这次小编在这里给大家整理了英语倍数句型及其译法（共含7篇），供大家阅读参考。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“树多喝水”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错--其主要原因在于：英汉两语在
表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：
倍数增加
(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）
A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②）
A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，……）n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three
times the length of ）that one.
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。
（二）increase to n times（④）
increase n times／n-fold（⑤）
increase by n times（⑥）
increase by a factor of n（⑦）
以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times
as compared with last year.
集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against
l986．
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。
注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。
（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧）
应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：
A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as
B.（⑩）
应译为：A比B多（大，长，……）1倍。
A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11）
应译为:A比B多（大，长……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。
倍数减少
（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）
A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13）
以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，……）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。
（二）decrease n times/n--fold （14）
decrease by n times（15）
decrease by a factor of n（16）
以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等词替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current
is stepped down by ten times.
电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17）
这个句型还有其它一些形式，
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed．
发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in
weight.
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍
数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by）
3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。
英美虽都是讲英语国家，但同一政府部门的首长名称不同：英国国家元首是国王（king ）或女王（queen），而美国的国家元首是总统（president）。
英国内阁的首脑为首相（prime minister），其他组成人有：
first lord of the treasury 第一财政大臣（首相兼任）
secretary of state for foreign affairs 外交大臣
lord president of the council 枢密院大臣
lord chancellor 大法官
chancellor of the exchequer 财政大臣
chancellor of the duchy of lancaster 兰开斯特公爵郡大臣
lord privy seal and leader of the house of commons 掌皇大臣兼下院领袖
minister of defence 国防大臣
secretary of state for commonwealth relations 联邦关系事务大臣
secretary of state for the colonies 殖民地事务大臣
secretarv of state for scotland 苏格兰事务大臣
minister of labour and national service 劳工大臣
minister for housingand local government 住房及地方政府事物大臣
minister of town and country planning 都市及乡村计划大臣
minister of health 卫生大臣
minlster oi educatlon 教育大臣
presldent of the board of trade 贸易大臣
minister of agriculture and fisheries 农业和渔业大臣
minister of pensions and national insurance 年金及国民保险大臣
此外还有非内阁阁员的政府部门首长 ：
first lord of the admiralty 海军大臣
secretary of state for war 陆军大臣
secretary of state for air 空军大臣
minister of fuel and power 燃料电力大臣
minister of transport 运输大臣
minlster of supply 供应大臣
