据题目的信息认真分析正确解答。 类型四：综合应用 例：（05广东卷）化学工作者一直关注食品安全，发现有人将工业染料“苏丹红1号”非法用作食用色素。苏丹红是一系列人工合成染料，其中“苏丹红4号”的结构式如下： 下列关于“苏丹红4号”说法正确的是 A．不能发生加成反应 B．属于芳香烃衍生物 C．可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色 D．属于甲苯同系物 答案：B、C 解析 ：该有机物结构中含有苯环所以能发生加成反应，苯环上带有―CH3、―OH，所以能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，甲苯是芳香烃,所以不可能是同系物。答案是BC。 点评：本题考查关于烃的衍生物的基础知识，涉及苯和苯的同系物、酚的化学性质，要求学生对应掌握的化学知识能融会贯通，并有确认、再现、辨认的思维能力。 变式1：(07北京卷)将用于北京奥运会的国家游泳中心(水立方)的建筑采用了膜材料ETFE，该材料为四氟乙烯与乙烯的共聚物，四氟乙烯也可与六氟丙烯共聚成聚全氟乙丙烯。下列说法错误的是( ) A．ETFE分子中可能存在“―CH2―CH2―CF2―CF2―”的连接方式 B．合成ETFE及合成聚全氟乙丙烯的反应均为加聚反应 C．聚全氟乙丙烯分子的结构简式可能为 D．四氟乙烯分子中既含有极性键又含有非极性键 答案：C 解析：本题考查了加聚反应的原理、共价键极性的判断等内容。根据加聚反应共价键的结合方式，不难得出答案选C. 变式2：（06广东）纤维素是自然界最为丰富的可再生的天然高分子资源。 （1）纤维素可制备用于纺织、造纸等的粘胶纤维[成分是(C6H10O5)n]，生产过程涉及多个化学反应。工艺简图如下：近来，化学家开发了一种使用NMMO加工纤维素的新方法，产品“Lyocell纤维”成分也是C6H10O5)n。工艺流程示意图如下： ①“Lyocell纤维”工艺流程中，可充分循环利用的物质是 。 ②与“Lyocell纤维”工艺相比，粘胶纤维工艺中会产生含有（只填非金属元素符号）的废物，并由此增加了生产成本。 ③“Lyocell纤维”被誉为“21世纪的绿色纤维”，原因是 。 （2）“Lyocell纤维”工艺流程中的NMMO可按如下路线制备（反应条件均省略）： 其中，化合物Ⅰ可三聚为最简单的芳香烃，化合物Ⅱ可使溴水褪色。 ①化合物Ⅰ也可聚合为在一定条件下具有导电性的高分子化合物，该高分子化合物的化学式为 。 ②化合物Ⅱ与氧气反应的原子利用率达100％，其化学方程式为 。 ③关于化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ的说法正确的是（填代号）。 A．都可发生酯化反应 B．Ⅲ可被氧化，Ⅳ不可被氧化 C．都溶于水 D．Ⅲ可与钠反应，Ⅳ不可与钠反应 E．Ⅲ是乙醇的同系物 F．Ⅲ可由卤代烃的取代反应制备 答案：（1）①NMMO ②S 、C ③副产物不会造成环境污染 （2）①(C2H2)n ②2CH2===CH2 + O2 2CH2－CH2 ③ACF 三：易错误区警示 例：（05上海卷）有关化学用语正确的是 Cl ¨ ¨ Cl A．乙烯的最简式C2H4 B．乙醇的结构简式C2H6O C．四氯化碳的电子式Cl∶C∶Cl D．臭氧的分子式O3 易错点：有的学生错选C 解析：C项只考虑了碳的八电子已达到稳定结构，但忽略了氯的电子少了。 答案：D 四：能力强化训练： 1. 1．（08全国Ⅱ卷）20北京奥运会的“祥云”火炬所用燃料的主要成分是丙烷，下列有关丙烷的叙述不正确的是（ ） A．分子中的碳原子不在一条直线上 B．光照能够发生取代反应 C．比丁烷更易液化 D．是石油分馏的一种产品 2. （08海南卷）下列有机反应中，不属于取代反应的是（ ） 3. 年9月11日，全国各地多处发现婴儿因食用三鹿奶粉而出现肾结石的事件。当晚，三鹿集团承认婴幼儿奶粉受到三聚氰胺污染，并宣布召回市面上被污染的产品。三聚氰胺的分子结构如下：有关三聚氰胺的说法正确的是（ ） A、三聚氰胺属于芳香族化合物，但不属于芳香烃； B、三聚氰胺的分子式为C3N6H6； C、三聚氰胺中的碳原子属于饱和碳原子； D、三聚氰胺分子中的所有原子都在一个平面内 4. （08广东卷）有关天然产物水解的叙述不正确的是（ ） A．油脂水解可得到丙三醇 B．可用碘检验淀粉水解是否完全 C．蛋白质水解的最终产物均为氨基酸 D．纤维素水解与淀粉水解得到的最终产物不同 5. (惠州市届高三第二次调研考试 )三聚氰胺俗称蜜胺，主要用于生产三聚氰胺一甲醛树脂。三聚氰胺微溶于冷水，易结晶，可溶于热水，低毒。在一般情况下较稳定，但在高温下可能会分解放出氰化物。其结构式如右图，下列有关说法不正确的是 A．用三聚氰胺制造的餐具不可以放进微波炉中加热使用 B．长期摄入三聚氰胺会造成生殖、泌尿系统的损害，使膀胱、肾部结石 C．该化合物属于芳香烃 D．三聚氰胺呈弱碱性，可与盐酸、硫酸等酸反应形成三聚氰胺盐 6. （06江苏）光刻胶是大规模集成电路、印刷电路板和激光制版技术中的关键材料。某一肉桂酸型光刻胶的主要成分A经光照固化转变为B。 A B （1）请写出A中含有的官能团 （填两种）。 （2）A经光照固化转变为B，发生了 反应（填反应类型）。 （3）写出A与NaOH溶液反应的化学方程式： 。 （4）写出B在酸性条件下水解得到的芳香族化合物的分子式 。 7. （一）糖类、油脂、蛋白质都是人体必需的营养物质。 （1）油脂被摄入人体后，在酶的作用下水解为高级脂肪酸和_____________（写名称），进而被氧化生成二氧化碳和水并提供能量，或作为合成人体所需其他物质的原料。 （2）氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本结构单元，其分子中一定含有的官能团是氨基（―NH2）和____________（写结构简式或名称）。人体中共有二十多种氨基酸，其中人体桑建强：20高考化学复习教案（1）
课题2 弱电解质的电离平衡 一、教学目标 1、知识与技能：基本要求：酸碱电离理论。理解电离平衡的概念，了解电离度的概念及其简单计算，能运用电离平衡原理解释弱电解质在水溶液中电离平衡情况 说明：结合化学平衡移动原理和化学平衡常数的相关知识知道本单元的学习，电离常数的计算不作要求。 2、过程与方法：由于本课题中涉及的基本概念和基本理论比较抽象，应使学生认识到这 些原理的形成是由特殊到一般、由具体到抽象、由现象到本质的认识过程，并在感性 认识到理性认识的不断循环中培养学生归纳、演绎等逻辑推理能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：教学中定性分析和定量计算想结合、感性认识和理性分析想结合，充分运用逻辑推理，训练学生的形象思维，培养学生对化学理论的学习兴趣，为部分学生将来的发展奠定基础。 二、教学重点、难点 1、重点：电离平衡的概念 2、难点：电离平衡原理的运用 三、教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四、教学准备 课题2 弱电解质的电离平衡.ppt 五、教学过程设计 [回顾练习]见ppt [师]引入新课，我们知道强电解质的电离是完全的，而弱电解质的电离则是可逆的，既然弱电 解质电离是可逆的，那么它的电离的过程就会与化学平衡的建立过程相似。现在请同学们思 考课本上p60的交流与讨论。 [交流与讨论]学生活动 [生]展示讨论结果 问题1:：随着电离的进行，CH3COOH分子浓度逐渐下降，H+和CH3COO-离子的浓度逐渐上升，所以从左往右的速率即醋酸电离速率逐渐减小，从右往左的速率即H+和CH3COO-结合速率逐渐增大。 问题2：当电离达到最大时，CH3COOH电离速率等于H+和CH3COO-结合速率。达到一种动态平衡，溶液中CH3COOH分子、H+、CH3COO-浓度不再变化。 [师]很好，这种平衡我们称之为弱电解质的电离平衡， [板书] 弱电解质的电离平衡 1、 定义：在一定条件（如温度、浓度）下，当电解质分子电离成离子的速率和离子重新结合成分子的速率相等时，电离过程就达到了平衡状态――电离平衡。（一种特殊的化学平衡） [师]同学们能画出电离的V-t图吗？ [学生活动]或者师自己画出 [师]既然电离平衡是一种特殊的化学平衡，那么它有什么特点？ [生]逆、等、定、动、变 [师]good [板书] 2、特点： 逆：弱电解质的电离 等：V电离=V分子化≠0 定：电离平衡是一种动态平衡 动：条件不变，溶液中各分子、离子的浓度不变，溶液里既有离子又有分子。 变：条件改变时，电离平衡发生移动。 [师]所以学习电离平衡我们就可以运用化学平衡的知识来帮助我们解决问题。 [交流与讨论]p61 [师]观察学生填表，提醒学生可以用三列式来帮助解决表格的内容。 [师]表中我们发现，[c（CH3COO-）c（H+）]/c（CH3COOH）的数值在同一温度下，无论初始浓度如何平衡上时数值是一样的.，即是一个常数。我们称之为电离平衡常数（即化学平衡中的平衡常数）。而已电离的醋酸浓度/醋酸初始浓度×100%数值则不一样，浓度越小，数值越大，这个数值我们称为电离度（即化学平衡中的转化率）。我们可以用电离平衡常数和转化率来表示弱电解质的电离程度。 [板书] 3、量度弱电解质电离程度的化学量： （1）电离平衡常数： 对于一元弱酸：HA H+ + A-，平衡时 Ka= c ( H+) .c( A-) c(HA) 对于一元弱碱：MOH M＋+OH-，平衡时 Kb= c ( M+).c( OH- ) c(MOH) [师]那么电离平衡常数和什么因素有关呢？请观察ppt表格 [板书]结论： 1、电离平衡常数只与物质本身性质以及温度有关，而于浓度无关 2、温度高，电离平衡常数大，即电离过程是吸热的过程。 [师]量度弱电解质电离程度的另一个化学量是电离度，顾名思义既弱电解质电离的程度。 （2）弱电解质的电离度α ： α = 已电离的电解质浓度 电解质的初始浓度 ×100% 已电离的分子数 弱电解质初始分子总数 = ×100% 注意点: ①弱电解质浓度越小，电离程度越大; ②同温度同浓度时，电离度越大，则酸性（或碱性）越强； [师]既然电离平衡是特殊的化学平衡，则外界条件改变则必然导致平衡的破坏，而外界条件的影响规律也应该可以用勒夏特列原理解释。 [练习]填表 [板书] 4、电离平衡移动的影响因素 （1）浓度：浓度越大，电离程度越小。在稀释溶液时，电离平衡向右移动，而离子浓度一般会减小。 （2）温度：温度越高，电离程度越大。因电离是吸热反应。 （3）同离子效应：在某电解质溶液中，加入含有某一相同离子的另一电解质，会抑制电解质的电离。如在醋酸溶液中加入醋酸钠或盐酸，均会抑制醋酸的电离。 （4）能反应的离子：加入能与电解质电离出来的离子发生反应的另一物质，会促进电解质的电离。如在醋酸溶液中加入稀氨水。 [巩固练习]见ppt 练习2：25℃时，0.1mol/L的HCOOH溶液中，HCOOH的电离度为4.24%，求溶液中的氢离子浓度及HCOOH的平衡常数。 解： 练习3：在1L浓度为cmol/L的弱酸HA溶液中，HA、H+和A-的物质的量之和为nxmol，则HA的电离度是多少？ 解： 作业：作业本桑建强：高考化学复习教案（5）
课题2 盐类水解的影响因素 一 教学目标 1、知识与技能：了解影响盐类水解的因素，知道盐类水解在生产生活和科学研究中的应用。 说明：泡沫灭火器的反应原理只作一般了解。 2、过程与方法：结合实际现象联系相关化学知识理解盐类的水解平衡及影响因素，创设情境，培养学生自主探究的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：通过对本节内容的学习，初步树立起辨证唯物主义的世界观，激发探求未知知识的兴趣。 二 教学重点、难点 1、重点：影响盐类水解的因素 2、难点：盐类水解的应用 三 教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四 教学准备 多媒体、实验用品 课型：新课 课时安排：2课时 五 教学过程设计 [引入]提问：我们已经知道，某些盐在水溶液中会发生水解反应，盐的水解程度都相同吗， 什么因素影响着盐类的水解？ 内部因素：反应物本身的性质 外部因素： 温度 浓度 勒夏特列原理 压强 改变影响化学平衡的一个因素，平衡将向能够减弱这种改变的方向移动。 [学生活动]判断下列盐溶液的酸碱性，若该盐能水解，写出其水解反应的离子方程式。 NaClO溶液：碱性 CH3COONa溶液：碱性 NaNO2溶液：碱性 [活动探究]书p77，测定0.1mol.L-1NaClO、CH3COONa、NaNO2溶液的PH [提问]①上述三种盐溶液都呈碱性，说明什么？ 上述三种盐都是强碱弱酸盐，水解使盐溶液呈碱性 ②上述三种盐溶液的OH-浓度不同，说明什么？ 盐类水解的程度不同 ③上述三种盐溶液的OH-浓度大小，与组成盐的弱酸酸性有何关系？ HA的酸性越弱（Ka越小），MA的水解程度就越大。 ④如果是强酸弱碱盐水解，盐水解程度又是何种规律？ 弱碱碱性越弱（Kb越小），盐的水解程度就越大。 [板书]一、影响盐类水解的因素 1、内因 盐本身的性质：组成盐的酸酸性或碱碱性越弱，则该盐水解程度越大。 [师]盐类水解的本质是在水溶液中，盐电离产生的阴离子或阳离子与水电离产生的H+或OH- 作用生成弱电解质。如果生成的弱电解质越难电离，则生成弱电解质的倾向越大，盐水解的 程度就越大，溶液中C（H+）和C（OH-）的差别就越大。 [课堂练习] [过渡]除了内因外，还有很多外部因素影响着盐类的水解。 [活动与探究]书p77，从FeCl3的组成分析，它属于哪种盐？溶于水后溶液的酸碱性如何？ 请写出FeCl3水解的化学方程式和离子方程式。 [演示实验]活动与探究，书p78 [板书]2、外因 （1）温度：因水解是 吸热 过程，故升高温度可 促进 水解，使水解平衡 向 正反应方向 移动，水解程度 增大 。 （2）浓度：加水稀释，水解平衡向 正反应方向 移动，水解程度 增大 。 （3）酸碱度：向盐溶液中加入H+，可以促进 强碱弱酸盐 水解， 抑制 强酸弱碱盐 水解；向盐溶液中加入OH-， 可以促进 强酸弱碱盐 水解，抑制 强碱弱酸盐 水解。 结论：越弱越水解、越热越水解、越稀越水解。 [板书]二、盐类水解的应用 1、实验室中的应用 （1）配制和保存易水解的盐溶液 [思考]某化学兴趣小组实验需要，需配制FeCl3 溶液。 甲同学认为：直接把FeCl3固体溶于水即可 乙同学认为：甲同学的做法不妥，并预测会有浑浊现象出现。 你认可哪个同学的观点，理由是什么？ [活动探究]配制FeCl3溶液 直接加水配制FeCl3溶液现象：液体出现浑浊 FeCl3溶液是否容易水解？水解的生成物是什么？ 为了配制FeCl3溶液，我们希望此水解平衡如何移动？ 结合外界条件对化学平衡的影响的知识，请分析各种条件的变化对平衡的'影响。 FeCl3溶液的配制方法：将FeCl3固体溶于盐酸，然后加水稀释。 Fe(OH)3胶体的配制方法？ 向沸水中滴加FeCl3 溶液，并加热至沸腾以促进铁离子的水解。 [提问]如何配制FeCl2溶液？ 将FeCl2溶于稀盐酸加水稀释，再加入少量铁粉. [思考]问题1：为什么用热水配制CuCl2溶液,溶液会出现浑浊？怎样配制澄清溶液？ CuCl2 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl 或Cu2+ + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ 热水：升温能够促进水解，增加溶解度 配制CuCl2溶液，为防止出现浑浊，应加少量的___稀盐酸____ [思考]问题2：用热水配制硫酸铁溶液时，同样会产生混浊？怎样才能用热水配制出澄清 的硫酸铁溶液？ 配制Fe2(SO4)3溶液，要先加少量的稀H2SO4。 [小结]配制易水解的金属盐溶液应加少量的同种酸，注意不引入杂质离子。 （2）试剂瓶的选用 [思考]问题3、说明盛放Na2S 、Na2CO3的试剂瓶不能用玻璃塞的原因，NaF溶液能否用 玻璃瓶？ 水解显碱性的试剂不用玻璃塞而用橡胶塞,如K2CO3、NaHCO3. （3）加热蒸发可水解的盐溶液 [思考]问题4：把FeCl3溶液蒸干灼烧，最后得到的固体产物是什么，为什么？ FeCl3+3H2O Fe(OH)3+3HCl ⑴加热促进水解 ⑵HCl挥发 2Fe(OH)3 == Fe2O3 + 3H2O [思考]问题5：Al2(SO4)3溶液加热蒸发后得到固体是什么？ Al2(SO4)3+6H2O 2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4 尽管Al3+水解生成Al(OH)3和H2SO4，但由于 H2SO4是高沸点酸，不易挥发，加热最终只 是把水蒸去，因此仍得Al2(SO4)3固体。 