minister of economic affairs 经济事务大臣
minister of food 粮食大臣
minister of civil aviation 民航大臣
minister of works 工程大臣
paymaster general 主计大臣
labor secretary 劳工部长
postmaster general 邮政大臣
attorney一general 检查总长
sollcitor一general 副检查总长
lord advocate 苏格兰检察总长
美国总统以下设十个行政主管，分掌国政，形成一个内阁：
secretary of state 国务卿
secretary of the treasury 财政部长
secretary of defense 国防部长
attorney general 司法部长
postmaster general 邮政管理局长
interior secretary 内政部长
agriculture secretary 农业部长
commerce secretary 商务部长
英语广告口号的译法参考
一、引言
广告口号作为广告一种特定表达形式,目的在于以最简短的文字把企业或商品的特性及优点表达出来,给人浓缩的广告信息。把这种英语广告口号准确、优美地用汉语再现出来,对于增强广告的效力至关重要,从而直接影响商品的销售。然而,对于中国人而言,缺乏共享的认知语境,消费者只能通过译者,接受广告商的主观意图。这就要求广告商与读者之间取得一个最佳的认知模式———关联性,即使得读者在话语理解时尽可能以最小的处理努力取得最大的语境效果。关联理论从本质上阐述了翻译的实质,即是明示—推理的交际本质,对于这种广告口号、这种特殊的文体进行翻译时,不可受原广告词句的限制,而应该从文字呈现出来的内容交际行为中寻求最佳关联,在译者和消费者共有的认知语境下传递给消费者,传达广告商的意图,从而使消费者接受并诱使其购买其产品和服务。本文就关联理论为理论框架,探讨其对英语广告口号汉译的启示。
二、关联翻译理论的介绍
关联理论在代码模式的基础上提出了交际的推理模式,重新阐释了翻译的本质:认为翻译是一种推理交际行为,本质在于一个译者在源于认知语境和目的语认知语境之间寻求最佳关联性的过程,其核心就是寻求最佳关联,即在交际过程中,交际双方内心都有一个最佳期待,听话人首先推测、确定说话人的交际意图,这就要求在双方所共享的认知语境下,通过推理确定出隐含的意义,而取得语境效果从而实现交际目的。翻译全过程涉及三个交际者:原文作者、译者、译文读者,翻译行为包含两轮明示———推理过程。然而翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际,由于交际双方的文化背景和认知环境各不相同,所以他们对于同一语境可能会有不同的理解,产生不同的认知效果,这样译者力图再现的.交际意图可能就同译文读者在译文语境中通过寻找关联而获得的交际意图不同。也就是说在这个三元关系中的三方对两个文本的理解不可能是完全一样的,所以要让译文既传达内容又传达原文形式是难以实现的,但是这整个过程至少能保证交际的成功。对形式与内容的取舍应该根据交际目的而定,因为翻译的交际效果主要是由它所达到目的的程度所决定的。本文就是讨论在关联理论的框架下讨论广告口号的翻译。
三、关联理论启示下的英语广告口号的译法
广告口号的翻译是原广告的再创作,既要忠实于原文,又要具有创作的特点。其翻译具有特殊性,译文主要是宣传商品,促进人们的购买行为,这就要求目标受众对广告口号产生足够关联,所以翻译不应仅仅拘泥于追求语言文字和信息量的完全对等,而是要以目标受众为中心,创作出符合译语表达习惯且具有很强传呼功能的广告口号。
(一)等值对应法 (二)补偿翻译法 (三)删减翻译法
这与上文提到的补偿翻译法相对,依据关联理论的翻译法,实现原文作者的写作意图是翻译工作的首要任务,因此根据需要可以对原文的内容进行删减,包括对原文信息内容和文化含义的改变,从而使得翻译后的广告更加紧凑、完善。请看以下一则广告:原文:WeknowEggsactlyhowtoselleggs.译文:“蛋”求拥有此则广告故意拼错“exactly”一词,一方面在于突出所推销的产品———鸡蛋,利益方面这种别出心裁的错拼诙谐幽默,能引起受众的好奇心,吸引器注意力,但是在关联翻译理论注重翻译的交际本质,有译者寻找到了译文最佳关联,利用中文的别字,而将其译为“蛋”求拥有,跟原广告口号一样起到了呼唤作用,达到了促销的目的。再如中国联想集团收购了美国IBM的PC业务之后,在其官网的英文版上使用了:原文:“Sometimesthebestwaytowinthegameistoplaythegametogether”译文:强强联合,打造全球PC这里的汉译“强强联合,打造全球PC”足以说明联想集团PC的优越性能及其服务追求,句子结构完整,内容清楚,没有必要把“Sometimes”这个词的意思翻译出来。
(四)修辞手法———以押头韵为例说明 四、结语
广告口号呼唤功能的实现受到目标语受众认知语境的影响。为了实现广告口号的功能,取得满意的广告效应,译者在处理英语广告口号汉译时,在原语认知语境和目的语认知语境之间寻求到一个最佳关联,使广告口号顺应汉语的语言和文化习惯,从而引起目标受众的注意,赢得他们的认可,激发他们的购买欲,从而促成他们的购买行动,取得完美的广告效果。
本文就在关联理论的框架下,从四个方面探讨英语广告口号汉译时所采用的一些策略,即:再现原文的思想———等值对应法、补偿翻译法、删减翻译法、修辞手法———以押头韵为例说明,旨在更好地翻译英语广告口号,更好地为中国人接受,从而达到预期的交际目的。当然,本文的分析尚不全面,尤其是对于英语广告修辞手法这一部分,只谈到押头韵,包括得不完全,有待进一步研究、完善和改进。
英语增译法翻译技巧分享
增译法：
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语(论坛)句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料
Clusterluck
集群之幸
Boston’s biotech hub is surviving the challenge from Silicon Valley
波士顿的生物技术中心正从硅谷的挑战中幸存下来
Distance is not dead. In biotechnology, as in other tech-based industries, the clustering of similar firms is more important than ever. Some American biotech startups are based in the San Francisco and Silicon Valley area, huddled with its many digital and IT startups. But the Boston metropolitan area – and in particular Cambridge, across the Charles river from central Boston – seems to be holding its own as the world’s pre-eminent biotech hub.
距离并未消亡。与其他以技术为基础的行业一样，在生物技术领域，同类公司的集群比以往任何时候都更为重要。一些美国生物技术创业公司把总部设在旧金山和硅谷地区，跟当地的众多数字及IT创业公司扎堆。然而，波士顿大都会区——特别是与波士顿市中心隔查尔斯河相望的剑桥市——俨然已能与之抗衡而成为世界上卓越的生物技术中心。
The San Francisco area’s pool of venture capital is beyond compare; and a biotech-industry body there, the California Life Sciences Association, argues that California is the number one state for biomedical employment. But in part that is simply a reflection of the state’s large population, which means its health-care business is necessarily big. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Council claims that its state employs more people in biotech research and development than any other.
旧金山地区的风险投资资源是别处无可比拟的。当地的生物技术行业团体“加利福尼亚生命科学协会”(California Life Sciences Association)认为，加利福尼亚是生物医学就业第一州。但这在某种程度上只是该州庞大人口数量的表现，人口众多意味着其医疗保健产业必然庞大。马萨诸塞州生物技术委员会(Massachusetts Biotechnology Council)声称，该州在生物技术研发领域的就业人数超过其他任何一个州。
A study published last December by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that although, per head, the Boston area had fallen well behind San Francisco and Silicon Valley in creating software and internet startups, it was more or less keeping pace in life sciences. The density of research institutions in Massachusetts means that it receives $351 per head in funding from the National Institutes of Health, well ahead of the Golden State’s $88. This density of research was a reason cited by General Electric, which has a big medical-technology division, in its announcement in Janurary that it will move its group headquarters to Boston.
去年12月，麻省理工学院公布的一项研究发现，波士顿地区虽然在人均创建软件和互联网创业公司的数量上远落后于旧金山与硅谷，但在生命科学领域不相上下。麻省密集的研究机构使它从美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)获得人均351美元的资金，远超过“黄金之州”(加利福尼亚)的人均88美元。拥有庞大医疗技术部门的通用电气1月宣布将把集团总部迁往波士顿，它提到该地区研究机构的高密度是一大原因。
The history of the Boston area cluster can be traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Biogen and Genzyme, two biotech drugmakers, were founded by scientists from nearby academic institutions. Other scientists, especially from MIT and Harvard, Cambridge’s two internationally renowned universities, followed suit and created innovative startups of their own.
波士顿地区产业集群的历史可以追溯到上世纪70年代末和80年代初。当时，周边学术机构的科学家建立了生物技术制药企业百健(Biogen)和健赞(Genzyme)。其他科学家纷纷效法，创建了自己的创新型创业公司，尤其是来自麻省理工和哈佛的科学家，这两所国际知名大学都位于剑桥市。
This encouraged global pharmaceutical giants, struggling with poor productivity in their existing research facilities, to set up labs in and around Cambridge. Novartis of Switzerland began work on its outpost in , followed by such names as AstraZeneca of Britain and Baxter of Illinois, which in spun out its Cambridge labs as Baxalta, a specialist in “orphan” diseases. In Janurary Baxalta agreed a $32 billion takeover by Shire, an Irish drugs giant.
这促使那些苦于现有研究设施生产力低下的全球制药巨头在剑桥及其周边建立实验室。瑞士诺华(Novartis)开始在此设点，紧接着是英国的阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和美国伊利诺伊州的百特(Baxter)。，百特把它的剑桥实验室拆分出来，成立了专攻罕见病的Baxalta公司。今年1月，Baxalta同意被爱尔兰制药巨头Shire公司以320亿美元收购。
The cluster lacked a clear focal point until , when MIT, the main landowner around Kendall Square – an area about a mile in all directions from the Kendall/MIT subway station in Cambridge – decided to spruce it up. One report suggests the square currently hosts firms that have absorbed about $14 billion in venture-capital investments. Silicon Valley’s overall pool of capital may be deeper, but much of it flows to areas other than biotech. And the global drug giants with outposts in the Boston area provide an alternative source of finance, and of eventual buyers for startups.