3H2SO4+2Al(OH)3=Al2(SO4)3+6H2O [归纳]盐溶液蒸干灼烧后产物的判断 首先判断盐能否水解： ①若水解产物易挥发(AlCl3水解生成Al(OH)3和HCl)，则促进水解，再视另一水解产物是 否分解而确定最终产物； ②若水解产物难挥发(Al2(SO4)3水解生成Al(OH)3和H2SO4)，则加热时水不断蒸发，抑制 了水解，当溶液蒸干后，所剩固体仍是原来的盐； ③若是还原性的盐溶液，在蒸干灼烧时还要考虑被氧化的问题。 [讨论]亚硫酸钠溶液蒸干得到的固体是 Na2SO4 ， 原因是 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4 。 [提问]如何加热FeCl3溶液得到FeCl3固体？ 在HCl气体中加热. [板书]2.日常生活中的应用 [思考]问题6：明矾（KAl(SO4)2・12H2O）能够用来净水的原理。 明矾在水中发生电离产生Al3＋，Al3＋发生水解：Al3++3H2O Al(OH)3+3H+，生 成胶状的Al(OH)3，可吸附水中悬浮杂质而下沉，以达到净水的目的。 FeCl3也能净水，原理与明矾相同. [思考]问题7：为什么用热的纯碱溶液洗涤油污效好？ 在碱性条件下去油污能力强 CO32-＋H2O HCO3- +OH- △H=+QkJ/mol HCO3-＋H2O H2CO3 +OH- △H=+QkJ/mol 肥皂水洗涤油污的原理：C17H35COONa+H2O C17H35COOH+NaOH [思考]问题8：化肥的使用――草木灰不能 和铵态氮肥混合使用，为什么？ 草木灰的成分：K2CO3，水解呈碱性 CO32-＋H2O HCO3- +OH- HCO3-＋H2O H2CO3 +OH- 铵态氮肥――铵盐，水解呈酸性 NH4+＋H2O NH3・H2O+ H+ 混施后，OH-与H+中和成水，使两种盐的水解平衡强烈地向右移动，以至生成大量的 NH3・H2O，进一步分解成NH3逸出了，从而降低了肥效。 [拓展视野]泡沫灭火器的原理应用双水解 药品：Al2(SO4)3溶液、NaHCO3溶液 Al3++3H2O Al(OH)3+3H+, HCO3-＋H2O H2CO3 +OH-， 总式：Al3++3HCO3- = Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑； 由于Al3+和HCO-能分别与水电离产生氢氧根和氢离子反应，导致溶液中H+和OH-浓度均 大量减少，促使水解反应正向进行，直至水解完全。 [课堂练习] [总结]桑建强：20高考化学复习教案（3）
课题1 溶液的酸碱性 一 教学目标 1、知识与技能：了解溶液的酸碱性与溶液中氢离子、氢氧根离子浓度的大小关系。了解pH的概念及其简单的计算，知道pH的大小与溶液酸碱性的关系。了解测定溶液酸碱性的方法，能用pH试纸测定溶液的pH，了解用pH计测定溶液酸碱性的方法，知道溶液pH的调控在工农业生产和科学研究中的重要应用。 2、过程与方法：结合实际现象联系相关化学知识理解溶液的酸碱性概念，创设情境，培养学生自主探究的能力和计算的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：通过对本节内容的学习，初步树立起辨证唯物主义的世界观，激发探求未知知识的兴趣。 二 教学重点、难点 1、重点：pH的概念及其简单的计算 2、难点：pH的相关计算 三 教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四 教学准备 多媒体 课型：新课 课时安排：1课时 五 教学过程设计 [引入]溶液的酸碱性对生产和生活有十分重要的.影响。许多化工产品的生产需在一定pH的 溶液中进行，人体体液的pH必须保持在一定范围内才能保证人体健康。 [学生活动]交流与讨论，书p66。 [讨论]溶液的酸碱性与氢离子浓度及氢氧根离子浓度的关系。 [板书]一、溶液的酸碱性与C（H+）、C（OH-） 酸性溶液：C(H+) C(OH-)，C(H+) 1×10-7 中性溶液：C(H+) C(OH-)，C(H+) 1×10-7 碱性溶液：C(H+) C(OH-)，C(H+) 1×10-7 在酸性、碱性、中性溶液中，H+和OH-是共存的，只是H+和OH-浓度的相对大小不同。 [学生活动]交流讨论，见ppt 结论：不能用 [H+]等于多少来判断溶液酸、碱性，只能通过[H+] 和 [OH-]两者相对大小比 较来判断！ [学生活动]阅读书p67，回答下列问题： (1)为什么要引入pH？ (2)溶液的pH是如何定义的？ (3)溶液的酸碱性与pH有什么关系？ (4)任意c(H+)或c(OH-)浓度的溶液用PH表示溶液的酸碱性是否都很方便？ [师]表示较小的如c(H+)=10-12mol/L时，很麻烦，所以引入了一种方便方案： [板书]二、溶液的酸碱性与pH 1、pH概念 表示：用H+物质的量浓度的负对数来表示。 pH=-lgc(H+) 如C(H+)=1×10-7mol/L的溶液，pH=7 意义：pH的大小能反映出溶液中c(H+)的高低，即表示稀溶液酸、碱性的强弱。 [学生活动]问题解决，书p67，填表3-6 [学生活动]交流讨论，溶液的酸碱性与pH的关系 [板书]2、溶液的酸碱性与pH的关系 中性溶液：[H+] = [OH-] ，[H+] = 10－7mol/L ，pH =7 酸性溶液：[H+] >[OH-] ，[H+] >10－7mol/L ，pH <7 碱性溶液：[H+] < [OH-] ，[H+] < 10－7mol/L ，pH >7 [提问]（1）pH变化与酸碱性变化的关系怎样？ （2）Kw100℃=10-12，试求在100℃时纯水的pH？pH=6是否说明100 ℃时纯水成弱酸性？ （3）计算2mol/L盐酸溶液的pH [师]说明：1、PH值越小，酸性越强，PH越大，碱性越强。 2、PH范围0---14之间，C(H+)>1mol/L或C(OH-)>1mol/L的溶液的酸碱性直接用1mol/L来表示。 3、PH值等于0的溶液不是酸性最强的溶液，PH值等于14的溶液不是碱性最强的溶液 4、PH值增加一个单位C（H+）减小10倍，pH每减少一个单位，c (H+)就增大10倍。 [板书]三、溶液pH值的计算 1、浓度与pH值的换算 （1）0.05molqL-1硫酸溶液的pH值。 （2）pH=14的NaOH溶液中OH-的浓度。 2、溶液混合后pH值的计算 （1）0.2mol/LHCl与0.05mol/L的H2SO4等体积混合。 （2）0.2mol/LNaOH与0.05mol/L的Ba(OH)2等体积混合。 （3）pH=2的HCl和pH=12的NaOH等体积混合。 小结：强酸与强碱溶液混合求PH值 ①两者恰好反应时， PH＝7 ②酸过量时，求出反应后溶液中的C（H+），再求出PH值 ③碱过量时，先求出反应后溶液中的C（OH-），再根据Kw求出C（H+），然后求PH值 ④C（H+）相差较大的两强酸溶液等体积混合后，pH混= pH小+0.3 ⑤C（OH-）相差较大的两强碱溶液等体积混合后，pH混= pH大-0.3 [课堂练习] 3、溶液稀释后pH值的计算 （1）取pH=2的盐酸10ml，将其稀释至1000ml （2）取pH=14的氢氧化钠1ml，将其稀释至100ml 强酸强碱溶液稀释规律小结：一般情况下，强酸溶液每稀释10倍，pH值就增加1个单位， 但稀释后pH值一定小于7；强碱溶液每稀释10倍，pH值就减小1个单位，但稀释后pH 值一定大于7。 [提问]测定溶液酸碱性的方法有哪些？ [板书]四、pH值的测定方法 1、定性测定：酸碱指示剂法 酸碱指示剂一般是弱的有机酸或弱的有机碱。 指示剂的变色范围，见ppt 2、定量测定：pH试纸法、pH计法 （1）pH试纸法： [提问]能否直接把pH试纸伸到待测液中？ 是否要先湿润pH试纸后，再将待测液滴到pH试纸上？ 能否用pH试纸测出pH=7.1来？ 如用湿润的pH试纸检验待测液，对该溶液pH值的测定有何影响？ 试纸的使用方法：用洁净、干燥的玻璃棒蘸取待测液滴在干燥的pH试纸上，试纸上显出颜色后马上跟标准比色卡相对比。 类别：广泛试纸识别差值为1；精密pH试纸识别差值为0.1。 （2）pH计法： 六、板书设计 一、溶液的酸碱性与C（H+）、C（OH-） 二、溶液的酸碱性与pH 1、pH概念 2、溶液的酸碱性与pH的关系 三、溶液pH值的计算 1、浓度与pH值的换算 2、溶液混合后pH值的计算 3、溶液稀释后pH值的计算 四、pH值的测定方法 1、定性测定：酸碱指示剂法 2、定量测定：pH试纸法、pH计法桑建强：高考化学复习教案（7）
课题2 沉淀溶解平衡的应用 一 学习目标 1、知识与技能：基本要求：了解沉淀溶解平衡在生产生活中的应用。 说明：①只要求利用溶度积对沉淀的生成、转化作简单的判断，不要求作复杂的计算。 ②只要求利用溶度积判断单一溶质的溶液中是否生成沉淀，对沉淀的转化、沉淀的生成和溶解等内容也只要求定性判断。 ③不宜介绍影响沉淀生成及沉淀完全与否的因素，如酸效应、同离子效应、盐效应等。 2、过程与方法：结合实际现象联系相关化学知识理解沉淀溶解平衡，创设情境，培养学生自主探究的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观：通过对本节内容的学习，通过对本节内容的学习，初步树立起辨证唯物主义的世界观，激发探求未知知识的兴趣。 二 教学重点、难点 1、重点：沉淀溶解平衡的应用 2、难点：沉淀溶解平衡的应用 三 教法与学法 启发式、讨论法 四 教学准备 课题2 沉淀溶解平衡的应用。ppt 实验准备： 试管 AgNO3溶液 NaCl溶液 KI溶液 Na2S溶液 课时安排：1课时 课型：新课 五 教学过程设计 [师]难溶电解质的溶解平衡也是动态平衡，可以通过改变条件使平衡移动，最终使溶液中的离子转化为沉淀或使沉淀转化为离子或使一种沉淀转化为另一种沉淀。这就是我们生产生活中对沉淀溶解平衡的应用的原理。 [板书] 一、沉淀生成 不 同 沉 淀 方 法 的 用 [师]在涉及无机化合物的制备和提纯、废水的.处理的领域中，常利用生成沉淀来达到分离或除去某些离子的目的。 直接沉淀法：除去溶液中的某些离子或所需的难溶物 分步沉淀法：鉴定溶液中含有哪些离子或分别获得不同的难溶物 共沉淀法：加入合适的沉淀剂、除去溶液中性质类似的一组离子。 氧化还原法：改变某种离子的价态，促使其转变为更难溶的物质而除去。 常见的沉淀方法： 1、调节PH值法：如除去硫酸铜溶液中的Fe3+ 2、加沉淀剂法:如除去NaNO3溶液中的AgNO3、食盐水中的Mg2+、KNO3中的K2SO4等 [交流与讨论]见课本p82 [学生活动]思考并解释 ①如果误食可溶性钡盐，造成钡中毒，应尽快用5.0％的硫酸钠溶液给患者洗胃。 Ba2++SO42-=BaSO4↓ ②、将溶液的PH调到3~4,可除去硫酸铜溶液中的Fe3+ 通过计算饱和溶液中，溶质的溶解度，就能得出结论。 Cu(OH)2的Ksp为2.2×10-20，Fe(OH)3的Ksp为2.6×10-39 Cu(OH)2在25℃的溶解度为1.73×10-6g PH大于时5开始沉淀 Fe(OH)3在25℃的溶解度为3.0×10-9gPH=3～4时沉淀基本完全 ③精制食盐水时，可加入适量的氢氧化钠溶液除去氯化钠溶液中的镁离子 Mg(OH)2的Ksp为5.61×10-12则PH值至少要大于10.4才能使Mg(OH)2产生沉淀 Mg2++2OH-=Mg(OH)2↓ [师]过渡，沉淀溶解平衡的原理除了用于生成沉淀，也可以用于溶解沉淀。 [板书]二、沉淀的溶解 酸碱溶解法：如加入盐酸使CaCO3溶解，加入NaOH使Al(OH)3沉淀。 沉淀溶解的方法 盐溶解法：如Mg(OH)2和可溶于NH4Cl饱和溶液。 *络合溶解法：使沉淀转化为络合物而溶解，如AgCl溶于氨水中 *氧化还原溶解法：有些金属硫化物（如CuS、HgS等）不溶于非氧化性酸，只能溶于强氧化性酸（如浓硝酸），通过减少S2-离子的浓度而达到沉淀的溶解。 [交流与讨论]见ppt [学生活动]讨论解释 1、装过澄清石灰水的试剂瓶中内壁有白色的难溶物，应如何处理？写出有关化学方程式。 可用稀盐酸溶解除去；CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O 2、实验室用高锰酸钾制氧气后，试管内壁的黑色难溶固体应如何除去？写出有关离子方程式。 用浓盐酸并微热即可除去；MnO2+4H++2Cl-=Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O 3、如何除去银镜反应后试管内壁的银白色固体？ 可用稀硝酸溶解除去；3Ag+4HNO3=3AgNO3+NO↑+2H2O [过渡]我们现在来做一组实验来探讨沉淀溶解平衡还有什么其他用途 [活动与探究]演示课本p84实验 [得出结论]实验告诉我们不同的沉淀之间在一定的条件下是可以相互转化的 [板书] 三、沉淀的转化 沉淀转化的实质：沉淀的溶解平衡的移动 沉淀转化的条件：难溶电解质转化成更加难溶的物质 [介绍应用]应用1：化工生产中用饱和Na2CO3溶液把难溶于酸的BaSO4转化为BaCO3,再用盐酸把BaCO3转化为BaCl2溶液。 BaSO4 Ba2++SO42- Ba2++CO32- BaCO3 BaSO4+CO32-（饱和） BaCO3↓+SO42- 高浓度的CO32-使硫酸钡的溶解平衡右移 BaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2↑+H2O 应用2：锅炉的水垢中除了CaCO3和Mg(OH)2外，还有CaSO4使得水垢结实，用酸很难快速除去，要快速除去水垢，可以用饱和Na2CO3溶液处理，使之转化为易溶于酸的CaCO3,而快速除去。 CaSO4属于微溶物质Ksp =7.1×10-5 CaCO3是难溶物质CaCO3的Ksp =2.8×10-9 CaCO3 Ca2++SO42- Ca2++CO32- CaCO3 所以有：CaSO4+CO32-(饱和） CaCO3↓+SO42- [交流与讨论]书p83 氟化物防治龋齿的化学原理 1.牙齿表面的牙釉质起着保护牙齿的作用，其主要成分为Ca5(PO4)3OH（羟基磷酸钙）, 它是一种难溶电解质，Ksp=2.5×10-59mol9・L-9； 2.残留在牙齿上的糖发酵会产生H+； 3.使用含氟牙膏可以防治龋齿。 沉淀溶解平衡方程式： Ca5(PO4)3OH 5Ca2++3PO43-+OH- 残留在牙齿上的糖发酵会产生H+能与上述方程式中的OH-反应，平衡右移，造成龋齿。 用含氟的牙膏使Ca5(PO4)3OH 转化更难溶的Ca5(PO4)3F就可以大大降低龋齿的发生率，沉淀转化的方程式为： Ca5(PO4)3OH+F- Ca5(PO4)3F+OH- [拓展视野]书p86 CaCO3 Ca2++CO32- CO32-+CO2+H2O 2HCO3- CaCO3+CO2 +H2O Ca2++2HCO3- [小结] [习题]桑建强：20高考化学复习教案（8）