这里的产业集群一直缺少一个明确的中心，直到，肯德尔广场(Kendall Square)的主要所有者麻省理工学院决定把这片以肯德尔/麻省理工地铁站为中心、半径约一英里的区域修葺一新。一份报告表明，目前在肯德尔广场设立的公司总共吸收了大约140亿美元的风险投资。硅谷的整体风投资源可能更为深厚，但大部分资金都流向了生物技术以外的领域。在波士顿地区设点的全球制药巨头提供了另一种资金来源，也为创业公司增加了潜在的最终买家。
Tom Andrew of Alexandria Real Estate, a property agent specialising in science buildings, notes that the Boston area’s universities, teaching hospitals and other institutions are a sink, as well as a source, of talent. Anyone who accepts a risky job at a startup can be sure that if things don’t work out there are lots of big employers nearby to fall back on.
专注于科学楼宇的房地产经纪公司“亚历山大房地产”(Alexandria Real Estate )的汤姆·安得鲁(Tom Andrew)表示，波士顿地区的大学、教学医院及其他机构既是人才之源，又是人才之库。在创业企业中承担有风险工作的所有人都可以放心，如果工作不顺利，附近会有许多大雇主可以转投。
The cluster’s promising young firms include four – Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia and Bluebird Bio – that are working on “gene editing”, currently one of the hottest areas of biotech. WuXi NextCODE, another local startup, specialises in analysing genomes. Alnylam concentrates on drugs that interfere with RNA, the messenger molecule through which genes express themselves. Not satisfied with just editing, deciphering or blocking nature’s blueprints, Synlogic is seeking to create medicines through entirely artificial sequences of genes.
集群中有前途的新兴企业包括Editas医药公司(Editas Medicine)、CRISPR疗法公司(CRISPR Therapeutics)、Intellia和蓝鸟生物(Bluebird Bio)。这四家公司正致力于研究“基因剪辑”，这是当今生物技术中最热门的领域之一。另一家本地创业公司明码生物科技(WuXi NextCODE)专门从事基因组分析。奥尼兰姆公司(Alnylam)专注研究干扰RNA的药物，RNA是基因自我表达的信使分子。Synlogic公司不满足于只是剪辑、解码或者阻断基因组这一自然的蓝图，还试图通过合成完全人工的基因序列来开发药物。
Synlogic’s boss, Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos, formerly of Pfizer, has worked around the world and praises the “density of intellectuals” in Boston and the opportunities that come from being able to make easy connections. With little travel time between appointments, it is easier to arrange meetings. Dan Budwick of Pure Communications, a public-relations firm which represents some of the area’s startups, says that “You can jump on a bike and see 30 companies in a mile. You can’t do that in San Francisco or Manhattan.”
Synlogic的老板、原辉瑞公司的何塞-卡洛斯·古铁雷斯-拉莫斯(Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos)曾在世界各地工作过，他称赞波士顿“知识分子密集”，能够很容易地建立人脉关系并从中找到机会。由于约会之间花费在交通上的时间很短，安排会议比较容易。代表该地区一些创业企业的公关公司 “单纯沟通”(Pure Communications)的丹·布德威克(Dan Budwick)说：“你可以跳上一辆自行车，在一英里内见到30家公司。这在旧金山或曼哈顿就不行。”
Boston’s tech cluster has a different vibe from Silicon Valley’s in other ways too. Edward Farmer of WuXi NextCODE says Boston’s biotech crowd are a more formal bunch, who wear proper shirts – and tuck them in. They know which fork is for the salad because salad is not the only thing they eat. Beer is the recreational drug of choice, rather than cannabis.
在其他方面，波士顿的高科技集群也与硅谷的氛围不同。明码生物科技的爱德华·法默(Edward Farmer)表示，波士顿的生物科技从业者举止更规矩，他们穿合适的衬衫，还把下摆塞进裤子里。他们知道哪一个叉子是吃沙拉的，因为他们不只吃沙拉。首选的休闲毒品是啤酒而不是大麻。
The cranes sprouting across the skyline suggest more growth ahead. But demand is still running ahead of supply. In the Boston area rents for laboratory space rose by 7% last year to around $47 a square foot ($505 a square metre), compared with $37 in San Francisco. Already, some companies are having to seek space in districts like Alewife or Watertown, on the far side of Harvard’s campus.