氯 气（第一课时） 学习目标： 1、使学生了解氯气的物理性质和用途； 2、使学生初步掌握氯气与金属、氢气反应的化学性质； 3、从氯的原子结构特点和氯气与金属、氢气等的反应了解氯气是一种化学性质非常活泼的非金属。 教学重点：氯气的结构及氯气的化学性质（氯气与金属、氢气的反应）。 教学难点：从氯的原子结构特点及氯气与金属、氢气等的反应了解氯气具有氧化性，是一种化学性质非常活泼的非金属。 教学程序： [新课引言] [学生活动] 写出F、Cl的原子结构示意图。 从这两种元素的原子结构示意图，我们可以看到：它们的最外层电子数均为7，具有相似的结构。它们不稳定，在反应中很容易得到1个电子或与相应原子共用电子对，从而达到最外层为8个电子的稳定结构，表现出较强的非金属性。 [讲]这一节我们学习单质氯气，它是一种双原子分子。首先让我们来学习氯气的性质。 [板书] 氯 气 一、氯气的性质 [展示] 展示一瓶氯气，在瓶后衬一张白纸。 （1）让学生观察氯气的颜色、状态； （2）请一个学生上台闻一闻氯气的气味（注意闻气体的方法：轻、扇、飘，并演示给学生看）； （3）向盛氯气的集气瓶中加入少量的水，振荡，观察氯水的颜色（由学生操作）。 [讲解]黄绿色气体，是一种有毒的气体 [历史事件]氯气有毒。194月22日下午5时，在第一次世界大战两军对峙的比利时 伊珀尔战场。趁着顺风，德军一声令下开启了大约6000只预先埋伏的压缩氯气钢瓶。霎时间，在长约六公里的战线上，黄绿色的云团飘向法军阵地。毫无准备的英法士兵猝不及防，眼看着黄绿色的气体涌来，先是咳嗽，继而喘息，有的拼命挣扎，有的口吐黄液慢慢躺倒。一位战地记者进行了如此描述：“他们已经死亡，两手伸展着好像要挥去上方的死神。尸体遍野，他们极度痛苦的肺在喘息，满嘴都是黄色液体。”德军共施放氯气18万公斤，使协约国有1.5万人中毒，5000人死亡.这就是战争史上的第一次化学战，从此，化学战作为最邪恶的战争被写入了人类战争的史册。 [指出]氯气把人类带入了痛苦，但它也能造福人类，关键在于人类自身怎样去使用。 [总结]氯气在通常情况下是气态，呈浅黄绿色；在1个大气压下，降温到-34.6℃，会变成液态氯，继续降温到-101℃时，液态氯会变成固态的氯；氯气有毒，并有强烈的刺激性气味；可溶于水，1体积水约能溶解2体积的氯气，氯水呈浅黄绿色。 [板书]（一）氯气的物理性质 （1）氯气是黄绿色有刺激性气味的有毒气体； （2）氯气可溶于水，氯水呈浅黄绿色（常温常压下，1体积水可溶解2体积氯气，因此，实验室不能用排水法收集氯气）； （3）易液化（常压下-34.6℃变为液体）； （4）密度比空气密度大（收集氯气可用向上排空气法）。 [强调] ①氯气有毒，吸入大量会致死，但只要严格按照操作规定操作，实验是没有危险的； ②不仅闻有毒气体需要这样操作，闻其它气体也应采取这种方法。 [过渡]需要指出的'是，空气中含有极少量的氯气不但无害，而且有利。我们常常把少量的氯气通入自来水，以达到杀菌消毒的目的。那么氯气的毒性到底是为什么，少量的氯气为什么又能杀菌消毒呢？这就是我们要学习的化学性质所要解决的了 [板书]（二）氯气的化学性质 [讲述]物质的结构决定了物质的性质。大家回忆一下氯元素的原子结构示意图 [分组讨论]（1）氯原子的原子结构有什么特点？是否稳定？在反应中易发生怎样的变化？ （2）这一结构特点决定了氯气怎样的化学性质？ [总结] 氯原子的最外层有7个电子，在反应中很容易得到1个电子或与相应原子共用电子对，从而达到最外层为8个电子的稳定结构。因此，氯气的化学性质非常活泼，具有较强的氧化性。 [板书]1、氯气与金属反应 [设问] 初中我们就学过Cl2与Na的反应,请同学写出该反应的化学方程式。 [板书] 2Na + Cl2 === 2NaCl [补充实验] 做钠在氯气中燃烧的实验。 [思考] 氯气除了可以和钠等活泼金属反应外，是否还会和其它金属反应呢？ [讲解]氯气是一种化学性质很活泼的非金属单质，它具有强氧化性，能与活泼金属反应，也能跟不活泼金属反应呢？让我们通过一个实验来回答这个问题 [演示实验]铁丝在氯气中燃烧 [现象]红热的铁丝在氯气里剧烈燃烧，充满棕色的烟。（氯化铁晶体的微小颗粒） 6e- [板书] 2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3 [演示]向集气瓶中加入少量水观察。 [讲解]溶液呈黄色，说明生成的为高价的氯化铁而非氯化亚铁 [注意]在通常情况下，干燥的氯气不能与铁起反应。因此，可用钢瓶储运液氯。 [板书] Cu + Cl2 = CuCl2 [现象]生成棕黄色烟 ［板书总结］氯气和金属反应生成最高价氯化物 [练习]实验事实证明，在一定条件下，氯气可与多种金属直接化合，写出氯气跟Al、Mg反应的化学方程式 [板书] 2Al + 3Cl2 = 2AlCl3 Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2 [提问]氯气能与金属反应，那么与还原性弱的非金属反应吗？ [板书]2.与某些非金属的反应 [演示]H2在Cl2中燃烧。（对比在空气中和在Cl2中燃烧现象有何区别） [讲述]在空气中应是淡蓝色火焰，但由于玻璃中含有钠离子，所以显黄色火焰；在氯气中苍白色火焰，瓶口有白雾生成（由于反应生成了HCl极易溶于水，与空气中的水蒸气结合生成白雾） [复习]盐酸的通性（与酸碱指示剂、金属、碱性氧化物、碱、盐等的反应） [讨论]1.比较铁在氯气中燃烧与H2在Cl2中燃烧现象的共同点 2.燃烧是否一定要O2 参加？ （都是发光、发热的剧烈的化学反应；燃烧不一定需要氧气参加。） [板书]燃烧：一切发光发热的剧烈的化学反应都叫燃烧。 [讲述]实验证明，在一定条件下，Cl2还可以和P、S、C等非金属直接反应 [flash演示实验]P和Cu在Cl2中的燃烧 [板书]2P + 3Cl2 = 2PCl3 (l) 2P + 5Cl2 = 2PCl5 (s) [现象]有白色烟雾生成 [讲述]固体小颗粒为烟，液体小液滴为雾 [本课总结]本节课我们学习了卤族元素的重要单质――氯气，了解了氯气的物理性质，从氯原子的结构入手，重点学习了氯气的化学性质。由于氯气具有强的氧化性，因此，它与变价金属反应时会生成高价的金属氯化物。 [作业] 作业本 氯气（一） ［课后反思］桑建强：高考化学复习教案（13）
天然气的利用 甲烷 教学目标：1、常识性介绍有机化合物的初步概念及性质上的一些共同特点。 2、了解甲烷在自然界的存在和用途 3、初步认识甲烷分子的空间结构。使学生掌握甲烷电子式、结构式的正确写法； 4、掌握甲烷的重要化学性质，并理解取代反应的涵义。 教学重点和难点：甲烷的取代反应 教学程序： 【引入】从今天起，我们将学习有机化合物的知识。有机化合物与人类的生活有密切的关系，在衣、食、住、行、医疗、能源、材料、科学技术及工农业生产等领域中都起着重要作用。 【设疑】那么什么是有机物？他们有什么共同的特点? 【结论】因二氧化碳、一氧化碳、碳酸盐及碳酸氢盐等具有无机化合物的性质，除二氧化碳、一氧化碳、碳酸盐及碳酸氢盐外，绝大多数含碳的化合物都是有机化合物。有机化合物有两个基本特点：数量众多，分布极广。其中仅含碳和氢两种元素的有机物称为烃。人们熟悉的甲烷就是最简单的烃，也是最简单的有机物。 一、甲烷的物理性质及其在自然界中的存在 【实验】展示装有甲烷气体的储气瓶(瓶中留有少量水)，简单介绍仪器名称。 【提问】通过观察，甲烷的物理性质都有哪些？ 根据学生的回答，归纳、板书。 【板书】1.物理性质：无颜色、无气味、密度比空气小，极难溶于水。 【讲述】植物在隔绝空气情况下分解能够产生甲烷，我国是世界上最早发现和利用天然气的国家，比西方要早一千三百年。现在我国天然气利用发展很快，常与石油和煤炭伴生，在油田和煤矿附近往往有天然气，它们都是“清洁”的燃料，无毒并且热能高。很多城市由烧煤改烧天然气后，酸雨的危害明显减弱。 【板书】2.存在：天然气田、煤矿坑道、池沼等 介绍俗名来源，说明事物的联系性。 二、甲烷的分子组成和结构 【课堂练习1】 已知甲烷仅由碳、氢两种元素组成，其中质量分数C%=75%，H%=25%。请同学们推出甲烷的 化学式。（提示：可以根据共价键理论和C、H原子比例判断甲烷分子式。） 教师根据学生的回答，总结、归纳，进行板书。 【板书】甲烷的化学式：CH4 【讲述】因为碳原子有四个价电子，欲形成八个电子的稳定结构，需要形成四对共用电子对才能达到八个电子的稳定结构；氢原子核外有一个电子，欲形成两个电子的稳定结构，需要形成一对共用电子对才能达到两个电子的稳定结构。所以甲烷的化学式为：CH4 【课堂练习2】 已知甲烷的分子式为CH4，①写出甲烷的电子式；②写出甲烷的结构式。 【板书】电子式： 结构式： 【过渡】我们知道了甲烷的分子式和结构式，那么甲烷分子的结构式什么样的呢？阅读课本53页。 【讲述】甲烷的电子式和结构式只能表示甲烷分子中碳、氢原子的结合方式，但不能表示甲烷分子中原子在空间的排布情况。经过科学实验证明甲烷分子的结构是对称的正四面体结构，碳原子位于正四面体的中心，4个氢原子分别位于正四面体的4个顶点上，四个C―H键强度相同。 【展示】甲烷的比例模型 请两位学生上台演示制作甲烷球棍模型 【板书】分子结构：对称的正四面体结构 【过渡】我们知道了甲烷的分子结构，那么由这种结构决定的甲烷的化学性质是什么样的呢？ 【板书】三、甲烷的化学性质 【讲述】通常情况下，甲烷稳定，如与强酸、强碱和强氧化剂等一般不发生化学反应。但任何物质的稳定性都是相对的.，而它的变化是绝对的，内因是变化的根据，外因是变化的条件，一旦外部条件发生变化，甲烷也能发生反应比如在特定条件下甲烷能与某些物质发生化学反应，如可以燃烧和发生取代反应等。 1、 【板书】1、甲烷的氧化反应 a、燃烧反应 【讲述】甲烷是一种优良的气体燃料，通常情况下 1mol甲烷在空气中完全燃烧，放出890kJ的热量, 火焰呈淡蓝色。 请同学们设计一套检验甲烷燃烧产物的装置同时思考以下问题： （1）点燃甲烷前应有什么操作？ （2）有几种产物？怎么检验？ 教师对学生设计的装饰进行评价并根据学生板演的方程式和装置图归纳总结 【板书】 CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g)+2H2O(l) 【总结归纳】点燃甲烷前应该验纯，燃烧产物是二氧化碳和水，可以通过将干燥烧杯罩在甲烷的火焰上，之后倒转烧杯迅速倒入澄清石灰水来检验。 【板书】 现象：火焰呈淡蓝色、烧杯内壁有水珠、澄清石灰水变混浊 b、取代反应 【演示实验】 向2支盛有甲烷的试管中（其中一支用黑纸包好），分别快速加入0.5g高锰酸钾和1mL浓盐酸，然后迅速的轻轻塞上胶塞，放在试管架上；没有包黑纸的试管在室内光线（日光灯）照射下，或用高压汞灯的紫外线照射；等待片刻观察现象。 【提问】发生了什么反应，有什么物质生成呢？阅读课本53、54页，寻找答案。 根据学生的回答，归纳、板书。 【板书】 【讲述】在这些反应里甲烷分子中的H原子逐步被Cl原子所代替生成了四种取代物，像这种有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所代替的反应叫取代反应。 【板书】取代反应：有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所代替的反应叫取代反应。 【讲述】在常温下，一氯甲烷是气体，二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷和四氯甲烷是液体，其中四氯甲烷又叫四氯化碳，三氯甲烷又叫氯仿，三氯甲烷和四氯甲烷是工业上重要的溶剂。 【提问】 1、如何验证HCl的生成呢？ 2、取代反应与置换反应有何区别？ 3、有什么物质可以证明甲烷结构是正四面体而不是正方形？ 【小结】 1、甲烷分子的结构特点；说明“甲烷分子是正四面体结构”最基本的实验事实是什么？ 2、甲烷主要存在于那些物质中，有什么样的物理性质 3、甲烷的化学性质有哪些？ 4、什么是取代反应？它与置换反应有什么? [作业]作业本 天然气的利用 甲烷 ［反思］本课是学生第一次接触有机物，其中有的不同于无机物的概念需要讲清楚，所以本课内容一节课时间紧张，最好分成二课时上完。2005-度高考复习Unit 2 Book 1A
Unit 2 English around the world
Aims and demands:
Key Words and expressions: majority, total, equal, situation, trade, communicate, compare, make oneself at home, stay up, end up with, bring in, a good many, have a good knowledge of
Sentence Patterns: with + 复合结构/强调句型及其用法
Differences of some words and expressions:
1.at one time / at a time/ at the same time
2. except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides
Step 1 Have a dictation of some words and expressions.
Step 2 Translate the following into English:
1.大多数中国学生学英语。通晓英语对我们来说是非常重要的。
The majority of the students in China learn English. It is very important for us to have a good knowledge of English.
2.我们学校有许多学生，数目大约是5000人。
There are a number of students in our school, and the number of the students is about 5000.
3.老师拿着书走进教室。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand/ book in hand
4。他们高度相等，但是我认为Mary能够胜任这份工作。
They are of equal height, but I think Mary is equal to the job.
5.正是老师的帮助我的英语成绩进步了。
It is with the help of my teacher that I have made great progress in my English.
Step 3 Key words:
1.a/the majority of people/ the student
most of the students
2. total n. v. adj. in total= in all/ altogether/ totally
a total of 总数，总共
v. add up to/ come to / reach (a total of)
Our expenses reached a total of 20 dollars。
In total，there are 250,000 books in the library.
The visitors totaled 130.
3．equal adj.相等的，平等的，胜任的，由能力的； vt.与。。。。。相等； 比得上
be equal to He is equal to (doing)this task.( 胜任的)
None of us can equal her.(比得上)
4. situation n.状况，处境； 形势。
get into / out of a difficult situation 陷入/摆脱困境
cf. in a bad state of
5.trade n. v
trade in fruit (从事。。。贸易)
trade with European countries(和。。。做贸易)=exchange with
vt。 Trade ...for...=exchange...for (拿。。。交换。。。)
6．Make oneself at home/ make oneself done
help yourself to fish
be/ feel at home随便； 自由自在；熟悉，自如
He is becoming more and more at home with this language.
the news at home and abroad
7.stay up 挺住，不倒； 熬夜=sit up
stay in/ out 呆在家里/户外
stay on 继续停留，保持
stay the same (as)
8．bring about =cause, result in, lead to带来，引起，导致
bring along 携带
bring down 使倒下,使下降
bring forth 使产生,引起,提出
bring forward 提出建议=put forward/提前
bring in =get in the pops使得到某种收入 ，引进，收进，吸收
bring back to one's mind 使回想起
bring sb. back to life 使某人起死回生
bring sb up 抚养某人,教育
bring sth up 提出
bring up 呕吐；
bring on 引起；导致；使进步，使发展
bring to an end 结束=come to an end
bring into effect 使生效，实行
bring to operation …实施；使运行
bring out 使…显示出来；出版
9．Come about：happen
It came about like this/ in this way: 事情就是这样的：
How does/did it come about that…?这是怎么回事…?
How did it come about that you didn't come to the party?
10.except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides等表示“除……之外”的区别。
［透视］①except (but)指“除去……(不包括在整体内)”，而besides则指“除……之外，还有（包括在整体内）” ,指除去同类的东西。
②except for/that指对前文作修正说明。除去不同类型的东西；except that(when)后接从句。
［精练］用表示“除……之外”的词或短语完成句子。
35． The suit fitted him well except that the colour was a little brighter．
36． Does John know any other foreign languages besides French﹖
37． No one knew Mr Benson's mobile phone number except his daughter．
38． Your composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes．
11.compare…with; compar…to; compared with／to
compare…with意为“把……与……相比”，侧重指两者间的区别。
如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them．
把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较，你就会发现它们之间的区别。
compare…to…意为“把……比作……”，着重注意两者间的相似点。如：
This song compares our country to a big family．这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。 compare既可以单独用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时，以compare with…形式出现，表示“与……相比”。如：
Living here can't compare with living in Shanghai．
在这儿生活不能和在上海（生活）相比。
If you compare the two words， you can tell the difference between them．
如果你比较这两个单词，你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。
compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语，意义基本相同，可互换。如：
Compared to／with him， you are lucky． 与他相比，你是幸运的。
It was a small town then， compared to／with what it is now．
和现在比起来，那时它还是个小镇。
12.time一词构成的常用搭配及区别。
焄透视]at a time一次；at one time曾经；all the time一直；at times时常；from time to time间或；in time及时；on time准时；time and time again一次又一次；at the same time同时,一齐=meanwhile,together/=yet然而，但是 ；sometime某个时候；every time每当……熞导时间状语从句牭取
焄精练]单句改错。下列句子均有一处错误，请找出来并改正。
33． Don't speak together．Please one at one time．（a）
34． He said he'd come to see you some time last night, but you were not in．(sometime)
35． Every time you meet the new words, that is unnecessary for you to look them up in a dictionary．(it)
Sentence patterns:
1．强调句型的运用与高考
强调句型常用于书面语，也可用于口语，用来突出说话人要强调的语言信息，给对方以强烈的印象和感受。强调句型是高考范围内的语法内容，更是高考命题者颇为青睐的语法项目之一。下面对该句型的用法作一阐述。
一、句型特征及含义
强调句又称为分裂句。其结构形式为“It ＋be的适当形式＋被强调部分＋that／who ＋其它”。在该句型中，it无词义，且不可用this，that换用；若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时，则be动词用is；若原句的谓语动词用了过去时，则be动词用was。有时为了表达需要，也可在be前加上may／might／must等情态动词；若被强调部分是人，引导词用 who（若强调部分是作宾语的人，则也可用 whom）或that均可；若是其它强调部分，则一律用that。翻译时常加上“正是……；就是……”等字眼，以突出其强调含义。例如：
It is I who am to visit Hangzhou tomorrow．就是我明天要去杭州参观。
．．．for it was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started．
（SEFC BIII L34）……因为就是在希腊奥林匹克运动会首次开始举办的。
It must be John that／who will take part in the contest on behalf of our class．
必定是约翰将代表我们班参赛。
It might be at the party that Tom knew her．
可能就是在这次聚会上汤姆认识她的。
二、强调角度及运用
1．强调主语、宾语或状语。例如：
It was John who／that broke the glass yesterday．（强调主语）
It is me who／whom／that you should help．（强调宾语）
It was at the gate that he told me the news．（强调地点状语）
It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home．（强调程度状语）
It is by bus that Wang Gang often goes to school．（强调方式状语）
It was about 600years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．（强调时间状语）
It was in order to catch the first bus that they got up earlier．（强调目的状语）
2．强调状语从句。
（1）强调时间状语从句：
It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty．
（2）强调原因状语从句：
It was because Li Ping was ill that he didn't come to school last week．
（3）强调地点状语从句：
It is where you come from that you should return to it．
（4）强调方式状语从句：
It is as you like that you may do everything．
3．强调含有“not．．．until．．．”结构的句子时，要用
“It is／was not until．．．that．．．”结构。that后的句子要用肯定句，且须用陈述语序。
例如：
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous
film star．
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began．
4．强调含有定语从句的主语、宾语或状语。例如：
Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood？
5．强调含有either．．．or．．．，neither．．．nor．．．，
not only．．．but also．．．，as well as，not．．．but．．．等词组所构成的句子。例如：
It was neither you nor he that is willing to go to the Great Wall．
It was he as well as his classmates who has ever been to Suzhou．
三、句型转换及主谓一致
1．变为一般疑问句（把主句中的be动词或情态动词提到句首即可）
Was it during the Second World War that he died？
2．变为特殊疑问句（须用“特殊疑问词＋be或情态动词＋it＋that．．．？”结构）
When could it be that he went to our country？
3．变为否定疑问句（须在主句上进行变化）
Couldn't it be by plane that he went to France？
4．强调句型的反意疑问句（须和主句一致）
It was at eleven last night that I knew the good news，wasn't it？
5．强调句型的主谓一致问题（即使被强调部分是复数含义，主句的谓语动词仍然用单数形式）
It is they who often help me with my lessons．
It was these books that they bought the day before yesterday．
注意：若强调句在整个复合句中作宾语，强调句须用陈述语序。例如：
He told me that it was Li Hua who was standing under the tree reading English．
四、相似句型及异同
1．强调句和主语从句句型（指“It＋ be ＋adj．／n．＋that-clause”类型）的异同点
二者均有It be．．．that／who．．．之类的语言标志。所不同的是：（1）含有主语从句的句子译为汉语时不可加上“正是……”或“就是……”之类的字眼，而强调句则可以。（2）含有主语从句的句子若删掉It be．．．that／who．．．，则原句不论结构还是语意均不成立，而强调句去掉结构标志却仍然成立。例如：
It is true that he once went to Canada．（不可去掉It is及that，否则原句不成立。）
It was on December 11，that China became a member of WTO．（去掉强调结构原句仍然成立。）
2．含有定语从句的强调句型
强调句型中含有定语从句，往往会给学生造成错觉，以致分不清哪一句是强调部分，哪一句是定语从句，尤其是强调句中的定语从句的引导词是that或who时，更容易造成错觉。办法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用：若that或who可有可无（结合it be来分析），则为强调句，否则是定语从句。例如：
It was in the lab that was set up by Mr．Smith that they finished the experiment．
（lab后的that不可以省略，因为that作该句的主语。句中第二个that才是强调句的标志。）
It was Tang Ling who came from Hunan that won the first prize in the contest．
（who在该句中作主语，所以不可以省略，后面的that才是强调句的标志。）
3．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
过关练习：
1．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
2．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
3．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
4．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
5．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．after；that
6．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
7．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
Key: 1-7 D C C C D C D
II.with引导的独立主格结构
英语中，with引导的独立主格结构很富有表现力，在句子中作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等。它不是句子而是短语，其结构为：with＋名词／ 代词 ＋ 介词短语 ／ 形容词 ／副词 ＋ 名词 ／ 非谓语动词。 现将with引导的独立主格结构作一小结。
1． with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall．
那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door．
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2． with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery．
这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold．
他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。
3． with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．
产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。
The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on．
这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down．
这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out．
他把袜子穿反了。
4． with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl．他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。 5． with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
With you helping me whenever I'm in trouble, I feel very obliged to you．
无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。
6． with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said．
“We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark
in a convincing way．”
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare．
这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。
7． with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you'd better hurry．
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed．
有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。
1. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
[解析]答案是A。这是“with +宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合宾语结构。
2. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of
[解析]答案是B。这还是“with +宾语+宾语补足语”结构。
III. so/such/as/ the same as/that的区别。
as 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as ／such ／the same等修饰词。还要注意区分下列两个词组：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such．．．as．．．”表“像……这（那）样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．as．．．”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：①This is the same book that I lost．这就是我丢失的那一本书。（指同一本书）②This is the same book as I lost．我丢失的那一本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的宾语)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的宾语)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it's worth seeing again. (that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
ex. 1．Nobody in our school has the same camera ＿＿＿＿ you have．
2．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿does well in French．
3．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿ all of us like to make friends with her．
BOOK 1A Unit 2语言点练习
1. _____ the survivors in the traffic accident appreciated the police before they left for their homes.
A.The most B. Most C. A most of D.A majority of
2. I'll telephone and make sure how many guests will come to our party _______.
A. in totally B. all together C. add up to D. in total
3.Nothing can________ planes in speed and comfort.
A. equal B. equal to C. match with D. compare to
4.It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the ______ in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
D. Yes, 1 can do it myself now
5.--Where is your new bike?
--I've ________ it for this used one.
A. picked B. sold C. traded D. bought
6.We can communicate_________ people in every part of the world.____ the Internet.
A. with ; with B. with ; through C. through; through D. through ; with
7._______ other good students, the teacher thinks Hank is ________student.
A. Compared with;a most satisfied B. Compared to;the most satisfied
C. Comparing to;the more satisfying D. Compared with;a more satisfying
8.John was an outdoor man and could ________ himself at home in the woods at night.
A. have B. make C. let D. keep
9.It is said that the building is made so strong that it can______ even in a terrible earthquake.
A. support B. be destroyed C. be stayed up D. stay up
10.The meeting began ________the singing of the national song and ended _____ also the singing of it.
A. at ; at B. with ; with C. at ; with D. by ; up with
11.The sale of the company's new product is extremely good. It has _____two million dollars so far
A. brought in B. made up C. carried on D. kept up
12._________ number of visitors came but I don't know ________ number.
A. A ; the B. The ; a C. A ; a D. The ; the
13.With all these dishes _________ , I can't go and listen to the speech by the famous professor.
A. to wash B. to be washed C. washed D. washing
14.What_______ he brought you when he came to see you yesterday?
A. is it B. is that C. was it D. was it that
15. Hearing that he ate twenty eggs ________, we were very surprised.
A. at the same time B. at a time C. at one time D. at once
16.I know nothing about the accident _________I have read in today's paper.
A. except that B. except what C. except D. besides that
17.She asked me_________ knock off the glass of water.
A. please be careful not to B. to be careful not to
C. to be careful to not D. not to be careful to
18.Roses need special care _____they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
19.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV ; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
20.-It's getting late. I'm afraid I must be going now. --OK._________.
A. Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you
21．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
22．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
23．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
24．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
25．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．after；that
26．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
27．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
28. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京2004)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
29. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of
I.分类记单词：
1.houses cottage ，Flat/apartment detached/semi-detached house，Wood cabin
2.Kinds of buildings Palace，bank，castle ，skyscraper
3.Rooms Sitting/ dining /living/games room，wash/bathroom，bedroom，basement，hall，Study Toilet ，kitchen garage
4.Furniture Curtains, chair , sofa, table , desk, bookshelves ,bed, lamp
5.materials stone ，marble 大理石，glass 玻璃，Grantie花岗岩,metal金属，concrete 混凝土
6.features balcony 阳台，Ceiling 天花板 ，Floor ，tower 塔，Wall ，roof 屋顶，statue 雕像，Air conditioning ,garden, swimming pool, lift, gallery ,
7. style/period in architecture Modern, early twentieth, century, in the 1980’s ancient
8. Paintings: realistic ,abstract, modern
9. shapes : square, circle
II.居室描写
a.写出描述方位的短语。
in front of, at the back of, in the middle/center of, at the end of, at the corner,on the left, on the right
ahead of , next to, close to, above, below, by the side of, in/on/to the east/ south/ north/ west of…, between…and …, beside, opposite of, along, upstairs, downstairs, against, in the face of, etc.
b.写出有关居室的性质的描写形容词。
beautiful, clean, comfortable, tidy, cozy, shabby, simple ____good, bright, wonderful, small, large, damp, dark, old, new, dirty, etc
2)常用句型
It covers an area of …square meters. be located in… Between A and B is …
There is … with… furnish… with… On the left is … Next to it is …
III. sample
The Palace of the Doges, in Venice, is one of the best medieval buildings anywhere in Europe. It was finished in 1498. it has beautiful pink and white marble walls. From St Mark’s Square you can see the balcony with statues on either side
用五句话写“我舒适的家”
1．我住在25平米的小公寓里。
2．这间房家具齐备，室内漂亮、干净、舒适。
3．在厨房与卧室之间有间书房，里面的书桌上 有台电脑。
4．在客厅的前面有个阳台，站在阳台上，你可以 看到前面的花园。
5．左边是洗手间，右边是起居室。
6.这就是我的公寓，简单又舒适。
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Answers:
Disco is a form of social dance popular around the world, which first came from Paris,France. In the late 1970s, it quickly became popular all over the world,
It is easy for young boys and girls to learn disco , which has a strong rhythm and many kinds of forms. Young people get together in bars or night club to dance to the music, singing and dancing happily as much as possible . Now it has become a way of fun and relaxing, as well as a way of culture of life.
词组和句子
Lesson1
1. across this painting 在画中
2. at high speed 以高速
3. in a…way 以一种…方式
4. fix one’s eyes on sth. 注视
5.sell for 以…价钱出售
6. be deep in thought 在沉思
7. add …to… 把…加到…上
8. pain sth. (colour) 把…油成…色
Lesson2
9. sort of 有积分地
10. a type of 一种型号的…
Lesson3
11. an article on sth. 有关…的文章
12. date back to= date from 追溯到
13. the look of surprise on one’s face
在某人脸上惊奇的表情
14. be used for sth. 被用于某物上
15. be used as sth. 被用作
16. be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
17. ring good luck 带来好运
18. relate …to… 把…和…联系起来
19. make patterns on clothing 把图案印在衣服上
20. try out 尝试
21. in the shape of… 以…形状
22. come up to sb. 周到某人面前
23. share sth. with sb. 与某人分享某物
24. accept one’s offer 接受某人提供的东西
Lesson4
25. pay rent to sb. 付某人租金
26. too much +n. 太多的..
much too + adj./adv. 太…
27. take a bath 洗澡
28. dream up 梦想
29. hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
Communication workshop
30. at the back/front 在后面/前面（部位）
31. in the background/ foreground
在后院/前院里
32. at the top (of)/ bottom (of) 在顶部/底部
Culture corner and bulletin board
33. A.is … away from B A地离B地有…远
34. It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
35. be determined to do sth. 决定了做某事
36. do the wallboard 出墙报
必背句子：
1. Across this painting, named Racing Horse, we can see a horse running at high speed.(Lesson1)
2. His interest changed later to simple pictures from everyday life, such as vegetables, flowers, birds
and insects. (Lesson1)
3. It looks as if it’s in the water. (Lesson2)
4. It really looks like something from a fairytale. (Lesson2)
5. Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert whom I interviewed for my article on Chinese Art.(Lesson3)
6. Paper-cutting is something that he learned to do from an early age. (Lesson3)
7. A young farmer who wanted a wife would look at a young woman’s paper-cutting skills before
marrying her. (Lesson3)
8. Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate
weddings. (Lesson3)
9.A present for couples whose child has recently been born might show a paper cut of children, for example. (Lesson3)
10.People to whom the dead person was related would make these offerings on special days and
during festivals. (Lesson3)
= People whom the dead person was related to would make these offerings on special days and
during festivals.
11. By the time we got to Mango street we were six. (Lesson4)
12. But the house on Mango street is not the way they described it at all. (Lesson4)
13. It’s finally our turn to do the wallboard in the school hall! (Bulletin Board)
核心词汇
1．A great many people expressed their ____________(伤心)when they learned of the victims of the Yushu earthquake.
2．We had many difficulties at first，but ____________(最后)we succeeded.
3．We should make a ____________(灵活的)plan in case of any unexpected changes.
4. Supporting such a large family is a heavy ____________(负担)for him.
5．I think it isn’t ____________ (适当的)for you to attend the party in such a casual coat.
6．It’s not surprising that young people nowadays follow new ____________(模式)of living.
7．Never will I forget the ideas and thoughts we ____________(交换)at college.
8．You have helped me so much that no words can ____________(传达)my thanks.
9．用translate的适当形式填空
(1)The disabled lady decided on a career as a ____________and has ____________ hundreds of books from English into Chinese so far.
(2)Her ____________ of some great works is popular among young people.
10．用end的适当形式填空
(1)-How did the story ____________？
-Just like most romantic stories，it had a happy ____________.
The prince killed the monster and saved the princess in the ____________ and they lived happily ever after.
(2)I can’t put up with his ____________complaints any more.
1. sorrow 2.eventually 3.flexible 4.load 5.appropriate 6.patterns 7.exchanged 8.convey 9.(1)translator；translated (2)translation 10.(1)end；ending；end (2)endless
高频短语
1．________________ 有意义
2．________________ 熬夜，不睡觉；挺立
3．________________ 轻松；不紧张；从容
4．________________ 用完
5．________________ (多用于被动结构)构成
6．________________ 转化成，改造为
7．________________ 尤其；特别
8．________________ 去远足
9．________________ 测试；试验
10．________________ 发出；放走
1.make sense 2.stay up 3.take it easy 4.run out of 5.make up of 6.transform into 7.in particular 8.go for a hike 9.try out 10.let out
重点句式
1．There are __________________________people write poems.
人们写诗有许多原因。
2．________ the traveller return，this stone would utter speech.
行人归来石应语。
3．Do you think the speaker in the poem ________________ be a girlfriend/boyfriend or a parent?
你认为诗中的发言者更有可能是一个女朋友、男朋友，还是一位父亲或母亲？
4．________ so many different forms of poetry ____________，students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
因为有许多不同类型的诗可以选择，学生们可能最后都想写他们自己的诗歌了。
1.various reasons why 2.Should 3.is more likely to 4.With；to choose from
知识详解
1 convey vt. 传达，表达；运送；传导，传播
(回归课本P10)Others try to convey certain emotions.
而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。
11
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P438)Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.
红色之类的颜色可给人们充满活力与力量的感觉。
②(牛津P438)Please convey my apologies to your wife.
请向你的妻子转达我的歉意。
③Please convey my good wishes to your mother.
请向你母亲转达我美好的祝愿。
④The survivors from Sichuan Earthquake have been conveyed to safe places.