穿越天际线不断涌现的起重机表明，未来将有更多发展。但目前依然是供不应求。在波士顿地区，实验室的租金去年上涨了7%，达到每平方英尺47美元(每平方米505美元)，相比之下，旧金山的租金为37美元。已有一些公司在哈佛校园另一边的埃尔维夫(Alewife)和沃特敦(Watertown)等区域寻找办公地点。
Though it is on a roll, the Boston biotech cluster must keep a nervous eye on its West Coast rival, especially if, in future, biotech ventures come to rely on software, wearable sensors and big-data analysis, areas in which Silicon Valley is strong. At least that is a problem it can try to address. The weather is not. The biggest annual jamboree for investors in biotech, organised by J.P. Morgan, a bank, opened in Janurary in its customary location of San Francisco. The temperature was a balmy 13? Celsius, to Boston’s shivering -1 ?.
尽管顺风顺水，波士顿的生物技术产业集群还是必须紧张地关注它在西海岸的竞争对手，尤其是假如生物技术企业今后要开始依赖软件、可穿戴传感器和大数据分析等硅谷强项的话。至少，这个问题是它可以试图解决的。但天气就不是了。生物科技投资者最大的年度盛会已于1月按惯例在旧金山举行，活动由摩根大通银行(J.P. Morgan)组织。当地气温13摄氏度，温暖宜人，而波士顿为零下1度，冷得让人直打寒颤。
英语翻译
英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。 对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:
1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。
(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:
例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括。
(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:
例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)
人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is asserted that … 有人主张 ……
It is believed that … 有人认为……
It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said … 有人会说……
It was told that … 有人曾经说……
(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:
例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)
许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
(4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如:
例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告?nbsp| 年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题)
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。
例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….
必须找到新的能源，这需要时间……(91年考题）
另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is hoped that … 希望……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It is said that … 据说……
It is supposed that … 据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……
It must be admitted that … 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……
(5) 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:
例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考题)
总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)
2. 译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如:
例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.
这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。
例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。
例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。
例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考题)
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题)
政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
摘自：www.xmmaster.com/CHINESE/translation/trans3.htm
1 I’m an office worker. 我是上班族。 2 I work for the government. 我在政府工作。 3 I’m happy to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 4 I like your sense of humor. 我喜欢你的幽默感。 5 I’m glad to see you again. 很高兴再次见到你。 6 I’ll call you. 我会打电话给你。 7 I feel like sleeping/ taking a walk. 我想睡/散步。 8 I want something to eat. 我想吃点东西。 9 I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 10 I would like to talk to you for a minute. 我想和你谈谈。 11 I have a lot of problems. 我有很多问题。 12 I hope our dreams come true. 我希望我们能美梦成真 13 I’m looking forward to seeing you. 我期望见到你。 14 I’m supposed to go on a diet / get a raise. 我应该节食/加薪了 15I heard that you’re getting married. 听说你要结婚了。 16 I see what your mean. 我了解你的意思。 17 I can’t do this. 我不能这么做。 18 Let me explain why I was late. 让我解释迟到的理由。 19 Let’s have a beer or something. 咱喝点儿啤酒之类的吧 20 Where is your office？ 你们的办公室在哪？ 21 What is your plan? 你的计划是什么？ 22 When is the store closing? 这家店几点结束营业？ 23 Are you sure you can come by at nine. 你肯定你九点能来吗？ 24 Am I allowed to stay out past 10 我可以待到十点以后吗？ 25 The meeting was scheduled for one hour, but it is now over yet. 26 Tom’s birthday is this week. Tom的生日就在这个星期。 27 Would you care to see it/ sit down for a while?你要看么/坐会儿? 28 Can you cover for me on Friday/help me/ tell me how to get there. 29Could you do me a big favor? 能否请你帮个忙? 30He is crazy about Crazy English. 他对疯狂英语很着迷。 31Can you imagine how much he paid for that car? 32 Can you believe that I bought a TV for $25?