四川地震中的幸存者已经被送到安全的地方。
【高效记忆】
Premier Wen Jiabao conveyed his sorrow for the dead and ordered the necessities should be conveyed immediately to the earthquakeMhit areas.温家宝总理表达了对死者的哀悼，并命令立即把必需品运送到地震灾区。
[即境活用]
1．完成句子
(1)作为老师，他确切地知道怎样向学生表达他的想法。
As a teacher，he knows exactly ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ the students.
答案：how to convey his ideas to
(2)我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。
I found it hard to ________ ________ ________ in words.
答案：convey my feelings
2transform vi.& vt. 转化；转换；改造；变换
(回归课本P11)Never looking back，transformed into stone.
化为石，不回头。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P2148)It was an event that would transform my life.
那是能够彻底改变我一生的一件事。
②In only 20 years the country has been transformed into an advanced industrial power.
这个国家只用了就变成了一个先进的工业强国。
③She used to be terribly shy，but a year abroad has completely transformed her.
她过去十分腼腆，但在国外呆了一年以后她完全变了。
[即境活用]
2．-Mr.Smith is no longer the man who he used to be.
-So he is.Success and wealth have ________ his character.
A．trained B．translated
C．transported D．transformed
解析：选D。由答句句意“是的，成功和财富已经改变了他的性格。”可知答案。
3appropriate adj. 适当的；正当的
(回归课本P13)Match the beginning of each sentence with the appropriate ending.
把每个句子的开头与恰当的结尾搭配起来。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(朗文P84)It is not appropriate to ask such personal questions in an interview.
采访中问这样私人的问题不合适。
②(朗文P84)We will take appropriate action once the investigation is over.
一旦调查结束我们将采取恰当的行动。
③(牛津P83)The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children.
这本书的文体适合儿童阅读。
④It is appropriate that he should do more exercise.
他多进行锻炼是恰当的。
[即境活用]
3．Mr.Black’s formal style of speaking was appropriate ________the occasion.
A．in B．with
C．at D．to
解析：选D。be appropriate to表示“适合于……”。句意：布莱克先生郑重其事的讲话方式适合那个场合。
4exchange n． 交换；交流；互换
vt.& vi.调换；交换
(回归课本P13)If there had not been an exchange programme，he would not have found a sponsor to help him study abroad.如果以前没有交换学生的项目，他不会找到资助人赞助他出国。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①Exchange your idea with your partner and then write it down.与你的同伴交换想法然后记录下来。
②(牛津P691)I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
我与经理握手，相互交谈了几句。
③(牛津P691)If it doesn’t fit，take it back and the store will exchange it.
如果不合适就把它拿回来，商店将给你掉换。
④(山东高考)I have offered to paint the house in exchange for a week’s accommodation.
我主动粉刷房子来交换一周的住宿。
[即境活用]
4．完成句子
(1)因为我们都匆匆忙忙，所以只交谈了几句。
We only ________ ________ ________ ________ because we were in a hurry.
答案：exchanged a few words
(2)我想把一些英镑兑换成美金。
I’d like to ________ some pounds ________ dollars.
答案：exchange；for
5load n． 负担，负荷物(尤指沉重的)
v． 装载，加重，把弹药装入(枪炮)
(回归课本P16)Slowly the old man carries his load.
老人慢慢地挑着沉重的担子。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①She is under great pressure from heavy study loads.
面对沉重的学业负担，她压力很大。
②(牛津P1185)She thought she would not be able to bear the load of bringing up her family alone.
她认为她无法独自一人担负起养家的重任。
③(牛津P1185)Knowing that they had arrived safely took a load off my mind.
得知他们平安到达后我如释重负。
④The table was loaded with many kinds of delicious food.
餐桌上摆满了各式各样的美味食品。
⑤How long will it take to load the coal into the truck?
装这车煤需要多长时间？
[即境活用]
5．The workers are loading the goods________a car，that is，they’re loading the car________goods.
A．with；with B．into；into
C．into；with D．with；into
解析：选C。考查load的用法。load sth.into...把……装入；load sth.with sth.用……装载……，故选C。
6take it easy 轻松；不紧张；从容
(回归课本P10)if we hadn’t taken it easy
如果我们没有放松警惕
[例句探源]
①(牛津P633)The doctor told me to take it easy for a few weeks.
医生叫我休息几周。
②Take it easy and tell us what happened.
别紧张，告诉我们究竟发生了什么事。
③Take your time and tell me all about it.
别着急，你慢慢讲，把事情全部告诉我。
④(牛津P1820)Why can’t you ever take anything seriously?
你怎么对什么都不当回事呢？
[即境活用]
6．-I feel nervous before the exam.
-________.It won’t be too difficult for you to pass.
A．Take it easily B．Take things easy
C．Take your time D．Take things easily
解析：选B。take things easy指在心理上放松。
7．-Could you turn the TV down a little bit?
-________.Is it disturbing you?
A．Take it easy
B．I’m sorry
C．Not a bit
D．It depends
解析：选B。考查交际用语的运用。前面提到你可以把电视的声音关小点吗？________这打扰你了吗？表明回答方表示不好意思，故用B项，I’m sorry表道歉。A项，别急；C项，一点也不；D项，看情况而定，这三项均不符合语境。
8．-I’m sorry to keep you waiting.I’ll make short of this.
-________.I’m not in a hurry.
A．Take it easy
B．Take your time
C．Not at all
D．Do as you like
解析：选B。由后面答语“I’m not in a hurry.”可知，说话者不慌，故B项正确。
7run out of 用完
(回归课本P10)if we hadn’t run out of energy
如果我们没有精疲力竭
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had run out of petrol.
在去海滩的路上，我的车因为汽油耗尽而抛锚了。
②(牛津P1751)Time is running out for the trapped miners.
被困矿工的时间不多了。
③In the future，care for the environment will become very important as earth’s natural resources run out.
在未来，爱护环境将会很重要，因为地球的资源将濒临枯竭。
④Her money has been run out of and her patience is also running out.她的钱已经用完了，她的耐心也要耗尽了。
⑤His strength gave out after he ran that long distance.
跑完这么长一段距离，他已精疲力竭。
⑥My money has been used up，so I have to return home.
我的钱已经用完了，因此我必须回家。
[即境活用]
9．-I’m still working on my project.
-Oh，you’ll miss the deadline.Time is________.
A．running out B．going out
C．giving out D．losing out
解析：选A。句意：--我仍然在做这个项目。--啊！你也许不能如期完成了。因为快没时间了。当表示时间用完、耗尽的时候多用run out。give out “用完，精疲力竭。”
10．-Do you think we should accept that offer?
-Yes，we should，for we________such bad luck up till now，and time________out.
A．have had；is running
B．had；is running
C．have；has been run
D．have had；has been run
解析：选A。句意：--你认为我们应当接受提供的帮助吗？--是的，因为到目前为止，我们碰到了如此糟糕的运气，而且时间紧迫。up till now(迄今为止)常与现在完成时连用，而时间“正在”消耗殆尽，应用进行时，故选A。
8make up of 组成，构成(多用于被动结构)
(回归课本P10)Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain，a poem made up of five lines.
另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫作五行诗。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①The medical team to be sent to Wenchuan county is made up of/consists of five men and two women.
这个要派往汶川县的医疗队由五男两女组成。
②The medical team made up of (＝which was made up of) two doctors and five nurses had arrived.
由两位大夫和五位护士组成的医疗队已经到达。
③(牛津P1222)After all the delays，we were anxious to make up for lost time.
耽搁了这么久，我们急着想弥补失去的时间。
④(牛津P1222)We need one more person to make up a team.
我们还需要一个人才能组成一个队。
[即境活用]
11．American Indians ________ about five percent of the US population.
A．fill up B．bring up
C．make up D．set up
解析：选C。句意：美洲印第安人大约占美国人口总数的5%。fill up 装满，填满；bring up教育，培养；提出，呕吐；make up组成，构成；编造，虚构，化妆，补足；set up竖立起来，建立，成立。
12．It suddenly occurred to Anne that money couldn’t ______ all that Bob had suffered in the past five years.
A．make up for B．look up to
C．put up with D．fit in with
解析：选A。考查动词短语。make up for“弥补”。句意：安妮突然想起金钱无法弥补鲍勃过去五年所受的罪。
句型梳理
1【教材原句】 With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own.(P11)
因为有许多不同类型的诗可以选择，学生们可能最后都想写他们自己的诗歌了。
【句法分析】 句中的with so many different forms of poetry to choose from 为with的复合结构作状语。
“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”称为with复合结构，可位于句首或句尾，常作时间、原因、方式、伴随状语，亦可作后置定语。
结构如下：
(1)with＋宾语＋doing (doing表主动或正在进行)
(2)with＋ 宾语＋adj.(adj.表状态)
(3)with＋宾语＋adv.(adv.表状态)
(4)with＋宾语＋done (done表完成或被动)
(5)with＋宾语＋介词短语
(6)with＋宾语＋to do (to do表将来，有时用主动形式表示被动意义)
①With time passing，they have grown into big boys and big girls.随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。
②He came downstairs with his coat over his arm.
他把外套搭在胳膊上走下楼来。
③With ten minutes to go，you’d better hurry.
还有10分钟，你最好快点。
④“I think we can leave with our heads held high，”Kate said.
凯特说，“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开”。
[即境活用]
13．John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work________，he gladly accepted it.
A．finished B．finishing
C．having finished D．was finished
解析：选A。句意：约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。根据句意，工作应该是被完成，所以确定A、D。在with复合结构中，所缺部分作宾语补足语，D项只能作谓语。故选A。with的复合结构是高考的重点之一，因此要牢记它的基本结构并能熟练应用。
14．(东城检测)With the college entrance examination________near，both the parents and the students are more and more anxious.
A．draws B．drawn
C．drawing D．is drawing
解析：选C。考查with的复合结构。With the college entrance examination drawing near是with的复合结构，the college entrance examination与draw near之间是主动关系，此处该结构的意思是“随着高考的临近”。
15．(20高考山东卷)The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already ________for a meal to be cooked.
A．laid B．laying
C．to lay D．being laid
解析：选A。lay“摆放，搁”，与其逻辑主语table是动宾关系，already表明动作已经完成。表示被动和完成，应该用动词的过去分词形式。
2【教材原句】 There are various reasons why people write poetry.(P10)
人们写诗有许多原因。
【句法分析】 (1)本句为主从复合句。why people write poetry作reasons的定语。关系副词why 在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for which代替。
①Tom should tell me the reason why he was late for our date this morning.
汤姆应该告诉我他今天上午约会迟到的原因。(why作原因状语)
②Did you hear the reason(that)he gave for being late?
你听到他为迟到而找的理由了吗？(that作宾语)
(2)注意句型The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
③The reason why we don’t trust him is that he often lies.
我们不信任他的原因是因为他时常说谎。
④The reason why he whispered to me was that he was afraid to be heard by others.
他和我窃窃私语的原因是他害怕被别人听到。
⑤The reason why he was absent was that he was ill.
他缺席的原因是因为他病了。
[即境活用]
16．Jack had no confidence and courage at that time.That was the reason ________he gave up the plan.
A．why B．when
C．what D．how
解析：选A。reason作为先行词后跟定语从句时，如定语从句中缺少状语时用关系副词why。
17．Is this the reason ________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A．he explained
B．what he explained
C．how he explained
D．why he explained
解析：选A。此题考查定语从句，排除B、C两项。explain为及物动词，其句式为explain sth.to sb.，通过分析可知，定语从句中缺少宾语，故应用关系代词which或that或省略。
（小周）
核心词汇
1．When she was telling us about her headache，her real aim was just to gain our____________(同情)．
2．It was a reasonable ____________(评估)and probably pretty close to the truth.
3．The opening____________(章)gives a general overview of the subject.
4．She got a ____________(兼职的)job to supplement the family income.
5．When climbing a mountain I advise beginners to use a ____________(手杖)．
6．The baggage is two kilos____________(超重)，so you have to pay two more dollars.
7．I like my clothes to be simple but ____________(优雅的)．
8．I shall be pleased to go, if you will____________(陪伴)me.
9．用satisfy的适当形式填空
(1)Nothing____________her；she’s always complaining.
(2)I am not at all____________with the present situation.
(3)The service that the company offers all over the country is quite____________.
(4)Last night they watched our performance with____________.
10．She ____________a lot of money and her____________for wealth made her put all her money in the bank.When she learned that it was possible that interest rate should be reduced，she almost went crazy.(desire)
1.sympathy 2.assessment 3.chapter 4.parttime 5.staff6.overweight 7.elegant 8.accompany 9.(1)satisfies(2)satisfied (3)satisfying (4)satisfaction 10.desired；desire
高频短语
1．________________ 试验；考验
2．________________ 给……打电话
3．________________ 转向；回转
4．________________ 不管，别惹；让……一个 人待着；和……单独在一起
5．________________ 将……放在一边；为……节 省或保留(钱或时间)
6．________________ 一共；总计
7．________________ 一定做……
8．________________ 寻找
9．________________ 把……和……进行比较
10．________________ 更确切地说
11．________________ 对……低声说
12．________________ 爱上……
1.test out 2.ring up 3.turn around 4.leave...alone 5.set aside 6.in all 7.be bound to 8.search for 9.compare ...with... 10.or rather 11.whisper to 12.fall in love with
重点句式
1．His name was Tony and he seemed ____________like a human ____________a machine.
他的名字叫托尼，与其说他看上去像一台机器，倒不如说更像一个人。
2．As she turned around，____________.
当她转过身时，她发现格拉迪丝克拉芬就站在身旁。
3．Asimov began having stories __________ in science fiction magazines in 1939.
在1939年艾西莫夫开始在科幻杂志上发表小说。
4．________ when Asimov was eleven years old_________his talent for writing became obvious.
阿西莫夫的写作天才是在他11岁时才显露出来的。
1.more；than 2.there stood Gladys Claffern 3.published,4.It was； that
知识详解
1 .desire n． 渴望；欲望；渴求
vt. 希望得到；想要
(回归课本P10)Do you think it is possible for a robot to have its own needs and desires?
你认为机器人有可能有自己的需求和愿望吗？
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(朗文P547)Teenagers’ desire for independence can cause problems for their parents.
青少年对独立的渴望会给父母带来麻烦。
②(朗文P547)One woman had expressed a strong desire to learn to read.
一位妇女表达了学识字的强烈愿望。
③(牛津P541)We all desire health and happiness.
我们都渴望健康和幸福。
④We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors.
我们一向希望邻里之间和睦相处。
⑤We desire that immediate help be given to the local villagers who have been trapped by the flood.
我们渴望给予那些被洪水围困的当地村民们立刻的救援。
[即境活用]
1．完成句子
(1)As far as I know，the little boy ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (有强烈的求知欲)．
答案：has a strong desire for knowledge
(2)My desire is that I________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ (不久再来中国)．
答案：should come to China again soon
(3)The old woman desired her sons and daughters________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(不时地来看望她)．
答案：to come/should come and see her from time to time
2 .favour n． 喜爱；恩惠，帮忙；优惠
vt. 喜爱；偏袒(＝favor)
(回归课本P11)As a favour Tony promised to help Claire make herself smarter and her home more elegant.
托尼为让克莱尔高兴，答应帮助她，使她变得更漂亮，使她的家变得更高雅大方。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P734) Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today?
今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？
②(牛津P735)I’ll ask Steve to take it.He owes me a favour.
我要请史蒂夫接受。他欠我一个人情。
③(牛津P735) I’m all in favour of equal pay for equal work.
我完全支持同工同酬。
④(牛津P735)The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment.
目前汇率对我们有利。
[即境活用]
2．完成句子
(1)他们大部分人赞成我的观点，而戴维反对。
Most of them were ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ while David ________ ________ ________.
答案：in favour of my opinion；was against it
(2)你可以帮我把这个拿到邮局吗？
Will you ________ ________ ________ ________ and take this to the post office for me?
答案：do me a favour
3 .sympathy n． 同情，同情心；赞同，支持
(回归课本P11)Claire thought it was ridiculous to be offered sympathy by a robot.
克莱尔觉得，机器人向她表示同情，这有点荒唐可笑。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P2049)I have no sympathy for Jan，it’s all her own fault.
我不同情简，那都是她自己的错。
②(牛津P2049)I wish he’d show me a little more sympathy.
我多希望他能再体谅我一点。
③Out of sympathy for the homeless children，he gave them shelter for the night.
出于对无家可归的孩子的同情，他给他们提供了住宿。
④Do you have any sympathy with his point of view?
你同意他的观点吗？
[即境活用]
3．完成句子
(1)我绝对不同情那些考试作弊的考生。
I ________ ________ ________ ________ _________ students who cheat on tests.
答案：have absolutely no sympathy for
(2)大多人赞同你的看法。
The majority of people are _________ _________ _________your views.
答案：in sympathy with/in favour of
4 .accompany vt. 陪伴；伴奏；附有；配有
(回归课本P11)As he was not allowed to accompany her to the shops，he wrote out a list of items for her.
她不允许他陪她去商店，因此他为她列了一个购物清单。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(上海高考)Our trained leaders will accompany you and tell you everything you need to know.
我们受过培训的带队人员会陪伴着你，告诉你需要知道的一切。
②(朗文P12)John has decided to accompany me on my trip to India.
约翰已决定陪我去印度。
③The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.
女歌手由她姐姐钢琴伴奏。
④I’ll stay here and keep you company.
我留下来陪你。
⑤Her father accompanied her to the concert and when she sang，her father accompanied her on the piano.Her song sounded wonderful accompanied by the music.
她父亲陪她去音乐会，当她唱歌时，她父亲为她钢琴伴奏。在音乐的陪伴下，她的歌声听起来优美极了。
[即境活用]
4．I’m sure you will make yourself understood better if you________your words with gestures.
A．advocateB．refresh
C．accompany D．transform
解析：选C。accompany 意为“陪伴，伴奏”。句意：假如你说话时伴之以手势，那么别人肯定就能更清楚地明白你的意思。advocate拥护，提倡，主张；refresh使恢复，使振作；transform转化，转换，改造，变换。
5．It is said that dogs will keep you________for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
A．safety B．company
C．house D．friend
解析：选B。keep sb.company为习语，表示“陪伴某人；与某人同步 ”。
5 .satisfaction n． 满意，满足
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P1769)She looked back on her career with great satisfaction.
回顾自己的事业，她深感欣慰。
②(牛津P1769)The education system must satisfy the needs of all children.
教育系统必须满足所有儿童的需要。
③The girl satisfied her mother by cleaning up the kitchen.
那女孩清洗厨房以使她母亲满意。
④The teacher was very satisfied with the work the students did yesterday.
老师对学生们昨天干的工作感到十分满意。
⑤The result of the examination is very satisfying.
这次考试的结果非常令人满意。
[即境活用]
6．You can’t________everybody.If the majority________your decision，that’s OK.
A．satisfy；was satisfied with
B．be satisfied；satisfy
C．satisfy；are satisfied with
D．satisfy；satisfied with
解析：选C。本题的关键是动词satisfy的用法，表示“使人满意”，用satisfy sb.；若表示“某人对某事满意”，则用sb.be satisfied with sth.，另外，根据前后语境知应用一般现在时。
6 .declare vt. 宣布；声明；表明；宣称
(回归课本P11)She cried out “Tony” and then heard him declare that he didn’t want to leave her the next day and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.
她大叫一声“托尼”，然后听到托尼一本正经地说，明天他不想离开她，而且他并不满足于仅仅使她开心。
[归纳拓展]
①(朗文P523)Officials declared Jackson the winner of the race.
官员们宣布杰克逊为比赛的胜利者。
②(朗文P523)The United States declared its independence from Britain in 1776.
美国于1776年正式宣布脱离英国而独立。
③(朗文P523)The time has come to declare war on cancer.
是该向癌症宣战的时候了。
④When they asked him for his opinion，he declared strongly against the policy.
他们向他征求意见时，他声明强烈反对这项政策。
[例句探源]
[易混辨析]
announce，declare
(1)announce指正式地“公开；发表；宣布”，侧重“预告”人们所关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻之类的消息。
(2)declare指正式地、明确地向公众“宣布；宣告；声明”，侧重“当众”发表，多用于宣战、议和、宣判等。
①It was announced that there would be a celebration on Sunday.
②We have time and time again declared that we will never be the first to use nuclear weapons.
[即境活用]
7．The fact that she never apologized ________ a lot about what kind of person she is.
A．says B．talks
C．appears D．declares
解析：选A。本题考查动词词义辨析。say意为“说明，表达，显示”。B项talk意为“谈论”；C项appear意为“出现，显得”；D项declare意为“宣布，声明”，都不合语境。句意：她永远不会道歉很大程度上说明了她是一个什么样的人。
7 .leave...alone 不管；别惹；让……一个人待着；和……单独在一起
(回归课本P12)She shouted “Leave me alone ”and ran to her bed.
她高声嚷着：“让我独自待一会儿！”然后就跑上了床。
[归纳拓展]
leave behind 遗留；把……抛在后面；超过
leave aside 搁置一边
leave for... 动身到……
leave out 省略；遗漏
leave over 留下；剩下
[例句探源]
①I’ve told you to leave my things alone.Why can’t you leave me alone?
我已经告诉你别管我的事情。为什么你不让我一个人待着？
②Leave it alone，or you’ll break it.
别碰它，否则你会把它弄坏的。
③It was careless of him to leave out an important detail.
他真粗心，漏掉了一个重要细节。
④Don’t leave me behind.
不要把我忘了。
[即境活用]
8．用leave alone；leave out；leave behind；leave for填空：
(1)You will have to put in some extra work if you don’t want to get ____________.
答案：left behind
(2)________him________-he obviously doesn’t want to talk about it.
答案：Leave；alone
(3)We will_____________ the airport at a quarter past five.
答案：leave for
(4)The teacher stressed again that the students should not____________ any important details while retelling the story.
答案：leave out
8 .set aside 将……放在一边；为……节省或保留(钱或时间)
(回归课本P13)He felt happy when his boss stated that he could set aside some time for exercise.
当老板说他可以留出时间运动的时候，他感到很高兴。
[归纳拓展]
set about doing 着手做某事
set down (指车辆或司机)停下来让(乘客)下车；记下；放下
set off 出发，动身，起程；使……爆炸
set out 出发；摆放；陈述或宣布；开始做某事
set up 摆放或竖起某物；使……准备使用；开办，建立
[例句探源]
①(牛津P1823)She tries to set aside some money every month.
她每个月都尽量存点钱。
②(牛津P1823)Let’s set aside my personal feelings for now.
目前咱们就不要顾及我的个人感情了。
③(全国高考)I think we ought to set off at 7∶00，while the roads are empty.
我认为我们应该7点出发，趁那时道路畅通无阻。
④For all three years I have been working for others，I’m hoping I’ll set up my own business someday.
三年来我一直为他人工作，我希望有一天我能建立自己的事业。
⑤I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do.
我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。
[即境活用]
9．用set aside；set down；set out；set up；set about填空：
(1)Johnson ____________decorating their new house in blues and yellows.
答案：set about
(2)He was asked to ____________ the facts just as he remembered.
答案：set down
(3)I____________my overcoat and took out my summer clothes.
答案：set aside
(4)After dinner，Candida____________for the supermarket to buy some chocolate.
答案：set out
(5)A lot of tall buildings have been ____________in Beijing in the past three years.
答案：set up
句型梳理
1【教材原句】 It_was then that Claire realized that Tony had opened the curtains of the front window.(P12)
也就在这时候，克莱尔才意识到托尼早就把前边窗户的窗帘拉开了。
【句法分析】 强调句的用法：
(1)It was/is＋被强调部分＋that...构成强调句的陈述句形式。
①It was because of bad weather that the football match must be put off.
是因为坏天气，足球赛必须被推迟。(强调的是原因状语)
②It was in the beautiful park that was located by the sea that we first met our new Chinese teacher.
是在位于海边的美丽公园我们第一次遇见我们汉语老师。
(2)强调句的疑问句形式。强调句变为一般疑问句时，直接将is/was置于句首。简略的答语为：“Yes，it is/was.”或“No，it isn’t/wasn’t.”
③-Was it you that I saw at the concert last night?
我昨天晚上在音乐会上看到的是你吗？
-No，it wasn’t.不是。
(3)强调句的特殊疑问句式是：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that...。
④Why was it that the football match must be put off?
为什么足球赛必须被推迟？
(4)强调“not...until”引导的时间状语时，要用“It is/was not until...that...”结构，that后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。
⑤It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘下她的墨镜，我才认出她是一位著名的电影明星。
10．-Oh，where is my wallet?
-Was it ________ the man knocked into you ________ he picked your wallet?
A．how；that B．what；that
C．that；when D．when；that
解析：选D。考查强调句型。答句可还原为It was when...that he picked your wallet。
[即境活用]
11．I really don’t know ________ I had my money stolen.
A．when was it that
B．that it was when
C．where it was that
D．it was where that
解析：选C。由强调句结构“ It was...that...”可排除B项；强调句作动词know的宾语，语序应为陈述句语序，排除A项。显然，强调句的强调部分为where，但是强调句为宾语从句时，这类wh连接代词或副词常置于it之前，作宾语从句的连接词。
12．It was only after he had spent several nights experimenting ________ he decided to write to Dr.Williams to find out if he was wasting his time.
A．when B．that
C．before D．since
解析：选B。句意：他是在做了几晚实验后才决定写信给威廉斯博士，想知道自己是否在浪费时间。此句是强调句型。
13．It was only when I fully understood the poem ________ to appreciate its beauty.
A．did I come B．that I came
C．then I came D．had I come
解析：选B。“It is＋被强调部分＋that...”是强调句型。
2【教材原句】 Asimov began having_stories_published in science fiction magazines in 1939.(P16)
在1939年艾西莫夫开始在科幻杂志上发表小说。
【句法分析】 have sth.done 中过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动的含义，有时也可以用get sth.done来替换，该结构的意思是“使某事被做”。有时可翻译为“请人做某事”。
(1)have sb.do sth.让某人干某事
(2)have sb./sth.doing让某人一直做某事(某事处于某种状态)。用于否定句时，have 表示“容忍、容许”之意。
(3)have sth.to do/to be done有事要做，have 表示“拥有”
①I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays.I don’t wash my clothes myself.
我通常在星期天洗衣服，但不是自己洗。
② He had his experiment report all written out neatly.
他把实验报告写得清清楚楚。
③We won’t have you cheating in the exam.
我们不允许你们在考试时作弊。
④The boss had the workers working day and night.
老板让工人们日日夜夜不停地工作。
⑤We have a lot of things to do every day.
我们每天都有很多事情要做。
[即境活用]
14．(年高考山东卷)I have a lot of readings________before the end of this term.
A．completing B．to complete
C．completed D．being completed
解析：选B。句意：本学期结束前我有许多阅读要完成。考查非谓语动词作定语。have sth.to do 有某事要做，to do 的逻辑主语需和主句主语一致；当不定式的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，可用 have sth.to be done 结构。
15．He feels it dangerous for a girl to be out late at night so he won’t have his daughter ________home late.
A．arrive B．arrived
C．to arrive D．arriving
解析：选D。考查have sb.doing的用法。have sb.doing在否定句中用于will not，can not 等之后， 表示允许或容忍(某事物)发生。
16．-Manager，do you have something________at this moment?
-No，thanks.I’ll call you if any.
A．to be typed B．to type
C．typing D．typed
解析：选A。句意：“经理，现在你有什么材料要打印出来吗？”“不，谢谢。如果有的话我会给你打电话的。”根据题意，have 在此句中表示“拥有”，答案只能在A、B之间选择，A项表示动作由别人执行，B项表示动作由句子的主语you 执行，故答案为A。
17．I can’t see my old grandparents ________alone in the country，so I’ll have them________with me in the city at present.
A．leave；stay B．left；stay
C．leaving；to stay D．left；to stay
解析：选B。考查非谓语动词。第一空为过去分词作补语；第二空构成have sb.do sth.结构，表示让某人做某事，该处have 是使役动词，故答案为B。
（小周）
核心词汇
1．The chemicals that are harmful to the environment are ____________(禁止)here.
2．Christmas____________(装饰品)now have started to sell well in our shop.
3．She fell heavily，____________(撞)her head against the side of the boat.
4．She ____________(喜爱，爱慕)her grandchildren and is always buying them presents.
5．Before rules and____________(规则)were introduced，the sport was very dangerous.
6．It’s not ____________(仅)a matter of cost，but whether she’s old enough to go on holiday alone.
7．I am sure she has the ability to____________(承担)all kinds of housework.
8．I thought the price of the car was quite____________(合理的)，so I decided to buy it.
9．用object 的适当形式填空
(1)Grey decided to move to the countryside and his wife made no ____________ to it.
(2)Some members of the committee ____________to my proposal，which made me disappointed.
10．用assume的适当形式填空
(1)We are working on the ____________that the conference will take place as planned.
(2)____________that his story is true，what should we do?
1.forbidden 2.decorations 3.striking 4.adores 5.regulations 6.merely 7.undertake 8.reasonable 9.(1)objections (2)objected 10.(1)assumption (2)Assuming
高频短语
1．________________ 得到好结果；取得成 功；偿清
2．________________ 沮丧；不愉快
3．________________ 反对
4．________________ 赞成；支持
5．________________ 把……归功于……
6．________________ 一定或注定(做)……
7．________________ 使……刻骨铭心
8．________________ 不时；偶尔
9．________________ 使复生；使复活
10．________________ 白费力气；枉费心机
11．________________ 状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏
1．pay off 2.cast down 3.object to 4.in favour of 5.owe...to... 6.(be)bound to (do)．.. 7.strike...into one’s heart 8.from time to time 9.bring back to life 10.in vain 11.in good/poor condition
重点句式
1．But at last the determination and patience of the scientists ____________in with a breakthrough-the cloning of Dolly the sheep.
但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终于收获了突破性的结果--克隆羊“多莉”。
2．____________the disturbing news ____________Dolly had become seriously ill.
接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
3．Is it ____________cloning or ____________it?
它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为？
4．Scientists believe human cloning is just____________but____________human clones have already been born hasn’t been proved yet.
科学家们相信人类的克隆只不过是时间问题，但是克隆人已经问世的说法还没有被证实。
5．________________if there is a new illness some of these animals may die，but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.
其优点是如果发生了某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死掉，但是另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种免疫力传给下一代。
1．paid off 2.Then came；that 3.in favour of；against 4.a matter of time；the assumption that 5.The advantage is that
知识详解
1 .object vi. 反对；不赞成
n.物体；目标
(回归课本P12)On the other hand，Dolly’s appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.
另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P1372)If nobody objects，we’ll postpone the meeting till next week.
如果没有人反对，我们就把会议推迟到下周。
②(牛津P1372)I really object to being charged for parking.
我非常反对收停车费。
③(牛津P1372)If you’re late，you’ll defeat the whole object of the exercise.
如果你迟到了，便不能达到整个活动的目的。
④I objected that he was too young for the position.
我提出反对意见他太年轻不适合这个职位。
⑤(牛津P1372)The main objection to the plan was that it would cost too much.
反对这个计划的主要理由是费用过高。
[即境活用]
1．I don’t mind her criticizing me，but________is how she does it that I object to.
A．it B．that
C．this D．which
解析：选A。考查代词it的用法。本题关键是并列连词but。粗心的学生可能会误选which，认为此处为一个定语从句。object to反对；抗议。句意：我不介意她批评我，但我反对的是她批评我的方式。
2 .undertake (undertook；undertaken) vt. 着手；
从事；承担
(回归课本P11)It is a difficult task to undertake.
这是一项很难完成的任务。
[归纳拓展]
①(朗文P2241)Two new studies have been undertaken to determine the effects of the chemicals.
已经进行了两项新研究以确定这些化学制品的作用。
②(牛津P2197)University professors both teach and undertake research.
大学教授既要教学又要从事研究工作。
③He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
他答应在星期五以前完成那项工作。
④I can undertake that you will enjoy the trip.
我保证你会喜欢这次旅行。
[例句探源]
[即境活用]
2．Who do you think is the right person________ ________ ________ ________(承担这项任务)?
答案：to undertake the task
3 .forbid (forbade/forbad，forbidden) vt. 禁止，
不准
(回归课本P12)Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning...
有些政府开始改革他们的法律制度，禁止进行克隆人的研究……
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P794)You are all forbidden to leave.
你们都不准离开。
②(牛津P794)He forbade them from mentioning the subject again.他不准他们再提这个问题。
③I will forbid you to leave unless you apologize for what you have done.
如果你不为自己所做的事情道歉，我不允许你离开。
④He forbids smoking during office hours.
他禁止在办公时间抽烟。
[即境活用]
3．完成句子
(1)当火车行驶时，禁止我们往窗外看。
We ________ ________ ________ ________ ________of the window when the train was moving.
答案：were forbidden to look out
(2)他甚至禁止我去网吧会见我的网友！
He has even ________ ________ ________ ________my friends online at the Internet café！
答案：forbidden me from meeting
4 .owe vt. 欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于……，应感谢
(回归课本P13)You owe the lady an apology.
你必须向这位女士道歉。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(牛津P1427)Thanks for helping me-I owe you a favour.
谢谢你帮助我--我欠你一个人情。
②These early settlers owed their survival to hard work and determination to succeed.
这些早期移民把他们的幸存归功于艰苦劳动和追求成功的决心。
③If I have improved in any way，I owe it all to my teacher.
如果说我有一些进步，这应该全部归功于我的老师。
④(高考湖北卷) Owing to her assistance，we succeeded in starting the engine.
多亏她帮忙，我们才成功启动了引擎。
[即境活用]
4．她把她的成功归功于幸运，而不是有能力。
She ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________rather than to ability.
答案：owes her success to good luck
5 .bother vt. 打扰
vi. 操心
n． 烦扰；令人烦恼的事或人
(回归课本P14)However，the problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists.
然而，之后她患上了严重的肺病的问题使科学家们困扰。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①He didn’t even bother to let me know he was coming.
他甚至连通知都没通知我他要来。
②(牛津P221)I don’t want to bother her with my problems at the moment.