33 Did you know he was having an affair/cheating on his wife? 有外遇/欺骗妻子吗？
34 Did you hear about the new project? 你听说了新项目吗? 35 Do you realize that all of these shirts are half off?
36 Are you mind if I take tomorrow off? 你介意我明天请假吗？ 37 I enjoy working with you very much.
38 Did you know that Stone ended up marrying his secretary? 39 Let’s get together for lunch. 让我们一起吃顿午餐吧。 40 How did you do on your test? 这次考试的结果如何？ 41 Do you think you can come? 你能来吗？ 42 How was your weekend? 周末过得怎么样？ 43 Here is my card. 这是我的名片。 44 He is used to eating out all the time. 他习惯在外面吃饭。 45 I’m getting a new computer for birthday present.
46 Have you ever driven a BMW? 你有没有开过“宝马”？ 47 How about if we go tomorrow instead？ 我们改成明天去如何？ 48 How do you like Hong Kong? 你喜欢香港吗？ 49 How do you want your steak? 你的'牛排要几分熟？ 50 How did the game turn out? 球赛结果如何？
51 How did Mary make all of her money? 52 How was your date?
53 How are you doing with your new boss? 54 How should I tell him the bad news?
55 How much money did you make? 你赚了多少钱？ 56 How much does it cost to go abroad? 出国要多少钱？ 57 How long will it take to get to your house? 到你家要多久？ 58 How long have you been here? 你在这呆多久了? 59 How nice/pretty/cold/funny/stupid/boring/interesting。
60 How about going out for dinner? 出去吃晚餐如何？ 61 I’m sorry that you didn’t get the job. 很遗憾你没得到那工作。 62 I’m afraid that it’s not going to work out. 我恐怕这事不会成。 63 I guess I could come over. 我想我能来。 64 Is it okay to smoke in the office? 在办公室里抽烟可以吗。 65 It was kind of exciting. 有点儿刺激。 66 I know what you want. 我知道你想要什么。 67 Is that why you don’t want to go home?这是你不想回家的原因吗? 68 I’m sure we can get you a great / good deal.
69 Would you help me with the report? 你愿意帮我写报告吗？ 70 I didn’t know he was the richest person in the world.
71 I’ll have to ask my boss/wife first. 我必须先问一下我老板/老婆 72 I take it you don’t agree.
73 I tried losing weight, but nothing worked. 我曾试着减肥,却无效 74 It doesn’t make any sense to get up so early.那么早起床没有意义 75 It took years of hard work to speak good English.
76．It feels like spring/ I’ve been here before. 感觉像春天/以前来过 77．I wonder if they can make it. 我在想他们是不是能办得到。 78．It’s not as cold / hot as it was yesterday. 79 It’s not his work that bothers me; it’s his attitude. 80 It sounds like you enjoyed it. 听起来你好像蛮喜欢的。 81 It seems to me that be would like to go back home.
82 It looks very nice. 看起来很漂亮。 83 Is everything under control? 一切都在掌握之中吗。 84 I thought you could do a better job, 我以为你的表现会更好。 85 It’s time for us to say “No” to America.
86The show is supposed to be good. 这场表演应是相当好的。 87 It really depends on who is in charge. 那纯粹要看谁负责了。 88 It involves a lot of hard work. 那需要很多的辛勤工作。 89 That might be in your favor. 那可能对你有利。 90 I didn’t realize how much this meant to you.
91 I didn’t mean to offend you. 我不是故意冒犯你。 92 I was wondering if you were doing anything this weekend. 93 May I have your attention, please? 请大家注意一下。 94 This is great golfing / swimming/ picnic weather.
95 Thanks for taking me the movie. 谢谢你带我去看电影。 96 I am too tired to speak. 我累得说不出活来。 97 Would you tell me your phone number? 能告诉我你的电话吗? 98 Where did you learn to speak English? 你从哪里学说英语的? 99 There is a TV show about AIDS on right now. 100What do you think of his new job?/ this magazine?
试析英语数字句的几种译法
英语数字句有四种基本翻译方法,分别是数量增加的译法、数量减少的译法、不确定数量的`译法以及近似数的译法.其中数量增加、数量减少的译法情况复杂,方法繁多,是数字句翻译方法的重点.
作 者：张舒 作者单位：鸡西大学,西语系,黑龙江,鸡西,158100 刊 名：洛阳师范学院学报 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF LUOYANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY 年，卷(期)：2008 27(3) 分类号：H059 关键词：★ 英语写作句型
★ 英语句型课件
★ 九类英语写作句型
★ 小学英语常用句型