我此刻不想让她为我的事操心。
③(牛津P221)Sorry to bother you，but there is a call for you.
很抱歉打扰你一下，有你的电话。
[即境活用]
5．-I’m sorry to________you，but can you tell me the way to the nearest supermarket?
-I will do some shopping，too.Shall we walk there together?
A．botherB．carry
C．affect D．award
解析：选A。句中I’m sorry to bother you 相当于Excuse me“对不起，打扰一下”，故选A。
6 .pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
(回归课本P11)But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough-the cloning of Dolly the sheep.
但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终于19收获了突破性的结果--克隆羊“多莉”。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①(朗文P1503)Mr.Li was driving a taxi on the weekends to pay off all his debts.
李先生周末开出租车赚钱以还清他的所有债务。
②Her design won the first prize in the competition.Years of patience and hard work had at last paid off.
她的设计在比赛中获得一等奖。多年的耐心和艰苦的工作终于得到了好的结果。
③If you don’t work now，you’ll pay for it later when you fail your exams.
你现在不好好学习，到考试不及格时就会为此而付出代价。
④He had to work parttime so as to pay for his education.
他必须做兼职工作来支付学费。
⑤That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.
能够回报人们给我的帮助让我感到很开心。
[即境活用]
6．-Li Feng won the first prize in the national English competition.
-Oh，really? I’m glad that her efforts at last________.
A．worked out B．got back
C．paid off D．turned out
解析：选C。答句句意：噢，真的吗？我很高兴她的努力终于得到了好的结果。pay off(指冒风险的政策、做法等)带来好结果，成功，行得通。又如：The gamble paid off.赌赢了。
7 .in favour of 赞成；支持
(回归课本P12)Is it in favour of cloning or against it?
它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为？
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
①My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was in favour of it.
我姐姐反对我的提议，然而我弟弟却赞成。
②Could you do me a favour and turn off the light?
请帮忙把灯关掉好吗？
[即境活用]
7．I am ________your suggestion________we should spend more time on this project.
A．in favour of；which
B．in honor of；that
C．in favour of；that
D．in honor of；which
解析：选C。句意：我很赞成你的建议那就是我们应该在这工程上花费更多的时间。in favour of 赞成；in honor of 向……表示敬意；为纪念……。第二个空为that 引导的同位语从句。
8．(皖南八校模拟)Many young people left their hometown for big cities________better jobs.
A．in favour of B．in search of
C．in charge of D．in honour of
解析：选B。in favour of赞成，支持；in search of寻找；in charge of负责，掌管；in honour of为向……表示敬意。结合语境应选B项。
【教材原句】 Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(P12)
接着传来了令人烦恼的消息--多莉得了重病。
【句法分析】 (1)表示方位、时间或方式的副词或介词短语，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等置于句首时，句子用倒装语序。
①(20高考福建卷)For a moment nothing happened.Then came voices all shouting together.
有一会儿什么也没发生。接下来传来一起欢呼声。
②Then came the news that the war was over.
接下来传来战争结束的消息。
③Out rushed the children.
孩子们冲了出去。
④There goes the bell.铃响了。
(2)本句中that引导的从句为同位语从句，that仅起连接作用，无实意。
常见的后接同位语从句的抽象名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，order，problem，belief，fear等。
同位语从句常用that引导，也可以由连接代词who，what，whose，which，连接副词how，when，where，why或连词whether来引导。
⑤The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true.
他当选美国总统的消息是真的。
⑥The question whether we should continue to do the experiment has not been answered yet.
我们是否该继续实验的问题还没有被解决。
⑦I have no idea where the new library will be built.
我不知道新图书馆将要建在哪里。
⑧We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.
我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。
[即境活用]
9．(高考陕西卷)John opened the door.There________he had never seen before.
A．a girl did stand B．a girl stood
C．did a girl stand D．stood a girl
解析：选D。考查完全倒装。副词there，here等位于句首，应用完全倒装句式。句意：约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。
（小周）
核心词汇
1．Several graduates____________(竞争)for the post，but Jack was the one who got hired.
2．I’m short of money，and can’t afford a new car to ____________(取代)my old one.
3. He____________(要价)me $1.50 for repairing the watch，which was too much.
4．We got the tickets to the show at half price.They were real____________(便宜货)．
5．We’re not going to give each of them a medal；not all of them____________(值得)one.
6．To help ease the____________(疼痛)，apply heat to the area with a hotwater bottle.
7．Which country is the____________(举办国)of the next Olympic Games?
8．____________are a good way to sell products or improve services.In order to promote our products，we plan to____________them in the local newspaper.(advertise)
9．You have grown up and you need to take____________for your actions.In my opinion，it is you rather than he should be____________for the accident.(responsible)
10．Whoever wants to go hiking must be____________strong.To keep fit，we should often take part in____________exercise.(physical)
11．____________to college is by examination only.Today I got a letter that said，I had been____________to Beijing University.(admit)
1.competed 2.replace 3.charged 4.bargains 5.deserve 6.pain 7.host 8.Advertisements；advertise 9.responsibility；responsible 10.physically；physical,11.Admission；admitted
高频短语
1．________________ 参加；参与
2．________________ 代表；象征；表示
3．________________ 也；还
4．________________ 主管；看管
5．________________ 做交易
6．________________ 拾起；接收；搭车；加速
7．________________ 计算出；设计出；解决；结果；锻炼
8．________________ 陆续地；一个接一个地
9．________________ 除了
1.take part in 2.stand for 3.as well 4.in charge 5.make a bargain 6.pick up 7.work out 8.one after another 9.apart from
重点句式
1．Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event ____________competitors.
只有达到他们各自项目规定水平的运动员才被允许参加比赛。
2．No other countries could join in，____________slaves or women!
别的国家不能参加，奴隶和妇女也不能参加！
3．Women are____________，________play a very important role in gymnastics，athletics，team sports and...
妇女们不但被允许参加，而且还在体操、竞技、团体运动等比赛项目中起着非常重要的作用。
4．There’s____________much competition among countries to host the Olympics____________to win Olympic medals.
国与国之间争取奥运会举办权的竞争，就跟争夺奥运奖牌一样激烈。
5．I lived in ____________ you call “Ancient Greece” and I ____________ write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.
我生活在你们所说的“古希腊”，我先前经常写有关很多年前奥运会的情况。
1.will be admitted as 2.nor could 3.not only allowed；but 4.as；as 5.what；used to
知识详解
1.compete vi. 比赛；竞争
(回归课本P9)How many countries competed in the ancient Olympic Games?
有多少国家参加古代奥运会？
[归纳拓展]
①(牛津P400)We can’t compete with them on price.
我们在价格上无法与他们竞争。
②Zhang Yining and Wang Nan competed in the 29th Olympic Games.
张怡宁和王楠参加了第29届奥运会。
[例句探源]
③(牛津P400)Young children will usually compete for their mother’s attention.
小孩子通常都会在母亲面前争宠。
④Nobody can entirely keep away from this competitive world.
没有人能够完全远离这个竞争的社会。
【高效记忆】
比赛(compete)
[即境活用]
1．A lot of competitors from the world will go to London to compete ________ each other________medals in 2012.
A．for；against B．against；with
C．with；for D．for；with
解析：选C。句意：在，世界各地的许多运动员将会去伦敦为争夺奖牌而竞争。compete with/against sb.for sth.为争夺某物与某人竞争，所以第一空可填against或with，而第二空只能填for。
2.admit vt.& vi. 容许；承认；接纳；容纳
(回归课本P10)Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors.
只有达到他们各自项目规定水平的运动员才被允许参加比赛。
[归纳拓展]
[例句探源]
2．(年高考全国卷Ⅱ)If you leave the club，you will not be________back in.
A．received B．admitted
C．turned D．moved
解析：选B。句意：如果你离开俱乐部，你将不会被允许返回。admit准许进(加)入。
[即境活用]
3.replace vt. 取代；替换；把……放回原处
(回归课本P10)So even the olive wreath has been replaced!
这么说连橄榄枝花环也被取代了！
[归纳拓展]
①(牛津P1688)It is not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.
不吃正餐，改吃点心，这不是什么好主意。
②John is ill and I want to know who is going to replace him.
约翰病了，我想知道谁要替代他。
[例句探源]
③You have to replace the books on the shelves before you leave.
你离开之前必须把书放回书架上。
④It would be difficult to find a man to take the place of the present manager.
找一个人来代替现在的经理是不容易的。
3．完成句子
(1)他不适合这项工作，我们另雇了一个人代替他。
He is not fit for the job.We’ve hired a new one________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：in place of him
[即境活用]
(2)就我个人而言，课堂上电脑永远不会取代老师。
As far as I’m concerned，________ ________ ________ ________ ________ by computers in class.
答案：teachers will never be replaced
4.charge vt.& vi. 收费；控诉；充电
n． 费用；主管
(回归课本P12)duty to be in charge and get in trouble if things go wrong
当一些事情出错而陷入麻烦，有责任去负责
[归纳拓展]
①(牛津P320)Do you think museums should charge for admission?
你认为博物馆应该收入场费吗？
②(牛津P320)He was charged with murder.
他被指控犯有谋杀罪。
③(牛津P319)He took charge of the farm after his father’s death.
父亲去世后他掌管了农场。
[例句探源]
4．一位新经理将负责由王先生掌管的公司。
A new manager will come to________ ________ ________this company，which was________ ________ ________ ________Mr.Wang.
答案：take charge of；in the charge of
[即境活用]
5.bargain vi. 讨价还价；讲条件
n． 便宜货
(回归课本P14)Her father said that she must marry，so Atlanta made a bargain with him.
她父亲说她必须结婚。于是，亚特兰大跟他讲条件。
[归纳拓展]
①I bargained with the taxi driver about the price.
我与出租车司机讲价。
②He and his partner had made a bargain to help each other.
他和他的合伙人达成协议，要相互帮助。
③In my opinion，the car was a bargain at that price.
依我来看，那辆车的价格真便宜。
[例句探源]
5．I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale；it was a real________.
A．exchange B．bargain
C．trade D．business
解析：选B。句意：我只花了10美元就买了一套裙子，真合算。exchange“互换”；bargain“便宜货，廉价货”；trade“贸易”；business“生意”。结合前面给出的信息“只花了10美元”，言外之意花钱不多，所以本题选择B项。
[即境活用]
6.deserve vi.& vt. 应受(报答或惩罚)；值得
(回归课本P15)Do you think Hippomenes deserved to win the race?
你认为希波墨涅斯该赢得比赛吗？
[归纳拓展]
①(朗文P546)The recommendations in the report certainly deserve further consideration.
报告中的建议确实值得进一步考虑。
②She deserves to succeed.
她应该成功。
③There is no doubt that he deserves the title“outstanding player of his generation”．
毫无疑问，他无愧于“一代杰出球员”的称号。
[例句探源]
④He deserves to be punished for what he did.
＝He deserves punishing for what he did.
他做了这样的事，应受到惩罚。
【温馨提示】 deserve后接doing，主动式表被动意义，等于接动词不定式的被动语态。有相同用法的动词还有：need，want，require等。
6．-It’s better for you to lose weight by taking exercise every morning.
-I think your suggestion deserves ________.
A．try B．tried
C．to be tried D．to try
解析：选C。考查动词的用法。deserve意为“值得”，后常跟to do/to be done。suggestion与try之间为被动关系，故选C。
[即境活用]
7.take part in 参加
(回归课本P9)Who could not take part in the ancient Olympic Games?
谁不能参加古代奥运会呢？
①(牛津P1449)How many countries took part in the last Olympic Games?
有多少国家参加了上届奥运会？
②When he was young，he took an active part in political activities.他年轻时，积极参加各种政治活动。
③When I watched the game，he encouraged me to take part in.
当我在看比赛的时候他鼓励我参加。
[例句探源]
[易混辨析]
join，join in，take part in，attend
(1)join“参加”，指加入党派、社会团体、军队等并成为其中一员。
join the army/the Party/the League参军/入党/入团
(2)join(sb.)in指参与某项活动，口语中常与take part in 通用。
(3)take part in指参加群众性活动、会议并在其中起积极作用。
(4)attend是正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、典礼；听报告、讲座等。一般指成为观众或听众。
①He joined the Party in 1980.
②He joined us in the discussion yesterday.
③I suggest those taking part in the competition should be praised.
④She had an important lecture to attend.
7．The Olympic Games________liked by almost everyone in the world.That’s why more and more countries decided________the Olympics.
A．is；to join B．are；to join
C．is；to take part in D．are；to take part in
解析：选D。the Olympic Games作主语，谓语动词用复数。“参加活动”应用take part in。
[即境活用]
8．When my neighbours came out to do morning exercises，I also________.
A．joined B．joined in
C．attended D．took part in
解析：选A。考查动词及短语辨析。句意：邻居们出来做早操时，我也跟着一起做。join in强调“加入某人一起干”或“加入某人正在进行的活动中”，而take part in仅指参加某项活动，attend多指参加会议、上课、上学等，所以应选A项。
8.as well 也；还(常放在句子末尾，作为副词短语使用)
(回归课本P10)For each Olympics，a special village is built for them to live in，a main reception building，several stadiums for competitions，and a gymnasium as well.
每届奥运会都要建一个特殊的村庄(奥运村)让参赛的人住，一个主接待楼、几个比赛用的体育场及一个体育馆。
[归纳拓展]
①My little brother can speak English and French as well.
我弟弟会说英语，也会说法语。
②Many students as well as Tom were present at the meeting.
汤姆和许多学生都出席了会议。
[例句探源]
③She cooks as well as her mother does.
她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。
④Since you have started the job，you might as well finish it.
既然你已经开始了这项工作，不妨把它做完吧。
[即境活用]
9．-You seemed to be deeply struck by his skill.
-Not exactly.It was his courage________his skill that really struck me most.
A．rather B．as well as
C．but also D．not as
解析：选B。考查副词的辨析。as well as表示“也、又”，强调前者。此句中It was...that...为强调结构，强调了“his courage as well as his skill”。
句型梳理
1【教材原句】 No other countries could join in，nor could slaves or women！(P10)
别的国家不能参加，奴隶和妇女也不能参加！
【句法分析】 句型“nor/neither＋系动词/助动词/情态动词＋另一个主语”用于否定陈述句之后，表示“也不”，相当于either用于否定句。
①My sister can’t swim，nor/neither can her husband.
我姐姐不会游泳，她丈夫也不会。
②I haven’t seen the film，nor/neither has Mary.
我没看过这部电影，玛丽也没看过。
③I don’t know，nor do I care.我不知道，也不关心。
[归纳拓展]
(1)“so＋助动词/be/情态动词＋主语”，是一种倒装句型，意为“也是如此”，表示上句所谈到的情况也适用于另一主语，so用来代替上句的内容。
④He has finished his homework，and so have I.
他完成了作业，我也完成了。
⑤If you go to school early tomorrow，so shall I.
如果明天你早点去学校，我也早去。
(2)如果表示前面两件或两件以上的事也适合于另一人或物时，则需要用So it is/was with...或It is/was the same with...。
⑥Mary was born in Australia and she lived in the United States.So it was with Jane./It was the same with Jane.
玛丽在澳大利亚出生，在美国居住。简也是。
⑦-I like English but I can’t study it well.
我喜欢英语但学不好。
-So it is with my brother.
我弟弟也是。
(3)如果下文表示的是对上文的赞成或肯定，则仅需要把so放于句首，其后用正常语序。
⑧-He came to school late yesterday.他昨天上学迟到了。
-So he did.他确实迟到了。
⑨-It is very hot today.今天天气真热。
-So it is.是啊，的确很热。
[即境活用]
10．-It’s burning hot today，isn’t it?
-Yes.________yesterday.
A．So was it B．So it was
C．So it is D．So is it
解析：选A。由so＋助动词(be/do/will/have)/情态动词＋主语表示“……也是一样”。So was it yesterday表示“昨天的天气与今天一样，都非常热”。
11．-I reminded you not to forget the appointment.
-________.
A．So you did B．So I do not
C．So did you D．So do I
解析：选A。本题考查固定句式用法。So＋主语＋助动词/连系动词/情态动词，表示对别人的说法予以认可。
12．-I like to surf the Internet but I don’t like to watch TV.
-________.
A．So do I B．Nor do I
C．As do I D．So it is with me
解析：选D。So it is/was with...“……也这样”，主要用来表示“一个人的多种情况与另一个人的多种情况是一致的”。
13．-David has made great progress recently.
-________，and________.
A．So he has；so you have
B．So he has；so have you
C．So has he；so have you
D．So has he；so you have
解析：选B。此题前一空考查的是对上文的肯定；第二个空考查的是同样的情况也适用于另一主语。
2【教材原句】 I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece”and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.(P9)
我生活在你们称之为“古希腊”的地方，我过去也经常写有关很久以前奥运会的情况。
【句法分析】 what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作call的宾语，“Ancient Greece”作宾补。
①He drove at what I thought was a dangerous speed.
他以我认为危险的速度开车。
②After a long journey，they came to what was called “Gebi Desert”．
长途跋涉之后，他们来到了被称之为“戈壁滩”的地方。
③(20高考山东卷)Before the sales start，I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.
在购物之前，我先列一张孩子们在下个季节所需要的东西的清单。
[即境活用]
14．As his best friend，I can make accurate guesses about________he will do or think.
A．what B．which
C．whom D．that
解析：选A。句意：作为他最好的朋友，我能够准确地猜出他要做什么，想什么。本句中用what he will do or think作介词about的宾语。
15．-What are we visiting next Monday?
-A modern city that has appeared in________was a village ten years ago.
A．that B．which
C．what D．where
解析：选C。考查宾语从句。填入的连词应引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语，所以排除A、D项。另外，which意思不符，故排除。
（小周）
永嘉二中高三英语总复习第一轮复习模块四第二单元
第一部分：单元语言知识
一、复习单词
I、单词拼写 根据词性和词义写出下列单词。
1. ____________ vt. & vi.斗争；n.努力
2. ____________ adj.感到满意的
3.____________ n.自由；自主
4.____________ vt.& vi.配备；装备
5._____________ n.产量，输出量
6._____________ vt.输出 n.出口
7._____________ vt.搞乱，使糊涂
8._____________ n.补给；vt.提供
9._____________ adj. 适当的，相配的
10.____________ vt.使膨胀vi.发展
11.____________ n.摘要，概要
12.____________ v.使流通，（使）运行
13.____________ n.细菌
14.____________ vt.交换；n.交流
15.____________ n.饥饿，欲望
16._____________ pron.凡是……，无论什么
17._____________ vt.减少，简化
18._____________ n. 营养，滋养
19._____________ n.谷物，颗粒
20._____________ adj.特级的，超级的
II. Complete the following sentences with the proper form of the given words.
hungry, struggle, whatever, expand, satisfy, suit, confuse, nutrition, reduce, supply
1) Many African children die of because of lack of food.
2) Sydney's population rapidly in the 1960s.
3) Look, the fish for survival because the water level has dropped in the lake.
4) Yesterday 1 bought 10 flavors of ice-cream---enough ___my roommates.
5) My mother doesn’t I like me wearing short skirts to church he doesn’ t think that____ .
6) I am a bit . Is that her husband or her son she is with?
7) The plane speed as it was approaching the airport.
8) Our farm the market with fruits and vegetables.
9) If you are unable to attend the meeting, for ____reason, please let us know.
10) Housewives need to be more conscious of good so as to feed the family well.
III .根据句子的结构和意义，或首字母提示或汉语提示，在空格处填入一个恰当的单词。
1. We had a ___________(努力) to stop the criminal.
2. The document will be _____________(传阅)to all members.
3. I’ll type your report if you’ll baby-sit in e______________.
4. Our farm ___________the market with fruits and vegetables.
5. We should make a s_________ the results of the exam briefly and report to the headmaster.
6. Sydney’s population _____________rapidly in the 1960s.
7. He has a ________ (晒黑的) face and bright eyes.
8. The plane _________speed as it was approaching the airport.
9. Applicants for the position must have s___________work experience.
10. Yuan Long ping has devoted himself to finding ways to raise rice o .
11. The company in Nanjing e about 20,000 boxes of wine to the UK last year.
12. People are (困惑的) about all the different labels on food these days.
IV. 词语派生 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1. He has a ________ (hungry) for knowledge.
2. Yuanlongping is famous for _______ (supply) the farmers with super hybrid rice seeds.
3. Some organic farmers prefer ________ (plant) grass between to ________ (prevent) wind or water from carrying away the soil.
4. Mr Brook cares little about spending the money on himself or ______ (lead) a comfortable life.
5. My mother doesn’t like me wearing short skirts to church , for she doesn’t think that ____ (suit).
6. I am a bit ____________(confuse). Is that her husband or her son she is with?
7. Yesterday 1 bought 10 flavors of ice-cream---enough _____________ (satisfy) my roommates.
8. Chemical fertilizers kill both ________ (help) and harmful bacteria and pests.
9. He insisted that he _______________ (suffer) from heart trouble, but I didn’t think so.
10. Do you know that___________ (chat) with wise men improves your mind?
V. 词语辨析
1．supply, provide, offer
(1)The mayor decides to ________ the poor children with the textbooks.
(2) We are hoping the research can ___________ an explanation for the accident.
(3) They _______ him a good job, but he turned it down.
2. certain & sure
(1)He was too ______________ of her coming.
(2)It is ________ that your team will win.
(3)The project is _____________ to be a success.
(4)She has always been a ________ friend.
(5)For ________reasons I will be unable to attend the meeting.
3. suit，fit, match
(1)That coat really _________ me, no matter the color or the style.
(2)She was wearing a brown dress with hat and gloves to __________.
(3) This coat is too large and doesn’t _________ me.
二：词组复习
I. 词组互译 将下列词组或短语译成中文或英语。
1. 对……有天赋 ____________________
2. 定居 _____________________
3. 防止;阻止_________________
4. 依靠，依赖 _______________
5. 在许多方面_______________
6. 照顾 _______________
7. 陷入困境 _________________
8. 作出解释_______________
9. 谋生__________________
10. 查阅，谈到 _______________
11. Thanks to____________
12. get rid of _______________
13. be satisfied with______________
14. lead a ...life _______________
15. would rather __________________
16. by accident _______________
17. look forward to ______________
18. devote to _______________
19. break out _______________
20. insist on ________________
II. 根据句子提供的语境，从第四大题中选一个适当的词组并用其适用的形式填空。
1. He got the first prize in the speech contest. His teacher___________________ his performance.
2. It is really a hot day. I ____________ stay in the house with air-conditioning than go out shopping.
3. Please__________ the last page of the book for answers after doing the exercises.
4. _________ your help, we could finish the task on time.
5. Most of the people in remote mountainous area __________ poor _____.
6.To protect the rivers from being polluted, we must factories from pouring waste into them.
7. When a child knows that he ________________, he feels safe and secure.
8. The girl struggled to_______ herself ____ her fears.
9. Some schools ____________ their students wearing school uniforms.
10. After the war ______________, he was taken on by a foreign company.
III. Complete the following sentences with the right form of the given phrases.
would rather, be satisfied with, thanks to, insist on, care about, refer to, lead a ...life, exchange for, rid of
1) He got the first prize in the speech contest. His teacher _______ his performance.
2) It is really a hot day. I _______ stay in the house with air-conditioning than go out shopping.
3) Please________ the last page of the book for answers after doing the exercises.
4) _________ your help, we could finish the task on time.
5) Most of the people in remote mountainous area ________ _________ poor _______.
6) Now I want to _ some RMB yuan ____ British pounds.
7) When a child knows that he __________, he feels safe and secure.
8) The girl struggled to__________ herself _________ her fears.
9) Some schools _________ their students wearing school uniforms.
三：综合运用
I. 使用合适的单词或者短语，完成下面的短文
Dr Yuan _______ a simple life. He _____ ______ work on the farm than have a rest. He most of his time increasing rice .He has ________ for five decades to search for a way to increase rice harvest without _______ the area of fields. _______ to the discovery of super hybrid rice, his dream of ______ China of _______ is realized . Now, he has another dream---to _______his rice so that it can be grown all over the world.
II. 单项填空
1. If you blood badly, your hands and feet will get cold easily.
A. passes B. crosses C. circulates D. circles
2. --- Shall I open the window to let some fresh air in?
--- No, .
A. I’d rather not B. I’d rather you not
C. I’d rather you didn’t D. I’d like not to
3. He got completely when he saw both Lucy and Lily, who are twin sisters.
A. confusing B. confused C. confuse D. confuses
4. The professor referred to yesterday.
A. come B. came C. coming D. comes
5. He insisted that he from heart trouble, but I didn’t think so.
A. should suffer B. has suffered C. suffers D. was suffering
6. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
7 --- What happened to your shoes? --- They want .
A. to mend B. being mended C. mending D. mended
8. The boy is only five years old, but he is quite used the telephone.
A. to answer B. to answering C. of answering D. by answering
9. The officers narrowly escaped in the hot battle.
A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed
10. It isn’t quite that the director will be present at the meeting tomorrow.
A. sure B. right C. certain D. exact
11. Did you find impossible for him to tell the truth?
A. this B. it C. that D. what
12. my English teacher, I have become what I am.
A. Thanks for B. Thank to C. Thanks to D. Thank for
13. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m paying here.
A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much
14. When I said that some people are stupid I was not you.
A. talking to B. referring to C. turning to D. listening to
15. Do you know that with wise men improves your mind?
A. chat B. Chats C. chatted D. chatting
III. 基础写作 用括号中所给的词翻译下列句子，然后请以“Should chemical fertilizer be forbidden？”为题，将这些句子联成一篇5句话的连贯的短文。(学有余力的同学自己翻译，其他同学选合适的单词完成填空)
1. 随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的农民选择天然的肥料来代替化学肥料。(prefer/ natural fertilizer/ chemical fertilizer)
2. 使用天然的肥料可使土壤含有更丰富的矿物质，而土壤也会更肥沃。(be rich in/be good for)
3. 农民使用这种天然的肥料能保持空气、土壤、水以及食物来源不受化学物质的污染。(supply/keep ...free from/as well as)
4. 使用化肥会带来很大的问题：在田地里长期遗留化学物质会造成土壤的贫脊。(get exhausted)
5. 化学肥料会同时杀死有益和有害的细菌和昆虫并污染环境。(both...and/ bacteria)
because ,argue ,with,but, when, however,so, it the meantime,
Should chemical fertilizer be forbidden？
the development of science and technology, more and more farmers prefer natural waste from animals to chemical fertilizers. They that putting natural waste from animals in their fields makes the soil richer in minerals and more fertile and it is good for the crops. farmers use this kind of natural fertilizer, they keep air, soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemicals. , using chemical fertilizer is a big problem the soil will get exhausted. , chemical fertilizer will kill both helpful and harmful bacteria and pests and it will also pollute the environment.
第二部分：语法 V-ing used as Subject and Object
I. listen and fill in the blanks.
LOVE---By John Lennon
Love is real; real is love. Love is ________; ________ love. Love is ________ to be loved.
Love is touch; touch is love.. Love is , love .Love is ________ to be loved.
Love is you, you and me. Love is ________ .we can be.
Love is free; free is love. Love is ________; ________ love. Love is ________ to be loved.
II. Complete these sentences:
1. If you can keep ________(read) English newspapers, your English will be improved.
2. He has promised __________(come) to my birthday party.
3. I hate _________________(tell) lies!
4. * I will never forget __________(go) to Beijing with him last summer.
* I forgot ________(tell) her the news; so she knew nothing about it.
5. It seems that the cat enjoys __________ (drink) beer very much.
6.She is interested in (read) novels
7. He enjoys (talk)so much that it seems that he never stops (talk) until he goes to sleep.
8. It seems that she doesn’t care about (become)fat
9. It’s no use (cry) over spilt milk.
10. It’s useless (telephone) him, he’s not willing to come.
III. 单项选择
1. She didn’t remember___ him before.
A. having met B.have met C.to meet D. to having met
2. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed_______.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
3.I can’t imagine _____ that with them.
A. to B.to do C. being done D. doing
4.I really enjoy___ that kind of job.
A.do B. doing C. to do D.to be doing
5. They wouldn’t allow him____across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
6. Go on _____ the other exercises after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
7. People couldn’t help_____ the foolish emperor in the procession
A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on
8. We’re looking forward ____ the photo exhibition.
A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting
9.---What do you think of the book? --- Oh, excellent , It’s worth_____ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
10. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you cal C. your calling D. you are calling
11. How about the two of us___ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
12. The country is known ____ rich in natural resources.
A. to being B. for being C. to be D. being
13. I’m sorry I forgot _____ him about it. So he didn’t come.
A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. having told
14. I considered_____ my job , but in the end I decided_____.
A. to change, to do not B. changing , not to C. changing, to do not D. to change , not to
15.---Your job is well done. Have you ___ for it?
---Yes , I remember_____$50.
A. paid , being paid B. been paid, to pay C. been paid, being paid D. paid , to pay
16. While shopping , people sometimes can’t help____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. persuade B. persuading C. being persuades D. persuaded
17. It’s no use____ with him.
A. quarrelling B. quarrel C. of quarrelling D. being quarrelling
18. Excuse me for___ in without____.
A. coming , asking B. coming , being asked C. to come, asking D. being asked
19. Lying in bed all day means ____ time.
A. wasting B .to have wasted C. to wasting D. to waste
20. My old grandpa always forgets____ the door but he always says that he remember ____it.
A. to lock, to lock B. to lock , locking C. locking ,locking D. locking , to lock
21. --- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well , now I regret___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
22. I didn’t feel like____, so he suggested____ an English letter right now.
A. reading , practicing writing B. reading , to practise to write
C.to read , to practise writing D. to read, to practicing write
23. This exercise requires____carefully. We would do as we are required____.
A.to do, doing B. to be done C. to be done , to doing D. doing, to do
24. He is not___ to ____ up late.
A. used , sit B. to be used, sitting C. to be used , sit D. used, sitting
完型填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21～40各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One day, not too long ago, the employees of a large company in St. Louis, Missouri returned from their lunch break and were greeted with a sign on the front door. The sign said, “Yesterday the person who had been hindering(阻碍) your 21 in this company passed away. We 22 you to join the funeral in the room that has been 23 in the gym.”
At first everyone was sad to 24 that one of their colleagues had died, 25 after a while they started getting 26 about who this person might be.
The excitement 27 as the employees arrived at the gym to pay their __28 respects. Everyone wondered, “Who is this person that was hindering my growth? Well, 29 he’s no longer here!”
One by one the 30 got closer to the coffin(棺材) and when they __31 inside it, they suddenly became speechless. They stood over the coffin, shocked into 32 , as if someone had 33 the deepest part of their soul.
There was a 34 inside the coffin-everyone who looked inside it could see himself. There was also a letter next to the mirror that 35 ,“There is only one person who is capable to 36 limits to your growth: it is YOU.”
You are the only person who can revolutionize your 37 . You are the only person who can 38 your happiness, realization and success. You are the only person who can help yourself. Your life does not change when your boss changes, your friends change, your parents change, your partner changes or your company changes. Your life changes when YOU change, when you go 39 your limiting beliefs and when you 40 that you are the only one who is responsible for your life.
21．A．ability B．progress C．talent D．practice
22．A．demand B．allow C．invite D．advise
23．A．started B．prepared C．opened D．created
24．A．learn B．receive C．notice D．find
25．A．for B．or C．so D．but
26．A．angry B．sorry C．curious D．nervous
27．A．grew B．appeared C．improved D．developed
28．A．first B．second C．third D．final
29．A．at least B．in fact C．at once D．in general
30．A．employees B．managers C．friends D．citizens
31．A．found B．lay C．looked D．sat
32．A．silence B．tears C．laughter D．noise
33．A．broken B．touched C．stolen D．changed
34．A．mark B．mirror C．box D．page
35．A．told B．warned C．wrote D．read
36．A．set B．take C．put D．get
37．A．business B．heart C．life D．success
38．A．realize B．satisfy C．influence D．consider
39．A．for B．upon C．over D．beyond
40．A．receive B．realize C．hope D．guess
21-25 BCBAD 26-30 CADAA 31-35 CABBD 36-40 ACCDB
阅读理解
A
Realizing we are the only wisdom lives on the earth, curiosity and loneliness makes people can’t help asking themselves whether somewhere else exit wisdom life like us. Some look up into the deep sky for the answer, while some else try to create one--the robots, who act, look even think like us. Long ago people create the notion of robot in their imagination. Now robot is stepping out of our imagination into the reality.
Because of their humanlike appearance and the fear that they would one day take the place of us, many people insist the robot is another evil brought by modern technology. However some experts believe what we are going to have is a robotic future.
In Science's 16 November 2007 issue there is a special issue on Robotics: the robot applications and development. What's more, there is also an editorial discussing Robot Ethics by a famous science fiction writer Robert J. Sawyer.
The origin of the word robot is the Czech word “robota”, which means “servant”. Some may mix up robot and Artificial Intelligence, but actually they are different. AI is a more extensive concept. An AI may only exit in cyberspace without any physic existence in reality while robot must maintain a physic existence that enable it the ability to act and at times to move. After all robot is one kind of AI.
As is mentioned above, today robot is no long an imaged notion but a real existence that is playing a more and more important role in our life. Robot is used as a probe（探测器）in many areas like science exploration and military because they can endure environment that is dangerous and hostile to human beings. And using robot without life support system makes such activities more economical. NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover “Opportunity” is the quintessence（典范）of robots used as probes. Scientists also use a kind of underwater robot named Underwater Glider in undersea explorations.
56. The first paragraph tells us ______.
A. robot isn’t built within one day B. how robot appeared
C. human’s wisdom can create everything D. robot appeared a long time ago
57. Which of the following proverb can best describe the meaning of the second paragraph?
A. Every coin has two sides. B. Success belongs to the persevering (坚持).
C. Where there is life, there is hope. D. False with one can be false with two.
58. What is the best achievement of the invention of a robot according to the writer?
A. It can keep company with people.
B. It will take place of human beings.
C. It proves that modern technology is advanced.
D. It can do many things in dangerous environment.
